## 11.2 Syntax Improvements

Mozart implements the language Oz 3, as opposed to DFKI Oz 2, which implemented Oz 2. This chapter summarizes language changes between Oz 2 and Oz 3, of which most are only of syntactical nature.

### 11.2.1 Conditionals

The `case` keyword used to introduce one of two conditionals: the boolean or the pattern matching conditional. To adapt to common intuitions, the syntax and semantics have been changed.

Boolean Conditionals

The boolean conditional is now written as

> `if` E `then` SE1 `else` SE2 `end`

If the construct is statement position, the `else` SE2 part is optional and defaults to `else skip`.

Since the `if` keyword is now used for boolean conditionals, the former (and seldom used) `if` conditional has been renamed to `cond`. There is no `elsecond` to replace `elseif`.

Pattern-Matching

The `case` E `of` ...`end` conditional retains its syntax but changes its semantics. Where formerly logic (dis-)entailment was used to match the value against a pattern, now a series of sequential tests is performed. This makes no difference if the match is entailed. Disentailment, however, may remain undiscovered and the thread block, e. g., in:

> `case f(a b) of f(X X) then` ...`end`

Furthermore, the box `[]` separating pattern-matching clauses now also has sequential semantics, and is thus equivalent to the now deprecated, though still allowed, `elseof`.

`elseif` and `elsecase` may still be freely intermixed within `if` and `case` conditionals.

### 11.2.2 Functors

To accomodate modular application development, a module system has been designed. The language itself supports the definition of functors, from which modules can be obtained via linking.

### 11.2.3 Exceptions

The construct `raise` E1 `with` E2 `end` has been removed. This was an experimental feature that has been found to be rarely used.

### 11.2.4 Keywords

New Keywords

Due to syntax changes, Oz 3 has the following keywords, which thus cannot be used as unquoted atoms any more:

`at` | `cond` | `define` | `export`
`functor` | `import` | `prepare` | `require`

Removed Keywords

The following keywords have been returned atom status and do not count as keywords any more:

`with`

### 11.2.5 Core Expansion

The core expansion of Oz 3 as defined in ``The Oz Notation'' does not give core variables (written without backquotes) normal variable status any more, but considers them variables statically bound within a runtime library environment. This means that the used backquote variables are not part of the Base Environment.

This was necessary because the old design compromised language security.