\Header{ClassUtils}{Utilities for Managing Class Definitions}
\alias{.BasicClasses}{ClassUtils}
\alias{.BasicVectorClasses}{ClassUtils}
\alias{.InitBasicClasses}{ClassUtils}
\alias{.InitMethodsListClass}{ClassUtils}
\alias{.setCoerceGeneric}{ClassUtils}
\alias{as.data.frame}{ClassUtils}
\alias{assignClassDef}{ClassUtils}
\alias{assignToClassMetaData}{ClassUtils}
\alias{checkSlotAssignment}{ClassUtils}
\alias{classMetaName}{ClassUtils}
\alias{completeClassDefinition}{ClassUtils}
\alias{completeExtends}{ClassUtils}
\alias{defaultPrototype}{ClassUtils}
\alias{empty.dump}{ClassUtils}
\alias{extendsCoerce}{ClassUtils}
\alias{extendsReplace}{ClassUtils}
\alias{findExtends}{ClassUtils}
\alias{getAccess}{ClassUtils}
\alias{getAllSuperClasses}{ClassUtils}
\alias{getClassName}{ClassUtils}
\alias{getExtends}{ClassUtils}
\alias{getFromClassDef}{ClassUtils}
\alias{getFromClassMetaData}{ClassUtils}
\alias{getProperties}{ClassUtils}
\alias{getPrototype}{ClassUtils}
\alias{getSlots}{ClassUtils}
\alias{getSubclasses}{ClassUtils}
\alias{getVirtual}{ClassUtils}
\alias{isClassDef}{ClassUtils}
\alias{isVirtualClass}{ClassUtils}
\alias{makeExtends}{ClassUtils}
\alias{makePrototypeFromClassDef}{ClassUtils}
\alias{methodsMetaName}{ClassUtils}
\alias{newBasic}{ClassUtils}
\alias{newClassEnvironment}{ClassUtils}
\alias{newEmptyObject}{ClassUtils}
\alias{print.classRepEnvironment}{ClassUtils}
\alias{print.environment}{ClassUtils}
\alias{reconcilePropertiesAndPrototype}{ClassUtils}
\alias{removeFromClassMetaData}{ClassUtils}
\alias{requireMethods}{ClassUtils}
\alias{SessionClassMetaData}{ClassUtils}
\alias{setClassName}{ClassUtils}
\alias{setExtends}{ClassUtils}
\alias{setInClassDef}{ClassUtils}
\alias{setProperties}{ClassUtils}
\alias{setPrototype}{ClassUtils}
\alias{setSubclasses}{ClassUtils}
\alias{setVirtual}{ClassUtils}
\alias{showClass}{ClassUtils}
\alias{showExtends}{ClassUtils}
\alias{showNonVector}{ClassUtils}
\alias{superClassDepth}{ClassUtils}
\alias{synchronizeClassDef}{ClassUtils}
\alias{testVirtual}{ClassUtils}
\alias{tryNew}{ClassUtils}
\alias{validSlotNames}{ClassUtils}
\keyword{internal}{ClassUtils}
\begin{Description}\relax
These are various functions to support the definition and use of
formal classes.  Most of them are rarely suitable to be called
directly.\end{Description}
\begin{Usage}
\begin{verbatim}
testVirtual(properties, extends, prototype)

makePrototypeFromClassDef(properties, prototype, extends)

newEmptyObject()

completeClassDefinition(Class, ClassDef)

getFromClassDef(ClassDef, what)

setInClassDef(ClassDef, what, value, synchronize=TRUE)

synchronizeClassDef(ClassDef)

getProperties(ClassDef)

setProperties(ClassDef, value)

getSlots(x, complete = TRUE)

getExtends(ClassDef)

getAccess(ClassDef)

getAllSuperClasses(ClassDef)

superClassDepth(ClassDef, soFar)

setExtends(ClassDef, value)

getPrototype(ClassDef)

setPrototype(ClassDef, value)

getVirtual(ClassDef)

isVirtualClass(Class)

setVirtual(ClassDef, value)

getSubclasses(ClassDef)

setSubclasses(ClassDef, value)

getClassName(ClassDef)

setClassName(ClassDef, value)

assignClassDef(Class, def, where=.GlobalEnv)

newClassEnvironment(name, properties, extends, prototype, subclasses,
                 virtual, validity, access)

newBasic(Class, ..., .Force=FALSE)

makeExtends(extends)

reconcilePropertiesAndPrototype(name, properties, prototype, extends)

tryNew(Class)

empty.dump()

showClass(Class, complete=TRUE, propertiesAreCalled="Properties")

showExtends(ext, printTo = stdout())

print.classRepEnvironment(x, ...)

print.environment(x, ...)

getFromClassMetaData(name)

assignToClassMetaData(name, value)

removeFromClassMetaData(name)

extendsCoerce(fromClass, Class, formFunction)

extendsReplace(objectClass, Class)

findExtends(class1, class2)

completeExtends(ClassDef, soFar)

classMetaName(name)

methodsMetaName(prefix, name)

as.data.frame(x, row.names=NULL, optional=FALSE)

requireMethods(functions, signature, message)

checkSlotAssignment(obj, name, value)

defaultPrototype()

isClassDef(object)

validSlotNames(names)

\end{verbatim}
\end{Usage}
\begin{Section}{Summary of Functions}
\describe{
\item[\code{testVirtual}:] Test for a Virtual Class.
Figures out, as well as possible, whether the class with these
properties, extension, and prototype is a virtual class.
Can be forced to be virtual by extending "VIRTUAL".  

Otherwise, a class is virtual only if it has no slots, extends no
non-virtual classes, and has a \code{NULL} Prototype.


\item[\code{makePrototypeFromClassDef}:] Makes the prototype implied by the class definition.

The following three rules are applied in this order.

If the class has slots, then the prototype for each slot is used
by default, but a corresponding element in the explicitly supplied
prototype, if there is one, is used instead (but it must be
coercible to the class of the slot).

If there are no slots but a non-null prototype was specified, this
is returned.

If there is a single non-virtual superclass (a class in the
extends list), then its prototype is used.

If all three of the above fail, the prototype is \code{NULL}.


\item[\code{newEmptyObject}:] Utility function to create an empty object into which slots can be
set.

Currently just creates an empty list with class \code{"NULL"}.

Later version should create a special object reference that marks
an object currently with no slots and no data.


\item[\code{completeClassDefinition}:] Completes the definition of \code{Class}, relative to the current
session.

The completed definition is stored in the session's class metadata,
to be retrieved the next time that getClass is called on this
class, and is returned as the value of the call.

If \code{ClassDef} is omitted, the initial definition is obtained
from the first package having a meta-object for this class.


\item[\code{getFromClassDef}:] Extracts one of the intrinsically defined class definition
properties (".Properties", etc.)  Strictly a utility function.


\item[\code{setInClassDef}:] Set Property in Class Definition.
Set one of the intrinsically defined class definition properties
(".Properties", etc.)  Strictly a utility function.


\item[\code{synchronizeClassDef}:] Does whatever is needed to synchronize information in the class
definition.

Basically computes derived information used to make object
manipulations more efficient but that need to be revised if
information changes.

(Nothing at the moment)


\item[\code{getProperties}:] Extracts the class's Properties information from the class
representation (only, not from the name of the class).


\item[\code{setProperties}:] Sets the class's Properties information given the class
representation (only, not from the name of the class)


\item[\code{getSlots}:] Returns a named character vector.  The names are the names of the
slots, the values are the classes of the corresponding slots.  If
\code{complete} is \code{TRUE}, all slots from all superclasses
will be included.  The argument \code{x} can either be the name of
a class or an object having that class.


\item[\code{getExtends}:] Extracts the class's Extends information from the class
representation (only, not from the name of the class)

Contrast with the \code{findExtends} and \code{is} functions, both
of which use indirect information as well.


\item[\code{getAllSuperClasses}, \code{superClassDepth}:] Get the names of all the classes that this class definition
extends.

\code{getAllSuperClasses} is a utility function used to complete a
class definition.  It returns all the superclasses reachable from
this class, in breadth-first order (which is the order used for
matching methods); that is, the first direct superclass followed
by all its superclasses, then the next, etc.  (The order is
relevant only in the case that some of the superclasses have
multiple inheritance.)

\code{superClassDepth}, which is called from
\code{getAllSuperClasses}, returns the same information, but as a
list with components \code{label} and \code{depth}, the latter for
the number of generations back each class is in the inheritance
tree.  The argument \code{soFar} is used to avoid loops in the
network of class relationships.


\item[\code{setExtends}:] set the class's Extends information given the class representation
(only, not from the name of the class)


\item[\code{getPrototype}:] extract the class's Prototype information from the class
representation (only, not from the name of the class)


\item[\code{getAccess}:] extract the class's Access information from the class
representation (only, not from the name of the class)


\item[\code{setPrototype}:] set the class's Prototype information given the class
representation (only, not from the name of the class)


\item[\code{getVirtual}:] extract the class's Virtual information from the class
representation (only, not from the name of the class)


\item[\code{isVirtualClass}:] Is the named class a virtual class?  

A class is virtual if explicitly declared to be, and also if the
class is not formally defined.


\item[\code{setVirtual}:] set the class's Virtual information given the class representation
(only, not from the name of the class)


\item[\code{getSubclasses}:] extract the class's Subclasses information from the class
representation (only, not from the name of the class)


\item[\code{setSubclasses}:] set the class's Subclasses information given the class
representation (only, not from the name of the class)


\item[\code{getClassName}:] The internal property in the class definition for the class name.


\item[\code{setClassName}:] set the name of the class inside the class definition


\item[\code{assignClassDef}:] assign the definition of the class to the specially named object


\item[\code{newBasic}:] the implementation of the function \code{new} for basic classes
that don't have a formal definition.  

Any of these could have a formal definition, except for
\code{Class="NULL"} (disallowed because \code{NULL} can't have
attributes).  For all cases except \code{"NULL"}, the class of the
result will be set to \code{Class}.

See \code{new} for the interpretation of the arguments.


\item[\code{makeExtends}:] convert the argument to a list defining the extension mechanism.


\item[\code{reconcilePropertiesAndPrototype}:] makes a list or a structure look like a prototype for the given
class.

Specifically, returns a structure with attributes corresponding to
the slot names in properties and values taken from prototype if
they exist there, from \code{new(classi)} for the class,
\code{classi} of the slot if that succeeds, and \code{NULL}
otherwise.

The prototype may imply slots not in the properties list, since
properties does not include inherited slots (these are left
unresolved until the class is used in a session).


\item[\code{tryNew}:] Tries to generate a new element from this class, but if the attempt
fails (as, e.g., when the class is undefined or virtual) just
returns \code{NULL}. 

This is inefficient and also not a good idea when actually
generating objects, but is useful in the initial definition of
classes.


\item[\code{showClass}:] Print the information about a class definition.  

If \code{complete} is \code{TRUE}, include the indirect
information about extensions.


\item[\code{showExtends}:] Print the elements of the list of extensions.  

(Used also by \code{\Link{promptClass}} to get the list of what
and how for the extensions.)


\item[\code{print.environment}, \code{showNonVector}:] These routines provide a default printing mechanism for objects
from non-vector classes, implemented as environments.  The
\code{print.environment} function exists to intercept printing
based on S3-style methods; it calls \code{showNonVector} to do the
work.


\item[\code{extendsCoerce}, \code{extendsReplace}:] Returns the function to perform coercion or replacement,
respectivelyl, based on the \code{is} relation between two classes.

A method may be explicitly stored in the metadata or inferred.  If
the latter, a function will always be constructed if explicit test
and/or coerce methods (in a call to setIs) were encountered, or if
\code{formFunction=TRUE}.  If \code{formFunction=FALSE}, the
purpose of the call is to determine if the relation is explicit or
intrinsic (according to whether a function object is returned).


\item[\code{findExtends}:] Find the information that says whether class1 extends class2,
directly or indirectly.

This can be either a logical value or an object containing various
functions to test and/or coerce the relationship.


\item[\code{completeExtends}:] complete the extends information in the class definition, by
following transitive chains.

Elements in the immediate extends list may be added and current
elements may be replaced, either by replacing a conditional
relation with an unconditional one, or by adding indirect
relations.

The resulting extends list is presented in depth-first order; that
is, the first immediate superclass followed by all the indirect
relations through it, then the next immediate superclass, etc.

Depth first order is required for consistent elaboration of
inherited methods during dispatch, because the method dispatcher
stores the inherited method under the immediate class name.  Under
rather obscure situations of multiple inheritance, the result could
be ambiguous (depending on the order in which signatures are seen
by the dispatcher for a particular generic function), unless
searching is done depth first.

Used recursively, with \code{soFar} defining what has been included
in previous calls at this level.


\item[\code{classMetaName}:] a name for the object storing this class's definition


\item[\code{methodsMetaName}:] a name mangling device to simulate the meta-data in S4


\item[\code{requireMethods}:] Require a subclass to implement methods for the generic functions,
for this signature.

For each generic, \code{setMethod} will be called to define a
method that throws an error, with the supplied message.

The \code{requireMethods} function allows virtual classes to
require actual classes that extend them to implement methods for
certain functions, in effect creating an API for the virtual class.

Otherwise, default methods for the corresponding function would be
called, resulting in less helpful error messages or (worse still)
silently incorrect results.


\item[\code{checkSlotAssignment}:] Check that the value provided is allowed for this slot, by
consulting the definition of the class.  Called from the C code
that assigns slots.

For privileged slots (those that can only be set by accesor
functions defined along with the class itself), the class designer
may choose to improve efficiency by validating the value to be
assigned in the accessor function and then calling \code{slot<-}
with the argument \code{check=FALSE}, to prevent the call to
\code{checkSlotAssignment}.


\item[\code{defaultPrototype}:] The prototype for a class which will have slots, is not a virtual 
class, and does not extend one of the basic classes.  In future
releases, this will likely be a non-vector R object type, but none
of the current types (as of release 1.4) is suitable.


\item[\code{SessionClassMetaData}:] Contains the name of the special table in which class information
is cached during the session.


\item[\code{.InitBasicClasses}, \code{.InitMethodsListClass}, \code{.setCoerceGeneric}:] These functions perform part of the initialization of classes and
methods, and are called (only!) from \code{.First.lib}.


\item[\code{isClassDef}:] Is \code{object} a representation of a class?


\item[\code{validSlotNames}:] Returns \code{names} unless one of the names is reserved, in which
case there is an error.  (As of writing, \code{"class"} is the
only reserved slot name.)


}\end{Section}

