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# Drag and Drop ### Table of Contents Overview Properties Defining a Destination Widget Defining a Source Widget Drag and Drop Example ## Overview GTK+ has a high level set of functions for doing inter-process communication via the drag-and-drop system and can perform drag-and-drop on top of the low level Xdnd and Motif drag-and-drop protocols. An application capable of drag-and-drop first defines and sets up the widget(s) for drag-and-drop. Each widget can be a source and/or destination for drag-and-drop. Note that these widgets must have an associated X Window; check using Gtk::Widget::has_no_window() which returns true if the widget has no X window. Source widgets can send out drag data, thus allowing the user to drag things off of them, while destination widgets can receive drag data. Drag-and-drop destinations can limit who they accept drag data from, e.g. the same application or any application (including itself). Sending and receiving drop data makes use of signals. Dropping an item to a destination widget requires both a data request (for the source widget) and a data received signal handler (for the target widget). Additional signal handers can be connected if you want to know when a drag begins (at the very instant it starts), when a drop is made, and when the entire drag-and-drop procedure has ended (successfully or not). Your application will need to provide data for source widgets when requested, that involves having a drag data request signal handler. For destination widgets they will need a drop data received signal handler. A typical drag-and-drop cycle would look as follows: Drag begins. Drag data request (when a drop occurs). Drop data received (may be on same or different application). Drag data delete (if the drag was a move). Drag-and-drop procedure done. There are a few minor steps that go in between here and there, but we will get into detail about that later. ## Properties Drag data has the following properties: a Gtk::TargetEntry for each target a destination widget accepts or a source widget provides. a Gdk::DragAction type (Gdk::ACTION_COPY or Gdk::ACTION_MOVE). a Sent and received data format type. The first thing you need to do when setting up a destination or source widget is construct a Gtk::TargetEntry (for a single target) or a vector of Gtk::TargetEntry (for multiple targets). You can create a new TargetEntry object with one of the following constructors: `TargetEntry(); TargetEntry(const String& target_name, unsigned int unique_id, Gtk::TargetFlagsField drag_flags = 0);` The first constructor creates an empty TargetEntry. The second constructor creates a target entry with the specified name and unique id. The 'target_name' argument is a string corresponding to the target atom and 'unique_id' is the unique integer id. The 'drag_flags' argument is only used when implementing Drag and Drop. It restricts the validity of the corresponding target to the same application or the same widget, and can be one or more of the values defined in the Gtk::TargetFlags enum: TARGET_SAME_APP TARGET_SAME_WIDGET There are a number of possible drag actions that can be applied to the data exchanged through drag-and-drop, and are defined in the Gdk::DragAction enum: ACTION_COPY - data provided by the source will be copied to the destination widget. ACTION_MOVE - data provided by the source will be moved to the destination widget. ACTION_LINK - the destination widget will create a link to the provided data, rather than copy its contents. ACTION_PRIVATE - the destination widget is free to do anything with the copy of the data provided. ACTION_ASK - allows the destination widget to ask the user which action should be performed. If you create an empty TargetEntry, you can set its target_name and unique_id by calling the Gtk::TargetEntry method: `void set(const String& target_name, unsigned int unique_id, Gtk::TargetFlagsField drag_flags = 0);` Drag actions are quite obvious, they specify if the widget can drag with the specified action(s). A Gdk::ACTION_COPY would be a typical drag-and-drop without the source data being deleted while Gdk::ACTION_MOVE would be just like Gdk::ACTION_COPY but the source data will be 'suggested' to be deleted after the received signal handler is called. You may want to look into the additional drag actions including Gdk::ACTION_LINK when you get to more advanced levels of drag-and-drop. Sent and received data format types (selection target) come into play only in your request and received data handler methods. The term selection target is somewhat misleading. It is a term adapted from GTK+ selection (cut, copy and paste). What 'selection target' actually means is the data's format type (i.e. a Gdk::Atom, integer, or string) that is being sent or received. Your request data handler method needs to specify the type (selection target) of data that it sends out and your received data handler needs to handle the type (selection target) of data received. ## Defining a Destination Widget To turn a widget into a drag-and-drop destination call the one of the following methods: `void drag_dest_set(Gtk::DestDefaultsField flags, const Gtk::TargetEntry& target, Gdk::DragActionField actions); void drag_dest_set(Gtk::DestDefaultsField flags, const std::vector<Gtk::TargetEntry>& targets, Gdk::DragActionField actions);` The 'flags' argument defines the automatic behaviour options of the destination widget and can be one or more values from the Gtk::DestDefaults enum OR'd together: DEST_DEFAULT_MOTION - during a drag over this widget will check if the drag matches this widget's list of possible targets and actions. DEST_DEFAULT_HIGHLIGHT - will draw a highlight on this widget as long as a drag is over this widget and the widget drag format and action are acceptable. DEST_DEFAULT_DROP - checks if the drag matches this widget's list of possible targets and actions. If so, it calls Gtk::Widget::drag_data_get() for you. DEST_DEFAULT_ALL - specifies that all default actions should be taken. This is an appropriate choice for most applications. The 'actions' argument can be one or more values from the Gdk::DragAction enum above, OR'd together. The first method is used to define a single target. The second method is used to define multiple targets. To remove drag-and-drop functionality from a destination widget call: `void drag_dest_unset();` To be able to receive data from a drag-and-drop source you must either connect the destination widget to the "drag_data_received" signal or derive a destination widget from an existing widget and override its Gtk::WidgetSignals on_drag_data_received() virtual signal handler. You can connect to the "drag_data_received" signal like this: widget->signal_drag_data_received().connect(sigc::mem_fun(this, &MyClass::drag_data_received_handler)); where the drag_data_received handler has the following prototype: `void drag_data_received_handler(Gdk::DragContext& context, int x, int y, const Gtk::SelectionData& data, unsigned int info, unsigned int time);` The 'context' argument is the Gtk::DragContext for the current drag-and-drop event; 'x' and 'y' are the x and y positions of the mouse pointer relative to the widget; 'data' is the Gtk::SelectionData object that contains all the information about the data received; 'info' is the info integer that was set when the target was registered and 'time' is the time of the conversion request. During a drag-and-drop operation the destination widget is sent the following signals: drag_leave drag_motion drag_drop drag_data_received ## Defining a Source Widget To define a widget as a drag-and-drop source call one of the following methods: `void drag_source_set(Gdk::ModifierTypeField start_button_mask, const Gtk::TargetEntry& target, Gdk::DragActionField actions); void drag_source_set(Gdk::ModifierTypeField start_button_mask, const std::vector<Gtk::TargetEntry>& targets, Gdk::DragActionField actions);` The 'start_button_mask' defines which mouse button has to be pressed to start the drag action. It can be one of the values in the Gdk::ModifierType enum but only the following values are useful: BUTTON1_MASK - the left mouse button. BUTTON2_MASK - the middle mouse button. BUTTON3_MASK - the right mouse button. BUTTON4_MASK - a possible fourth mouse button. BUTTON5_MASK - a possible fifth mouse button. The 'actions' argument can be one or more values from the Gdk::DragAction enum above, OR'd together. The TargetEntry arguments describe the target(s) the drag will support.The first method is used to define a single target. The second method is used to define multiple targets. To remove drag-and-drop functionality from a source widget call: `void drag_source_unset();` A custom drag icon can be used to represent the data being dragged. To set the drag icon for the source widget call one of the following Gtk::Widget methods: `void drag_source_set_icon(Gdk::Colormap *colormap, Gdk::Pixmap *pixmap, Gdk::Bitmap *mask); void drag_source_set_icon_pixbuf(Gdk::Pixbuf& pixbuf); void drag_source_set_icon_stock(const Gtk::StockId& stock_id);` The first method sets the icon that will be used for drags from the widget from a pixmap and mask, the second sets the icon from a pixbuf and the third sets the icon from a stock image. To receive notification that a drag-and-drop operation has started and ended you can either connect to the "drag_begin" and "drag_end" signals or derive your source widget from an existing widget and override its Gtk::WidgetSignals on_drag_begin() and on_drag_end() virtual signal handlers. You can connect to the "drag_begin" and "drag_end" signals like this: `widget->signal_drag_begin().connect(sigc::mem_fun(this, &MyClass::drag_begin_handler)); widget->signal_drag_end().connect(sigc::mem_fun(this, &MyClass::drag_end_handler));` where the 'drag_begin_handler' and the 'drag_end_handler' have the following prototypes: `void MyClass::drag_begin_handler(Gdk::DragContext& context); void MyClass::drag_end_handler(Gdk::DragContext& context);` The 'context' argument is the Gdk::Context for the drag event. After a valid drop, the data of the first target supported by the destination widget is requested from the source widget. To provide the data that corresponds to the requested target you will either have to connect to the "drag_data_get" signal or derive your source widget from an existing widget and override its Gtk::WidgetSignal on_drag_data_get() virtual signal handler. You can connect to the "drag_data_get" signal like this: `widget->signal_drag_data_get().connect(sigc::mem_fun(this, &MyClass::drag_data_get_handler));` where the 'drag_data_get_handler' has the following prototype: `void drag_data_get_handler(Gdk::DragContext& context, Gtk::SelectionData& data, unsigned int info, unsigned int time);` The 'context' argument is the Gdk::DragContext for the drag; 'data' is a reference to the SelectionData object that needs to be filled in to provide the requested data; 'info' is the unique id that was set when the target was registered and 'time' is the time the request occurred. To provide the data you will need to fill in the fields of the SelectionData object by calling one of the Gtk::SelectionData set methods: `void set(Gdk::Atom type, int format, const void *data, int length); bool set_text(const String& str);` These methods should only be called from a drag-and-drop handler callback. The 'type' argument is an atom that describes the 'data' provided and the 'format' is the number of bits required to store one element of the target type. Usually it will be 8 for a character or 32 for an integer. The most commonly used target types are: ATOM, COMPOUND_TEXT, INTEGER and STRING. This method takes care of properly making a copy of the data so that you don't have to worry about keeping it around. The length argument is the data length. The data should be null-terminated. For convenience, the set_text() method sets the contents of the selection from a UTF-8 encoded string. The string is converted to the form determined by the target and true is returned if the selection was successfully set. During a drag-and-drop operation the source widget is sent the following signals: drag_begin drag_end drag_data_get drag_data_delete ## Drag and Drop Example This drag-and-drop example creates a window with three buttons, one drag source button and two drag destination buttons. The example is based on the drag-and-drop example in Donna Martin's book "GTK+ Programming in 21 Days". The header file for the Drag and Drop example is <dnd.hh>: `#include <xfc/main.hh> #include <xfc/gtk/button.hh> #include <xfc/gtk/widgetsignals.hh> #include <xfc/gtk/window.hh> using namespace Xfc; class DestinationButton : public Gtk::Button, protected Gtk::WidgetSignals { protected: virtual void on_drag_data_received(Gtk::DragContext& context, int x, int y, const Gtk::SelectionData& data, unsigned int info, unsigned int event_time); public: DestinationButton(const String& label, const Gtk::TargetEntry& entry); virtual ~DestinationButton(); }; class SourceButton : public Gtk::Button, protected Gtk::WidgetSignals { static std::vector<Gtk::TargetEntry> target_entries; String target_html; String target_string; protected: virtual void on_drag_begin(Gtk::DragContext& context); virtual void on_drag_end(Gtk::DragContext& context); virtual void on_drag_data_get(Gtk::DragContext& context, Gtk::SelectionData& data, unsigned int info, unsigned int time); public: SourceButton(const String& label); virtual ~SourceButton(); }; class Window : public Gtk::Window { public: Window(); virtual ~Window(); };` and the source file is <dnd.cc>: `#include "dnd.hh" #include <xfc/gtk/box.hh> #include <xfc/gdk/bitmap.hh> #include <xfc/gdk/color.hh> #include <iostream> #include <ctime> std::vector<Gtk::TargetEntry> SourceButton::target_entries; enum { // Define the info fields for the supported targets. TEXT_HTML, STRING }; DestinationButton::DestinationButton(const String& label, const Gtk::TargetEntry& entry) : Gtk::Button(label), Gtk::WidgetSignals(this) { // Set up this button as a drag destination. drag_dest_set(Gtk::DEST_DEFAULT_ALL, entry, Gdk::ACTION_COPY); signal_drag_data_received().connect(sigc::mem_fun(this, &DestinationButton::on_drag_data_received)); } DestinationButton::~DestinationButton() { } void DestinationButton::on_drag_data_received(Gtk::DragContext& context, int x, int y, const Gtk::SelectionData& data, unsigned int info, unsigned int event_time) { using namespace std; // Get current time time_t now = ::time(0); struct tm *now_tm = localtime(&now); char now_string[10]; strftime(now_string, sizeof(now_string), "%T", now_tm); // Get button id from enum info int id = info + 1; // Set button label to reflect the dropped data String label = String::format(" Drag DESTINATION %i received % s data at %s ", id, data.get_target().c_str(), now_string); set_label(label); cout << "Destination " << id << ": Received data for the '" << data.get_target() << "' target." << endl; // Print the dropped data to the standard output switch(info) { case TEXT_HTML: cout << "text/html data = '" << data.data() << "'" <<endl; break; case STRING: cout << "STRING data = '" << data.data() << "'" << endl; break; } } SourceButton::SourceButton(const String& label) : Gtk::Button(label), Gtk::WidgetSignals(this) { // Add text/html and STRING targets to the primary selection. target_entries.push_back(Gtk::TargetEntry("text/html", TEXT_HTML, Gtk::TARGET_SAME_APP)); target_entries.push_back(Gtk::TargetEntry("STRING", STRING)); // Set up this button as a source for a drap operation drag_source_set(Gdk::BUTTON1_MASK, target_entries, Gdk::ACTION_COPY); // Create a custom icon to be used for the drags Pointer<Gdk::Bitmap> drag_mask; Gdk::Pixmap *drag_icon(new Gdk::Pixmap(Gdk::Colormap::get_system(), "gtk.xpm", &drag_mask)); drag_source_set_icon(Gdk::Colormap::get_system(), drag_icon, drag_mask); } SourceButton::~SourceButton() { } void SourceButton::on_drag_begin(Gtk::DragContext& context) { // Get the current time time_t now = time(0); char *now_string = ctime(&now); // Remove terminating new line character. now_string[strlen(now_string) - 1] = '\0'; std::cout << "Source: Drag begun..." << std::endl; // Set data strings for the supported targets target_html = String::format("<P>It's now <B>%s</B>.</P>", now_string); target_string = String::format("It's now %s.", now_string); } void SourceButton::on_drag_data_get(Gtk::DragContext& context, Gtk::SelectionData& data, unsigned int info, unsigned int time) { std::cout << "Source: Got request for the '" << data.get_target() << "' target." << std::endl; // Fill the Gtk::SelectionData with the values to be passed to the requesting destination. switch(info) { case TEXT_HTML : data.set(gdk_atom_intern("text/html", TRUE), 8, target_html.c_str(), target_html.size()); break; case STRING : data.set(gdk_atom_intern("STRING", TRUE), 8, target_string.c_str(), target_string.size()); break; } } void SourceButton::on_drag_end(Gtk::DragContext& context) { std::cout << "Source: Drag ended!\n" << std::endl; } Window::Window() { set_title("Drag and Drop Example"); Gtk::VBox *vbox = new Gtk::VBox(true, 5); vbox->set_border_width(5); add(*vbox); // Create drag destination button 1 Gtk::TargetEntry entry("text/html", TEXT_HTML); Gtk::Button *button = new DestinationButton(" Drag DESTINATION 1 received nothing ", entry); vbox->pack_start(*button); // Create drag destination button 2 entry.set("STRING", STRING); button = new DestinationButton(" Drag DESTINATION 2 received nothing ", entry); vbox->pack_start(*button); // Create drag source button button = new SourceButton(" Drag SOURCE providing current time "); vbox->pack_start(*button); vbox->show_all(); } Window::~Window() { } int main (int argc, char *argv[]) { using namespace Main; init(&argc, &argv); Window window; window.signal_destroy().connect(sigc::ptr_fun(&Xfc::Main::quit)); window.show(); run(); return 0; }` ## Compiling Drag and Drop If you compiled and installed XFC yourself, you will find the source code for Drag-and-Drop in the <examples/dnd> source directory along with a Makefile. If XFC came pre-installed, or you installed it from an RPM package, you will find the source code in the </usr/share/doc/xfcui-X.X/examples/dnd> subdirectory. In this case you will have to create the Makefile yourself (replace X.X with the version number of the libXFCui library you have installed). To create a Makefile for Drag-and-Drop, add the following lines to a new text file and save it using the name "Makefile": `CC = g++ CFLAGS = -Wall -O2 dnd: dnd.cc dnd.hh $(CC) dnd.cc -o dnd $(CFLAGS) `pkg-config xfcui-X.X --cflags --libs` clean: rm -f *.o dnd` If you cut and paste these lines make sure the whitespace before $(CC) and rm is a tab character. When you compile and run this program you will see the following window appear: Run the example from a shell. The drag source button registers two target types "text/html" and "STRING". When the source button receives the "drag_data_get" signal it fills the Gtk::SelectionData data field with the string "It's now" followed by the current date and time. Depending on the requested target the string is either formatted as html text or plain text. Each drag destination button registers only one target type. The first button registers the "text/html" target type and the second button registers the "STRING" target type. When a drag-and-drop action occurs over the first button it requests the string data in html format. When a drag-and-drop action occurs over the second button it requests the string data in plain text format. If a successful drop occurs the button label changes to show the time the drop occurred. You can also try a drag-and-drop action on the gnome-terminal or one of the many html or text editors to see what happens.
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