# Dive Into Python

Python from novice to pro

Find:

## Chapter 18. Performance Tuning

Performance tuning is a many-splendored thing. Just because Python is an interpreted language doesn't mean you shouldn't worry about code optimization. But don't worry about it too much.

## 18.1. Diving in

There are so many pitfalls involved in optimizing your code, it's hard to know where to start.

Let's start here: are you sure you need to do it at all? Is your code really so bad? Is it worth the time to tune it? Over the lifetime of your application, how much time is going to be spent running that code, compared to the time spent waiting for a remote database server, or waiting for user input?

Second, are you sure you're done coding? Premature optimization is like spreading frosting on a half-baked cake. You spend hours or days (or more) optimizing your code for performance, only to discover it doesn't do what you need it to do. That's time down the drain.

This is not to say that code optimization is worthless, but you need to look at the whole system and decide whether it's the best use of your time. Every minute you spend optimizing code is a minute you're not spending adding new features, or writing documentation, or playing with your kids, or writing unit tests.

Oh yes, unit tests. It should go without saying that you need a complete set of unit tests before you begin performance tuning. The last thing you need is to introduce new bugs while fiddling with your algorithms.

With these caveats in place, let's look at some techniques for optimizing Python code. The code in question is an implementation of the Soundex algorithm. Soundex was a method used in the early 20th century for categorizing surnames in the United States census. It grouped similar-sounding names together, so even if a name was misspelled, researchers had a chance of finding it. Soundex is still used today for much the same reason, although of course we use computerized database servers now. Most database servers include a Soundex function.

There are several subtle variations of the Soundex algorithm. This is the one used in this chapter:

1. Keep the first letter of the name as-is.
2. Convert the remaining letters to digits, according to a specific table:
   - B, F, P, and V become 1.
   - C, G, J, K, Q, S, X, and Z become 2.
   - D and T become 3.
   - L becomes 4.
   - M and N become 5.
   - R becomes 6.
   - All other letters become 9.
3. Remove consecutive duplicates.
4. Remove all 9s altogether.
5. If the result is shorter than four characters (the first letter plus three digits), pad the result with trailing zeros.
6. if the result is longer than four characters, discard everything after the fourth character.

For example, my name, `Pilgrim`, becomes P942695. That has no consecutive duplicates, so nothing to do there. Then you remove the 9s, leaving P4265. That's too long, so you discard the excess character, leaving P426.

Another example: `Woo` becomes W99, which becomes W9, which becomes W, which gets padded with zeros to become W000.

Here's a first attempt at a Soundex function:

### Example 18.1. `soundex/stage1/soundex1a.py`

If you have not already done so, you can download this and other examples used in this book.

    import string, re

    charToSoundex = {"A": "9",
                     "B": "1",
                     "C": "2",
                     "D": "3",
                     "E": "9",
                     "F": "1",
                     "G": "2",
                     "H": "9",
                     "I": "9",
                     "J": "2",
                     "K": "2",
                     "L": "4",
                     "M": "5",
                     "N": "5",
                     "O": "9",
                     "P": "1",
                     "Q": "2",
                     "R": "6",
                     "S": "2",
                     "T": "3",
                     "U": "9",
                     "V": "1",
                     "W": "9",
                     "X": "2",
                     "Y": "9",
                     "Z": "2"}

    def soundex(source):
        "convert string to Soundex equivalent"

        # Soundex requirements:
        # source string must be at least 1 character
        # and must consist entirely of letters
        allChars = string.uppercase + string.lowercase
        if not re.search('^[%s]+$' % allChars, source):
            return "0000"

        # Soundex algorithm:
        # 1. make first character uppercase
        source = source[0].upper() + source[1:]

        # 2. translate all other characters to Soundex digits
        digits = source[0]
        for s in source[1:]:
            s = s.upper()
            digits += charToSoundex[s]

        # 3. remove consecutive duplicates
        digits2 = digits[0]
        for d in digits[1:]:
            if digits2[-1] != d:
                digits2 += d

        # 4. remove all "9"s
        digits3 = re.sub('9', '', digits2)

        # 5. pad end with "0"s to 4 characters
        while len(digits3) < 4:
            digits3 += "0"

        # 6. return first 4 characters
        return digits3[:4]

    if __name__ == '__main__':
        from timeit import Timer
        names = ('Woo', 'Pilgrim', 'Flingjingwaller')
        for name in names:
            statement = "soundex('%s')" % name
            t = Timer(statement, "from __main__ import soundex")
            print name.ljust(15), soundex(name), min(t.repeat())

### Further Reading on Soundex

- Soundexing and Genealogy gives a chronology of the evolution of the Soundex and its regional variations.