## 8 IDL to Java language Mapping

### 8.1 Introduction

This chapter describes the mapping of OMG IDL constructs to the Java programming language for the generation of native Java - Erlang communication.

This language mapping defines the following:

- All OMG IDL basic types
- All OMG IDL constructed types
- References to constants defined in OMG IDL
- Invocations of operations, including passing of parameters and receiving of result
- Access to attributes

### 8.2 Specialities in the Mapping

#### 8.2.1 Names Reserved by the Compiler

The IDL compiler reserves all identifiers starting with `OE_` and `oe_` for internal use.

### 8.3 Basic OMG IDL Types

The mapping of basic types are according to the standard. All basic types have a special Holder class.

OMG IDL basic types
OMG IDL type | Java type
float | float
double | double
short | short
unsigned short | short
long | int
long long | long
unsigned long | long
unsigned long long | long
char | char
wchar | char
boolean | boolean
octet | octet
string | java.lang.String
wstring | java.lang.String
any | Any
long double | Not supported
Object | Not supported
void | void

### 8.4 Constructed OMG IDL Types

All constructed types are according to the standard with three (3) major exceptions.

- The IDL Exceptions are not implemented in this Java mapping.
- The functions used for read/write to streams, defined in `Helper` functions are named unmarshal (instead for read) and marshal (instead for write).
- The streams used in `Helper` functions are `OtpInputStream` for input and `OtpOutputStream` for output.

### 8.5 Mapping for Constants

Constants are mapped according to the standard.

### 8.6 Invocations of Operations

Operation invocation is implemented according to the standard. The implementation is in the class `_<nterfacename>Stub.java` which implements the interface in `<nterfacename>.java`.

    test._iStub client;

    client.op(10);

#### 8.6.1 Operation Implementation

The server is implemented through extension of the class `_<nterfacename>ImplBase.java` and implementation of all the methods in the interface.

    public class server extends test._iImplBase {

      public void op(int i) throws java.lang.Exception {
        System.out.println("Received call op()");
        o.value = i;
        return i;
      }

    }

### 8.7 Exceptions

While exception mapping is not implemented, the stubs will generate some Java exceptions in case of operation failure. No exceptions are propagated through the communication.

### 8.8 Access to Attributes

Attributes are supported according to the standard.

### 8.9 Summary of Argument/Result Passing for Java

All types (`in`, `out` or `inout`) of user defined parameters are supported in the Java mapping. This is also the case in the Erlang mappings but not in the C mapping. `inout` parameters are not supported in the C mapping so if you are going to do calls to or from a C program `inout` cannot be used in the IDL specifications.

`out` and `inout` parameters must be of Holder types. There is a jar file ( `ic.jar`) with Holder classes for the basic types in the `ic` application. This library is in the directory `$OTPROOT/lib/ic_<version number>/priv`.

### 8.10 Communication Toolbox

The generated client and server stubs use the classes defined in the `jinterface` package to communicate whith other nodes. The most important classes are :

- `OtpInputStream` which is the stream class used for incoming message storage
- `OtpOutputStream` which is the stream class used for outgoing message storage
- `OtpErlangPid` which is the process identification class used to identify processes inside a java node.
  The recommended constructor function for the OtpErlangPid is `OtpErlangPid(String node, int id, int serial, int creation)` where :
  - `String node`, is the name of the node where this process runs.
  - `int id`, is the identification number for this identity.
  - `int serial`, internal information, must be an 18-bit integer.
  - `int creation`, internal information, must have value in range 0..3.
- `OtpConnection` which is used to define a connection between nodes.
  While the connection object is stub side constructed in client stubs, it is returned after calling the `accept` function from an OtpErlangServer object in server stubs. The following methods used for node connection :
  - `OtpInputStream receiveBuf()`, which returns the incoming streams that contain the message arrived.
  - `void sendBuf(OtpErlangPid client, OtpOutputStream reply)`, which sends a reply message (in an OtpOutputStream form) to the client node.
  - `void close()`, which closes a connection.
- `OtpServer` which is used to define a server node.
  The recommended constructor function for the OtpServer is :
  - `OtpServer(String node, String cookie)`. where :
    - `node` is the requested name for the new java node, represented as a String object.
    - `cookie` is the requested cookie name for the new java node, represented as a String object.
  The following methods used for node registration and connection acceptance :
  - `boolean publishPort()`, which registers the server node to `epmd` daemon.
  - `OtpConnection accept()`, which waits for a connection and returns the OtpConnection object which is unique for each client node.

### 8.11 The Package com.ericsson.otp.ic

The package com.ericsson.otp.ic contains a number of java classes specially designed for the IC generated java-back-ends :

- Standard java classes defined through OMG-IDL java mapping :
  - BooleanHolder
  - ByteHolder
  - CharHolder
  - ShortHolder
  - IntHolder
  - LongHolder
  - FloatHolder
  - DoubleHolder
  - StringHolder
  - Any, AnyHelper, AnyHolder
  - TypeCode
  - TCKind
- Implementation-dependant classes :
  - Environment
  - Holder
- Erlang compatibility classes :
  - Pid, PidHelper, PidHolder
    The Pid class originates from `OtpErlangPid` and is used to represend the Erlang built-in `pid` type, a process's identity. PidHelper and PidHolder are helper respectively holder classes for Pid.
  - Ref, RefHelper, RefHolder
    The Ref class originates from `OtpErlangRef` and is used to represend the Erlang built-in `ref` type, an Erlang reference. RefHelper and RefHolder are helper respectively holder classes for Ref.
  - Port, PortHelper, PortHolder
    The Port class originates from `OtpErlangPort` and is used to represend the Erlang built-in `port` type, an Erlang port. PortHelper and PortHolder are helper respectively holder classes for Port.
  - Term, TermHelper, TermHolder
    The Term class originates from `Any` and is used to represend the Erlang built-in `term` type, an Erlang term. TermHelper and TermHolder are helper respectively holder classes for Term.
  To use the Erlang build-in classes, you will have to include the file `erlang.idl` located under `$OTPROOT/lib/ic/include`.

### 8.12 The Term Class

The `Term` class is intended to represent the Erlang term generic type. It extends the `Any` class and it is basically used in the same way as in the Any type.

The big difference between Term and Any is the use of `guard` methods instead of `TypeCode` to determine the data included in the Term. This is especially true when the Term's value class cannot be determinated at compilation time. The guard methods found in Term :

- `boolean isAtom()` returns `true` if the Term is an OtpErlangAtom, `false` otherwise
- `boolean isConstant()` returns `true` if the Term is neither an OtpErlangList nor an OtpErlangTuple, `false` otherwise
- `boolean isFloat()` returns `true` if the Term is an OtpErlangFloat, `false` otherwise
- `boolean isInteger()` returns `true` if the Term is an OtpErlangInt, `false` otherwise
- `boolean isList()` returns `true` if the Term is an OtpErlangList, `false` otherwise
- `boolean isString()` returns `true` if the Term is an OtpErlangString, `false` otherwise
- `boolean isNumber()` returns `true` if the Term is an OtpErlangInteger or an OtpErlangFloat, `false` otherwise
- `boolean isPid()` returns `true` if the Term is an OtpErlangPid or Pid, `false` otherwise
- `boolean isPort()` returns `true` if the Term is an OtpErlangPort or Port, `false` otherwise
- `boolean isReference()` returns `true` if the Term is an OtpErlangRef, `false` otherwise
- `boolean isTuple()` returns `true` if the Term is an OtpErlangTuple, `false` otherwise
- `boolean isBinary()` returns `true` if the Term is an OtpErlangBinary, `false` otherwise

### 8.13 Stub File Types

For each interface, three (3) stub/skeleton files are generated :

- A java interface file, named after the idl interface.
- A client stub file, named after the convention `_< interface name >Stub` which implements the java interface. Example : `_stackStub`.java
- A server stub file, named after the convention `_< interface name >ImplBase` which implements the java interface. Example : `_stackImplBase`.java

### 8.14 Client Stub Initialization, Methods Exported

The recommended constructor function for client stubs accepts four (4) parameters :

- `String selfNode`, the node identification name to be used in the new client node.
- `String peerNode`, the node identification name where the client process is running.
- `String cookie`, the cookie to be used.
- `Object server`, where the java Object can be one of:
  - `OtpErlangPid`, the server's process identity under the node where the server process is running.
  - `String`, the server's registered name under the node where the server process is running.

The methods exported from the generated client stub are :

- `void __disconnect()`, which disconnects the server connection.
- `void __reconnect()`, which disconnects the server connection if open, and then connects to the same peer.
- `void __stop()`, which sends the standard stop termination call. When connected to an Erlang server, the server will be terminated. When connected to a java server, this will set a stop flag that denotes that the server must be terminated.
- `com.ericsson.otp.erlang.OtpErlangRef __getRef()`, will return the message reference received from a server that denotes which call it is refering to. This is usefull when building asynchroinous clients.
- `java.lang.Object __server()`, which returns the server for the current connection.

### 8.15 Server Skeleton Initialization, Server Stub Implementation, Methods Exported

The constructor function for server skeleton accepts no parameters.

The server skeleton file contains a server `switch` which decodes messages from the input stream and calls implementation (`callback`) functions. As the server skeleton is declared `abstract`, the application programmer will have to create a stub class that `extends` the skeleton file. In this class, all operations defined in the interface class, generated under compiling the idl file, are implemented.

The server skeleton file exports the following methods:

- `OtpOutputStrem invoke(OtpInputStream request)`, where the input stream `request` is unmarshalled, the implementation function is called and a reply stream is marshalled.
- `boolean __isStopped()`, which returns true if a stop message is received. The implementation of the stub should always check if such a message is received and terminate if so.
- `boolean __isStopped(com.ericsson.otp.ic.Environment)`, which returns true if a stop message is received for a certain Environment and Connection. The implementation of the stub should always check if such a message is received and terminate if so.
- `OtpErlangPid __getCallerPid()`, which returns the caller identity for the latest call.
- `OtpErlangPid __getCallerPid(com.ericsson.otp.ic.Environment)`, which returns the caller identity for the latest call on a certain Environment.
- `java.util.Dictionary __operations()`, which returns the operation dictionary which holds all operations supported by the server skeleton.

### 8.16 A Mapping Example

This is a small example of a simple stack. There are two operations on the stack, push and pop. The example shows some of the generated files.

    // The source IDL file: stack.idl

    struct s {
          long l;
          string s;
    };

    interface stack {
        void push(in s val);
        s pop();
    };

When this file is compiled it produces eight files. Three important files are shown below.

The public interface is in stack.java.

    public interface stack {

    /****
     * Operation "stack::push" interface functions
     *
     */

        void push(s val) throws java.lang.Exception;

    /****
     * Operation "stack::pop" interface functions
     *
     */

        s pop() throws java.lang.Exception;

    }

For the IDL struct s three files are generated, a public class in s.java.

    final public class s {
       // instance variables
       public int l;
       public java.lang.String s;

       // constructors
       public s() {};
       public s(int _l, java.lang.String _s) {
         l = _l;
         s = _s;
       };

    };

A holder class in sHolder.java and a helper class in sHelper.java. The helper class is used for marshalling.

    public class sHelper {

       // constructors
       private sHelper() {};

       // methods
       public static s unmarshal(OtpInputStream in)
          throws java.lang.Exception {
            :
            :
       };

       public static void marshal(OtpOutputStream out, s value)
          throws java.lang.Exception {
            :
            :
       };

    };

### 8.17 Running the Compiled Code

When using the generated java code you must have added `$OTPROOT/lib/ic_<version number>/priv` and `$OTPROOT/lib/jinterface_<version number>/priv` to your `CLASSPATH` variable to get basic Holder types and the communication classes.

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