The Alternative Csound Reference Manual
Previous |  | Next

# *

* -- Multiplication operator.

## Description

Arithmetic operators perform operations of change-sign (negate), don't-change-sign, logical AND logical OR, add, subtract, multiply and divide. Note that a value or an expression may fall between two of these operators, either of which could take it as its left or right argument, as in

a + b * c.

In such cases three rules apply:

1. * and / bind to their neighbors more strongly than + and −. Thus the above expression is taken as

a + (b * c)

with * taking b and c and then + taking a and b * c.

2. + and − bind more strongly than &&, which in turn is stronger than ||:

a && b - c || d

is taken as

(a && (b - c)) || d

3. When both operators bind equally strongly, the operations are done left to right:

a - b - c i

is taken as

(a - b) - c

Parentheses may be used as above to force particular groupings.

## Syntax

a * b (no rate restriction)

where the arguments a and b may be further expressions.

## Examples

Here is an example of the * operator. It uses the files multiplies.orc and multiplies.sco.

Example 1. Example of the * operator.

    /* multiplies.orc */
    ; Initialize the global variables.
    sr = 44100
    kr = 4410
    ksmps = 10
    nchnls = 1

    ; Instrument #1.
    instr 1
      i1 = 24 * 8
      print i1
    endin
    /* multiplies.orc */

    /* multiplies.sco */
    ; Play Instrument #1 for one second.
    i 1 0 1
    e
    /* multiplies.sco */

Its output should include a line like this:

    instr 1:  i1 = 192.000

## See Also

-, +, &&, ||, /, ^, %

## Credits

Example written by Kevin Conder.

Previous | Home | Next
<= | Up | +