    ======================================================
    = 1903 Wright Flyer                                  =
    = for FlightGear with LaRCsim and the UIUC Aeromodel =
    =                                                    =
    = Flight model by:                                   =
    = Michael Selig, et al  (m-selig@uiuc.edu)           =
    = http://amber.aae.uiuc.edu/~m-selig/apasim.html     =
    =                                                    =
    = Visual model by:                                   =
    = Jim Wilson (jimw@kelcomaine.com)                   =
    ======================================================

    To run, try:

    fgfs --aircraft=wrightFlyer1903-v1-nl-uiuc --disable-random-objects

    Files and directory structure required in $FG_ROOT/Aircraft/ to fly the
    model:

    wrightFlyer1903-v1-nl-uiuc-set.xml
    wrightFlyer1903/Sounds/uiuc/wrightFlyer1903-sound.xml
    UIUC/wrightFlyer1903-v1-nl/aircraft.dat
    UIUC/wrightFlyer1903-v1-nl/CDfa.dat
    UIUC/wrightFlyer1903-v1-nl/Cmfa2.dat
    UIUC/wrightFlyer1903-v1-nl/Cmfade6.dat
    UIUC/wrightFlyer1903-v1-nl/CLfade.dat
    wrightFlyer1903/Models/WrightFlyer-pb-jw-01.rgb ... snapshot from 11/9/02
    wrightFlyer1903/Models/WrightFlyer-pb-jw-02.rgb
    wrightFlyer1903/Models/WrightFlyer-pb-jw-03.rgb
    wrightFlyer1903/Models/WrightFlyer-pb-jw.ac
    wrightFlyer1903/Models/WrightFlyer-pb-jw.xml

    These files above come with the FlightGear base package.

    Files and directory structure required in $FG_ROOT/Aircraft/ to see the
    external 3D model

    wrightFlyer1903/Models/uiuc/03Flyer/03Flyer.mdl
    wrightFlyer1903/Models/uiuc/03Flyer/flywheel.bmp
    wrightFlyer1903/Models/uiuc/03Flyer/panel.bmp
    wrightFlyer1903/Models/uiuc/03Flyer/pilotook.bmp
    wrightFlyer1903/Models/uiuc/03Flyer/sprocket_32.bmp
    wrightFlyer1903/Models/uiuc/03Flyer/wing2_32.bmp
    wrightFlyer1903/Models/uiuc/03Flyer/wing2.bmp
    wrightFlyer1903/Models/uiuc/03Flyer/03Flyer-model.xml

    Other external models can be found, but they will not be as good as
    the FGFS customized one from Jim Wilson.  The other sites:

    http://home.t-online.de/home/Wolfram.Kuss/FGFS1/FGFS1.htm

    and

    http://www.flightxpress.de/files/0402/FS2002/Flugzeuge/wright03.zip

    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

    Model description and updates:

    11/9/02 - Made mention of Jim Wilson's 3D model in this file.

    5/26/02 - First release: v1-nl

    * This model is based partly on wind tunnel tests of a 1903 Wright
      Flyer replica tested at NASA Ames by a group lead by Prof Culick at
      Caltech.  The model is a nonlinear model, meaning that stall is
      included.  Because the replica was not tested to stall, data in this
      regime had to be deduced from a number of different sources,
      including low Reynolds number airfoil data taken at UIUC.

    * Wonder what it was like to fly the 1903 Wright Flyer?  Be a test
      pilot.  See the longitudinal static instability.  Fly steady,
      straight and level using some trim to help relieve pressure on the
      stick, then put in a brief canard pulse (elevator stick) so as not
      to change the trim speed.  With an up canard pulse and hands off the
      stick, the Wright Flyer will start to pitch upwards until it
      stalls. Down pulse, and it goes down.  This same instability is seen
      by simply trying to fly straight and level!  The rates are low
      enough that a good pilot with practice can stay ahead of the static
      instability.  Stall can get pretty nasty if both the canard and
      biplane wing stall at the same time. Typically, however, only the
      canard will stall first.  Full up elevator can be used to fly out of
      the dive.  But in this condition the canard is stalled. Relieving
      the back pressure will move the canard out of stall and the pull-out
      will be a little bit faster, but the difference is hard to notice.
      Keep in mind that this aircraft was flown four times before it was
      damaged on Dec 17, 1903.  The first flight was 120 feet in 12
      seconds, and the last was 852 feet in 59 seconds.  How far can you
      fly?

    * Run with the FGFS "enable-auto-coordination" option (see run command
      at the top of this file) to model the coupling between the wing
      warping and rudder to counteract the adverse yaw effect of the wing
      warping.  The amount of coupling has been tuned to match that on the
      original Wright Flyer.  The resulting handling is not that great.
      For later designs, the Wright Brothers decoupled the warping and
      rudder to have more control and the ability to fly in coordinated
      flight ("cross-controls").

    * Finally, it's a hand full!

    * References:

      - Culick, F.E.C. and Jex, H.R., "Aerodynamics, Stability and
        Control of the 1903 Wright Flyer," Proceedings of The Wright
        Flyer: An Engineering Perspective, National Air and Space Museum,
        Smithsonian Institution, 1985.

      - Jex, H.R. and Culick, F.E.C., "Flight Control Dynamics of the
        1903 Wright Flyer," 12th AIAA Atmospheric Flight Mechanics
        Conference, AIAA Paper 85-1804-CP, 1985.

      - Jex, H, Grimm, R., Latz, J.P., and Hange, C., "Full-Scale 1903
        Wright Flyer Wind Tunnel Test Results From the NASA Ames Research
        Center", AIAA 38th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, AIAA Paper
        2000-0512, 2000.

      - Various other sources including
        http://www.wrightflyer.org/Papers/papers.html
        http://amber.aae.uiuc.edu/~m-selig/uiuc_lsat.html (low Re data)

    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

    **************************************************
     Prof. Michael S. Selig
     Dept. of Aerospace Engineering
     University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
     306 Talbot Laboratory
     104 South Wright Street
     Urbana, IL 61801-2935
     (217) 244-5757 (o), (509) 691-1373 (fax)
     m-selig@uiuc.edu
     http://www.uiuc.edu/~m-selig
    **************************************************