## Physiology

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Last Update: 4/5/02
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### General Animal Anatomy

#$AnimalBodyRegion animal body region

> A specialization of #$AnimalBLO. Each instance of #$AnimalBodyRegion is a significant spatial subdivision of the body of some animal, where the subdivision in question is usually contiguous, and has some more or less clear boundary. Instances of this collection include anatomical parts (see the specialization #$AnimalBodyPart) , such as a person's head, beard, or right arm. In addition, this collection includes body regions that are not anatomical parts, such as a blister, a puncture wound, or a bruise.
> guid: bd5adaa1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$AnimalBLO #$OrganismPart
> direct generalization of: #$AnimalBodyPart #$MuscleTissue

#$AnimalBodyRegionType types of animal body region **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> This is a collection of collections; in particular, it is a #$SiblingDisjointCollection (q.v.). Consider any one element of #$AnimalBodyRegionType, call it X. X is a collection of subsets of #$AnimalBodyRegion, such that any two elements of X are either disjoint or else one is a subset of the other E.g., the set consisting of the three elements (#$LeftFn #$Hand), (#$RightFn #$Hand), #$Hand, would be a legal element of #$AnimalBodyRegionType.
> guid: bd5ce287-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SiblingDisjointCollection #$SecondOrderCollection
> direct specialization of: #$ExistingObjectType

#$AnimalBodyPart body parts

> A specialization of #$AnimalBodyRegion. Each instance of #$AnimalBodyPart is an anatomical part of some living animal, and thus is itself an instance of #$BiologicalLivingObject (q.v). #$AnimalBodyPart includes both highly localized organs (for example, hearts) and physical systems composed of parts distributed throughout an animal's body (such as an animal's circulatory system and nervous system). Note that severed limbs and removed organs are _not_ instances of this collection, since they are not _parts_ of some living animal.
> guid: bd58801c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$HumanScaleObject #$AnimalBodyRegion
> direct generalization of: #$Finger #$Trunk-BodyCore #$AnatomicalVessel #$ReproductiveSystem #$Organ #$Nerve #$Chest-BodyPart #$Joint-AnimalBodyPart #$Head-AnimalBodyPart #$FaceOfAnimal #$Skin #$Appendage-AnimalBodyPart #$Mouth #$Eye #$MuscularSystem #$Nose #$SkeletalSystem #$Ear #$CirculatorySystem #$DigestiveSystem #$NervousSystem #$RespiratorySystem #$Muscle

#$AnimalBodyPartType animal body part types

> A collection of specializations of #$AnimalBodyRegion. Each instance of #$AnimalBodyPartType is a collection of body parts, where the parts in question are differentiated from other body parts according to structure or function. Instances of #$AnimalBodyPartType include #$SpinalColumn, #$Eyelash, #$NervousSystem, #$Urethra, #$Wing-AnimalBodyPart, and #$HeelOfPalm.
> guid: bd58e7da-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SiblingDisjointCollection #$SecondOrderCollection
> direct specialization of: #$OrganismPartType
> direct generalization of: #$SymmetricAnatomicalPartType

#$BodyPartCollectionFn body part collection fn **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> #$BodyPartCollectionFn is a #$CollectionDenotingFunction, that is, it is a Cyc function which `returns' (i.e., `has') a collection as its value. Here is an example of what it does. The expression (#$BodyPartCollectionFn #$AbrahamLincoln #$Fingernail) returns, as its value, a collection of ten elements, each of which represents one of the fingernails of Abraham Lincoln. In cases where an animal is likely to only have one part of that type (e.g., head, heart, nose, nervous system), it makes more sense to use the function #$BodyPartFn (qv), rather than using this one, getting a singleton set back, and extracting its lone element.
> guid: c0fd6605-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SubcollectionDenotingFunction #$BinaryFunction #$ReifiableFunction #$Individual

#$BodyPartFn body part fn **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> An instance of both #$IndividualDenotingFunction and #$ReifiableFunction. When applied to an instance ANIMAL of #$Animal and an instance UNIQUE-PART-TYPE of both #$AnimalBodyPartType and #$UniqueAnatomicalPartType, #$BodyPartFn returns the instance of UNIQUE-PART-TYPE belonging to ANIMAL. For example, (#$BodyPartFn Person001 #$Heart) is Person001's heart.
> guid: c0fd5d63-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ReifiableFunction #$BinaryFunction #$IndividualDenotingFunction #$Individual

#$Organ organs (body parts) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all the #$Organs of #$Animals; i.e., the #$AnimalBodyParts that have specialized physiological functions and which are more or less localized in the animal. For example: a heart, a kidney, etc. A borderline case of this is a person's (whole) skin; in some contexts, it is treated as a sense organ, and in some contexts it is excluded because it is distributed over their entire body.
> guid: c0fde25a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AnimalBodyPartType
> direct specialization of: #$SemiSolidTangibleThing #$AnimalBodyPart
> direct generalization of: #$ExternalOrgan #$InternalOrgan

#$MuscleTissue muscle **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all instances of muscle tissue, considered as an #$OrganicStuff; that is, the collection of all tissue composing the biological organs that convert chemical energy into mechanical energy. E.g., the elements of #$Biceps, #$Triceps, #$Heart, #$Stomach, all consist of some type of #$MuscleTissue.
> guid: bd58cc38-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingStuffType
> direct specialization of: #$AnimalBodyRegion
> direct generalization of: #$Muscle #$StriatedMuscle

#$anatomicalParts anatomical part (physical part predicate)

> (#$anatomicalParts ORGANISM PART) means that the #$OrganismPart PART is an anatomical part of the #$Organism-Whole ORGANISM. One should use the predicate #$physicalParts (q.v.), rather than #$anatomicalParts, to relate an instance of #$OrganismPart (for example, a hand) to other #$OrganismParts (for example, the fingers of the hand) that are part of it.
> guid: bd58ee7e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$FunctionalPredicate #$PhysicalPartPredicate #$CotemporalObjectsSlot
> direct specialization of: #$physicalParts

### Specific Animal Body Parts

Here are just a few of the types of animal body parts that Cyc knows about, to give you a feel for some of the material "below the treeline" of what is being publicly released.

#$Head-AnimalBodyPart heads (body parts) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all heads of #$Animals.
> guid: bd58ba60-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AnimalBodyPartType #$UniqueAnatomicalPartType
> direct specialization of: #$AnimalBodyPart #$ExternalAnatomicalPart
> direct generalization of: #$Head-Vertebrate

#$Eye eyes (body parts)

> A specialization of both #$ExternalOrgan and #$ElectroMagneticRadiationSensor. Each instance of #$Eye is an organ of sight.
> guid: bd5893be-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SymmetricAnatomicalPartType
> direct specialization of: #$ExternalOrgan #$ElectroMagneticRadiationSensor

#$Hand hands (body parts) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all terminal parts of a #$Vertebrate forelimb which are structurally suited to function as a grasping organ (as in people, newts, etc.). E.g., FerdinandTheBull has his forelimbs end in hooves, which are not capable of grasping things, so those are NOT considered #$Hands.
> guid: bd588655-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SymmetricAnatomicalPartType
> direct specialization of: #$HolderGripper #$Appendage-AnimalBodyPart

#$Finger fingers **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all digits of all #$Hands (q.v.). Fingers are (typically) flexibly jointed and are necessary to enabling the hand (and its owner) to perform grasping and manipulation actions.
> guid: bd58bf7f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AnimalBodyPartType
> direct specialization of: #$Digit-AnatomicalPart

#$Leg legs (body parts) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all #$Animal appendages used for locomotion overland, supporting the animal and moving it along by walking, running, etc. Thus wings, fins, etc., are not #$Legs. The #$Foot-AnimalBodyPart is considered part of the #$Leg
> guid: bd5898cd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SymmetricAnatomicalPartType
> direct specialization of: #$Limb-AnimalBodyPart

#$Torso torsos **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all human torsos. A #$Torso is the main portion of the person's body, and one can conceive of a human body as a torso to which are connected the head and various appendages (#$Appendage-AnimalBodyPart).
> guid: bd59098e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AnimalBodyPartType #$UniqueAnatomicalPartType
> direct specialization of: #$Trunk-BodyCore
> direct generalization of: #$Trunk-BodyCore

#$Heart hearts (muscles) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all hearts. A #$Heart is an #$Organ that pumps blood throughout the body of an #$Animal.
> guid: bd58ef0e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$UniqueAnatomicalPartType #$AnimalBodyPartType
> direct specialization of: #$Pump-Generic #$StriatedMuscle

#$Brain brains **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all #$Animal brains. An individual #$Brain is an #$Organ which controls most bodily movement, receives sensory input from the body and objects outside the body, and in which the mind operates, being the locus for all #$MentalSituations.
> guid: bd58d3eb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$UniqueAnatomicalPartType #$AnimalBodyPartType
> direct specialization of: #$InternalOrgan

#$Liver livers **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all living #$Animal livers. Each instance of #$Liver is a large compound #$InternalOrgan. A #$Liver breaks down dead #$RedBloodCells, removes certain poisons and waste material from the blood stream, creates glycogen from sugars and proteins, stores glycogen, removes certain chemicals from the blood, secretes bile (#$BileTheSecretion) which is used for digestion,and regulates metabolism of carbohydrates, #$ProteinStuff, #$Vitamins, #$Minerals, and fats.
> guid: bd58a6a6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$UniqueAnatomicalPartType #$AnimalBodyPartType
> direct specialization of: #$InternalOrgan

#$Lung lungs **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all lungs, the primary respiratory organs of #$AirBreathingVertebrates.
> guid: bd58cacb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SymmetricAnatomicalPartType
> direct specialization of: #$InternalOrgan

#$Stomach stomachs (containers)

> A specialization of #$InternalOrgan. Each instance of #$Stomach is an organ which is part of the digestive system (see the collection #$DigestiveSystem) of some animal.
> guid: bd58e5aa-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$UniqueAnatomicalPartType #$AnimalBodyPartType
> direct specialization of: #$InternalOrgan #$Sac-Organic

#$Nose noses **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> Facial organ used in smelling and breathing
> guid: bd58826c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$UniqueAnatomicalPartType #$AnimalBodyPartType
> direct specialization of: #$ExternalOrgan #$Protrusion

#$Ear ears **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The organ of hearing, which occur in pairs on most animals
> guid: bd58cbd3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SymmetricAnatomicalPartType
> direct specialization of: #$Protrusion #$VibrationThroughAMediumSensor #$AnimalBodyPart #$ExternalAnatomicalPart

#$FaceOfAnimal faces **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all faces of animals. A #$FaceOfAnimal generally consists of the region where the eyes of the animal are located. In most terrestrial animals, this is the front region of the animal's head, and also turns out to be where the nose, mouth, etc., are located.
> guid: bd58b919-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AnimalBodyPartType #$UniqueAnatomicalPartType
> direct specialization of: #$AnimalBodyPart

#$Skin pieces of skin

> A specialization of #$AnimalBodyPart. Each instance of #$Skin is an outer protective and tactile sensory covering (or part of such a covering) for (part of) an animal's body. This collection includes both the entire skins of animals, as well as proper parts of such skins (such as Yul Brenner's scalp).
> guid: bd58d7dd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingStuffType
> direct specialization of: #$Layer #$VibrationThroughAMediumSensor #$TactileSensor #$AnimalBodyPart #$SurfaceOnTangibleObject #$ExternalAnatomicalPart

#$Foot-AnimalBodyPart feet (body parts) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all vertebrates' feet. A foot is a terminal part of a #$Vertebrate #$Leg. Feet are used in locomotion, support, balance, kicking, etc.
> guid: bd58be93-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SymmetricAnatomicalPartType
> direct specialization of: #$Appendage-AnimalBodyPart

#$Appendage-AnimalBodyPart appendages **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all appendages of #$Animals. An appendage is an #$AnimalBodyPart that is connected to, and extends from, the animal's #$Torso (or else from another of its appendages, such as a hand extending from an arm). Each appendage is used by the #$Animal for one or more functions; altogether, appendages serve a wide variety of functions such as locomotion, manipulation, sensing, fighting, scratching, heat dissipation, balance, etc. Appendages are not crucial for the life of the animal, thus a #$Neck-AnimalBodyPart or #$Head-AnimalBodyPart is not considered to be an appendage.
> guid: bd5882f8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AnimalBodyPartType
> direct specialization of: #$Protrusion #$AnimalBodyPart #$ExternalAnatomicalPart
> direct generalization of: #$Foot-AnimalBodyPart #$Finger #$Hand #$Limb-AnimalBodyPart #$Digit-AnatomicalPart

#$Shell-AnimalBodyPart shells (body parts) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all animal shells. An animal's shell is one of its #$AnimalBodyParts, and functions as a hard protective outer covering for the animal.
> guid: bd58e005-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AnimalBodyPartType #$UniqueAnatomicalPartType
> direct specialization of: #$ProtectiveSystem #$SkeletalSystem

#$Arm arms (body parts) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all animal arms. An #$Arm of an animal is one of its #$AnimalBodyParts, more particularly one of its appendages, a limb which it uses for manipulation moreso than for locomotion. A #$Hand is considered part of an #$Arm.
> guid: bd58e9e5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SymmetricAnatomicalPartType
> direct specialization of: #$HolderGripper #$Limb-AnimalBodyPart

#$Chest-BodyPart chests (body parts) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of the chests of #$Animals. The animal's chest is its #$AnimalBodyPart region located between its neck and its abdomen. For people and many other types of animals, the chest is bounded by (defined by, given shape by) the animal's ribcage.
> guid: bd58a415-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AnimalBodyPartType #$UniqueAnatomicalPartType
> direct specialization of: #$AnimalBodyPart

#$Head-Vertebrate vertebrate heads **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all heads of #$Vertebrates (animals with backbones). Vertebrate heads all have faces (see #$FaceOfAnimal) and connect to the animal's torso via a neck; these things are not generally true for most non-vertebrates.
> guid: bd5883bf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$UniqueAnatomicalPartType #$AnimalBodyPartType
> direct specialization of: #$Head-AnimalBodyPart

#$Mouth mouths **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all animal mouths. A mouth is a container #$AnimalBodyPart of an #$Animal. It has an opening (a #$Portal) to the region outside the organism. Through that opening, the animal ingests tangible substances from the environment, such as food, water, air, etc. Additional activities, such as #$Chewing, may occur in the #$Mouth, and it may participate in other activities such as talking, kissing, etc.
> guid: bd589d87-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$UniqueAnatomicalPartType #$AnimalBodyPartType
> direct specialization of: #$AnimalBodyPart

#$Joint-AnimalBodyPart joints **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all joints of #$Animals. A joint is the juncture between the ends or edges of abutting bones of the animal's skeleton. Joints are of several types mechanically (e.g., ball-and-socket). Many major joints function as hinges, in which the ends of the abutting bones are joined with ligaments and cushioned by cartilege.
> guid: bd58e376-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AnimalBodyPartType
> direct specialization of: #$AnimalBodyPart #$Joint-Physical

#$AnatomicalVessel anatomical vessel **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all anatomical vessels in #$Animals. Instances of this collection are tubular animal tissue which acts as a conduit for body fluids or substances passing into or out of the body.
> guid: be425bb7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AnimalBodyPartType
> direct specialization of: #$InternalAnatomicalPart #$CordlikeObject #$Pipe-GenericConduit #$AnimalBodyPart

#$Nerve nerves **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all nerves. Each #$Nerve is a bundle of many nerve fibers (#$Axons) covered with a wrapping of #$ConnectiveTissue. #$SensoryNerves carry nerve impulses to the CNS; #$MotorNerves carry impulses to the #$Muscles. Most #$Nerves are mixed, containing #$Axons of both motor and sensory neurons.
> guid: c0fde592-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AnimalBodyPartType
> direct specialization of: #$Tree-PathSystem #$CordlikeObject #$AnimalBodyPart

#$hairColor hair color

> (#$hairColor ANIMAL BODYPARTTYPE COLOR) means that the hair that ANIMAL has on its BODYPARTTYPE has the #$Color COLOR. For example, (#$hairColor #$SantaClaus #$Chin #$WhiteColor) holds. ANIMAL is normally a #$Mammal, but certain #$Invertebrates also have hair.
> guid: bd58d7a2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TangibleObjectPredicate #$TernaryPredicate

#$eyeColor eye color (sensory attribute description predicate)

> This predicate is used to state the eye-color of a human or other animal. (#$eyeColor ANIMAL COLOR) means that at least one of ANIMAL's eyes (more precisely, its irises) has the color COLOR. For example, (#$eyeColor #$AmyIrving #$PurpleColor) holds. Since individual members of most species typically do not have eyes of different colors (Siamese cats being one exception), #$eyeColor behaves like a #$FunctionalSlot (q.v.) with respect to most, but not all, types of animals.
> guid: bd5895a7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$PhysicalFeatureDescribingPredicate #$TangibleObjectPredicate #$BinaryAttributePredicate

### Animal Body Part Systems

Here are some of the `living systems' that Cyc knows about, to give you a feel for some of the material "below the treeline" of what is being publicly released.

#$ReproductiveSystem reproductive systems **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all animals' reproductive systems. A #$ReproductiveSystem is a system of organs used by the #$Animal for reproduction; i.e., for creating an offspring, a new member of that species. Note: Strictly speaking, it might be more accurate to describe a #$ReproductiveSystem as containing the above sorts of systems for a mated male and female of a sexual species, as only that combined system is capable of actually producing an offspring. But most of the things one wants to say about a #$ReproductiveSystem really do only make sense for one single animal at a time. So think of reproduction as a cooperative activity, such as having a conversation, where we still refer to each animal's incomplete reproductive system as a #$ReproductiveSystem.
> guid: bd58dae1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AnimalBodyPartType
> direct specialization of: #$AnimalBodyPart

#$ReproductiveSystem-Female female reproductive systems **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all the #$ReproductiveSystems of #$FemaleAnimals.
> guid: bd58a94d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AnimalBodyPartType
> direct specialization of: #$ReproductiveSystem
> direct generalization of: #$ReproductiveSystem

#$ReproductiveSystem-Male male reproductive systems **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all the #$ReproductiveSystems of #$MaleAnimals.
> guid: bd58827a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AnimalBodyPartType
> direct specialization of: #$ReproductiveSystem

#$AuditorySystem auditory systems **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all animals' auditory systems. An #$AuditorySystem is a system of organs and appurtenant body parts (such as ears) which enable the animal to perform #$Hearing actions. Note: Necessary parts of the process other than body parts --- e.g., a medium through which the sound waves get to the animal --- are not considered part of the animal's #$AuditorySystem.
> guid: bd58b0b4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AnimalBodyPartType #$UniqueAnatomicalPartType
> direct specialization of: #$AnimalBodyPart

#$DigestiveSystem digestive tracts **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all animals' digestive systems. A #$DigestiveSystem is a system of organs and other body parts (typically of #$Vertebrates) which work together to accomplish the digestion function.
> guid: bd58b41a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AnimalBodyPartType
> direct specialization of: #$ConnectedPathSystem #$AnimalBodyPart

#$SkeletalSystem skeletons **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all animals' skeletal systems. A #$SkeletalSystem is a system of body parts used to support, separate, and protect the other parts of the body, especially the torso and the soft, vulnerable internal organs of the animal. It can be an external #$Exoskeleton (see also: #$Shell-AnimalBodyPart) or an internal interlinking of numerous parts composed of #$Bone-BodyPart and #$Cartilage.
> guid: bd58b5ae-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$UniqueAnatomicalPartType #$AnimalBodyPartType
> direct specialization of: #$AnimalBodyPart
> direct generalization of: #$Shell-AnimalBodyPart

#$CirculatorySystem circulatory systems **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all animals' circulatory systems. A #$CirculatorySystem is a system of organs and body parts, found in #$Vertebrates and some other animals, which function together to circulate the animal's blood throughout its body, supplying needed substances to its cells and removing waste products from them. A #$CirculatorySystem is generally composed of #$BloodVessels, #$Heart, #$Spleen, etc., considered as an interrelated functional system of each animal. Note: It generally has a close linkage to the respiration system, as the blood comes in contact with fresh air to divest itself of the waste products it has collected from the body's cells and to acquire new needed substances to take to the body's cells.
> guid: bd58f31b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$UniqueAnatomicalPartType #$AnimalBodyPartType
> direct specialization of: #$ConnectedPathSystem #$PipingSystem-Generic #$AnimalBodyPart #$InternalAnatomicalPart

#$MuscularSystem musculatures **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all animals' muscle systems. A #$MuscularSystem of an animal is composed of all its muscles, considered as a functional whole. As a system, they work together to enable foot motions in locomotion, pumping in circulation, breathing in respiration, biting and chewing and swallowing in eating, etc.
> guid: bd58e6af-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AnimalBodyPartType
> direct specialization of: #$AnimalBodyPart #$InternalAnatomicalPart

#$NervousSystem nervous systems **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all #$Animals' nervous systems. A #$NervousSystem is composed of all the #$Nerves, #$Brain, and #$SpinalCord of an animal, and enables the animal to sense (#$perceives) things and react to them reflexively (from the spine), by instinct (in the #$BrainStem, #$Cerebellum, or #$Cerebrum), and or by deliberation (in the #$Cerebrum).
> guid: bd5893fe-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AnimalBodyPartType #$UniqueAnatomicalPartType
> direct specialization of: #$ConnectedPathSystem #$AnimalBodyPart #$InternalAnatomicalPart

#$OlfactorySystem olfactory systems **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all animals' olfactory systems. An #$OlfactorySystem is composed of body parts (such as the nose) of the animal, which together function so as to enable it to perform smelling actions.
> guid: bd58b0ef-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AnimalBodyPartType
> direct specialization of: #$AnimalBodyPart

#$RespiratorySystem respiratory systems **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all animals' respiratory systems. A #$RespiratorySystem is composed of body parts (such as the lungs) of the animal, which together function so as to enable it to breathe. Note: it is generally required that the #$RespiratorySystem (of a #$Vertebrate) work together with the #$CirculatorySystem (qv), as the air is used to supply needed substances to the blood and to remove waste products from the blood.
> guid: bd58f314-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$UniqueAnatomicalPartType #$AnimalBodyPartType
> direct specialization of: #$AnimalBodyPart

### Animal Physiology

#$PhysiologicalAttribute physiological attributes **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of attributes related to a plant or animal organism's physiological characteristics. Some examples include #$Flexed, #$Deaf, #$Injured, #$Fertile, #$Swollen, #$AcidIndigestion, etc.
> guid: c0fd4a6e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SiblingDisjointAttributeType
> direct specialization of: #$PhysicalAttributeOfTangibleOnly
> direct generalization of: #$AnimalPhysiologicalAttribute

#$AnimalPhysiologicalAttribute physiological attributes of animals **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The broadest collection of attributes of #$Animals that describe the physiological aspects of an animal, including its physiological (1) capacities, (2) conditions, and (3) states. Examples include: (1) Capacities: #$Fertile, #$HearingImpaired, #$Paraplegic; (2) Conditions: #$Anemic, #$AthleticPhysicalBuild; (3) States: #$Intoxicated, #$Injured, #$Inflamed. #$PlantPhysiologicalAttributes, such as #$InBloom, are excluded.
> guid: bd58a577-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$PhysicalAttributeOfTangibleOnly
> direct generalization of: #$LevelOfExhaustion #$LevelOfDiscomfort #$Alertness #$Posture #$UrgeToSneeze

#$hasPhysiologicalAttributes has physiological attributes **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$hasPhysiologicalAttributes BLO ATT) means that the #$BiologicalLivingObject BLO has the #$PhysiologicalAttribute ATT. Note that many, perhaps most, assertions made with #$hasPhysiologicalAttributes will be time-dependent; for example, an individual person is not #$SexuallyMature throughout his or her life, but only during a portion of it. For this reason, many assertions made with #$hasPhysiologicalAttributes will need to be temporally qualified. One way to do so is by using #$holdsIn; for instance, (#$holdsIn (#$YearFn 1820) (#$hasPhysiologicalAttributes #$LudwigVanBeethoven #$Deaf).
> guid: bd58892e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BinaryAttributePredicate
> direct specialization of: #$hasAttributes

#$PhysiologicalCondition physiological conditions **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A collection of #$SystemConditions in which an instance of #$Organism-Whole is in some physiological state that is not typical for that organism's species, modulo considerations about the organism's sex or (in some cases) subspecies. Thus #$Menstruating, though not typical among all persons, is part of being a healthy adult female, and so does not count as a #$PhysiologicalCondition, whereas #$Pregnancy does count. #$PhysiologicalCondition is a specialization of #$Situation-Temporal, and so each instance has temporal start and end, though in some cases, the start and end will be the same as the start and end of the life of the organism, cases of dwarfism being an example.
> guid: c10c3859-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalStuffType
> direct specialization of: #$SystemCondition
> direct generalization of: #$LifeThreateningCondition #$CongenitalCondition #$ChronicCondition #$AilmentCondition #$Starvation

#$PhysiologicalConditionType health conditions **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A collection of collections. Each instance of #$PhysiologicalConditionType is a specialization of #$PhysiologicalCondition (q.v.), and thus a type of physiological state into which some organisms can enter. Instances of #$PhysiologicalConditionType include #$Cancer, #$PsychologicalAilment, #$Infection, and #$Malnutrition.
> guid: c10c16fe-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SecondOrderCollection
> direct specialization of: #$TemporalStuffType #$ObjectType
> direct generalization of: #$DiseaseType #$InfectionType

#$PhysiologicalProcess physiological processes **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of events in which an organism does (typically unconsciously) some process which involves alteration of that agent's physiological state. A #$PhysiologicalProcess is normally one that is done by organisms (or parts of organisms) in the course of living. A large subcollection of #$PhysiologicalProcess is #$BodilyFunctionEvent, including its subcollections #$Respiration, #$DigestingInStomach, and #$Heartbeating. (Compare this collection with #$PhysiologicalCondition, whose instances are more episodic than process-like.)
> guid: bd58f396-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalStuffType #$DefaultDisjointScriptType
> direct specialization of: #$BiologicalEvent
> direct generalization of: #$PhysiologicalFunction #$BodilyFunctionEvent

#$PhysiologicalFunction physiological functions **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of those #$PhysiologicalProcesses that serve some end for their doers, which may be cells, tissues, or whole organisms; for example, #$Photosynthesis-Plant.
> guid: bd58ecdb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalStuffType #$DefaultDisjointScriptType
> direct specialization of: #$PhysiologicalProcess
> direct generalization of: #$AirRespiration #$Breathing

#$BodilyFunctionEvent bodily function events **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of animal activities that, from an evolutionary standpoint, the body of the doer was 'designed' to do, and that are instances of action types that can be and often are done without conscious volition. It includes dreaming but not rational thought, and breathing but not holding one's breath. If an instance of #$BodilyFunctionEvent involves the doer moving all or part of its body, either volitionally or as a reflex, it is also an instance of #$BodyMovementEvent.
> guid: bd58f3d9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$DefaultDisjointScriptType #$TemporalStuffType
> direct specialization of: #$SingleDoerAction #$AnimalActivity #$PhysiologicalProcess
> direct generalization of: #$Swallowing #$Resting-Relaxing #$Exhaling #$BodilyFunctionEvent-Involuntary #$Inhaling #$Ingesting

#$BodilyFunctionEvent-Involuntary involuntary bodily functions

> A specialization of #$BodilyFunctionEvent. Each specialization of #$BodilyFunctionEvent-Involuntary is a type of event each instance of which is done without conscious volition. Consequently, in each instance of #$BodilyFunctionEvent-Involuntary, the `doer' of the event is a non-deliberate actor in that event (see the predicate #$nonDeliberateActors). Specializations of #$BodilyFunctionEvent-Involuntary include #$InvoluntaryBodyMovement, #$Bleeding, and #$ExperiencingHunger.
> guid: bd59f763-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$DefaultDisjointScriptType #$TemporalStuffType
> direct specialization of: #$BodilyFunctionEvent
> direct generalization of: #$Sleeping #$Respiration #$ExperiencingHunger #$InvoluntaryBodyMovement

#$Secretion-Bodily secretions **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all #$NaturalTangibleStuff secreted by an organism's body. There are a wide variety of bodily secretions, including #$Hormones, #$Mucus, #$InsulinTheSecretion, and #$Semen. Secretions may be deposited either within the body (e.g., #$BileTheSecretion) or outside of it (e.g., #$Sweat). Note: Secretions are different from #$ExcretionSubstance in that secretions are not necessarily waste products. E.g., they may be a release of pheromones to attract a mate, a layer of sweat to cool off the organism, a layer of nectar to attract bees, etc. Some subsets of #$Secretion-Bodily, such as #$Sweat, are also subsets of #$ExcretionSubstance (i.e., wastes).
> guid: bd58c769-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TangibleStuffCompositionType
> direct specialization of: #$NaturalTangibleStuff

### Specific Physiological Processes

Here are some of the `living systems' activities that Cyc knows about, to give you a feel for some of the material "below the treeline" of what is being publicly released.

#$Respiration respirations **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The subcollection of #$PhysiologicalProcesses in which an organism performs respiration; i.e., it exchanges carbon dioxide for #$Oxygen which is used to oxygenate (in #$Vertebrates) hemoglobin, an oxygen carrier in the #$Blood distributed to all of the organism's cells. #$Respiration concerns the exchange of #$Oxygen and waste gases with the environment. Circulation concerns distributing the oxygenated #$Blood to the cells. The oxygen carrier (hemoglobin) releases the oxygen to the cells, allowing chemical reactions necessary to sustain the cell life, which in turn sustains the life of the breather.
> guid: bd59061e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$DefaultDisjointScriptType #$TemporalStuffType
> direct specialization of: #$BodilyFunctionEvent-Involuntary
> direct generalization of: #$AirRespiration

#$AirRespiration air respiration **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A collection of activities constituting a natural #$PhysiologicalFunction; #$AirRespiration is the collection of all #$Respiration events in which an organism trades some of the carbon dioxide in its tissues for oxygen from the atmosphere.
> guid: bd58bdb6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalStuffType #$DefaultDisjointScriptType
> direct specialization of: #$PhysiologicalFunction #$Respiration
> direct generalization of: #$Breathing

#$Breathing breathing events **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A collection of activities constituting a natural #$PhysiologicalFunction; #$Breathing is the collection of #$AirRespiration events in which the respiring organism takes air into its internal #$Lungs, where the gas exchange occurs. See also #$Respiration.
> guid: bd58b773-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$MammalCapabilityType #$ControllableAutonomousActionType #$TemporalStuffType
> direct specialization of: #$AirRespiration

#$Inhaling inhalations

> A specialization of both #$PassingThroughPortal and #$BiologicalIntakeEvent. Each instance of #$Inhaling is a bodily event in which an animal takes air in through an appropriate portal (e.g., its mouth or nose) and passes it into its lungs. Each instance of #$Breathing (q.v.) has an instance of #$Inhaling as a sub-event.
> guid: bd58f34d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ObjectType #$ControllableAutonomousActionType #$TemporalStuffType
> direct specialization of: #$PassingThroughPortal #$BiologicalIntakeEvent #$BodilyFunctionEvent

#$Exhaling exhalations **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> Expelling air from the lungs
> guid: bd589d08-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$MammalCapabilityType #$DefaultDisjointScriptType #$TemporalStuffType
> direct specialization of: #$EmittingAnObject #$PassingThroughPortal #$BodilyFunctionEvent

#$Swallowing swallows **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of actions in which an #$Animal moves a solid or a liquid from its #$Mouth to its #$Stomach. A type of #$BodilyFunctionEvent as well as a type of #$BodyMovementEvent.
> guid: bd58a44f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$DefaultDisjointScriptType #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$BodilyFunctionEvent #$BiologicalIntakeEvent #$BodyMovementEvent

#$Ingesting ingestions

> A specialization of #$BiologicalIntakeEvent. Each instance of #$Ingesting is a complex process in which a thing is brought into some organism's mouth from the outside, is swallowed, and is moved to the organism's stomach. Every instance of #$Ingesting has among its #$subEvents an instance of #$Swallowing which occurs after the intake (thus, although a particular chewing of gum is a #$BiologicalIntakeEvent, it is not an #$Ingesting unless the gum is swallowed.) An ingesting event ends when the ingested stuff reaches the ingester's stomach (where an instance of #$DigestionEvent begins, provided that what was ingested is an instance of #$EdibleStuff).
> guid: bd5888eb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalStuffType
> direct specialization of: #$UsingAnObject #$BiologicalIntakeEvent #$PassingThroughPortal #$BodilyFunctionEvent
> direct generalization of: #$ConsumingFoodOrDrink

#$Sleeping snoozes **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all #$Sleeping events, i.e., natural processes in which an #$Animal engages in some unconscious mental activity coupled with physical rest. #$Sleeping is a subcollection of #$BodilyFunctionEvent-Involuntary; the process of #$Sleeping is essential for the health of sentient animals.
> guid: bd58d29b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$DefaultDisjointScriptType #$TemporalStuffType
> direct specialization of: #$Resting-Relaxing #$BodilyFunctionEvent-Involuntary

#$alertnessLevel alertness level **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> Predicate (#$alertnessLevel SENTIENT_BEING LEVEL) indicates how alert SENTIENT_BEING is in the period in which the predicate holds. The major levels are #$Unconscious and #$Awake, but more specific attributes such as #$Asleep and #$VeryAlert exist as well.
> guid: bd58ad46-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot
> direct specialization of: #$hasAttributes

#$Alertness alertness (physiological attribute) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> #$Alertness is an #$AnimalPhysiologicalAttribute which specifies how sleepy or alert an animal is. Levels of #$Alertness include #$Asleep, #$Sleepy, and #$Awake.
> guid: bd58a532-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$LinearOrderAttributeType
> direct specialization of: #$ScalarInterval #$AnimalPhysiologicalAttribute

#$VeryAlert very alert **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> #$VeryAlert is an #$Alertness attribute which is a specialization of #$Awake. It is the state of an #$Animal paying particular attention to its environment (or a specific aspect thereof). It is the state an #$Antelope is in after smelling a #$Lion, or a burglar is in after hearing the front door open.
> guid: bd58a67c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$Alertness #$Individual

#$ModeratelyAlert alert (physiological attribute) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> #$ModeratelyAlert is an #$Alertness attribute which is a specialization of #$Awake. It is the normal state of an #$Animal which is awake but paying particular attention to its environment. It is a higher #$alertnessLevel than #$Sleepy, but lower than #$VeryAlert.
> guid: bd58a6bc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$Alertness #$Individual

#$Asleep asleep **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> #$Asleep is the #$Alertness attribute of being asleep. #$Asleep is a specialization of #$Unconscious. (#$holdsIn (#$YearFn 1776) (#$alertnessLevel RipVanWinkle #$Asleep).
> guid: bd58a6ff-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$Alertness #$Individual

#$Awake awake **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> #$Awake is the #$Alertness attribute of being awake.
> guid: bd58a5fa-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$Alertness #$Individual

#$Unconscious unconsciousness **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> #$Unconscious is the #$Alertness attribute of being #$Unconscious. It is the opposite of #$Awake. A specialization of this attribute is #$Asleep.
> guid: bd58a4f4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$Alertness #$Individual

#$Sleepy sleepy **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> #$Sleepy is the #$Alertness attribute which is a specialization of #$Awake. It is the state an animal normally passes through before #$GoingToSleep.
> guid: bd58a63d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$Alertness #$Individual

#$Salivating salivated **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A collection of events. In each #$Salivating event, an #$Animal secretes #$Saliva from its #$SalivaryGlands. #$Salivating is a natural bodily function, occurring in the #$Mouth.
> guid: bd58c48f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$MammalCapabilityType #$DefaultDisjointScriptType #$TemporalStuffType
> direct specialization of: #$SecretionEvent #$BodilyFunctionEvent-Involuntary

#$AnimalWalkingProcess animal walking processes **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of instances of #$Walking-Generic in which the locomotor is an #$Animal.
> guid: bd58d77d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalStuffType #$ObjectType #$DefaultDisjointScriptType
> direct specialization of: #$SimpleWholeBodyMovement #$PhysicalContactSituation #$Walking-Generic

#$MilkSecretionEvent lactating **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A collection of events. Each #$MilkSecretionEvent is done by the mammary glands of (female) #$Mammals as a natural process with the function of nourishing the female's offspring. The secreted milk is stored in the mammary glands until it is drawn out in some fashion.
> guid: bd58c44a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalStuffType #$DefaultDisjointScriptType
> direct specialization of: #$SecretionEvent #$BodilyFunctionEvent-Involuntary

#$AnimalBodyGas intestinal gas **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all pieces of #$GaseousTangibleThing that is generated inside the #$DigestiveSystems of #$Animals as a byproduct of some #$DigestionEvent (and eventually emitted from their bodies).
> guid: bd58c8af-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingStuffType
> direct specialization of: #$GaseousTangibleThing

### Body Position And Movement

Here are some of the concepts that Cyc knows about, related to body position, posture, and movement, to give you a feel for some of the material "below the treeline" of what is being publicly released.

#$BodyPartPosition body positions **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of attributes describing the position of a body part (or a whole body). A #$BodyPartPosition may be determined relative to the body's environment (as with #$Postures) or merely with respect to the body part itself (e.g., #$Flexed, #$Extended).
> guid: bd5907ae-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$PhysicalAttributeOfTangibleOnly
> direct generalization of: #$Posture

#$postureOfAnimal attitude (physical attribute description slot) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$postureOfAnimal AN POS) means that the #$Animal AN is in the #$Posture POS. #$Postures are types of attributes that describe bodily configurations and/or orientations of #$Animals. See #$Posture for examples.
> guid: bd5903a4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$PhysicalAttributeDescriptionSlot #$FunctionalSlot #$BinaryAttributePredicate
> direct specialization of: #$hasAttributes

#$Posture positions (physiological attributes)

> An instance of #$UnorderedAttributeType, and a specialization of #$AnimalPhysiologicalAttribute. Each instance of #$Posture is a kind of bodily configuration or orientation had by some instances of #$Animal. Instances of #$Posture include #$UprightPosture and #$SittingPosture.
> guid: bd59076d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SiblingDisjointAttributeType
> direct specialization of: #$AnimalPhysiologicalAttribute

#$UprightPosture stance **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The attribute that describes an #$Animal in an upright, i.e. vertically extended, #$Posture. (#$postureOfAnimal ANIMAL #$UprightPosture) is implied by walking and running, as well as by standing.
> guid: bd5903e0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$Posture #$Individual

#$SittingPosture seated (physiological attribute) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The attribute that describes, most generically, an #$Animal in a seated position. The exact nature of the position depends upon the typical body structure of the animal's species.
> guid: bd58b417-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$Posture #$Individual

#$BodyMovementEvent body movements **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of activities in which an #$Animal agent moves a part of its own body, whether consciously and intentionally or reflexively. For example, #$BodyMovementEvent has the specializations #$TakingAStep, #$BlockingAPunch, #$Hiccoughing, and #$BlinkingOnesEyes.
> guid: bd58f6e3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AnimalCapabilityType #$DefaultDisjointScriptType #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$SingleDoerAction #$MovementOrShapeChangeEvent #$AnimalActivity
> direct generalization of: #$VoluntaryBodyMovement #$Swallowing #$SimpleWholeBodyMovement #$MakingFacialExpression #$ArmMovement #$MakingAnOralSound #$InvoluntaryBodyMovement

#$SimpleWholeBodyMovement simple whole body movement **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A collection of common bodily movements (e.g., walking, jumping) in which the whole body is involved in the movement.
> guid: bd58fcbf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalStuffType
> direct specialization of: #$BodyMovementEvent
> direct generalization of: #$AnimalWalkingProcess

#$InvoluntaryBodyMovement involuntary body movements **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of involuntary bodily movements, those movements in which an #$Animal's body does the action automatically -- the agent's consent doesn't enter into it. Subsets of #$InvoluntaryBodyMovement include #$Heartbeating, #$Sneezing, #$Snoring, etc.
> guid: bd590662-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AnimalCapabilityType #$DefaultDisjointScriptType #$TemporalStuffType
> direct specialization of: #$BodyMovementEvent #$BodilyFunctionEvent-Involuntary

#$ArmMovement arm movement **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of any movements of an arm that are generated by the #$Animal whose arm it is, through nerve impulses to the arm. Physically, an #$ArmMovement involves movement of the upper arm or elbow in relation to the body to which it is attached.
> guid: bd58a69d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$DefaultDisjointScriptType #$TemporalStuffType
> direct specialization of: #$BodyMovementEvent

#$Exercising exercises **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of events in which humans move their bodies for the purpose of general physical conditioning and/or strengthening muscles.
> guid: bd58ac02-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalStuffType #$HumanCapabilityType
> direct specialization of: #$TakingCareOfSomething #$AthleticActivity

#$Resting-Relaxing resting events **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of events in which an animal abstains from strenuous physical activity.
> guid: bd58bedf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$DefaultDisjointScriptType #$TemporalStuffType
> direct specialization of: #$BodilyFunctionEvent
> direct generalization of: #$Sleeping

#$anatomicalPartTypeAffected anatomical part type affected **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$anatomicalPartTypeAffected ACT BODYPARTTYPE) means that body parts of the #$AnimalBodyPartType BODYPARTTYPE are affected by the action ACT. For example, if BRUSHING is a #$TeethCleaning event, then (#$anatomicalPartTypeAffected BRUSHING #$SetOfTeeth).
> guid: bd589f12-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BinaryPredicate #$TypePredicate

#$anatomicalResourceRequired anatomical resource required **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$anatomicalResourceRequired ACT BODYPARTTYPE NUM) means that the successful doer of ACT must have this many (NUM) of the #$AnimalBodyPartType BODYPARTTYPE. For example, if VOLANT is an instance of #$Flying-FlappingWings, then (#$anatomicalResourceRequired VOLANT #$Wing-AnimalBodyPart 2).
> guid: bd588613-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TernaryPredicate

#$anatomicallyCapableOf anatomically capable of **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The predicate #$anatomicallyCapableOf indicates that an agent is anatomically able to take a certain role in a certain type of situation or event. (#$anatomicallyCapableOf AGENT SIT-TYPE ROLE) means that an individual #$Animal AGENT has the anatomical prerequisites (natural or prosthetic) to act in this ROLE in normal instances of SIT-TYPE. For example, to express that Karen is capable of walking, Cyc would say (#$anatomicallyCapableOf Karen #$WalkingOnTwoLegs #$performedBy). AGENT may or may not have the skills (or other prerequisites) for actually doing a SIT-TYPE. #$anatomicallyCapableOf entails that AGENT satisfies the relevant #$anatomicalResourceRequired constraint--e.g., for Karen's #$WalkingOnTwoLegs, that she has two legs (natural or prosthetic). As a default, Cyc concludes that animals who have the #$anatomicalParts needed for a certain kind of activity are #$anatomicallyCapableOf that activity--for example, that people who have arms and legs are #$anatomicallyCapableOf swimming; those conclusions would be overridden by the additional information that a person was paralyzed.
> guid: bd589dd8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$CapabilityPredicate-InstanceLevel #$SituationTypeTernaryPredicate

#$LocomotionProcess-Animal locomotion processes **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of processes in which an animal moves from one place to another by its own power. A #$LocomotionProcess-Animal is an activity considered as a #$TemporalStuffType, in which any time-slice of the activity can also be considered an instance of that activity. Subsets of #$LocomotionProcess-Animal include: #$AnimalWalkingProcess, #$Brachiating, #$Climbing, #$WheelchairLocomotionEvent, #$Boring-Locomotion, etc.
> guid: bd58e68c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$DefaultDisjointScriptType #$TemporalStuffType
> direct specialization of: #$LocomotionEvent-Animal #$LocomotionProcess #$Movement-TranslationProcess
> direct generalization of: #$AnimalWalkingProcess #$Ambulation

#$LocomotionEvent-Animal travel **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A specialization of both #$LocomotionEvent and #$AnimalActivity. In each instance of #$LocomotionEvent-Animal, the object moving (see the predicate #$objectMoving) is an instance of #$Animal. Notable specializations of #$LocomotionEvent-Animal include #$Climbing, #$Swimming-Generic, and #$WalkingOnTwoLegs. Other specializations include types of events, such as #$Canoeing and #$Skating, in which a person moves himself or herself by using a device, with that person supplying the motive force to the device.
> guid: bd58e64e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$MammalCapabilityType #$DefaultDisjointScriptType
> direct specialization of: #$LocomotionEvent #$AnimalActivity
> direct generalization of: #$LocomotionProcess-Animal #$AnimalMigration

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