### 3.9.2 Normals

Objects in POV-Ray have very smooth surfaces. This is not very realistic so there are several ways to disturb the smoothness of an object by perturbing the surface normal. The surface normal is the vector that is perpendicular to the angle of the surface. By changing this normal the surface can be made to appear bumpy, wrinkled or any of the many patterns available. Let's try a couple of them.

#### 3.9.2.1 Using Basic Normal Modifiers

We comment out the planetoid sphere for now and, at the bottom of the file, create a new sphere with a simple, single color texture.

      sphere {
        <0,0,0>, 1
        pigment { Gray75 }
        normal { bumps 1 scale .2 }
      }

Here we have added a `normal` block in addition to the `pigment` block (note that these do not have to be included in a `texture` block unless they need to be transformed together or need to be part of a layered texture). We render this to see what it looks like. Now, one at a time, we substitute for the keyword `bumps` the following keywords: `dents`, `wrinkles`, `ripples` and `waves` (we can also use any of the patterns listed in "Patterns"). We render each to see what they look like. We play around with the float value that follows the keyword. We also experiment with the scale value.

For added interest, we change the plane texture to a single color with a normal as follows.

      plane {
        y, -1.5
        pigment { color rgb <.65, .45, .35> }
        normal { dents .75 scale .25 }
      }

#### 3.9.2.2 Blending Normals

Normals can be layered similar to pigments but the results can be unexpected. Let's try that now by editing the sphere as follows.

      sphere {
        <0,0,0>, 1
        pigment { Gray75 }
          normal { radial frequency 10 }
          normal { gradient y scale .2 }
      }

As we can see, the resulting pattern is neither a radial nor a gradient. It is instead the result of first calculating a radial pattern and then calculating a gradient pattern. The results are simply additive. This can be difficult to control so POV-Ray gives the user other ways to blend normals.

One way is to use normal maps. A normal map works the same way as the pigment map we used earlier. Let's change our sphere texture as follows.

      sphere {
        <0,0,0>, 1
        pigment { Gray75 }
        normal {
          gradient y
          frequency 3
          turbulence .5
          normal_map {
            [0.00 granite]
            [0.25 spotted turbulence .35]
            [0.50 marble turbulence .5]
            [0.75 bozo turbulence .25]
            [1.00 granite]
          }
        }
      }

Rendering this we see that the sphere now has a very irregular bumpy surface. The gradient pattern type separates the normals into bands but they are turbulated, giving the surface a chaotic appearance. But this gives us an idea.

Suppose we use the same pattern for a normal map that we used to create the oceans on our planetoid and applied it to the land areas. Does it follow that if we use the same pattern and modifiers on a sphere the same size that the shape of the pattern would be the same? Wouldn't that make the land areas bumpy while leaving the oceans smooth? Let's try it. First, let's render the two spheres side-by-side so we can see if the pattern is indeed the same. We un-comment the planetoid sphere and make the following changes.

      sphere {
        <0,0,0>, 1
        texture { LandArea }
        texture { OceanArea }
        //texture { CloudArea }  // <-comment this out
        translate -x             // <- add this transformation
      }

Now we change the gray sphere as follows.

      sphere {
        <0,0,0>, 1
        pigment { Gray75 }
        normal {
          bozo
          turbulence .5
          lambda 2
          normal_map {
            [0.4 dents .15 scale .01]
            [0.6 agate turbulence 1]
            [1.0 dents .15 scale .01]
          }
        }
        translate x // <- add this transformation
      }

We render this to see if the pattern is the same. We see that indeed it is. So let's comment out the gray sphere and add the `normal` block it contains to the land area texture of our planetoid. We remove the transformations so that the planetoid is centered in the scene again.

      #declare LandArea = texture {
        pigment {
          agate
          turbulence 1
          lambda 1.5
          omega .8
          octaves 8
          color_map {
            [0.00 color rgb <.5, .25, .15>]
            [0.33 color rgb <.1, .5, .4>]
            [0.86 color rgb <.6, .3, .1>]
            [1.00 color rgb <.5, .25, .15>]
          }
        }
        normal {
          bozo
          turbulence .5
          lambda 2
          normal_map {
            [0.4 dents .15 scale .01]
            [0.6 agate turbulence 1]
            [1.0 dents .15 scale .01]
          }
        }
      }

Looking at the resulting image we see that indeed our idea works! The land areas are bumpy while the oceans are smooth. We add the cloud layer back in and our planetoid is complete.

There is much more that we did not cover here due to space constraints. On our own, we should take the time to explore slope maps, average and bump maps.