## 19.2. Authentication methods

The following describes the authentication methods in more detail.

### 19.2.1. Trust authentication

When `trust` authentication is specified, PostgreSQL assumes that anyone who can connect to the server is authorized to access the database with whatever database user they specify (including the database superuser). Of course, restrictions placed in the `user` column still apply. This method should only be used when there is adequate operating system-level protection on connections to the server.

`trust` authentication is appropriate and very convenient for local connections on a single-user workstation. It is usually not appropriate by itself on a multiuser machine. However, you may be able to use `trust` even on a multiuser machine, if you restrict access to the server's Unix-domain socket file using file-system permissions. To do this, set the `unix_socket_permissions` (and possibly `unix_socket_group`) configuration parameters as described in Section 16.4.2, “Connections and Authentication”. Or you could set the `unix_socket_directory` configuration parameter to place the socket file in a suitably restricted directory.

Setting file-system permissions only helps for Unix-socket connections. Local TCP/IP connections are not restricted by it; therefore, if you want to use file-system permissions for local security, remove the `host ... 127.0.0.1 ...` line from `pg_hba.conf`, or change it to a non-`trust` authentication method.

`trust` authentication is only suitable for TCP/IP connections if you trust every user on every machine that is allowed to connect to the server by the `pg_hba.conf` lines that specify `trust`. It is seldom reasonable to use `trust` for any TCP/IP connections other than those from localhost (127.0.0.1).

### 19.2.2. Password authentication

The password-based authentication methods are `md5`, `crypt`, and `password`. These methods operate similarly except for the way that the password is sent across the connection. If you are at all concerned about password “sniffing” attacks then `md5` is preferred, with `crypt` a second choice if you must support pre-7.2 clients. Plain `password` should especially be avoided for connections over the open Internet (unless you use SSL, SSH, or other communications security wrappers around the connection).

PostgreSQL database passwords are separate from operating system user passwords. The password for each database user is stored in the `pg_shadow` system catalog table. Passwords can be managed with the SQL commands `CREATE USER` and `ALTER USER`, e.g., `CREATE USER foo WITH PASSWORD 'secret';`. By default, that is, if no password has been set up, the stored password is null and password authentication will always fail for that user.

To restrict the set of users that are allowed to connect to certain databases, list the users in the `user` column of `pg_hba.conf`, as explained in the previous section.

### 19.2.3. Kerberos authentication

Kerberos is an industry-standard secure authentication system suitable for distributed computing over a public network. A description of the Kerberos system is far beyond the scope of this document; in all generality it can be quite complex (yet powerful). The Kerberos FAQ or MIT Project Athena can be a good starting point for exploration. Several sources for Kerberos distributions exist.

While PostgreSQL supports both Kerberos 4 and Kerberos 5, only Kerberos 5 is recommended. Kerberos 4 is considered insecure and no longer recommended for general use.

In order to use Kerberos, support for it must be enabled at build time. See Chapter 14, Installation Instructions for more information. Both Kerberos 4 and 5 are supported, but only one version can be supported in any one build.

PostgreSQL operates like a normal Kerberos service. The name of the service principal is ``servicename`/`hostname`@`realm``, where `servicename` is `postgres` (unless a different service name was selected at configure time with `./configure --with-krb-srvnam=whatever`). `hostname` is the fully qualified host name of the server machine. The service principal's realm is the preferred realm of the server machine.

Client principals must have their PostgreSQL user name as their first component, for example `pgusername/otherstuff@realm`. At present the realm of the client is not checked by PostgreSQL; so if you have cross-realm authentication enabled, then any principal in any realm that can communicate with yours will be accepted.

Make sure that your server key file is readable (and preferably only readable) by the PostgreSQL server account. (See also Section 16.1, “The PostgreSQL User Account”). The location of the key file is specified by the krb_server_keyfile run-time configuration parameter. (See also Section 16.4, “Run-time Configuration”.) The default is `/etc/srvtab` if you are using Kerberos 4 and `/usr/local/pgsql/etc/krb5.keytab` (or whichever directory was specified as `sysconfdir` at build time) with Kerberos 5.

To generate the keytab file, use for example (with version 5)

    kadmin% ank -randkey postgres/server.my.domain.org
    kadmin% ktadd -k krb5.keytab postgres/server.my.domain.org

Read the Kerberos documentation for details.

When connecting to the database make sure you have a ticket for a principal matching the requested database user name. An example: For database user name `fred`, both principal `fred@EXAMPLE.COM` and `fred/users.example.com@EXAMPLE.COM` can be used to authenticate to the database server.

If you use mod_auth_kerb from http://modauthkerb.sf.net and mod_perl on your Apache web server, you can use `AuthType KerberosV5SaveCredentials` with a mod_perl script. This gives secure database access over the web, no extra passwords required.

### 19.2.4. Ident-based authentication

The ident authentication method works by inspecting the client's operating system user name and determining the allowed database user names by using a map file that lists the permitted corresponding user name pairs. The determination of the client's user name is the security-critical point, and it works differently depending on the connection type.

#### 19.2.4.1. Ident Authentication over TCP/IP

The “Identification Protocol” is described in RFC 1413. Virtually every Unix-like operating system ships with an ident server that listens on TCP port 113 by default. The basic functionality of an ident server is to answer questions like “What user initiated the connection that goes out of your port `X` and connects to my port `Y`?”. Since PostgreSQL knows both `X` and `Y` when a physical connection is established, it can interrogate the ident server on the host of the connecting client and could theoretically determine the operating system user for any given connection this way.

The drawback of this procedure is that it depends on the integrity of the client: if the client machine is untrusted or compromised an attacker could run just about any program on port 113 and return any user name he chooses. This authentication method is therefore only appropriate for closed networks where each client machine is under tight control and where the database and system administrators operate in close contact. In other words, you must trust the machine running the ident server. Heed the warning:

| The Identification Protocol is not intended as an authorization or access control protocol. |
--RFC 1413 |

#### 19.2.4.2. Ident Authentication over Local Sockets

On systems supporting `SO_PEERCRED` requests for Unix-domain sockets (currently Linux, FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, and BSD/OS), ident authentication can also be applied to local connections. In this case, no security risk is added by using ident authentication; indeed it is a preferable choice for local connections on such systems.

On systems without `SO_PEERCRED` requests, ident authentication is only available for TCP/IP connections. As a work around, it is possible to specify the localhost address 127.0.0.1 and make connections to this address.

#### 19.2.4.3. Ident Maps

When using ident-based authentication, after having determined the name of the operating system user that initiated the connection, PostgreSQL checks whether that user is allowed to connect as the database user he is requesting to connect as. This is controlled by the ident map argument that follows the `ident` key word in the `pg_hba.conf` file. There is a predefined ident map `sameuser`, which allows any operating system user to connect as the database user of the same name (if the latter exists). Other maps must be created manually.

Ident maps other than `sameuser` are defined in the file `pg_ident.conf` in the data directory, which contains lines of the general form:

    map-name ident-username database-username

Comments and whitespace are handled in the usual way. The `map-name` is an arbitrary name that will be used to refer to this mapping in `pg_hba.conf`. The other two fields specify which operating system user is allowed to connect as which database user. The same `map-name` can be used repeatedly to specify more user-mappings within a single map. There is no restriction regarding how many database users a given operating system user may correspond to and vice versa.

The `pg_ident.conf` file is read on start-up and when the main server process (`postmaster`) receives a SIGHUP signal. If you edit the file on an active system, you will need to signal the `postmaster` (using `pg_ctl reload` or `kill -HUP`) to make it re-read the file.

A `pg_ident.conf` file that could be used in conjunction with the `pg_hba.conf` file in Example 19.1, “An example pg_hba.conf file” is shown in Example 19.2, “An example pg_ident.conf file”. In this example setup, anyone logged in to a machine on the 192.168 network that does not have the Unix user name `bryanh`, `ann`, or `robert` would not be granted access. Unix user `robert` would only be allowed access when he tries to connect as PostgreSQL user `bob`, not as `robert` or anyone else. `ann` would only be allowed to connect as `ann`. User `bryanh` would be allowed to connect as either `bryanh` himself or as `guest1`.

Example 19.2. An example `pg_ident.conf` file

    # MAPNAME     IDENT-USERNAME    PG-USERNAME

    omicron       bryanh            bryanh
    omicron       ann               ann
    # bob has user name robert on these machines
    omicron       robert            bob
    # bryanh can also connect as guest1
    omicron       bryanh            guest1

### 19.2.5. PAM Authentication

This authentication method operates similarly to `password` except that it uses PAM (Pluggable Authentication Modules) as the authentication mechanism. The default PAM service name is `postgresql`. You can optionally supply you own service name after the `pam` key word in the file `pg_hba.conf`. For more information about PAM, please read the Linux-PAM Page and the Solaris PAM Page.