\Header{connections}{Functions to Manipulate Connections}
\alias{bzfile}{connections}
\alias{close}{connections}
\methalias{close.connection}{connections}
\alias{connection}{connections}
\alias{fifo}{connections}
\alias{file}{connections}
\alias{gzfile}{connections}
\alias{isIncomplete}{connections}
\alias{ISOLatin1}{connections}
\alias{isOpen}{connections}
\alias{MacRoman}{connections}
\alias{native.enc}{connections}
\alias{open}{connections}
\methalias{open.connection}{connections}
\alias{pipe}{connections}
\alias{print.connection}{connections}
\alias{socketConnection}{connections}
\alias{summary.connection}{connections}
\alias{unz}{connections}
\alias{url}{connections}
\alias{WinAnsi}{connections}
\keyword{file}{connections}
\keyword{connection}{connections}
\begin{Description}\relax
Functions to create, open and close connections.\end{Description}
\begin{Usage}
\begin{verbatim}
file(description = "", open = "", blocking = TRUE,
     encoding = getOption("encoding"))
pipe(description, open = "", encoding = getOption("encoding"))
fifo(description = "", open = "", blocking = FALSE,
     encoding = getOption("encoding"))
gzfile(description, open = "", encoding = getOption("encoding"),
       compression = 6)
unz(description, filename, open = "", encoding = getOption("encoding"))
bzfile(description, open = "", encoding = getOption("encoding"))
url(description, open = "", blocking = TRUE,
    encoding = getOption("encoding"))
socketConnection(host = "localhost", port, server = FALSE,
                 blocking = FALSE, open = "a+",
                 encoding = getOption("encoding"))

open(con, open = "r", blocking = TRUE, ...)
close(con, type = "rw", ...)

isOpen(con, rw = "")
isIncomplete(con)
\end{verbatim}
\end{Usage}
\begin{Arguments}
\begin{ldescription}
\item[\code{description}] character. A description of the connection. For
\code{file} and \code{pipe} this is a path to the file to be opened.
For \code{url} it is a complete URL, including schemes
(\code{http://}, \code{ftp://} or \code{file://}).  \code{file} also
accepts complete URLs.

\item[\code{filename}] a filename within a zip file.
\item[\code{con}] a connection.
\item[\code{host}] character.  Host name for port.
\item[\code{port}] integer.  The TCP port number.
\item[\code{server}] logical.  Should the socket be a client or a server?
\item[\code{open}] character.  A description of how to open the connection
(if at all). See Details for possible values.
\item[\code{blocking}] logical.  See `Blocking' section below.
\item[\code{encoding}] An integer vector of length 256.
\item[\code{compression}] integer in 0--9.  The amount of compression to be
applied when writing, from none to maximal.  The default is a good
space/time compromise.
\item[\code{type}] character. Currently ignored.
\item[\code{where}] integer.  A file position (relative to the origin
specified by \code{origin}), or \code{NA}.
\item[\code{rw}] character.  Empty or \code{"read"} or \code{"write"},
partial matches allowed.
\item[\code{...}] arguments passed to or from other methods.
\end{ldescription}
\end{Arguments}
\begin{Details}\relax
The first eight functions create connections.  By default the
connection is not opened (except for \code{socketConnection}), but may
be opened by setting a non-empty value of argument \code{open}.

\code{gzfile} applies to files compressed by \file{gzip}, and
\code{bzfile} to those compressed by \file{bzip2}: such connections can
only be binary.

\code{unz} reads (only) single files within zip files, in binary mode.
The description is the full path, with \file{.zip} extension if required.

All platforms support (gz)file connections and \code{url("file://")}
connections.  The other types may be partially implemented or
not implemented at all.  (They do work on most Unix
platforms, and all but \code{fifo} on Windows.)

Proxies can be specified for \code{url} connections: see
\code{\Link{download.file}}.

\code{open}, \code{close} and \code{seek} are generic functions: the
following applies to the methods relevant to connections.

\code{open} opens a connection.  In general functions using
connections will open them if they are not open, but then close them
again, so to leave a connection open call \code{open} explicitly.

\code{close} closes and destroys a connection.

Possible values for the mode \code{open} to open a connection are
\describe{
\item[\code{"r"} or \code{"rt"}] Open for reading in text mode.
\item[\code{"w"} or \code{"wt"}] Open for writing in text mode.
\item[\code{"a"} or \code{"at"}] Open for appending in text mode.
\item[\code{"rb"}] Open for reading in binary mode.
\item[\code{"wb"}] Open for writing in binary mode.
\item[\code{"ab"}] Open for appending in binary mode.
\item[\code{"r+"}, \code{"r+b"}] Open for reading and writing.
\item[\code{"w+"}, \code{"w+b"}] Open for reading and writing.
\item[\code{"r+"}, \code{"r+b"}] Open for reading and writing,
truncating file initially.
\item[\code{"a+"}, \code{"a+b"}] Open for reading and appending.
}
Not all modes are applicable to all connections: for example URLs can
only be opened for reading.  Only file and socket connections can be
opened for reading and writing/appending.
For many connections there is little or no
difference between text and binary modes, but there is for file-like
connections on Windows, and \code{\Link{pushBack}} is text-oriented and
is only allowed on connections open for reading in text mode.

If for a \code{file} connection the description is \code{""}, the file
is immediately opened in \code{"w+"} mode and unlinked from the file
system.  This provides a temporary file to write to and then read from.

The encoding vector is used to map the input from a file or pipe to
the platform's native character set.  Supplied examples are
\code{native.enc} as well as \code{MacRoman}, \code{WinAnsi} and
\code{ISOLatin1}, whose actual encoding is platform-dependent. Missing
characters are mapped to a space in these encodings.\end{Details}
\begin{Value}
\code{file}, \code{pipe}, \code{fifo}, \code{url}, \code{gzfile} and
\code{socketConnection} return a connection object
which inherits from class \code{"connection"} and has a first more
specific class.

\code{isOpen} returns a logical value, whether the connection is
currently open.

\code{isIncomplete} returns a logical value, whether last read attempt
was blocked, or for an output text connection whether there is
unflushed output.\end{Value}
\begin{Section}{Blocking}
The default condition for all but fifo and socket connections is to be in
blocking mode.  In that mode, functions do not return to the \R{}
evaluator until they are complete.   In non-blocking mode, operations
return as soon as possible, so on input they will return with whatever
input is available (possibly none) and for output they will return
whether or not the write succeeded.

The function \code{\Link{readLines}} behaves differently in respect of
incomplete last lines in the two modes: see its help page.

Even when a connection is in blocking mode, attempts are made to
ensure that it does not block the event loop and hence the operation
of GUI parts of \R.  These do not always succeed, and the whole
process will be blocked during a DNS lookup on Unix, for example.

Most blocking operations on URLs and sockets are subject to the
timeout set by \code{options("timeout")}.  Note that this is a timeout
for no response at all, not for the whole operation.\end{Section}
\begin{Section}{Fifos}
Fifos default to non-blocking.  That follows Svr4 and it probably most
natural, but it does have some implications.
In particular, opening a non-blocking fifo connection for writing
(only) will fail unless some other process is reading on the fifo.

Opening a fifo for both reading and writing (in any mode: one can only
append to fifos) connects both sides of the fifo to the \R{} process,
and provides an similar facility to \code{file()}.\end{Section}
\begin{Note}\relax
\R's connections are modelled on those in S version 4 (see Chambers,
1998). However \R{} goes well beyond the Svr4 model, for example
in output text connections and URL, gzfile, bzfile and socket connections.

The default mode in \R{} is \code{"r"} except for socket
connections. This differs from Svr4, where it is the equivalent of
\code{"r+"}, known as \code{"*"}.\end{Note}
\begin{References}\relax
Chambers, J. M. (1998)
\emph{Programming with Data. A Guide to the S Language.} Springer.\end{References}
\begin{SeeAlso}\relax
\code{\Link{textConnection}}, \code{\Link{seek}}, \code{\Link{readLines}},
\code{\Link{showConnections}}, \code{\Link{pushBack}}.

\code{\Link{capabilities}} to see if \code{gzfile}, \code{url},
\code{fifo} and \code{socketConnection} are supported by this build of \R.\end{SeeAlso}
\begin{Examples}
\begin{ExampleCode}
zz <- file("ex.data", "w")  # open an output file connection
cat("TITLE extra line", "2 3 5 7", "", "11 13 17", file = zz, sep = "\n")
cat("One more line\n", file = zz)
close(zz)
readLines("ex.data")
unlink("ex.data")

zz <- gzfile("ex.gz", "w")  # compressed file
cat("TITLE extra line", "2 3 5 7", "", "11 13 17", file = zz, sep = "\n")
close(zz)
readLines(gzfile("ex.gz"))
unlink("ex.gz")

if(capabilities("bzip2")) {
  zz <- bzfile("ex.bz2", "w")  # bzip2-ed file
  cat("TITLE extra line", "2 3 5 7", "", "11 13 17", file = zz, sep = "\n")
  close(zz)
  print(readLines(bzfile("ex.bz2")))
  unlink("ex.bz2")
}

## An example of a file open for reading and writing
Tfile <- file("test1", "w+")
c(isOpen(Tfile, "r"), isOpen(Tfile, "w")) # both TRUE
cat("abc\ndef\n", file=Tfile)
readLines(Tfile)
seek(Tfile, 0, rw="r") # reset to beginning
readLines(Tfile)
cat("ghi\n", file=Tfile)
readLines(Tfile)
close(Tfile)
unlink("test1")

## We can do the same thing with an anonymous file.
Tfile <- file()
cat("abc\ndef\n", file=Tfile)
readLines(Tfile)
close(Tfile)

if(capabilities("fifo")) {
  zz <- fifo("foo", "w+")
  writeLines("abc", zz)
  print(readLines(zz))
  close(zz)
  unlink("foo")
}

## Unix examples of use of pipes

# read listing of current directory
readLines(pipe("ls -1"))

# remove trailing commas. Suppose
% cat data2
450, 390, 467, 654,  30, 542, 334, 432, 421,
357, 497, 493, 550, 549, 467, 575, 578, 342,
446, 547, 534, 495, 979, 479
# Then read this by
scan(pipe("sed -e s/,$// data2"), sep=",")

# convert decimal point to comma in output
zz <- pipe(paste("sed s/\\./,/ >", "outfile"), "w")
cat(format(round(rnorm(100), 4)), sep = "\n", file = zz)
close(zz)
file.show("outfile", delete.file=TRUE)

## example for Unix machine running a finger daemon

con <- socketConnection(port = 79, blocking = TRUE)
writeLines(paste(system("whoami", intern=TRUE), "\r", sep=""), con)
gsub(" *$", "", readLines(con))
close(con)

## two R processes communicating via non-blocking sockets
# R process 1
con1 <- socketConnection(port = 6011, server=TRUE)
writeLines(LETTERS, con1)
close(con1)

# R process 2
con2 <- socketConnection(Sys.info()["nodename"], port = 6011)
# as non-blocking, may need to loop for input
readLines(con2)
while(isIncomplete(con2)) {Sys.sleep(1); readLines(con2)}
close(con2)
\end{ExampleCode}
\end{Examples}

