# The Alternative Csound Reference Manual

### Barry Vercoe

MIT Media Lab

### Other Contributors

#### Edited by

### John ffitch

### Jean Piché

### Peter Nix

### Richard Boulanger

### Rasmus Ekman

### David Boothe

### Kevin Conder

4.23-3 Edition

Table of Contents
Preface
  Preface to the Csound Manual
  Copyright Notice
  Acknowledgements
  Why is this called the Alternative Csound Reference Manual?
  What is the scope of the Alternative Csound Reference Manual?
  Where is the documentation for the CsoundAV project?
I. Overview
  Introduction
    Where to Get Public Csound and the Csound Manual
    How to Install Csound
      Linux
      Macintosh
      MS-DOS and Windows 95/NT
      Windows 95/98/2000
      Other Platforms
    The Csound Mailing List
      Bug Reports
  The Csound Command
    Order of Precedence
    Description
    Command-line Flags
    Unified File Format for Orchestras and Scores
      Description
      Structured Data File Format
        Mandatory Elements
          Options
          Instruments (Orchestra)
          Score
        Optional Elements
          Included Base64 Files
          Version Blocking
          Example
      Command Line Parameter File
    Score File Preprocessing
      The Extract Feature
      Independent Pre-Processing with Scsort
  Syntax of the Orchestra
    Directories and Files
    Nomenclature
    Orchestra Statement Types
    Constants and Variables
    Expressions
    Orchestra Header Statements
    Instrument Block Statements
    Variable Initialization
  Instrument Control
    Clock Control
    Conditional Values
    Duration Control Statements
    Introduction to FLTK Widgets and GUI controllers
      FLTK Containers
      FLTK Valuators
      Other FLTK Widgets
        Modifying FLTK Widget Appearance
        General FLTK Widget-related Opcodes
        FLTK Slider Bank
    Instrument Invocation
    Macros
    Program Flow Control
    Real-time Performance Control
    Reinitialization
    Sensing and Control
    Sub-instrument Control
    Time Reading
  Function Table Control
    Table Queries
    Read/Write Operations
    Table Selection
  Mathematical Operations
    Amplitude Converters
    Arithmetic and Logic Operations
    Mathematical Functions
    Opcode Equivalents of Functions
    Random Functions
    Trigonometric Functions
  MIDI Support
    Controller Input
    Converters
    Event Extenders
    Generic Input and Output
    Note-on/Note-off
    MIDI Message Output
    Real-time Messages
    Slider Banks
  Pitch Converters
    Functions
    Tuning Opcodes
  Signal Generators
    Additive Synthesis/Resynthesis
    Basic Oscillators
    Dynamic Spectrum Oscillators
    FM Synthesis
    Granular Synthesis
    Linear and Exponential Generators
    Linear Predictive Coding (LPC) Resynthesis
    Models and Emulations
    Phasors
    Random (Noise) Generators
    Sample Playback
    Scanned Synthesis
    Short-time Fourier Transform (STFT) Resynthesis
    Table Access
    Wave Terrain Synthesis
    Waveguide Physical Modeling
  Signal Input and Output
    File Input and Output
    Input
    Output
    Printing and Display
    Sound File Queries
  Signal Modifiers
    Amplitude Modifiers
    Convolution and Morphing
    Delay
    Envelope Modifiers
    Panning and Spatialization
    Reverberation
    Sample Level Operators
    Signal Limiters
    Special Effects
    Specialized Filters
    Standard Filters
    Waveguides
  Spectral Processing
    Non-standard Spectral Processing
    Tools for Real-time Spectral Processing
  Zak Patch System
  The Standard Numeric Score
    Preprocessing of Standard Scores
      Carry
      Tempo
      Sort
      N.B.
    Next-P and Previous-P Symbols
    Ramping
    Score Macros
      Description
      Syntax
      Initialization
      Performance
      Examples
      Credits
    Multiple File Score
      Description
      Syntax
      Performance
      Credits
    Evaluation of Expressions
      Example
      Credits
    Score Statements
    Sine/Cosine Generators
    Line/Exponential Segment Generators
    File Access GEN Routines
    Numeric Value Access GEN Routines
    Window Function GEN Routines
    Random Function GEN Routines
    Waveshaping GEN Routines
    Amplitude Scaling GEN Routines
    Mixing GEN Routines
II. Reference
  Orchestra Opcodes and Operators
    != — Determines if one value is not equal to another.
    #define — Defines a macro.
    #include — Includes an external file for processing.
    #undef — Un-defines a macro.
    $NAME — Calls a defined macro.
    % — Modulus operator.
    && — Logical AND operator.
    > — Determines if one value is greater than another.
    >= — Determines if one value is greater than or equal to another.
    < — Determines if one value is less than another.
    <= — Determines if one value is less than or equal to another.
    * — Multiplication operator.
    + — Addition operator
    - — Subtraction operator.
    / — Division operator.
    = — Performs a simple assignment.
    == — Compares two values for equality.
    ^ — "Power of" operator.
    || — Logical OR operator.
    0dbfs — Sets the value of 0 decibels using full scale amplitude.
    a — Converts a k-rate parameter to an a-rate value with interpolation.
    abetarand — Deprecated.
    abexprnd — Deprecated.
    abs — Returns an absolute value.
    acauchy — Deprecated.
    active — Returns the number of active instances of an instrument.
    adsr — Calculates the classical ADSR envelope using linear segments.
    adsyn — Output is an additive set of individually controlled sinusoids, using an oscillator bank.
    adsynt — Performs additive synthesis with an arbitrary number of partials, not necessarily harmonic.
    aexprand — Deprecated.
    aftouch — Get the current after-touch value for this channel.
    agauss — Deprecated.
    agogobel — Deprecated.
    alinrand — Deprecated.
    alpass — Reverberates an input signal with a flat frequency response.
    ampdb — Returns the amplitude equivalent of the decibel value x.
    ampdbfs — Returns the amplitude equivalent of the decibel value x, which is relative to full scale amplitude.
    ampmidi — Get the velocity of the current MIDI event.
    apcauchy — Deprecated.
    apoisson — Deprecated.
    apow — Deprecated.
    areson — A notch filter whose transfer functions are the complements of the reson opcode.
    aresonk — A notch filter whose transfer functions are the complements of the reson opcode.
    atone — A notch filter whose transfer functions are the complements of the tone opcode.
    atonek — A notch filter whose transfer functions are the complements of the tone opcode.
    atonex — Emulates a stack of filters using the atone opcode.
    atrirand — Deprecated.
    aunirand — Deprecated.
    aweibull — Deprecated.
    babo — A physical model reverberator.
    balance — Adjust one audio signal according to the values of another.
    bamboo — Semi-physical model of a bamboo sound.
    bbcutm — Generates breakbeat-style cut-ups of a mono audio stream.
    bbcuts — Generates breakbeat-style cut-ups of a stereo audio stream.
    betarand — Beta distribution random number generator (positive values only).
    bexprnd — Exponential distribution random number generator.
    biquad — A sweepable general purpose biquadratic digital filter.
    biquada — A sweepable general purpose biquadratic digital filter with a-rate parameters.
    birnd — Returns a random number in a bi-polar range.
    bqrez — A second-order multi-mode filter.
    butbp — Same as the butterbp opcode.
    butbr — Same as the butterbr opcode.
    buthp — Same as the butterhp opcode.
    butlp — Same as the butterlp opcode.
    butterbp — A band-pass Butterworth filter.
    butterbr — A band-reject Butterworth filter.
    butterhp — A high-pass Butterworth filter.
    butterlp — A low-pass Butterworth filter.
    button — Sense on-screen controls.
    buzz — Output is a set of harmonically related sine partials.
    cabasa — Semi-physical model of a cabasa sound.
    cauchy — Cauchy distribution random number generator.
    cent — Calculates a factor to raise/lower a frequency by a given amount of cents.
    cggoto — Conditionally transfer control on every pass.
    chanctrl — Get the current value of a MIDI channel controller.
    checkbox — Sense on-screen controls.
    cigoto — Conditionally transfer control during the i-time pass.
    ckgoto — Conditionally transfer control during the p-time passes.
    clear — Zeroes a list of audio signals.
    clfilt — Implements low-pass and high-pass filters of different styles.
    clip — Clips a signal to a predefined limit.
    clock — Deprecated.
    clockoff — Stops one of a number of internal clocks.
    clockon — Starts one of a number of internal clocks.
    cngoto — Transfers control on every pass when a condition is not true.
    comb — Reverberates an input signal with a "colored" frequency response.
    control — Configurable slider controls for realtime user input.
    convle — Same as the convolve opcode.
    convolve — Convolves a signal and an impulse response.
    cos — Performs a cosine function.
    cosh — Performs a hyperbolic cosine function.
    cosinv — Performs a arccosine function.
    cps2pch — Converts a pitch-class value into cycles-per-second for equal divisions of the octave.
    cpsmidi — Get the note number of the current MIDI event, expressed in cycles-per-second.
    cpsmidib — Get the note number of the current MIDI event and modify it by the current pitch-bend value, express it in cycles-per-second.
    cpsoct — Converts an octave-point-decimal value to cycles-per-second.
    cpspch — Converts a pitch-class value to cycles-per-second.
    cpstmid — Get a MIDI note number (allows customized micro-tuning scales).
    cpstun — Returns micro-tuning values at k-rate.
    cpstuni — Returns micro-tuning values at init-rate.
    cpsxpch — Converts a pitch-class value into cycles-per-second (Hz) for equal divisions of any interval.
    cpuprc — Control allocation of cpu resources on a per-instrument basis, to optimize realtime output.
    cross2 — Cross synthesis using FFT's.
    crunch — Semi-physical model of a crunch sound.
    ctrl14 — Allows a floating-point 14-bit MIDI signal scaled with a minimum and a maximum range.
    ctrl21 — Allows a floating-point 21-bit MIDI signal scaled with a minimum and a maximum range.
    ctrl7 — Allows a floating-point 7-bit MIDI signal scaled with a minimum and a maximum range.
    ctrlinit — Sets the initial values for a set of MIDI controllers.
    cuserrnd — Continuous USER-defined-distribution RaNDom generator.
    dam — A dynamic compressor/expander.
    db — Returns the amplitude equivalent for a given decibel amount.
    dbamp — Returns the decibel equivalent of the raw amplitude x.
    dbfsamp — Returns the decibel equivalent of the raw amplitude x, relative to full scale amplitude.
    dcblock — A DC blocking filter.
    dconv — A direct convolution opcode.
    delay — Delays an input signal by some time interval.
    delay1 — Delays an input signal by one sample.
    delayr — Reads from an automatically established digital delay line.
    delayw — Writes the audio signal to a digital delay line.
    deltap — Taps a delay line at variable offset times.
    deltap3 — Taps a delay line at variable offset times, uses cubic interpolation.
    deltapi — Taps a delay line at variable offset times, uses interpolation.
    deltapn — Taps a delay line at variable offset times.
    deltapx — Read to or write from a delay line with interpolation.
    deltapxw — Mixes the input signal to a delay line.
    diff — Modify a signal by differentiation.
    diskin — Reads audio data from an external device or stream and can alter its pitch.
    dispfft — Displays the Fourier Transform of an audio or control signal.
    display — Displays the audio or control signals as an amplitude vs. time graph.
    distort1 — Modified hyperbolic tangent distortion.
    divz — Safely divides two numbers.
    downsamp — Modify a signal by down-sampling.
    dripwater — Semi-physical model of a water drop.
    dumpk — Periodically writes an orchestra control-signal value to an external file.
    dumpk2 — Periodically writes two orchestra control-signal values to an external file.
    dumpk3 — Periodically writes three orchestra control-signal values to an external file.
    dumpk4 — Periodically writes four orchestra control-signal values to an external file.
    duserrnd — Discrete USER-defined-distribution RaNDom generator.
    else — Executes a block of code when an "if...then" condition is false.
    elseif — Defines another "if...then" condition when a "if...then" condition is false.
    endif — Closes a block of code that begins with an "if...then" statement.
    endin — Ends the current instrument block.
    endop — Marks the end of an user-defined opcode block.
    envlpx — Applies an envelope consisting of 3 segments.
    envlpxr — The envlpx opcode with a final release segment.
    event — Generates a score event from an instrument.
    exp — Returns e raised to the x-th power.
    expon — Trace an exponential curve between specified points.
    exprand — Exponential distribution random number generator (positive values only).
    expseg — Trace a series of exponential segments between specified points.
    expsega — An exponential segment generator operating at a-rate.
    expsegr — Trace a series of exponential segments between specified points including a release segment.
    filelen — Returns the length of a sound file.
    filenchnls — Returns the number of channels in a sound file.
    filepeak — Returns the peak absolute value of a sound file.
    filesr — Returns the sample rate of a sound file.
    filter2 — Performs filtering using a transposed form-II digital filter lattice with no time-varying control.
    fin — Read signals from a file at a-rate.
    fini — Read signals from a file at i-rate.
    fink — Read signals from a file at k-rate.
    fiopen — Opens a file in a specific mode.
    flanger — A user controlled flanger.
    flashtxt — Allows text to be displayed from instruments like sliders
    FLbox — A FLTK widget that displays text inside of a box.
    FLbutBank — A FLTK widget opcode that creates a bank of buttons.
    FLbutton — A FLTK widget opcode that creates a button.
    FLcolor — A FLTK opcode that sets the primary colors.
    FLcolor2 — A FLTK opcode that sets the secondary (selection) color.
    FLcount — A FLTK widget opcode that creates a counter.
    FLgetsnap — Retrieves a previously stored FLTK snapshot.
    FLgroup — A FLTK container opcode that groups child widgets.
    FLgroupEnd — Marks the end of a group of FLTK child widgets.
    FLhide — Hides the target FLTK widget.
    FLjoy — A FLTK opcode that acts like a joystick.
    FLkeyb — Experimental, no documentation exists. May be deprecated in future versions.
    FLknob — A FLTK widget opcode that creates a knob.
    FLlabel — A FLTK opcode that modifies the appearance of a text label.
    FLloadsnap — Loads all snapshots into the memory bank of the current orchestra.
    FLpack — Provides the functionality of compressing and aligning FLTK widgets.
    FLpackEnd — Marks the end of a group of compressed or aligned FLTK widgets.
    FLpanel — Creates a window that contains FLTK widgets.
    FLpanelEnd — Marks the end of a group of FLTK widgets contained inside of a window (panel).
    FLprintk — A FLTK opcode that prints a k-rate value at specified intervals.
    FLprintk2 — A FLTK opcode that prints a new value every time a control-rate variable changes.
    FLroller — A FLTK widget that creates a transversal knob.
    FLrun — Starts the FLTK widget thread.
    FLsavesnap — Saves all snapshots currently created into a file.
    FLscroll — A FLTK opcode that adds scroll bars to an area.
    FLscrollEnd — A FLTK opcode that marks the end of an area with scrollbars.
    FLsetAlign — Sets the text alignment of a label of a FLTK widget.
    FLsetBox — Sets the appearance of a box surrounding a FLTK widget.
    FLsetColor — Sets the primary color of a FLTK widget.
    FLsetColor2 — Sets the secondary (or selection) color of a FLTK widget.
    FLsetFont — Sets the font type of a FLTK widget.
    FLsetPosition — Sets the position of a FLTK widget.
    FLsetSize — Resizes a FLTK widget.
    FLsetsnap — Stores the current status of all FLTK valuators into a snapshot location.
    FLsetText — Sets the label of a FLTK widget.
    FLsetTextColor — Sets the color of the text label of a FLTK widget.
    FLsetTextSize — Sets the size of the text label of a FLTK widget.
    FLsetTextType — Sets some font attributes of the text label of a FLTK widget.
    FLsetVal_i — Sets the value of a FLTK valuator to a number provided by the user.
    FLsetVal — Sets the value of a FLTK valuator at control-rate.
    FLshow — Restores the visibility of a previously hidden FLTK widget.
    FLslidBnk — A FLTK widget containing a bank of horizontal sliders.
    FLslider — Puts a slider into the corresponding FLTK container.
    FLtabs — Creates a tabbed FLTK interface.
    FLtabsEnd — Marks the end of a tabbed FLTK interface.
    FLtext — A FLTK widget opcode that creates a textbox.
    FLupdate — Same as the FLrun opcode.
    FLvalue — Shows the current value of a FLTK valuator.
    fmb3 — Uses FM synthesis to create a Hammond B3 organ sound.
    fmbell — Uses FM synthesis to create a tublar bell sound.
    fmmetal — Uses FM synthesis to create a "Heavy Metal" sound.
    fmpercfl — Uses FM synthesis to create a percussive flute sound.
    fmrhode — Uses FM synthesis to create a Fender Rhodes electric piano sound.
    fmvoice — FM Singing Voice Synthesis
    fmwurlie — Uses FM synthesis to create a Wurlitzer electric piano sound.
    fof — Produces sinusoid bursts useful for formant and granular synthesis.
    fof2 — Produces sinusoid bursts including k-rate incremental indexing with each successive burst.
    fog — Audio output is a succession of grains derived from data in a stored function table
    fold — Adds artificial foldover to an audio signal.
    follow — Envelope follower unit generator.
    follow2 — Another controllable envelope extractor.
    foscil — A basic frequency modulated oscillator.
    foscili — Basic frequency modulated oscillator with linear interpolation.
    fout — Outputs a-rate signals to an arbitrary number of channels.
    fouti — Outputs i-rate signals of an arbitrary number of channels to a specified file.
    foutir — Outputs i-rate signals from an arbitrary number of channels to a specified file.
    foutk — Outputs k-rate signals of an arbitrary number of channels to a specified file.
    fprintks — Similar to printks but prints to a file.
    fprints — Similar to prints but prints to a file.
    frac — Returns the fractional part of a decimal number.
    ftchnls — Returns the number of channels in a stored function table.
    ftgen — Generate a score function table from within the orchestra.
    ftlen — Returns the size of a stored function table.
    ftload — Load a set of previously-allocated tables from a file.
    ftloadk — Load a set of previously-allocated tables from a file.
    ftlptim — Returns the loop segment start-time of a stored function table number.
    ftmorf — Morphs between multiple ftables as specified in a list.
    ftsave — Save a set of previously-allocated tables to a file.
    ftsavek — Save a set of previously-allocated tables to a file.
    ftsr — Returns the sampling-rate of a stored function table.
    gain — Adjusts the amplitude audio signal according to a root-mean-square value.
    gauss — Gaussian distribution random number generator.
    gbuzz — Output is a set of harmonically related cosine partials.
    gogobel — Audio output is a tone related to the striking of a cow bell or similar.
    goto — Transfer control on every pass.
    grain — Generates granular synthesis textures.
    grain2 — Easy-to-use granular synthesis texture generator.
    grain3 — Generate granular synthesis textures with more user control.
    granule — A more complex granular synthesis texture generator.
    guiro — Semi-physical model of a guiro sound.
    harmon — Analyze an audio input and generate harmonizing voices in synchrony.
    hilbert — A Hilbert transformer.
    hrtfer — Creates 3D audio for two speakers.
    hsboscil — An oscillator which takes tonality and brightness as arguments.
    i — Returns an init-type equivalent of a k-rate argument.
    ibetarand — Deprecated.
    ibexprnd — Deprecated.
    icauchy — Deprecated.
    ictrl14 — Deprecated.
    ictrl21 — Deprecated.
    ictrl7 — Deprecated.
    iexprand — Deprecated.
    if — Branches conditionally at initialization or during performance time.
    igauss — Deprecated.
    igoto — Transfer control during the i-time pass.
    ihold — Creates a held note.
    ilinrand — Deprecated.
    imidic14 — Deprecated.
    imidic21 — Deprecated.
    imidic7 — Deprecated.
    in — Reads mono audio data from an external device or stream.
    in32 — Reads a 32-channel audio signal from an external device or stream.
    inch — Reads from a numbered channel in an external audio signal or stream.
    inh — Reads six-channel audio data from an external device or stream.
    init — Puts the value of the i-time expression into a k- or a-rate variable.
    initc14 — Initializes the controllers used to create a 14-bit MIDI value.
    initc21 — Initializes the controllers used to create a 21-bit MIDI value.
    initc7 — Initializes the controller used to create a 7-bit MIDI value.
    ink — Deprecated.
    ino — Reads eight-channel audio data from an external device or stream.
    inq — Reads quad audio data from an external device or stream.
    ins — Reads stereo audio data from an external device or stream.
    instimek — Deprecated.
    instimes — Deprecated.
    instr — Starts an instrument block.
    int — Extracts an integer from a decimal number.
    integ — Modify a signal by integration.
    interp — Converts a control signal to an audio signal using linear interpolation.
    invalue — Reads a k-rate signal from a user-defined channel.
    inx — Reads a 16-channel audio signal from an external device or stream.
    inz — Reads multi-channel audio samples into a ZAK array from an external device or stream.
    ioff — Deprecated.
    ion — Deprecated.
    iondur — Deprecated.
    iondur2 — Deprecated.
    ioutat — Deprecated.
    ioutc — Deprecated.
    ioutc14 — Deprecated.
    ioutpat — Deprecated.
    ioutpb — Deprecated.
    ioutpc — Deprecated.
    ipcauchy — Deprecated.
    ipoisson — Deprecated.
    ipow — Deprecated.
    is16b14 — Deprecated.
    is32b14 — Deprecated.
    islider16 — Deprecated.
    islider32 — Deprecated.
    islider64 — Deprecated.
    islider8 — Deprecated.
    itablecopy — Deprecated.
    itablegpw — Deprecated.
    itablemix — Deprecated.
    itablew — Deprecated.
    itrirand — Deprecated.
    iunirand — Deprecated.
    iweibull — Deprecated.
    jitter — Generates a segmented line whose segments are randomly generated.
    jitter2 — Generates a segmented line with user-controllable random segments.
    jspline — A jitter-spline generator.
    kbetarand — Deprecated.
    kbexprnd — Deprecated.
    kcauchy — Deprecated.
    kdump — Deprecated.
    kdump2 — Deprecated.
    kdump3 — Deprecated.
    kdump4 — Deprecated.
    kexprand — Deprecated.
    kfilter2 — Deprecated.
    kgauss — Deprecated.
    kgoto — Transfer control during the p-time passes.
    klinrand — Deprecated.
    kon — Deprecated.
    koutat — Deprecated.
    koutc — Deprecated.
    koutc14 — Deprecated.
    koutpat — Deprecated.
    koutpb — Deprecated.
    koutpc — Deprecated.
    kpcauchy — Deprecated.
    kpoisson — Deprecated.
    kpow — Deprecated.
    kr — Sets the control rate.
    kread — Deprecated.
    kread2 — Deprecated.
    kread3 — Deprecated.
    kread4 — Deprecated.
    ksmps — Sets the number of samples in a control period.
    ktableseg — Same as the tableseg opcode.
    ktrirand — Deprecated.
    kunirand — Deprecated.
    kweibull — Deprecated.
    lfo — A low frequency oscillator of various shapes.
    limit — Sets the lower and upper limits of the value it processes.
    line — Trace a straight line between specified points.
    linen — Applies a straight line rise and decay pattern to an input amp signal.
    linenr — The linen opcode extended with a final release segment.
    lineto — Generate glissandos starting from a control signal.
    linrand — Linear distribution random number generator (positive values only).
    linseg — Trace a series of line segments between specified points.
    linsegr — Trace a series of line segments between specified points including a release segment.
    locsend — Distributes the audio signals of a previous locsig opcode.
    locsig — Takes and input signal and distributes between 2 or 4 channels.
    log — Returns a natural log.
    log10 — Returns a base 10 log.
    logbtwo — Performs a logarithmic base two calculation.
    loopseg — Generate control signal consisting of linear segments delimited by two or more specified points.
    lorenz — Implements the Lorenz system of equations.
    loscil — Read sampled sound from a table.
    loscil3 — Read sampled sound from a table using cubic interpolation.
    lowpass2 — A resonant lowpass filter.
    lowres — Another resonant lowpass filter.
    lowresx — Simulates layers of serially connected resonant lowpass filters.
    lpf18 — A 3-pole sweepable resonant lowpass filter.
    lpfreson — Modifies the spectrum of an audio signal with time-varying filter coefficients from a control file and frequncy ratio.
    lphasor — Generates a table index for sample playback
    lpinterp — Computes a new set of poles from the interpolation between two analysis.
    lposcil — Read sampled sound from a table with optional looping and high precision.
    lposcil3 — Read sampled sound from a table with high precision and cubic interpolation.
    lpread — Reads a control file of time-ordered information frames.
    lpreson — Modifies the spectrum of an audio signal with time-varying filter coefficients from a control file.
    lpshold — Generate control signal consisting of held segments.
    lpslot — Selects the slot to be use by further lp opcodes.
    mac — Multiplies and accumulates a- and k-rate signals.
    maca — Multiply and accumulate a-rate signals only.
    madsr — Calculates the classical ADSR envelope using the linsegr mechanism.
    mandol — An emulation of a mandolin.
    marimba — Physical model related to the striking of a wooden block.
    massign — Assigns a MIDI channel number to a Csound instrument.
    maxalloc — Limits the number of allocations of an instrument.
    mclock — Sends a MIDI CLOCK message.
    mdelay — A MIDI delay opcode.
    midic14 — Allows a floating-point 14-bit MIDI signal scaled with a minimum and a maximum range.
    midic21 — Allows a floating-point 21-bit MIDI signal scaled with a minimum and a maximum range.
    midic7 — Allows a floating-point 7-bit MIDI signal scaled with a minimum and a maximum range.
    midichannelaftertouch — Gets a MIDI channel's aftertouch value.
    midichn — Returns the MIDI channel number from which the note was activated.
    midicontrolchange — Gets a MIDI control change value.
    midictrl — Get the current value (0-127) of a specified MIDI controller.
    mididefault — Changes values, depending on MIDI activation.
    midiin — Returns a generic MIDI message received by the MIDI IN port.
    midinoteoff — Gets a MIDI noteoff value.
    midinoteoncps — Gets a MIDI note number as a cycles-per-second frequency.
    midinoteonkey — Gets a MIDI note number value.
    midinoteonoct — Gets a MIDI note number value as octave-point-decimal value.
    midinoteonpch — Gets a MIDI note number as a pitch-class value.
    midion — Plays MIDI notes.
    midion2 — Sends noteon and noteoff messages to the MIDI OUT port.
    midiout — Sends a generic MIDI message to the MIDI OUT port.
    midipitchbend — Gets a MIDI pitchbend value.
    midipolyaftertouch — Gets a MIDI polyphonic aftertouch value.
    midiprogramchange — Gets a MIDI program change value.
    mirror — Reflects the signal that exceeds the low and high thresholds.
    moog — An emulation of a mini-Moog synthesizer.
    moogvcf — A digital emulation of the Moog diode ladder filter configuration.
    moscil — Sends a stream of the MIDI notes.
    mpulse — Generates a set of impulses.
    mrtmsg — Send system real-time messages to the MIDI OUT port.
    multitap — Multitap delay line implementation.
    mute — Mutes/unmutes new instances of a given instrument.
    mxadsr — Calculates the classical ADSR envelope using the expsegr mechanism.
    nchnls — Sets the number of channels of audio output.
    nestedap — Three different nested all-pass filters.
    nlfilt — A filter with a non-linear effect.
    noise — A white noise generator with an IIR lowpass filter.
    noteoff — Send a noteoff message to the MIDI OUT port.
    noteon — Send a noteon message to the MIDI OUT port.
    noteondur — Sends a noteon and a noteoff MIDI message both with the same channel, number and velocity.
    noteondur2 — Sends a noteon and a noteoff MIDI message both with the same channel, number and velocity.
    notnum — Get a note number from a MIDI event.
    nreverb — A reverberator consisting of 6 parallel comb-lowpass filters.
    nrpn — Sends a Non-Registered Parameter Number to the MIDI OUT port.
    nsamp — Returns the number of samples loaded into a stored function table number.
    nstrnum — Returns the number of a named instrument.
    ntrpol — Calculates the weighted mean value of two input signals.
    octave — Calculates a factor to raise/lower a frequency by a given amount of octaves.
    octcps — Converts a cycles-per-second value to octave-point-decimal.
    octmidi — Get the note number, in octave-point-decimal units, of the current MIDI event.
    octmidib — Get the note number of the current MIDI event and modify it by the current pitch-bend value, express it in octave-point-decimal.
    octpch — Converts a pitch-class value to octave-point-decimal.
    opcode — Defines the start of user-defined opcode block.
    oscbnk — Mixes the output of any number of oscillators.
    oscil — A simple oscillator.
    oscil1 — Accesses table values by incremental sampling.
    oscil1i — Accesses table values by incremental sampling with linear interpolation.
    oscil3 — A simple oscillator with cubic interpolation.
    oscili — A simple oscillator with linear interpolation.
    oscilikt — A linearly interpolated oscillator that allows changing the table number at k-rate.
    osciliktp — A linearly interpolated oscillator that allows allows phase modulation.
    oscilikts — A linearly interpolated oscillator with sync status that allows changing the table number at k-rate.
    osciln — Accesses table values at a user-defined frequency.
    oscils — A simple, fast sine oscillator
    oscilx — Same as the osciln opcode.
    out — Writes mono audio data to an external device or stream.
    out32 — Writes 32-channel audio data to an external device or stream.
    outc — Writes audio data with an arbitrary number of channels to an external device or stream.
    outch — Writes multi-channel audio data, with user-controllable channels, to an external device or stream.
    outh — Writes 6-channel audio data to an external device or stream.
    outiat — Sends MIDI aftertouch messages at i-rate.
    outic — Sends MIDI controller output at i-rate.
    outic14 — Sends 14-bit MIDI controller output at i-rate.
    outipat — Sends polyphonic MIDI aftertouch messages at i-rate.
    outipb — Sends MIDI pitch-bend messages at i-rate.
    outipc — Sends MIDI program change messages at i-rate
    outk — Deprecated.
    outkat — Sends MIDI aftertouch messages at k-rate.
    outkc — Sends MIDI controller messages at k-rate.
    outkc14 — Sends 14-bit MIDI controller output at k-rate.
    outkpat — Sends polyphonic MIDI aftertouch messages at k-rate.
    outkpb — Sends MIDI pitch-bend messages at k-rate.
    outkpc — Sends MIDI program change messages at k-rate.
    outo — Writes 8-channel audio data to an external device or stream.
    outq — Writes 4-channel audio data to an external device or stream.
    outq1 — Writes samples to quad channel 1 of an external device or stream.
    outq2 — Writes samples to quad channel 2 of an external device or stream.
    outq3 — Writes samples to quad channel 3 of an external device or stream.
    outq4 — Writes samples to quad channel 4 of an external device or stream.
    outs — Writes stereo audio data to an external device or stream.
    outs1 — Writes samples to stereo channel 1 of an external device or stream.
    outs2 — Writes samples to stereo channel 2 of an external device or stream.
    outvalue — Sends a k-rate signal to a user-defined channel.
    outx — Writes 16-channel audio data to an external device or stream.
    outz — Writes multi-channel audio data from a ZAK array to an external device or stream.
    p — Show the value in a given p-field.
    pan — Distribute an audio signal amongst four channels.
    pareq — Implementation of Zoelzer's parametric equalizer filters.
    pcauchy — Cauchy distribution random number generator (positive values only).
    pchbend — Get the current pitch-bend value for this channel.
    pchmidi — Get the note number of the current MIDI event, expressed in pitch-class units.
    pchmidib — Get the note number of the current MIDI event and modify it by the current pitch-bend value, express it in pitch-class units.
    pchoct — Converts an octave-point-decimal value to pitch-class.
    peak — Maintains the output equal to the highest absolute value received.
    peakk — Deprecated.
    pgmassign — Assigns an instrument number to a specified MIDI program.
    phaser1 — First-order allpass filters arranged in a series.
    phaser2 — Second-order allpass filters arranged in a series.
    phasor — Produce a normalized moving phase value.
    phasorbnk — Produce an arbitrary number of normalized moving phase values.
    pinkish — Generates approximate pink noise.
    pitch — Tracks the pitch of a signal.
    pitchamdf — Follows the pitch of a signal based on the AMDF method.
    planet — Simulates a planet orbiting in a binary star system.
    pluck — Produces a naturally decaying plucked string or drum sound.
    poisson — Poisson distribution random number generator (positive values only).
    polyaft — Returns the polyphonic after-touch pressure of the selected note number.
    port — Applies portamento to a step-valued control signal.
    portk — Applies portamento to a step-valued control signal.
    poscil — High precision oscillator.
    poscil3 — High precision oscillator with cubic interpolation.
    pow — Computes one argument to the power of another argument.
    powoftwo — Performs a power-of-two calculation.
    prealloc — Creates space for instruments but does not run them.
    print — Displays the values init, control, or audio signals.
    printk — Prints one k-rate value at specified intervals.
    printk2 — Prints a new value every time a control variable changes.
    printks — Prints at k-rate using a printf() style syntax.
    prints — Prints at init-time using a printf() style syntax.
    product — Multiplies any number of a-rate signals.
    pset — Defines and initializes numeric arrays at orchestra load time.
    pvadd — Reads from a pvoc file and uses the data to perform additive synthesis.
    pvbufread — Reads from a phase vocoder analysis file and makes the retrieved data available.
    pvcross — Applies the amplitudes from one phase vocoder analysis file to the data from a second file.
    pvinterp — Interpolates between the amplitudes and frequencies of two phase vocoder analysis files.
    pvoc — Implements signal reconstruction using an fft-based phase vocoder.
    pvread — Reads from a phase vocoder analysis file and returns the frequency and amplitude from a single analysis channel or bin.
    pvsadsyn — Resynthesize using a fast oscillator-bank.
    pvsanal — Generate an fsig from a mono audio source ain, using phase vocoder overlap-add analysis.
    pvscross — Performs cross-synthesis between two source fsigs.
    pvsfread — Read a selected channel from a PVOC-EX analysis file.
    pvsftr — Reads amplitude and/or frequency data from function tables.
    pvsftw — Writes amplitude and/or frequency data to function tables.
    pvsinfo — Get information from a PVOC-EX formatted source.
    pvsmaska — Modify amplitudes using a function table, with dynamic scaling.
    pvsynth — Resynthesise using a FFT overlap-add.
    rand — Generates a controlled random number series.
    randh — Generates random numbers and holds them for a period of time.
    randi — Generates a controlled random number series with interpolation between each new number.
    random — Generates is a controlled pseudo-random number series between min and max values.
    randomh — Generates random numbers with a user-defined limit and holds them for a period of time.
    randomi — Generates a user-controlled random number series with interpolation between each new number.
    readclock — Reads the value of an internal clock.
    readk — Periodically reads an orchestra control-signal value from an external file.
    readk2 — Periodically reads two orchestra control-signal values from an external file.
    readk3 — Periodically reads three orchestra control-signal values from an external file.
    readk4 — Periodically reads four orchestra control-signal values from an external file.
    reinit — Suspends a performance while a special initialization pass is executed.
    release — Indicates whether a note is in its "release" stage.
    repluck — Physical model of the plucked string.
    reson — A second-order resonant filter.
    resonk — A second-order resonant filter.
    resonr — A bandpass filter with variable frequency response.
    resonx — Emulates a stack of filters using the reson opcode.
    resony — A bank of second-order bandpass filters, connected in parallel.
    resonz — A bandpass filter with variable frequency response.
    reverb — Reverberates an input signal with a "natural room" frequency response.
    reverb2 — Same as the nreverb opcode.
    rezzy — A resonant low-pass filter.
    rigoto — Transfers control during a reinit pass.
    rireturn — Terminates a reinit pass.
    rms — Determines the root-mean-square amplitude of an audio signal.
    rnd — Returns a random number in a unipolar range.
    rnd31 — 31-bit bipolar random opcodes with controllable distribution.
    rspline — Generate random spline curves.
    rtclock — Read the real time clock from the operating system.
    s16b14 — Creates a bank of 16 different 14-bit MIDI control message numbers.
    s32b14 — Creates a bank of 32 different 14-bit MIDI control message numbers.
    samphold — Performs a sample-and-hold operation on its input.
    sandpaper — Semi-physical model of a sandpaper sound.
    scanhammer — Copies from one table to another with a gain control.
    scans — Generate audio output using scanned synthesis.
    scantable — A simpler scanned synthesis implementation.
    scanu — Compute the waveform and the wavetable for use in scanned synthesis.
    schedkwhen — Adds a new score event generated by a k-rate trigger.
    schedkwhennamed — Similar to schedkwhen but uses a named instrument at init-time.
    schedule — Adds a new score event.
    schedwhen — Adds a new score event.
    seed — Sets the global seed value.
    sekere — Semi-physical model of a sekere sound.
    semitone — Calculates a factor to raise/lower a frequency by a given amount of semitones.
    sense — Same as the sensekey opcode.
    sensekey — Returns the ASCII code of a key that has been pressed.
    seqtime — Generates a trigger signal according to the values stored in a table.
    setctrl — Configurable slider controls for realtime user input.
    setksmps — Sets the local ksmps value in a user-defined opcode block.
    sfilist — Prints a list of all instruments of a previously loaded SoundFont2 (SF2) file.
    sfinstr — Plays a SoundFont2 (SF2) sample instrument, generating a stereo sound.
    sfinstr3 — Plays a SoundFont2 (SF2) sample instrument, generating a stereo sound with cubic interpolation.
    sfinstr3m — Plays a SoundFont2 (SF2) sample instrument, generating a mono sound with cubic interpolation.
    sfinstrm — Plays a SoundFont2 (SF2) sample instrument, generating a mono sound.
    sfload — Loads an entire SoundFont2 (SF2) sample file into memory.
    sfpassign — Assigns all presets of a SoundFont2 (SF2) sample file to a sequence of progressive index numbers.
    sfplay — Plays a SoundFont2 (SF2) sample preset, generating a stereo sound.
    sfplay3 — Plays a SoundFont2 (SF2) sample preset, generating a stereo sound with cubic interpolation.
    sfplay3m — Plays a SoundFont2 (SF2) sample preset, generating a mono sound with cubic interpolation.
    sfplaym — Plays a SoundFont2 (SF2) sample preset, generating a mono sound.
    sfplist — Prints a list of all presets of a SoundFont2 (SF2) sample file.
    sfpreset — Assigns an existing preset of a SoundFont2 (SF2) sample file to an index number.
    shaker — Sounds like the shaking of a maraca or similar gourd instrument.
    sin — Performs a sine function.
    sinh — Performs a hyperbolic sine function.
    sininv — Performs an arcsine function.
    sleighbells — Semi-physical model of a sleighbell sound.
    slider16 — Creates a bank of 16 different MIDI control message numbers.
    slider16f — Creates a bank of 16 different MIDI control message numbers, filtered before output.
    slider32 — Creates a bank of 32 different MIDI control message numbers.
    slider32f — Creates a bank of 32 different MIDI control message numbers, filtered before output.
    slider64 — Creates a bank of 64 different MIDI control message numbers.
    slider64f — Creates a bank of 64 different MIDI control message numbers, filtered before output.
    slider8 — Creates a bank of 8 different MIDI control message numbers.
    slider8f — Creates a bank of 8 different MIDI control message numbers, filtered before output.
    sndwarp — Reads a mono sound sample from a table and applies time-stretching and/or pitch modification.
    sndwarpst — Reads a stereo sound sample from a table and applies time-stretching and/or pitch modification.
    soundin — Reads audio data from an external device or stream.
    soundout — Writes audio output to a disk file.
    space — Distributes an input signal among 4 channels using cartesian coordinates.
    spat3d — Positions the input sound in a 3D space and allows moving the sound at k-rate.
    spat3di — Positions the input sound in a 3D space with the sound source position set at i-time.
    spat3dt — Can be used to render an impulse response for a 3D space at i-time.
    spdist — Calculates distance values from xy coordinates.
    specaddm — Perform a weighted add of two input spectra.
    specdiff — Finds the positive difference values between consecutive spectral frames.
    specdisp — Displays the magnitude values of the spectrum.
    specfilt — Filters each channel of an input spectrum.
    spechist — Accumulates the values of successive spectral frames.
    specptrk — Estimates the pitch of the most prominent complex tone in the spectrum.
    specscal — Scales an input spectral datablock with spectral envelopes.
    specsum — Sums the magnitudes across all channels of the spectrum.
    spectrum — Generate a constant-Q, exponentially-spaced DFT.
    spsend — Generates output signals based on a previously defined space opcode.
    sqrt — Returns a square root value.
    sr — Sets the audio sampling rate.
    stix — Semi-physical model of a stick sound.
    streson — A string resonator with variable fundamental frequency.
    strset — Allows a string to be linked with a numeric value.
    subinstr — Creates and runs a numbered instrument instance.
    subinstrinit — Creates and runs a numbered instrument instance at init-time.
    sum — Sums any number of a-rate signals.
    svfilter — A resonant second order filter, with simultaneous lowpass, highpass and bandpass outputs.
    table — Accesses table values by direct indexing.
    table3 — Accesses table values by direct indexing with cubic interpolation.
    tablecopy — Simple, fast table copy opcode.
    tablegpw — Writes a table's guard point.
    tablei — Accesses table values by direct indexing with linear interpolation.
    tableicopy — Simple, fast table copy opcode.
    tableigpw — Writes a table's guard point.
    tableikt — Provides k-rate control over table numbers.
    tableimix — Mixes two tables.
    tableiw — Change the contents of existing function tables.
    tablekt — Provides k-rate control over table numbers.
    tablemix — Mixes two tables.
    tableng — Interrogates a function table for length.
    tablera — Reads tables in sequential locations.
    tableseg — Creates a new function table by making linear segments between values in stored function tables.
    tablew — Change the contents of existing function tables.
    tablewa — Writes tables in sequential locations.
    tablewkt — Change the contents of existing function tables.
    tablexkt — Reads function tables with linear, cubic, or sinc interpolation.
    tablexseg — Creates a new function table by making exponential segments between values in stored function tables.
    tambourine — Semi-physical model of a tambourine sound.
    tan — Performs a tangent function.
    tanh — Performs a hyperbolic tangent function.
    taninv — Performs an arctangent function.
    taninv2 — Returns an arctangent.
    tbvcf — Models some of the filter characteristics of a Roland TB303 voltage-controlled filter.
    tempest — Estimate the tempo of beat patterns in a control signal.
    tempo — Apply tempo control to an uninterpreted score.
    tempoval — Reads the current value of the tempo.
    tigoto — Transfer control at i-time when a new note is being tied onto a previously held note
    timeinstk — Read absolute time in k-rate cycles.
    timeinsts — Read absolute time in seconds.
    timek — Read absolute time in k-rate cycles.
    times — Read absolute time in seconds.
    timout — Conditional branch during p-time depending on elapsed note time.
    tival — Puts the value of the instrument's internal "tie-in" flag into the named i-rate variable.
    tlineto — Generate glissandos starting from a control signal.
    tone — A first-order recursive low-pass with variable frequency response.
    tonek — A first-order recursive low-pass filter with variable frequency response.
    tonex — Emulates a stack of filters using the tone opcode.
    transeg — Constructs a user-definable envelope.
    trigger — Informs when a krate signal crosses a threshold.
    trigseq — Accepts a trigger signal as input and outputs a group of values.
    trirand — Linear distribution random number generator.
    turnoff — Enables an instrument to turn itself off.
    turnon — Activate an instrument for an indefinite time.
    unirand — Uniform distribution random number generator (positive values only).
    upsamp — Modify a signal by up-sampling.
    urd — A discrete user-defined-distribution random generator that can be used as a function.
    valpass — Variably reverberates an input signal with a flat frequency response.
    vbap16 — Distributes an audio signal among 16 channels.
    vbap16move — Distribute an audio signal among 16 channels with moving virtual sources.
    vbap4 — Distributes an audio signal among 4 channels.
    vbap4move — Distributes an audio signal among 4 channels with moving virtual sources.
    vbap8 — Distributes an audio signal among 8 channels.
    vbap8move — Distributes an audio signal among 8 channels with moving virtual sources.
    vbaplsinit — Configures VBAP output according to loudspeaker parameters.
    vbapz — Writes a multi-channel audio signal to a ZAK array.
    vbapzmove — Writes a multi-channel audio signal to a ZAK array with moving virtual sources.
    vco — Implementation of a band limited, analog modeled oscillator.
    vco2 — Implementation of a band-limited oscillator using pre-calculated tables.
    vco2ft — Returns a table number at k-time for a given oscillator frequency and wavform.
    vco2ift — Returns a table number at i-time for a given oscillator frequency and wavform.
    vco2init — Calculates tables for use by vco2 opcode.
    vcomb — Variably reverberates an input signal with a "colored" frequency response.
    vdelay — An interpolating variable time delay.
    vdelay3 — An variable time delay with cubic interpolation.
    vdelayx — A variable delay opcode with high quality interpolation.
    vdelayxq — A 4-channel variable delay opcode with high quality interpolation.
    vdelayxs — A stereo variable delay opcode with high quality interpolation.
    vdelayxw — Variable delay opcodes with high quality interpolation.
    vdelayxwq — Variable delay opcodes with high quality interpolation.
    vdelayxws — Variable delay opcodes with high quality interpolation.
    veloc — Get the velocity from a MIDI event.
    vibes — Physical model related to the striking of a metal block.
    vibr — Easier-to-use user-controllable vibrato.
    vibrato — Generates a natural-sounding user-controllable vibrato.
    vincr — Accumulates audio signals.
    vlowres — A bank of filters in which the cutoff frequency can be separated under user control.
    voice — An emulation of a human voice.
    vpvoc — Implements signal reconstruction using an fft-based phase vocoder and an extra envelope.
    waveset — A simple time stretch by repeating cycles.
    weibull — Weibull distribution random number generator (positive values only).
    wgbow — Creates a tone similar to a bowed string.
    wgbowedbar — A physical model of a bowed bar.
    wgbrass — Creates a tone related to a brass instrument.
    wgclar — Creates a tone similar to a clarinet.
    wgflute — Creates a tone similar to a flute.
    wgpluck — A high fidelity simulation of a plucked string.
    wgpluck2 — Physical model of the plucked string.
    wguide1 — A simple waveguide model consisting of one delay-line and one first-order lowpass filter.
    wguide2 — A model of beaten plate consisting of two parallel delay-lines and two first-order lowpass filters.
    wrap — Wraps-around the signal that exceeds the low and high thresholds.
    wterrain — A simple wave-terrain synthesis opcode.
    xadsr — Calculates the classical ADSR envelope.
    xin — Passes variables from a user-defined opcode block,
    xout — Retrieves variables from a user-defined opcode block,
    xscanmap — Allows the position and velocity of a node in a scanned process to be read.
    xscansmap — Allows the position and velocity of a node in a scanned process to be read.
    xscans — Fast scanned synthesis waveform and the wavetable generator.
    xscanu — Compute the waveform and the wavetable for use in scanned synthesis.
    xtratim — Extend the duration of real-time generated events.
    xyin — Sense the cursor position in an output window
    zacl — Clears one or more variables in the za space.
    zakinit — Establishes zak space.
    zamod — Modulates one a-rate signal by a second one.
    zar — Reads from a location in za space at a-rate.
    zarg — Reads from a location in za space at a-rate, adds some gain.
    zaw — Writes to a za variable at a-rate without mixing.
    zawm — Writes to a za variable at a-rate with mixing.
    zfilter2 — Performs filtering using a transposed form-II digital filter lattice with radial pole-shearing and angular pole-warping.
    zir — Reads from a location in zk space at i-rate.
    ziw — Writes to a zk variable at i-rate without mixing.
    ziwm — Writes to a zk variable to an i-rate variable with mixing.
    zkcl — Clears one or more variables in the zk space.
    zkmod — Facilitates the modulation of one signal by another.
    zkr — Reads from a location in zk space at k-rate.
    zkw — Writes to a zk variable at k-rate without mixing.
    zkwm — Writes to a zk variable at k-rate with mixing.
  Score Statements and GEN Routines
    Score Statements
      a Statement (or Advance Statement) — Advance score time by a specified amount.
      b Statement — This statement resets the clock.
      e Statement — This statement may be used to mark the end of the last section of the score.
      f Statement (or Function Table Statement) — Causes a GEN subroutine to place values in a stored function table.
      i Statement (Instrument or Note Statement) — Makes an instrument active at a specific time and for a certain duration.
      m Statement (Mark Statement) — Sets a named mark in the score.
      n Statement — Repeats a section.
      q Statement — This statement may be used to quiet an instrument.
      r Statement (Repeat Statement) — Starts a repeated section.
      s Statement — Marks the end of a section.
      t Statement (Tempo Statement) — Sets the tempo.
      v Statement — Provides for locally variable time warping of score events.
      x Statement — Skip the rest of the current section.
    GEN Routines
      GEN01 — Transfers data from a soundfile into a function table.
      GEN02 — Transfers data from immediate pfields into a function table.
      GEN03 — Generates a stored function table by evaluating a polynomial.
      GEN04 — Generates a normalizing function.
      GEN05 — Constructs functions from segments of exponential curves.
      GEN06 — Generates a function comprised of segments of cubic polynomials.
      GEN07 — Constructs functions from segments of straight lines.
      GEN08 — Generate a piecewise cubic spline curve.
      GEN09 — Generate composite waveforms made up of weighted sums of simple sinusoids.
      GEN10 — Generate composite waveforms made up of weighted sums of simple sinusoids.
      GEN11 — Generates an additive set of cosine partials.
      GEN12 — Generates the log of a modified Bessel function of the second kind.
      GEN13 — Stores a polynomial whose coefficients derive from the Chebyshev polynomials of the first kind.
      GEN14 — Stores a polynomial whose coefficients derive from Chebyshevs of the second kind.
      GEN15 — Creates two tables of stored polynomial functions.
      GEN16 — Creates a table from a starting value to an ending value.
      GEN17 — Creates a step function from given x-y pairs.
      GEN18 — Writes composite waveforms made up of pre-existing waveforms.
      GEN19 — Generate composite waveforms made up of weighted sums of simple sinusoids.
      GEN20 — Generates functions of different windows.
      GEN21 — Generates tables of different random distributions.
      GEN22 — Deprecated.
      GEN23 — Reads numeric values from a text file.
      GEN24 — Reads numeric values from another allocated function-table and rescales them.
      GEN25 — Construct functions from segments of exponential curves in breakpoint fashion.
      GEN27 — Construct functions from segments of straight lines in breakpoint fashion.
      GEN28 — Reads a text file which contains a time-tagged trajectory.
      GEN30 — Generates harmonic partials by analyzing an existing table.
      GEN31 — Mixes any waveform specified in an existing table.
      GEN32 — Mixes any waveform, resampled with either FFT or linear interpolation.
      GEN33 — Generate composite waveforms by mixing simple sinusoids.
      GEN34 — Generate composite waveforms by mixing simple sinusoids.
      GEN40 — Generates a random distribution using a distribution histogram.
      GEN41 — Generates a random list of numerical pairs.
      GEN42 — Generates a random distribution of discrete ranges of values.
  The Utility Programs
    Directories.
    Soundfile Formats.
    Credits
    Analysis File Generation
      hetro — Decomposes an input soundfile into component sinusoids.
      lpanal — Performs both linear predictive analysis on a soundfile.
      pvanal — Converts a soundfile into a series of short-time Fourier transform frames.
      cvanal — Converts a soundfile into a single Fourier transform frame.
    File Queries
      sndinfo — Displays information about a soundfile.
    File Conversion
      dnoise — Reduces noise in a file.
      pvlook — View formatted text output of STFT analysis files.
      sdif2ad — Converts SDIF files to files usable by adsynt.
      srconv — Converts the sample rate of an audio file.
  Cscore
    Events, Lists, and Operations
    Writing a Main Program
    More Advanced Examples
    Compiling a Cscore Program
  Adding your own Cmodules to Csound
    Function tables
    Additional Space
    File Sharing
    String arguments
Pitch Conversion
Sound Intensity Values
Formant Values
Window Functions
SoundFont2 File Format
Csound64
Quick Reference
Index

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