# Dive Into Python

Python from novice to pro

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## 2.2. Declaring Functions

Python has functions like most other languages, but it does not have separate header files like C++ or `interface`/`implementation` sections like Pascal. When you need a function, just declare it, like this:

    def buildConnectionString(params):

Note that the keyword `def` starts the function declaration, followed by the function name, followed by the arguments in parentheses. Multiple arguments (not shown here) are separated with commas.

Also note that the function doesn't define a return datatype. Python functions do not specify the datatype of their return value; they don't even specify whether or not they return a value. In fact, every Python function returns a value; if the function ever executes a `return` statement, it will return that value, otherwise it will return `None`, the Python null value.

In Visual Basic, functions (that return a value) start with `function`, and subroutines (that do not return a value) start with `sub`. There are no subroutines in Python. Everything is a function, all functions return a value (even if it's `None`), and all functions start with `def`.

The argument, `params`, doesn't specify a datatype. In Python, variables are never explicitly typed. Python figures out what type a variable is and keeps track of it internally.

In Java, C++, and other statically-typed languages, you must specify the datatype of the function return value and each function argument. In Python, you never explicitly specify the datatype of anything. Based on what value you assign, Python keeps track of the datatype internally.

### 2.2.1. How Python's Datatypes Compare to Other Programming Languages

An erudite reader sent me this explanation of how Python compares to other programming languages:

statically typed language
  A language in which types are fixed at compile time. Most statically typed languages enforce this by requiring you to declare all variables with their datatypes before using them. Java and C are statically typed languages.
dynamically typed language
  A language in which types are discovered at execution time; the opposite of statically typed. VBScript and Python are dynamically typed, because they figure out what type a variable is when you first assign it a value.
strongly typed language
  A language in which types are always enforced. Java and Python are strongly typed. If you have an integer, you can't treat it like a string without explicitly converting it.
weakly typed language
  A language in which types may be ignored; the opposite of strongly typed. VBScript is weakly typed. In VBScript, you can concatenate the string `'12'` and the integer `3` to get the string `'123'`, then treat that as the integer `123`, all without any explicit conversion.

So Python is both dynamically typed (because it doesn't use explicit datatype declarations) and strongly typed (because once a variable has a datatype, it actually matters).