bindenv                 package:base                 R Documentation

_B_i_n_d_i_n_g _a_n_d _E_n_v_i_r_o_n_m_e_n_t _A_d_j_u_s_t_m_e_n_t_s

_D_e_s_c_r_i_p_t_i_o_n:

     These functions represent an experimental interface for
     adjustments to environments and bindings within environments. 
     They allow for locking environments as well as individual
     bindings, and for linking a variable to a function.

_U_s_a_g_e:

     lockEnvironment(env, bindings = FALSE)
     environmentIsLocked(env)
     lockBinding(sym, env)
     bindingIsLocked(sym, env)
     makeActiveBinding(sym, fun, env)
     bindingIsActive(sym, env)

_A_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s:

     env: an environment.

bindings: logical specifying whether bindings should be locked.

     sym: a name object or character string

     fun: a function taking zero or one arguments

_D_e_t_a_i_l_s:

     The function `lockEnvironment' locks its environment argument,
     which must be a proper environment, not NULL.  Locking the NULL
     (base) environment may be supported later.  Locking the
     environment prevents adding or removing variable bindings from the
     environment. Changing the value of a variable is still possible
     unless the binding has been locked.

     `lockBinding' locks individual bindings in the specified
     environment.  The value of a locked binding cannot be changed.
     Locked bindings may be removed from an environment unless the
     environment is locked.

     `makeActiveBinding' installs `fun' so that getting the value of
     `sym' calls `fun' with no arguments, and assigning to `sym' calls
     `fun' with one argument, the value to be assigned.  This allows
     things like C variables linked to R variables and variables linked
     to data bases to be implemented.  It may also be useful for making
     thread-safe versions of some system globals.

_A_u_t_h_o_r(_s):

     Luke Tierney

_E_x_a_m_p_l_e_s:

     # locking environments
     e<-new.env()
     assign("x",1, env=e)
     get("x",env=e)
     lockEnvironment(e)
     get("x",env=e)
     assign("x",2, env=e)
     try(assign("y",2, env=e)) # error

     # locking bindings
     e<-new.env()
     assign("x",1, env=e)
     get("x",env=e)
     lockBinding("x", e)
     try(assign("x",2, env=e)) # error

     # active bindings
     f<-local({
         x <- 1
         function(v) {
            if (missing(v))
                cat("get\n")
            else {
                cat("set\n")
                x <<- v
            }
            x
         }
     })
     makeActiveBinding("fred", f, .GlobalEnv)
     bindingIsActive("fred", .GlobalEnv)
     fred
     fred<-2
     fred

