7.4. Calculations
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## 7.4. Calculations

Determining loan amortization schedules, periodic payment amounts, total payment value, or interest rates can be somewhat complex. To help facilitate these kinds of calculations, GnuCash has a built-in Financial Calculator. To access the calculator, go to Tools -> Financial Calculator.

The GnuCash Financial Calculator.

The Financial Calculator can be used to calculate any one of the parameters: Payment Periods, Interest Rate, Present Value, Periodic Payment, or Future Value given that the other 4 have been defined. You will also need to specify the compounding and payment methods.

- Payment Periods - the number of payment periods.

- Interest Rate - the nominal interest rate of the loan, ie: the yearly interest rate.

- Present Value - the present value of the loan, ie: current amount owed on the loan.

- Periodic Payment - the amount to pay per period.

- Future Value - the future value of the loan, ie: the amount owed after all payment periods are over.

- Compounding - two interest compounding methods exist, discrete or continuous. For discrete compounding select the compounding frequency from the popup menu with a range from yearly to daily.

- Payments - the popup menu allows you to select the payment frequency with a range from yearly to daily. You can also select whether your payments occur at the beginning or end of the period. Payments made at the beginning of the payment period have interest applied to the payment as well as any previous money paid or money still owed.

### 7.4.1. Example: Monthly Payments

What is your monthly payment on a $100000 30 year loan at a fixed rate of 4% compounded monthly?

This scenario is shown in the example image above. To perform this calculation, set Payment Periods to 360 (12 months x 30 years), Interest Rate to 4, Present Value to 100000, leave Periodic Payment empty and set Future Value to 0 (you do not want to owe anything at the end of the loan). Compounding is Monthly, Payments are Monthly, assume End of Period Payments, and Discrete Compounding. Now, click on the Calculate button next to the Periodic Payment area. You should see -473.30.

Answer: You must make monthly payments of 473.30.

### 7.4.2. Example: Length of Loan

How long will you be paying back a $20000 loan at 10% fixed rate interest compounded monthly if you pay $500 per month?

To perform this calculation, leave Payment Periods empty, set Interest Rate to 10, Present Value to 20000, Periodic Payment is -500, and set Future Value is 0 (you do not want to owe anything at the end of the loan). Compounding is Monthly, Payments are Monthly, assume End of Period Payments, and Discrete Compounding. Now, click on the Calculate button next to the Payment Periods area, you should calculate 48.

Answer: You will pay off the loan in 4 years (48 months).

### 7.4.3. Advanced: Calculation Details

In order to discuss the mathematical formulas used by the Financial Calculator, we first must define some variables.

n == number of payment periods
%i == nominal interest rate, NAR, charged
PV == Present Value
PMT == Periodic Payment
FV == Future Value
CF == Compounding Frequency per year
PF == Payment Frequency per year
Normal values for CF and PF are:
1 == annual
2 == semi-annual
3 == tri-annual
4 == quaterly
6 == bi-monthly
12 == monthly
24 == semi-monthly
26 == bi-weekly
52 == weekly
360 == daily
365 == daily

#### 7.4.3.1. Converting between nominal and effective interest rate

When a solution for n, PV, PMT or FV is required, the nominal interest rate (i) must first be converted to the effective interest rate per payment period (ieff). This rate, ieff, is then used to compute the selected variable. When a solution for i is required, the computation produces the effective interest rate (ieff). Thus, we need functions which convert from i to ieff, and from ieff to i.

To convert from i to ieff, the following expressions are used:
Discrete Interest: ieff = (1 + i/CF)^(CF/PF) - 1
Continuous Interest: ieff = e^(i/PF) - 1 = exp(i/PF) - 1
To convert from ieff to i, the following expressions are used:
Discrete Interst: i = CF*[(1+ieff)^(PF/CF) - 1]
Continuous Interest: i = ln[(1+ieff)^PF]

| Note
NOTE: in the equations below for the financial transaction, all interest rates are the effective interest rate, ieff. For the sake of brevity, the symbol will be shortened to just 'i'.

#### 7.4.3.2. The basic financial equation

One equation fundamentally links all the 5 variables. This is known as the fundamental financial equation:

PV*(1 + i)^n + PMT*(1 + iX)*[(1+i)^n - 1]/i + FV = 0
Where: X = 0 for end of period payments, and
X = 1 for beginning of period payments

From this equation, functions which solve for the individual variables can be derived. For a detailed explanation of the derivation of this equation, see the comments in the file src/calculation/fin.c from the GnuCash source code. The A, B, and C variables are defined first, to make the later equations simpler to read.

A = (1 + i)^n - 1
B = (1 + iX)/i
C = PMT*B
n = ln[(C - FV)/(C + PV)]/ln((1 + i)
PV = -[FV + A*C]/(A + 1)
PMT = -[FV + PV*(A + 1)]/[A*B]
FV = -[PV + A*(PV + C)]
The solution for interest is broken into two cases.
The simple case for when PMT == 0 gives the solution:
i = [FV/PV]^(1/n) - 1

The case where PMT != 0 is fairly complex and will not be presented here. Rather than involving an exactly solvable function, determining the interest rate when PMT !=0 involves an iterative process. Please see the src/calculation/fin.c source file for a detailed explanation.

#### 7.4.3.3. Example: Monthly Payments

Let's recalculate the examples shown above, this time using the mathematical formulas rather than the Financial Calculator. What is your monthly payment on a $100000 30 year loan at a fixed rate of 4% compounded monthly?

First, let's define the variables: n = (30*12) = 360, PV = 100000, PMT = unknown, FV = 0, i = 4, CF = PV = 12, X = 0 (end of payment periods).

The second step is to convert the nominal interest rate (i) to the effective interest rate (ieff). Since the interest rate is compounded monthly, it is discrete, and we use: ieff = (1 + i/CF)^(CF/PF) - 1, which gives ieff = (1 + 4/12)^(12/12) - 1, thus ieff = 1/3 = 0.3333333.

Now we can calculate A and B. A = (1 + i)^n - 1 = (1 + 1/3)^360 - 1 = 9.504848x10^44. B = (1 + iX)/i = (1 + 0.33333*0)/0.33333 = 3.

With A and B, we can calculate PMT. PMT = -[FV + PV*(A + 1)]/[A*B] = -[0 + 100000*(9.504848x10^44 + 1)] / [9.504848x10^44 * 3] = -9.504848x10^49 / 2.851454x10^45 = -33333.3.

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