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# loscil

loscil -- Read sampled sound from a table.

## Description

Read sampled sound (mono or stereo) from a table, with optional sustain and release looping.

## Syntax

ar [,ar2] loscil xamp, kcps, ifn [, ibas] [, imod1] [, ibeg1] [, iend1] [, imod2,] [, ibeg2] [, iend2]

## Initialization

ifn -- function table number, typically denoting an AIFF sampled sound segment with prescribed looping points. The source file may be mono or stereo.

ibas (optional) -- base frequency in Hz of the recorded sound. This optionally overrides the frequency given in the AIFF file, but is required if the file did not contain one. The default value is 261.626 Hz, i.e. middle C. (New in Csound 4.03).

imod1, imod2 (optional, default=-1) -- play modes for the sustain and release loops. A value of 1 denotes normal looping, 2 denotes forward & backward looping, 0 denotes no looping. The default value (-1) will defer to the mode and the looping points given in the source file.

ibeg1, iend1, ibeg2, iend2 (optional, dependent on mod1, mod2) -- begin and end points of the sustain and release loops. These are measured in sample frames from the beginning of the file, so will look the same whether the sound segment is monaural or stereo.

## Performance

ar1, ar2 -- the output at audio-rate. There is just ar1 for mono output. However, there is both ar1 and ar2 for stereo output.

xamp -- the amplitude of the output signal.

kcps -- the frequency of the output signal in cycles per second.

loscil samples the ftable audio at a-rate determined by kcps, then multiplies the result by xamp. The sampling increment for kcps is dependent on the table's base-note frequency ibas, and is automatically adjusted if the orchestra sr value differs from that at which the source was recorded. In this unit, ftable is always sampled with interpolation.

If sampling reaches the sustain loop endpoint and looping is in effect, the point of sampling will be modified and loscil will continue reading from within that loop segment. Once the instrument has received a turnoff signal (from the score or from a MIDI noteoff event), the next sustain endpoint encountered will be ignored and sampling will continue towards the release loop end-point, or towards the last sample (henceforth to zeros).

loscil is the basic unit for building a sampling synthesizer. Given a sufficient set of recorded piano tones, for example, this unit can resample them to simulate the missing tones. Locating the sound source nearest a desired pitch can be done via table lookup. Once a sampling instrument has begun, its turnoff point may be unpredictable and require an external release envelope; this is often done by gating the sampled audio with linenr, which will extend the duration of a turned-off instrument by a specific period while it implements a decay.

| Note

This is mono loscil:

    a1 loscil 10000, 1, 1

...and this is stereo loscil:

    a1, a2 loscil 10000, 1, 1

## Examples

Here is an example of the loscil opcode. It uses the files loscil.orc, loscil.sco, and beats.aiff.

Example 1. Example of the loscil opcode.

    /* loscil.orc */
    ; Initialize the global variables.
    sr = 44100
    kr = 4410
    ksmps = 10
    nchnls = 1

    ; Instrument #1.
    instr 1
       kamp = 30000
       ; If you don't know the frequency of your audio file,
       ; set both the kcps and ibas parameters equal to 1.
       kcps = 1
       ifn = 1
       ibas = 1

       a1 loscil kamp, kcps, ifn, ibas
       out a1
    endin
    /* loscil.orc */

    /* loscil.sco */
    ; Table #1: an audio file.
    f 1 0 262144 1 "beats.aiff" 0 4 0

    ; Play Instrument #1 for 6 seconds.
    ; This will loop the audio file several times.
    i 1 0 6
    e
    /* loscil.sco */

## See Also

loscil3

## Credits

Note about the mono/stereo difference was contributed by Rasmus Ekman.

Example written by Kevin Conder.

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