# sqlalchemy/orm/__init__.py
# Copyright (C) 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 Michael Bayer
# mike_mp@zzzcomputing.com
#
# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php

"""
Functional constructs for ORM configuration.

See the SQLAlchemy object relational tutorial and mapper configuration
documentation for an overview of how this module is used.

"""

from sqlalchemy.orm import exc
from sqlalchemy.orm.mapper import (
     Mapper,
     _mapper_registry,
     class_mapper,
     )
from sqlalchemy.orm.interfaces import (
     EXT_CONTINUE,
     EXT_STOP,
     ExtensionOption,
     InstrumentationManager,
     MapperExtension,
     PropComparator,
     SessionExtension,
     AttributeExtension,
     )
from sqlalchemy.orm.util import (
     AliasedClass as aliased,
     Validator,
     join,
     object_mapper,
     outerjoin,
     polymorphic_union,
     with_parent,
     )
from sqlalchemy.orm.properties import (
     ColumnProperty,
     ComparableProperty,
     CompositeProperty,
     RelationshipProperty,
     PropertyLoader,
     SynonymProperty,
     )
from sqlalchemy.orm import mapper as mapperlib
from sqlalchemy.orm.mapper import reconstructor, validates
from sqlalchemy.orm import strategies
from sqlalchemy.orm.query import AliasOption, Query
from sqlalchemy.sql import util as sql_util
from sqlalchemy.orm.session import Session
from sqlalchemy.orm.session import object_session, sessionmaker, \
    make_transient
from sqlalchemy.orm.scoping import ScopedSession
from sqlalchemy import util as sa_util

__all__ = (
    'EXT_CONTINUE',
    'EXT_STOP',
    'InstrumentationManager',
    'MapperExtension',
    'AttributeExtension',
    'Validator',
    'PropComparator',
    'Query',
    'Session',
    'aliased',
    'backref',
    'class_mapper',
    'clear_mappers',
    'column_property',
    'comparable_property',
    'compile_mappers',
    'composite',
    'contains_alias',
    'contains_eager',
    'create_session',
    'defer',
    'deferred',
    'dynamic_loader',
    'eagerload',
    'eagerload_all',
    'extension',
    'immediateload',
    'join',
    'joinedload',
    'joinedload_all',
    'lazyload',
    'mapper',
    'make_transient',
    'noload',
    'object_mapper',
    'object_session',
    'outerjoin',
    'polymorphic_union',
    'reconstructor',
    'relationship',
    'relation',
    'scoped_session',
    'sessionmaker',
    'subqueryload',
    'subqueryload_all',
    'synonym',
    'undefer',
    'undefer_group',
    'validates'
    )


def scoped_session(session_factory, scopefunc=None):
    """Provides thread-local or scoped management of :class:`.Session` objects.

    This is a front-end function to
    :class:`.ScopedSession`.

    :param session_factory: a callable function that produces
      :class:`Session` instances, such as :func:`sessionmaker`.

    :param scopefunc: Optional "scope" function which would be
      passed to the :class:`.ScopedRegistry`.  If None, the
      :class:`.ThreadLocalRegistry` is used by default.

    :returns: an :class:`.ScopedSession` instance

    Usage::

      Session = scoped_session(sessionmaker(autoflush=True))

    To instantiate a Session object which is part of the scoped context,
    instantiate normally::

      session = Session()

    Most session methods are available as classmethods from the scoped
    session::

      Session.commit()
      Session.close()

    """
    return ScopedSession(session_factory, scopefunc=scopefunc)

def create_session(bind=None, **kwargs):
    """Create a new :class:`.Session` 
    with no automation enabled by default.
    
    This function is used primarily for testing.   The usual
    route to :class:`.Session` creation is via its constructor
    or the :func:`.sessionmaker` function.

    :param bind: optional, a single Connectable to use for all
      database access in the created
      :class:`~sqlalchemy.orm.session.Session`.

    :param \*\*kwargs: optional, passed through to the
      :class:`Session` constructor.

    :returns: an :class:`~sqlalchemy.orm.session.Session` instance

    The defaults of create_session() are the opposite of that of
    :func:`sessionmaker`; ``autoflush`` and ``expire_on_commit`` are
    False, ``autocommit`` is True.  In this sense the session acts
    more like the "classic" SQLAlchemy 0.3 session with these.

    Usage::

      >>> from sqlalchemy.orm import create_session
      >>> session = create_session()

    It is recommended to use :func:`sessionmaker` instead of
    create_session().

    """
    kwargs.setdefault('autoflush', False)
    kwargs.setdefault('autocommit', True)
    kwargs.setdefault('expire_on_commit', False)
    return Session(bind=bind, **kwargs)

def relationship(argument, secondary=None, **kwargs):
    """Provide a relationship of a primary Mapper to a secondary Mapper.
    
    .. note:: :func:`relationship` is historically known as
       :func:`relation` prior to version 0.6.
    
    This corresponds to a parent-child or associative table relationship.  The
    constructed class is an instance of :class:`RelationshipProperty`.

    A typical :func:`relationship`::

       mapper(Parent, properties={
         'children': relationship(Children)
       })

    :param argument:
      a class or :class:`Mapper` instance, representing the target of
      the relationship.

    :param secondary:
      for a many-to-many relationship, specifies the intermediary
      table. The *secondary* keyword argument should generally only
      be used for a table that is not otherwise expressed in any class
      mapping. In particular, using the Association Object Pattern is
      generally mutually exclusive with the use of the *secondary*
      keyword argument.

    :param backref:
      indicates the string name of a property to be placed on the related
      mapper's class that will handle this relationship in the other
      direction. The other property will be created automatically 
      when the mappers are configured.  Can also be passed as a
      :func:`backref` object to control the configuration of the
      new relationship.
      
    :param back_populates:
      Takes a string name and has the same meaning as ``backref``, 
      except the complementing property is **not** created automatically, 
      and instead must be configured explicitly on the other mapper.  The 
      complementing property should also indicate ``back_populates`` 
      to this relationship to ensure proper functioning.

    :param cascade:
      a comma-separated list of cascade rules which determines how
      Session operations should be "cascaded" from parent to child.
      This defaults to ``False``, which means the default cascade
      should be used.  The default value is ``"save-update, merge"``.

      Available cascades are:

      * ``save-update`` - cascade the :meth:`.Session.add` 
        operation.  This cascade applies both to future and
        past calls to :meth:`~sqlalchemy.orm.session.Session.add`, 
        meaning new items added to a collection or scalar relationship
        get placed into the same session as that of the parent, and 
        also applies to items which have been removed from this 
        relationship but are still part of unflushed history.

      * ``merge`` - cascade the :meth:`~sqlalchemy.orm.session.Session.merge`
        operation

      * ``expunge`` - cascade the :meth:`.Session.expunge`
        operation

      * ``delete`` - cascade the :meth:`.Session.delete`
        operation

      * ``delete-orphan`` - if an item of the child's type with no
        parent is detected, mark it for deletion.  Note that this
        option prevents a pending item of the child's class from being
        persisted without a parent present.

      * ``refresh-expire`` - cascade the :meth:`.Session.expire` 
        and :meth:`~sqlalchemy.orm.session.Session.refresh` operations

      * ``all`` - shorthand for "save-update,merge, refresh-expire,
        expunge, delete"
    
    :param cascade_backrefs=True:
      a boolean value indicating if the ``save-update`` cascade should
      operate along a backref event.   When set to ``False`` on a
      one-to-many relationship that has a many-to-one backref, assigning
      a persistent object to the many-to-one attribute on a transient object
      will not add the transient to the session.  Similarly, when
      set to ``False`` on a many-to-one relationship that has a one-to-many
      backref, appending a persistent object to the one-to-many collection
      on a transient object will not add the transient to the session.
      
      ``cascade_backrefs`` is new in 0.6.5.
      
    :param collection_class:
      a class or callable that returns a new list-holding object. will
      be used in place of a plain list for storing elements.
      Behavior of this attribute is described in detail at
      :ref:`custom_collections`.

    :param comparator_factory:
      a class which extends :class:`RelationshipProperty.Comparator` which
      provides custom SQL clause generation for comparison operations.

    :param doc:
      docstring which will be applied to the resulting descriptor.
      
    :param extension:
      an :class:`AttributeExtension` instance, or list of extensions,
      which will be prepended to the list of attribute listeners for
      the resulting descriptor placed on the class.  These listeners
      will receive append and set events before the operation
      proceeds, and may be used to halt (via exception throw) or
      change the value used in the operation.

    :param foreign_keys:
      a list of columns which are to be used as "foreign key" columns.
      Normally, :func:`relationship` uses the :class:`.ForeignKey`
      and :class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint` objects present within the
      mapped or secondary :class:`.Table` to determine the "foreign" side of 
      the join condition.  This is used to construct SQL clauses in order
      to load objects, as well as to "synchronize" values from 
      primary key columns to referencing foreign key columns.
      The ``foreign_keys`` parameter overrides the notion of what's
      "foreign" in the table metadata, allowing the specification
      of a list of :class:`.Column` objects that should be considered
      part of the foreign key.
      
      There are only two use cases for ``foreign_keys`` - one, when it is not
      convenient for :class:`.Table` metadata to contain its own foreign key
      metadata (which should be almost never, unless reflecting a large amount of
      tables from a MySQL MyISAM schema, or a schema that doesn't actually
      have foreign keys on it). The other is for extremely
      rare and exotic composite foreign key setups where some columns
      should artificially not be considered as foreign.

    :param innerjoin=False:
      when ``True``, joined eager loads will use an inner join to join
      against related tables instead of an outer join.  The purpose
      of this option is strictly one of performance, as inner joins
      generally perform better than outer joins.  This flag can
      be set to ``True`` when the relationship references an object
      via many-to-one using local foreign keys that are not nullable,
      or when the reference is one-to-one or a collection that is 
      guaranteed to have one or at least one entry.
      
    :param join_depth:
      when non-``None``, an integer value indicating how many levels
      deep "eager" loaders should join on a self-referring or cyclical 
      relationship.  The number counts how many times the same Mapper 
      shall be present in the loading condition along a particular join 
      branch.  When left at its default of ``None``, eager loaders
      will stop chaining when they encounter a the same target mapper 
      which is already higher up in the chain.  This option applies
      both to joined- and subquery- eager loaders.

    :param lazy='select': specifies 
      how the related items should be loaded.  Default value is 
      ``select``.  Values include:

      * ``select`` - items should be loaded lazily when the property is first
        accessed, using a separate SELECT statement, or identity map
        fetch for simple many-to-one references.
        
      * ``immediate`` - items should be loaded as the parents are loaded,
        using a separate SELECT statement, or identity map fetch for
        simple many-to-one references.  (new as of 0.6.5)

      * ``joined`` - items should be loaded "eagerly" in the same query as
        that of the parent, using a JOIN or LEFT OUTER JOIN.  Whether
        the join is "outer" or not is determined by the ``innerjoin``
        parameter.
              
      * ``subquery`` - items should be loaded "eagerly" within the same
        query as that of the parent, using a second SQL statement
        which issues a JOIN to a subquery of the original
        statement.

      * ``noload`` - no loading should occur at any time.  This is to 
        support "write-only" attributes, or attributes which are
        populated in some manner specific to the application.

      * ``dynamic`` - the attribute will return a pre-configured
        :class:`~sqlalchemy.orm.query.Query` object for all read 
        operations, onto which further filtering operations can be
        applied before iterating the results.  The dynamic 
        collection supports a limited set of mutation operations,
        allowing ``append()`` and ``remove()``.  Changes to the
        collection will not be visible until flushed 
        to the database, where it is then refetched upon iteration.
       
      * True - a synonym for 'select'
       
      * False - a synonyn for 'joined'
       
      * None - a synonym for 'noload'
       
      Detailed discussion of loader strategies is at :ref:`loading_toplevel`.
    
    :param load_on_pending=False:
      Indicates loading behavior for transient or pending parent objects.
      
      When set to ``True``, causes the lazy-loader to
      issue a query for a parent object that is not persistent, meaning it has
      never been flushed.  This may take effect for a pending object when
      autoflush is disabled, or for a transient object that has been
      "attached" to a :class:`.Session` but is not part of its pending
      collection. Attachment of transient objects to the session without
      moving to the "pending" state is not a supported behavior at this time.
      
      Note that the load of related objects on a pending or transient object
      also does not trigger any attribute change events - no user-defined
      events will be emitted for these attributes, and if and when the 
      object is ultimately flushed, only the user-specific foreign key 
      attributes will be part of the modified state.
      
      The load_on_pending flag does not improve behavior
      when the ORM is used normally - object references should be constructed
      at the object level, not at the foreign key level, so that they
      are present in an ordinary way before flush() proceeds.  This flag
      is not not intended for general use.
      
      New in 0.6.5.
      
    :param order_by:
      indicates the ordering that should be applied when loading these
      items.

    :param passive_deletes=False:
       Indicates loading behavior during delete operations.

       A value of True indicates that unloaded child items should not
       be loaded during a delete operation on the parent.  Normally,
       when a parent item is deleted, all child items are loaded so
       that they can either be marked as deleted, or have their
       foreign key to the parent set to NULL.  Marking this flag as
       True usually implies an ON DELETE <CASCADE|SET NULL> rule is in
       place which will handle updating/deleting child rows on the
       database side.

       Additionally, setting the flag to the string value 'all' will
       disable the "nulling out" of the child foreign keys, when there
       is no delete or delete-orphan cascade enabled.  This is
       typically used when a triggering or error raise scenario is in
       place on the database side.  Note that the foreign key
       attributes on in-session child objects will not be changed
       after a flush occurs so this is a very special use-case
       setting.

    :param passive_updates=True:
      Indicates loading and INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE behavior when the
      source of a foreign key value changes (i.e. an "on update"
      cascade), which are typically the primary key columns of the
      source row.

      When True, it is assumed that ON UPDATE CASCADE is configured on
      the foreign key in the database, and that the database will
      handle propagation of an UPDATE from a source column to
      dependent rows.  Note that with databases which enforce
      referential integrity (i.e. PostgreSQL, MySQL with InnoDB tables),
      ON UPDATE CASCADE is required for this operation.  The
      relationship() will update the value of the attribute on related
      items which are locally present in the session during a flush.

      When False, it is assumed that the database does not enforce
      referential integrity and will not be issuing its own CASCADE
      operation for an update.  The relationship() will issue the
      appropriate UPDATE statements to the database in response to the
      change of a referenced key, and items locally present in the
      session during a flush will also be refreshed.

      This flag should probably be set to False if primary key changes
      are expected and the database in use doesn't support CASCADE
      (i.e. SQLite, MySQL MyISAM tables).

      Also see the passive_updates flag on ``mapper()``.
      
      A future SQLAlchemy release will provide a "detect" feature for
      this flag.

    :param post_update:
      this indicates that the relationship should be handled by a
      second UPDATE statement after an INSERT or before a
      DELETE. Currently, it also will issue an UPDATE after the
      instance was UPDATEd as well, although this technically should
      be improved. This flag is used to handle saving bi-directional
      dependencies between two individual rows (i.e. each row
      references the other), where it would otherwise be impossible to
      INSERT or DELETE both rows fully since one row exists before the
      other. Use this flag when a particular mapping arrangement will
      incur two rows that are dependent on each other, such as a table
      that has a one-to-many relationship to a set of child rows, and
      also has a column that references a single child row within that
      list (i.e. both tables contain a foreign key to each other). If
      a ``flush()`` operation returns an error that a "cyclical
      dependency" was detected, this is a cue that you might want to
      use ``post_update`` to "break" the cycle.

    :param primaryjoin:
      a ColumnElement (i.e. WHERE criterion) that will be used as the primary
      join of this child object against the parent object, or in a
      many-to-many relationship the join of the primary object to the
      association table. By default, this value is computed based on the
      foreign key relationships of the parent and child tables (or association
      table).

    :param remote_side:
      used for self-referential relationships, indicates the column or
      list of columns that form the "remote side" of the relationship.

    :param secondaryjoin:
      a ColumnElement (i.e. WHERE criterion) that will be used as the join of
      an association table to the child object. By default, this value is
      computed based on the foreign key relationships of the association and
      child tables.

    :param single_parent=(True|False):
      when True, installs a validator which will prevent objects
      from being associated with more than one parent at a time.
      This is used for many-to-one or many-to-many relationships that
      should be treated either as one-to-one or one-to-many.  Its
      usage is optional unless delete-orphan cascade is also 
      set on this relationship(), in which case its required (new in 0.5.2).
      
    :param uselist=(True|False):
      a boolean that indicates if this property should be loaded as a
      list or a scalar. In most cases, this value is determined
      automatically by ``relationship()``, based on the type and direction
      of the relationship - one to many forms a list, many to one
      forms a scalar, many to many is a list. If a scalar is desired
      where normally a list would be present, such as a bi-directional
      one-to-one relationship, set uselist to False.

    :param viewonly=False:
      when set to True, the relationship is used only for loading objects
      within the relationship, and has no effect on the unit-of-work
      flush process.  Relationships with viewonly can specify any kind of
      join conditions to provide additional views of related objects
      onto a parent object. Note that the functionality of a viewonly
      relationship has its limits - complicated join conditions may
      not compile into eager or lazy loaders properly. If this is the
      case, use an alternative method.

    """
    return RelationshipProperty(argument, secondary=secondary, **kwargs)

def relation(*arg, **kw):
    """A synonym for :func:`relationship`."""
    
    return relationship(*arg, **kw)
    
def dynamic_loader(argument, secondary=None, primaryjoin=None,
                   secondaryjoin=None, foreign_keys=None, backref=None,
                   post_update=False, cascade=False, remote_side=None,
                   enable_typechecks=True, passive_deletes=False, doc=None,
                   order_by=None, comparator_factory=None, query_class=None):
    """Construct a dynamically-loading mapper property.

    This property is similar to :func:`relationship`, except read
    operations return an active :class:`Query` object which reads from
    the database when accessed.  Items may be appended to the
    attribute via ``append()``, or removed via ``remove()``; changes
    will be persisted to the database during a :meth:`Sesion.flush`.
    However, no other Python list or collection mutation operations
    are available.

    A subset of arguments available to :func:`relationship` are available
    here.

    :param argument:
      a class or :class:`Mapper` instance, representing the target of
      the relationship.

    :param secondary:
      for a many-to-many relationship, specifies the intermediary
      table. The *secondary* keyword argument should generally only
      be used for a table that is not otherwise expressed in any class
      mapping. In particular, using the Association Object Pattern is
      generally mutually exclusive with the use of the *secondary*
      keyword argument.

    :param query_class:
      Optional, a custom Query subclass to be used as the basis for
      dynamic collection.

    """
    from sqlalchemy.orm.dynamic import DynaLoader

    return RelationshipProperty(
        argument, secondary=secondary, primaryjoin=primaryjoin,
        secondaryjoin=secondaryjoin, foreign_keys=foreign_keys,
        backref=backref,
        post_update=post_update, cascade=cascade, remote_side=remote_side,
        enable_typechecks=enable_typechecks, passive_deletes=passive_deletes,
        order_by=order_by, comparator_factory=comparator_factory,doc=doc,
        strategy_class=DynaLoader, query_class=query_class)

def column_property(*args, **kwargs):
    """Provide a column-level property for use with a Mapper.

    Column-based properties can normally be applied to the mapper's
    ``properties`` dictionary using the ``schema.Column`` element directly.
    Use this function when the given column is not directly present within the
    mapper's selectable; examples include SQL expressions, functions, and
    scalar SELECT queries.

    Columns that aren't present in the mapper's selectable won't be persisted
    by the mapper and are effectively "read-only" attributes.

    :param \*cols:
          list of Column objects to be mapped.

    :param comparator_factory: a class which extends
       :class:`.ColumnProperty.Comparator` which provides custom SQL clause
       generation for comparison operations.

    :param group:
        a group name for this property when marked as deferred.

    :param deferred:
          when True, the column property is "deferred", meaning that
          it does not load immediately, and is instead loaded when the
          attribute is first accessed on an instance.  See also
          :func:`~sqlalchemy.orm.deferred`.
      
    :param doc:
          optional string that will be applied as the doc on the
          class-bound descriptor.
          
    :param extension:
        an :class:`~sqlalchemy.orm.interfaces.AttributeExtension` instance,
        or list of extensions, which will be prepended to the list of
        attribute listeners for the resulting descriptor placed on the class.
        These listeners will receive append and set events before the
        operation proceeds, and may be used to halt (via exception throw)
        or change the value used in the operation.

    """

    return ColumnProperty(*args, **kwargs)

def composite(class_, *cols, **kwargs):
    """Return a composite column-based property for use with a Mapper.
    
    See the mapping documention section :ref:`mapper_composite` for a full
    usage example.
    
    :param class\_:
      The "composite type" class.

    :param \*cols:
      List of Column objects to be mapped.

    :param group:
      A group name for this property when marked as deferred.

    :param deferred:
      When True, the column property is "deferred", meaning that it does not
      load immediately, and is instead loaded when the attribute is first
      accessed on an instance.  See also :func:`~sqlalchemy.orm.deferred`.

    :param comparator_factory:  a class which extends
      :class:`.CompositeProperty.Comparator` which provides custom SQL clause
      generation for comparison operations.

    :param doc:
      optional string that will be applied as the doc on the
      class-bound descriptor.

    :param extension:
      an :class:`~sqlalchemy.orm.interfaces.AttributeExtension` instance,
      or list of extensions, which will be prepended to the list of
      attribute listeners for the resulting descriptor placed on the class.
      These listeners will receive append and set events before the
      operation proceeds, and may be used to halt (via exception throw)
      or change the value used in the operation.

    """
    return CompositeProperty(class_, *cols, **kwargs)


def backref(name, **kwargs):
    """Create a back reference with explicit arguments, which are the same
    arguments one can send to :func:`relationship`.

    Used with the `backref` keyword argument to :func:`relationship` in
    place of a string argument.

    """
    return (name, kwargs)

def deferred(*columns, **kwargs):
    """Return a :class:`DeferredColumnProperty`, which indicates this
    object attributes should only be loaded from its corresponding
    table column when first accessed.

    Used with the `properties` dictionary sent to :func:`mapper`.

    """
    return ColumnProperty(deferred=True, *columns, **kwargs)

def mapper(class_, local_table=None, *args, **params):
    """Return a new :class:`~.Mapper` object.

        :param class\_: The class to be mapped.

        :param local_table: The table to which the class is mapped, or None if
           this mapper inherits from another mapper using concrete table
           inheritance.

        :param always_refresh: If True, all query operations for this mapped
           class will overwrite all data within object instances that already
           exist within the session, erasing any in-memory changes with
           whatever information was loaded from the database. Usage of this
           flag is highly discouraged; as an alternative, see the method
           `populate_existing()` on :class:`~sqlalchemy.orm.query.Query`.

        :param allow_null_pks: This flag is deprecated - this is stated as
           allow_partial_pks which defaults to True.

        :param allow_partial_pks: Defaults to True.  Indicates that a
           composite primary key with some NULL values should be considered as
           possibly existing within the database. This affects whether a
           mapper will assign an incoming row to an existing identity, as well
           as if session.merge() will check the database first for a
           particular primary key value. A "partial primary key" can occur if
           one has mapped to an OUTER JOIN, for example.

        :param batch: Indicates that save operations of multiple entities 
           can be batched together for efficiency. setting to False indicates
           that an instance will be fully saved before saving the next
           instance, which includes inserting/updating all table rows
           corresponding to the entity as well as calling all
           :class:`MapperExtension` methods corresponding to the save
           operation.

        :param column_prefix: A string which will be prepended to the `key`
           name of all Columns when creating column-based properties from the
           given Table. Does not affect explicitly specified column-based
           properties

        :param concrete: If True, indicates this mapper should use concrete
           table inheritance with its parent mapper.

        :param exclude_properties: A list or set of string column names to 
          be excluded from mapping. As of SQLAlchemy 0.6.4, this collection
          may also include :class:`.Column` objects. Columns named or present
          in this list will not be automatically mapped. Note that neither
          this option nor include_properties will allow one to circumvent plan
          Python inheritance - if mapped class ``B`` inherits from mapped
          class ``A``, no combination of includes or excludes will allow ``B``
          to have fewer properties than its superclass, ``A``.

        :param extension: A :class:`.MapperExtension` instance or
           list of :class:`~sqlalchemy.orm.interfaces.MapperExtension`
           instances which will be applied to all operations by this
           :class:`~sqlalchemy.orm.mapper.Mapper`.

        :param include_properties: An inclusive list or set of string column
          names to map. As of SQLAlchemy 0.6.4, this collection may also
          include :class:`.Column` objects in order to disambiguate between
          same-named columns in a selectable (such as a
          :func:`~.expression.join()`). If this list is not ``None``, columns
          present in the mapped table but not named or present in this list
          will not be automatically mapped. See also "exclude_properties".

        :param inherits: Another :class:`~sqlalchemy.orm.Mapper` for which 
            this :class:`~sqlalchemy.orm.Mapper` will have an inheritance
            relationship with.

        :param inherit_condition: For joined table inheritance, a SQL
           expression (constructed
           :class:`~sqlalchemy.expression.sql.ClauseElement`) which will
           define how the two tables are joined; defaults to a natural join
           between the two tables.

        :param inherit_foreign_keys: When inherit_condition is used and the
           condition contains no ForeignKey columns, specify the "foreign"
           columns of the join condition in this list. else leave as None.

        :param non_primary: Construct a :class:`Mapper` that will define only
           the selection of instances, not their persistence. Any number of
           non_primary mappers may be created for a particular class.

        :param order_by: A single :class:`Column` or list of :class:`Column`
           objects for which selection operations should use as the default
           ordering for entities. Defaults to the OID/ROWID of the table if
           any, or the first primary key column of the table.

        :param passive_updates: Indicates UPDATE behavior of foreign keys 
           when a primary key changes on a joined-table inheritance or other
           joined table mapping.
           
           When True, it is assumed that ON UPDATE CASCADE is configured on
           the foreign key in the database, and that the database will handle
           propagation of an UPDATE from a source column to dependent rows.
           Note that with databases which enforce referential integrity (i.e.
           PostgreSQL, MySQL with InnoDB tables), ON UPDATE CASCADE is
           required for this operation. The relationship() will update the
           value of the attribute on related items which are locally present
           in the session during a flush.
           
           When False, it is assumed that the database does not enforce
           referential integrity and will not be issuing its own CASCADE
           operation for an update. The relationship() will issue the
           appropriate UPDATE statements to the database in response to the
           change of a referenced key, and items locally present in the
           session during a flush will also be refreshed.
           
           This flag should probably be set to False if primary key changes
           are expected and the database in use doesn't support CASCADE (i.e.
           SQLite, MySQL MyISAM tables).
           
            Also see the passive_updates flag on :func:`relationship()`.
           
           A future SQLAlchemy release will provide a "detect" feature for
           this flag.

        :param polymorphic_on: Used with mappers in an inheritance
           relationship, a ``Column`` which will identify the class/mapper
           combination to be used with a particular row. Requires the
           ``polymorphic_identity`` value to be set for all mappers in the
           inheritance hierarchy. The column specified by ``polymorphic_on``
           is usually a column that resides directly within the base mapper's
           mapped table; alternatively, it may be a column that is only
           present within the <selectable> portion of the ``with_polymorphic``
           argument.

        :param polymorphic_identity: A value which will be stored in the
           Column denoted by polymorphic_on, corresponding to the *class
           identity* of this mapper.

        :param properties: A dictionary mapping the string names of object
           attributes to ``MapperProperty`` instances, which define the
           persistence behavior of that attribute. Note that the columns in
           the mapped table are automatically converted into
           ``ColumnProperty`` instances based on the `key` property of each
           ``Column`` (although they can be overridden using this dictionary).

        :param primary_key: A list of ``Column`` objects which define the
           *primary key* to be used against this mapper's selectable unit.
           This is normally simply the primary key of the `local_table`, but
           can be overridden here.

        :param version_id_col: A ``Column`` which must have an integer type
           that will be used to keep a running *version id* of mapped entities
           in the database. this is used during save operations to ensure that
           no other thread or process has updated the instance during the
           lifetime of the entity, else a :class:`StaleDataError` exception is
           thrown.

        :param version_id_generator: A callable which defines the algorithm
            used to generate new version ids. Defaults to an integer
            generator. Can be replaced with one that generates timestamps,
            uuids, etc. e.g.::

                import uuid

                mapper(Cls, table, 
                version_id_col=table.c.version_uuid,
                version_id_generator=lambda version:uuid.uuid4().hex
                )

            The callable receives the current version identifier as its 
            single argument.

        :param with_polymorphic: A tuple in the form ``(<classes>,
            <selectable>)`` indicating the default style of "polymorphic"
            loading, that is, which tables are queried at once. <classes> is
            any single or list of mappers and/or classes indicating the
            inherited classes that should be loaded at once. The special value
            ``'*'`` may be used to indicate all descending classes should be
            loaded immediately. The second tuple argument <selectable>
            indicates a selectable that will be used to query for multiple
            classes. Normally, it is left as None, in which case this mapper
            will form an outer join from the base mapper's table to that of
            all desired sub-mappers. When specified, it provides the
            selectable to be used for polymorphic loading. When
            with_polymorphic includes mappers which load from a "concrete"
            inheriting table, the <selectable> argument is required, since it
            usually requires more complex UNION queries.

    """
    return Mapper(class_, local_table, *args, **params)

def synonym(name, map_column=False, descriptor=None, 
                        comparator_factory=None, doc=None):
    """Set up `name` as a synonym to another mapped property.

    Used with the ``properties`` dictionary sent to
    :func:`~sqlalchemy.orm.mapper`.

    Any existing attributes on the class which map the key name sent
    to the ``properties`` dictionary will be used by the synonym to provide
    instance-attribute behavior (that is, any Python property object, provided
    by the ``property`` builtin or providing a ``__get__()``, ``__set__()``
    and ``__del__()`` method).  If no name exists for the key, the
    ``synonym()`` creates a default getter/setter object automatically and
    applies it to the class.

    `name` refers to the name of the existing mapped property, which can be
    any other ``MapperProperty`` including column-based properties and
    relationships.

    If `map_column` is ``True``, an additional ``ColumnProperty`` is created
    on the mapper automatically, using the synonym's name as the keyname of
    the property, and the keyname of this ``synonym()`` as the name of the
    column to map.  For example, if a table has a column named ``status``::

        class MyClass(object):
            def _get_status(self):
                return self._status
            def _set_status(self, value):
                self._status = value
            status = property(_get_status, _set_status)

        mapper(MyClass, sometable, properties={
            "status":synonym("_status", map_column=True)
        })

    The column named ``status`` will be mapped to the attribute named
    ``_status``, and the ``status`` attribute on ``MyClass`` will be used to
    proxy access to the column-based attribute.

    """
    return SynonymProperty(name, map_column=map_column, 
                            descriptor=descriptor, 
                            comparator_factory=comparator_factory,
                            doc=doc)

def comparable_property(comparator_factory, descriptor=None):
    """Provides a method of applying a :class:`.PropComparator` 
    to any Python descriptor attribute.

    Allows a regular Python @property (descriptor) to be used in Queries and
    SQL constructs like a managed attribute.  comparable_property wraps a
    descriptor with a proxy that directs operator overrides such as ==
    (__eq__) to the supplied comparator but proxies everything else through to
    the original descriptor::

      from sqlalchemy.orm import mapper, comparable_property
      from sqlalchemy.orm.interfaces import PropComparator
      from sqlalchemy.sql import func
      
      class MyClass(object):
          @property
          def myprop(self):
              return 'foo'

      class MyComparator(PropComparator):
          def __eq__(self, other):
              return func.lower(other) == foo

      mapper(MyClass, mytable, properties={
               'myprop': comparable_property(MyComparator)})

    Used with the ``properties`` dictionary sent to
    :func:`~sqlalchemy.orm.mapper`.
    
    Note that :func:`comparable_property` is usually not needed for basic
    needs. The recipe at :mod:`.derived_attributes` offers a simpler
    pure-Python method of achieving a similar result using class-bound
    attributes with SQLAlchemy expression constructs.
    
    :param comparator_factory:
      A PropComparator subclass or factory that defines operator behavior
      for this property.

    :param descriptor:
      Optional when used in a ``properties={}`` declaration.  The Python
      descriptor or property to layer comparison behavior on top of.

      The like-named descriptor will be automatically retreived from the
      mapped class if left blank in a ``properties`` declaration.

    """
    return ComparableProperty(comparator_factory, descriptor)

def compile_mappers():
    """Compile all mappers that have been defined.

    This is equivalent to calling ``compile()`` on any individual mapper.

    """
    for m in list(_mapper_registry):
        m.compile()

def clear_mappers():
    """Remove all mappers from all classes.
    
    This function removes all instrumentation from classes and disposes
    of their associated mappers.  Once called, the classes are unmapped 
    and can be later re-mapped with new mappers.
    
    :func:`.clear_mappers` is *not* for normal use, as there is literally no
    valid usage for it outside of very specific testing scenarios. Normally,
    mappers are permanent structural components of user-defined classes, and
    are never discarded independently of their class.  If a mapped class itself
    is garbage collected, its mapper is automatically disposed of as well. As
    such, :func:`.clear_mappers` is only for usage in test suites that re-use
    the same classes with different mappings, which is itself an extremely rare
    use case - the only such use case is in fact SQLAlchemy's own test suite,
    and possibly the test suites of other ORM extension libraries which 
    intend to test various combinations of mapper construction upon a fixed
    set of classes.
    
    """
    mapperlib._COMPILE_MUTEX.acquire()
    try:
        while _mapper_registry:
            try:
                # can't even reliably call list(weakdict) in jython
                mapper, b = _mapper_registry.popitem()
                mapper.dispose()
            except KeyError:
                pass
    finally:
        mapperlib._COMPILE_MUTEX.release()

def extension(ext):
    """Return a ``MapperOption`` that will insert the given
    ``MapperExtension`` to the beginning of the list of extensions
    that will be called in the context of the ``Query``.

    Used with :meth:`~sqlalchemy.orm.query.Query.options`.

    """
    return ExtensionOption(ext)

@sa_util.accepts_a_list_as_starargs(list_deprecation='deprecated')
def joinedload(*keys, **kw):
    """Return a ``MapperOption`` that will convert the property of the given
    name into an joined eager load.

    .. note:: This function is known as :func:`eagerload` in all versions
          of SQLAlchemy prior to version 0.6beta3, including the 0.5 and 0.4
          series. :func:`eagerload` will remain available for the foreseeable
          future in order to enable cross-compatibility.

    Used with :meth:`~sqlalchemy.orm.query.Query.options`.

    examples::
    
        # joined-load the "orders" colleciton on "User"
        query(User).options(joinedload(User.orders))
        
        # joined-load the "keywords" collection on each "Item",
        # but not the "items" collection on "Order" - those 
        # remain lazily loaded.
        query(Order).options(joinedload(Order.items, Item.keywords))

        # to joined-load across both, use joinedload_all()
        query(Order).options(joinedload_all(Order.items, Item.keywords))

    :func:`joinedload` also accepts a keyword argument `innerjoin=True` which
    indicates using an inner join instead of an outer::
    
        query(Order).options(joinedload(Order.user, innerjoin=True))
        
    Note that the join created by :func:`joinedload` is aliased such that no
    other aspects of the query will affect what it loads. To use joined eager
    loading with a join that is constructed manually using
    :meth:`~sqlalchemy.orm.query.Query.join` or :func:`~sqlalchemy.orm.join`,
    see :func:`contains_eager`.
    
    See also:  :func:`subqueryload`, :func:`lazyload`
    
    """
    innerjoin = kw.pop('innerjoin', None)
    if innerjoin is not None:
        return (
             strategies.EagerLazyOption(keys, lazy='joined'), 
             strategies.EagerJoinOption(keys, innerjoin)
         )
    else:
        return strategies.EagerLazyOption(keys, lazy='joined')

@sa_util.accepts_a_list_as_starargs(list_deprecation='deprecated')
def joinedload_all(*keys, **kw):
    """Return a ``MapperOption`` that will convert all properties along the
    given dot-separated path into an joined eager load.

    .. note:: This function is known as :func:`eagerload_all` in all versions
        of SQLAlchemy prior to version 0.6beta3, including the 0.5 and 0.4
        series. :func:`eagerload_all` will remain available for the
        foreseeable future in order to enable cross-compatibility.

    Used with :meth:`~sqlalchemy.orm.query.Query.options`.

    For example::

        query.options(joinedload_all('orders.items.keywords'))...

    will set all of 'orders', 'orders.items', and 'orders.items.keywords' to
    load in one joined eager load.

    Individual descriptors are accepted as arguments as well::
    
        query.options(joinedload_all(User.orders, Order.items, Item.keywords))

    The keyword arguments accept a flag `innerjoin=True|False` which will
    override the value of the `innerjoin` flag specified on the
    relationship().

    See also:  :func:`subqueryload_all`, :func:`lazyload`

    """
    innerjoin = kw.pop('innerjoin', None)
    if innerjoin is not None:
        return (
            strategies.EagerLazyOption(keys, lazy='joined', chained=True), 
            strategies.EagerJoinOption(keys, innerjoin, chained=True)
        )
    else:
        return strategies.EagerLazyOption(keys, lazy='joined', chained=True)

def eagerload(*args, **kwargs):
    """A synonym for :func:`joinedload()`."""
    return joinedload(*args, **kwargs)
    
def eagerload_all(*args, **kwargs):
    """A synonym for :func:`joinedload_all()`"""
    return joinedload_all(*args, **kwargs)
    
def subqueryload(*keys):
    """Return a ``MapperOption`` that will convert the property 
    of the given name into an subquery eager load.

    Used with :meth:`~sqlalchemy.orm.query.Query.options`.

    examples::
    
        # subquery-load the "orders" colleciton on "User"
        query(User).options(subqueryload(User.orders))
        
        # subquery-load the "keywords" collection on each "Item",
        # but not the "items" collection on "Order" - those 
        # remain lazily loaded.
        query(Order).options(subqueryload(Order.items, Item.keywords))

        # to subquery-load across both, use subqueryload_all()
        query(Order).options(subqueryload_all(Order.items, Item.keywords))

    See also:  :func:`joinedload`, :func:`lazyload`
    
    """
    return strategies.EagerLazyOption(keys, lazy="subquery")

def subqueryload_all(*keys):
    """Return a ``MapperOption`` that will convert all properties along the
    given dot-separated path into a subquery eager load.

    Used with :meth:`~sqlalchemy.orm.query.Query.options`.

    For example::

        query.options(subqueryload_all('orders.items.keywords'))...

    will set all of 'orders', 'orders.items', and 'orders.items.keywords' to
    load in one subquery eager load.

    Individual descriptors are accepted as arguments as well::
    
        query.options(subqueryload_all(User.orders, Order.items,
        Item.keywords))

    See also:  :func:`joinedload_all`, :func:`lazyload`, :func:`immediateload`

    """
    return strategies.EagerLazyOption(keys, lazy="subquery", chained=True)
    
@sa_util.accepts_a_list_as_starargs(list_deprecation='deprecated')
def lazyload(*keys):
    """Return a ``MapperOption`` that will convert the property of the given
    name into a lazy load.

    Used with :meth:`~sqlalchemy.orm.query.Query.options`.

    See also:  :func:`eagerload`, :func:`subqueryload`, :func:`immediateload`

    """
    return strategies.EagerLazyOption(keys, lazy=True)

def noload(*keys):
    """Return a ``MapperOption`` that will convert the property of the
    given name into a non-load.

    Used with :meth:`~sqlalchemy.orm.query.Query.options`.

    See also:  :func:`lazyload`, :func:`eagerload`, :func:`subqueryload`, :func:`immediateload`

    """
    return strategies.EagerLazyOption(keys, lazy=None)

def immediateload(*keys):
    """Return a ``MapperOption`` that will convert the property of the given 
    name into an immediate load.
    
    Used with :meth:`~sqlalchemy.orm.query.Query.options`.

    See also:  :func:`lazyload`, :func:`eagerload`, :func:`subqueryload`
    
    New as of verison 0.6.5.
    
    """
    return strategies.EagerLazyOption(keys, lazy='immediate')
    
def contains_alias(alias):
    """Return a ``MapperOption`` that will indicate to the query that
    the main table has been aliased.

    `alias` is the string name or ``Alias`` object representing the
    alias.

    """
    return AliasOption(alias)

@sa_util.accepts_a_list_as_starargs(list_deprecation='deprecated')
def contains_eager(*keys, **kwargs):
    """Return a ``MapperOption`` that will indicate to the query that
    the given attribute should be eagerly loaded from columns currently
    in the query.

    Used with :meth:`~sqlalchemy.orm.query.Query.options`.

    The option is used in conjunction with an explicit join that loads 
    the desired rows, i.e.::
    
        sess.query(Order).\\
                join(Order.user).\\
                options(contains_eager(Order.user))
                
    The above query would join from the ``Order`` entity to its related
    ``User`` entity, and the returned ``Order`` objects would have the
    ``Order.user`` attribute pre-populated.

    :func:`contains_eager` also accepts an `alias` argument, which is the
    string name of an alias, an :func:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.alias`
    construct, or an :func:`~sqlalchemy.orm.aliased` construct. Use this when
    the eagerly-loaded rows are to come from an aliased table::
    
        user_alias = aliased(User)
        sess.query(Order).\\
                join((user_alias, Order.user)).\\
                options(contains_eager(Order.user, alias=user_alias))

    See also :func:`eagerload` for the "automatic" version of this 
    functionality.

    For additional examples of :func:`contains_eager` see
    :ref:`contains_eager`.

    """
    alias = kwargs.pop('alias', None)
    if kwargs:
        raise exceptions.ArgumentError('Invalid kwargs for contains_eag'
                'er: %r' % kwargs.keys())
    return strategies.EagerLazyOption(keys, lazy='joined',
            propagate_to_loaders=False), \
        strategies.LoadEagerFromAliasOption(keys, alias=alias)

@sa_util.accepts_a_list_as_starargs(list_deprecation='deprecated')
def defer(*keys):
    """Return a ``MapperOption`` that will convert the column property of the
    given name into a deferred load.

    Used with :meth:`~sqlalchemy.orm.query.Query.options`.

    """
    return strategies.DeferredOption(keys, defer=True)

@sa_util.accepts_a_list_as_starargs(list_deprecation='deprecated')
def undefer(*keys):
    """Return a ``MapperOption`` that will convert the column property of the
    given name into a non-deferred (regular column) load.

    Used with :meth:`~sqlalchemy.orm.query.Query.options`.

    """
    return strategies.DeferredOption(keys, defer=False)

def undefer_group(name):
    """Return a ``MapperOption`` that will convert the given group of deferred
    column properties into a non-deferred (regular column) load.

    Used with :meth:`~sqlalchemy.orm.query.Query.options`.

    """
    return strategies.UndeferGroupOption(name)
