\Header{stack}{Stack or Unstack Vectors from a Data Frame or List}
\methalias{stack.data.frame}{stack}
\methalias{stack.default}{stack}
\alias{unstack}{stack}
\methalias{unstack.data.frame}{stack}
\methalias{unstack.default}{stack}
\keyword{manip}{stack}
\begin{Description}\relax
Stacking vectors concatenates multiple vectors into a single vector
along with a factor indicating where each observation originated.
Unstacking reverses this operation.\end{Description}
\begin{Usage}
\begin{verbatim}
stack(x, ...)
stack.default(x, ...)
stack.data.frame(x, select, ...)
unstack(x, ...)
unstack.default(x, form, ...)
unstack.data.frame(x, form = formula(x), ...)
\end{verbatim}
\end{Usage}
\begin{Arguments}
\begin{ldescription}
\item[\code{x}] object to be stacked or unstacked
\item[\code{select}] expression, indicating variables to select from a
data frame
\item[\code{form}] a two-sided formula whose left side evaluates to the
vector to be unstacked and whose right side evaluates to the
indicator of the groups to create.  Defaults to \code{formula(x)}
in \code{unstack.data.frame}.
\item[\code{...}] further arguments passed to or from other methods.
\end{ldescription}
\end{Arguments}
\begin{Details}\relax
The \code{stack} function is used to transform data available as
separate columns in a data frame or list into a single column that can
be used in an analysis of variance model or other linear model.  The
\code{unstack} function reverses this operation.\end{Details}
\begin{Value}
\code{unstack} produces a list of columns according to the formula
\code{form}.  If all the columns have the same length, the resulting
list is coerced to a data frame.

\code{stack} produces a data frame with two columns
\begin{ldescription}
\item[\code{values}] the result of concatenating the selected vectors in
\code{x}
\item[\code{ind}] a factor indicating from which vector in \code{x} the
observation originated
\end{ldescription}
\end{Value}
\begin{Author}\relax
Douglas Bates\end{Author}
\begin{SeeAlso}\relax
\code{\Link{lm}}, \code{\Link{reshape}}\end{SeeAlso}
\begin{Examples}
\begin{ExampleCode}
data(PlantGrowth)
formula(PlantGrowth)         # check the default formula
pg <- unstack(PlantGrowth)   # unstack according to this formula
pg
stack(pg)                    # now put it back together
stack(pg, select = -ctrl)    # omitting one vector
\end{ExampleCode}
\end{Examples}

