trace {base} | R Documentation

## Interactive Tracing and Debugging of Calls to a Function or Method

### Description

A call to `trace` allows you to insert debugging code (e.g., a call to `browser` or `recover`) at chosen places in any function. A call to `untrace` cancels the tracing. Specified methods can be traced the same way, without tracing all calls to the function. Trace code can be any R expression. Tracing can be temporarily turned on or off globally by calling `tracingState`.

### Usage

    trace(what, tracer, exit, at, print, signature, where = topenv(parent.frame()))
    untrace(what, signature = NULL, where = topenv(parent.frame()))

    tracingState(on = NULL)

### Arguments

`what` | The name (quoted or not) of a function to be traced or untraced. More than one name can be given in the quoted form, and the same action will be applied to each one.
`tracer` | Either a function or an unevaluated expression. The function will be called or the expression will be evaluated either at the beginning of the call, or before those steps in the call specified by the argument `at`. See the details section.
`exit` | Either a function or an unevaluated expression. The function will be called or the expression will be evaluated on exiting the function. See the details section.
`at` | optional numeric vector. If supplied, `tracer` will be called just before the corresponding step in the body of the function. See the details section.
`print` | If `TRUE` (as per default), a descriptive line is printed before any trace expression is evaluated.
`signature` | If this argument is supplied, it should be a signature for a method for function `what`. In this case, the method, and not the function itself, is traced.
`where` | the environment from which to look for the function to be traced; by default, the top-level environment of the call to `trace`. If you put a call to `trace` into code in a package, you may need to specify `where=.GlobalEnv` if the package containing the call has a namespace, but the function you want to trace is somewhere on the search list.
`on` | logical; a call to `tracingState` returns `TRUE` if tracing is globally turned on, `FALSE` otherwise. An argument of one or the other of those values sets the state. If the tracing state is `FALSE`, none of the trace actions will actually occur (used, for example, by debugging functions to shut off tracing during debugging).

### Details

The `trace` function operates by constructing a revised version of the function (or of the method, if `signature` is supplied), and assigning the new object back where the original was found. If only the `what` argument is given, a line of trace printing is produced for each call to the function (back compatible with the earlier version of `trace`).

The object constructed by `trace` is from a class that extends `"function"` and which contains the original, untraced version. A call to `untrace` re-assigns this version.

If the argument `tracer` or `exit` is the name of a function, the tracing expression will be a call to that function, with no arguments. This is the easiest and most common case, with the functions `browser` and `recover` the likeliest candidates; the former browses in the frame of the function being traced, and the latter allows browsing in any of the currently active calls.

The `tracer` or `exit` argument can also be an unevaluated expression (such as returned by a call to `quote` or `substitute`). This expression itself is inserted in the traced function, so it will typically involve arguments or local objects in the traced function. An expression of this form is useful if you only want to interact when certain conditions apply (and in this case you probably want to supply `print=FALSE` in the call to `trace` also).

When the `at` argument is supplied, it should be a vector of integers referring to the substeps of the body of the function (this only works if the body of the function is enclosed in `{ ...}`. In this case `tracer` is not called on entry, but instead just before evaluating each of the steps listed in `at`. (Hint: you don't want to try to count the steps in the printed version of a function; instead, look at `as.list(body(f))` to get the numbers associated with the steps in function `f`.)

An intrinsic limitation in the `exit` argument is that it won't work if the function itself uses `on.exit`, since the existing calls will override the one supplied by `trace`.

Tracing does not nest. Any call to `trace` replaces previously traced versions of that function or method, and `untrace` always restores an untraced version. (Allowing nested tracing has too many potentials for confusion and for accidentally leaving traced versions behind.)

Tracing primitive functions (builtins and specials) from the base package works, but only by a special mechanism and not very informatively. Tracing a primitive causes the primitive to be replaced by a function with argument ... (only). You can get a bit of information out, but not much. A warning message is issued when `trace` is used on a primitive.

The practice of saving the traced version of the function back where the function came from means that tracing carries over from one session to another, if the traced function is saved in the session image. (In the next session, `untrace` will remove the tracing.) On the other hand, functions that were in a package, not in the global environment, are not saved in the image, so tracing expires with the session for such functions.

Tracing a method is basically just like tracing a function, with the exception that the traced version is stored by a call to `setMethod` rather than by direct assignment, and so is the untraced version after a call to `untrace`.

The version of `trace` described here is largely compatible with the version in S-Plus, although the two work by entirely different mechanisms. The S-Plus `trace` uses the session frame, with the result that tracing never carries over from one session to another (R does not have a session frame). Another relevant distinction has nothing directly to do with `trace`: The browser in S-Plus allows changes to be made to the frame being browsed, and the changes will persist after exiting the browser. The R browser allows changes, but they disappear when the browser exits. This may be relevant in that the S-Plus version allows you to experiment with code changes interactively, but the R version does not. (A future revision may include a “destructive” browser for R.)

### Value

The traced function(s) name(s). The relevant consequence is the assignment that takes place.

### Note

The version of function tracing that includes any of the arguments except for the function name requires the methods package (because it uses special classes of objects to store and restore versions of the traced functions).

If methods dispatch is not currently on, `trace` will load the methods namespace, but will not put the methods package on the search list.

### References

Becker, R. A., Chambers, J. M. and Wilks, A. R. (1988) The New S Language. Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole.

### See Also

`browser` and `recover`, the likeliest tracing functions; also, `quote` and `substitute` for constructing general expressions.

### Examples

    f <- function(x, y) {
        y <- pmax(y, .001)
        x ^ y
    }

    ## arrange to call the browser on entering and exiting
    ## function f
    trace("f", browser, exit = browser)

    ## instead, conditionally assign some data, and then browse
    ## on exit, but only then.  Don't bother me otherwise

    trace("f", quote(if(any(y < 0)) yOrig <- y),
          exit = quote(if(exists("yOrig")) browser()),
          print = FALSE)

    ## trace a utility function, with recover so we
    ## can browse in the calling functions as well.

    trace("as.matrix", recover)

    ## turn off the tracing

    untrace(c("f", "as.matrix"))

    if(!hasMethods) detach("package:methods")

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