Frequently Asked Questions about BIND 9

Copyright © 2004-2007 Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. ("ISC")

Copyright © 2000-2003 Internet Software Consortium.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q: Why doesn't -u work on Linux 2.2.x when I build with --enable-threads?

A: Linux threads do not fully implement the Posix threads (pthreads) standard. In
   particular, setuid() operates only on the current thread, not the full process.
   Because of this limitation, BIND 9 cannot use setuid() on Linux as it can on
   all other supported platforms. setuid() cannot be called before creating
   threads, since the server does not start listening on reserved ports until
   after threads have started.

   In the 2.2.18 or 2.3.99-pre3 and newer kernels, the ability to preserve
   capabilities across a setuid() call is present. This allows BIND 9 to call
   setuid() early, while retaining the ability to bind reserved ports. This is a
   Linux-specific hack.

   On a 2.2 kernel, BIND 9 does drop many root privileges, so it should be less of
   a security risk than a root process that has not dropped privileges.

   If Linux threads ever work correctly, this restriction will go away.

   Configuring BIND9 with the --disable-threads option (the default) causes a
   non-threaded version to be built, which will allow -u to be used.

Q: Why do I get the following errors:

   general: errno2result.c:109: unexpected error:
   general: unable to convert errno to isc_result: 14: Bad address
   client: UDP client handler shutting down due to fatal receive error: unexpected error

A: This is the result of a Linux kernel bug.

   See: http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-netdev&m=113081708031466&w=2

Q: Why does named log the warning message "no TTL specified - using SOA MINTTL
   instead"?

A: Your zone file is illegal according to RFC1035. It must either have a line
   like:

   $TTL 86400

   at the beginning, or the first record in it must have a TTL field, like the
   "84600" in this example:

   example.com. 86400 IN SOA ns hostmaster ( 1 3600 1800 1814400 3600 )

Q: Why do I see 5 (or more) copies of named on Linux?

A: Linux threads each show up as a process under ps. The approximate number of
   threads running is n+4, where n is the number of CPUs. Note that the amount of
   memory used is not cumulative; if each process is using 10M of memory, only a
   total of 10M is used.

   Newer versions of Linux's ps command hide the individual threads and require -L
   to display them.

Q: Why does BIND 9 log "permission denied" errors accessing its configuration
   files or zones on my Linux system even though it is running as root?

A: On Linux, BIND 9 drops most of its root privileges on startup. This including
   the privilege to open files owned by other users. Therefore, if the server is
   running as root, the configuration files and zone files should also be owned by
   root.

Q: Why do I get errors like "dns_zone_load: zone foo/IN: loading master file bar:
   ran out of space"?

A: This is often caused by TXT records with missing close quotes. Check that all
   TXT records containing quoted strings have both open and close quotes.

Q: How do I produce a usable core file from a multi-threaded named on Linux?

A: If the Linux kernel is 2.4.7 or newer, multi-threaded core dumps are usable
   (that is, the correct thread is dumped). Otherwise, if using a 2.2 kernel,
   apply the kernel patch found in contrib/linux/coredump-patch and rebuild the
   kernel. This patch will cause multi-threaded programs to dump the correct
   thread.

Q: How do I restrict people from looking up the server version?

A: Put a "version" option containing something other than the real version in the
   "options" section of named.conf. Note doing this will not prevent attacks and
   may impede people trying to diagnose problems with your server. Also it is
   possible to "fingerprint" nameservers to determine their version.

Q: How do I restrict only remote users from looking up the server version?

A: The following view statement will intercept lookups as the internal view that
   holds the version information will be matched last. The caveats of the previous
   answer still apply, of course.

   view "chaos" chaos {
           match-clients { <those to be refused>; };
           allow-query { none; };
           zone "." {
                   type hint;
                   file "/dev/null";  // or any empty file
           };
   };

Q: What do "no source of entropy found" or "could not open entropy source foo"
   mean?

A: The server requires a source of entropy to perform certain operations, mostly
   DNSSEC related. These messages indicate that you have no source of entropy. On
   systems with /dev/random or an equivalent, it is used by default. A source of
   entropy can also be defined using the random-device option in named.conf.

Q: I installed BIND 9 and restarted named, but it's still BIND 8. Why?

A: BIND 9 is installed under /usr/local by default. BIND 8 is often installed
   under /usr. Check that the correct named is running.

Q: I'm trying to use TSIG to authenticate dynamic updates or zone transfers. I'm
   sure I have the keys set up correctly, but the server is rejecting the TSIG.
   Why?

A: This may be a clock skew problem. Check that the the clocks on the client and
   server are properly synchronised (e.g., using ntp).

Q: I'm trying to compile BIND 9, and "make" is failing due to files not being
   found. Why?

A: Using a parallel or distributed "make" to build BIND 9 is not supported, and
   doesn't work. If you are using one of these, use normal make or gmake instead.

Q: I have a BIND 9 master and a BIND 8.2.3 slave, and the master is logging error
   messages like "notify to 10.0.0.1#53 failed: unexpected end of input". What's
   wrong?

A: This error message is caused by a known bug in BIND 8.2.3 and is fixed in BIND
   8.2.4. It can be safely ignored - the notify has been acted on by the slave
   despite the error message.

Q: I keep getting log messages like the following. Why?

   Dec 4 23:47:59 client 10.0.0.1#1355: updating zone 'example.com/IN': update
   failed: 'RRset exists (value dependent)' prerequisite not satisfied (NXRRSET)

A: DNS updates allow the update request to test to see if certain conditions are
   met prior to proceeding with the update. The message above is saying that
   conditions were not met and the update is not proceeding. See doc/rfc/
   rfc2136.txt for more details on prerequisites.

Q: I keep getting log messages like the following. Why?

   Jun 21 12:00:00.000 client 10.0.0.1#1234: update denied

A: Someone is trying to update your DNS data using the RFC2136 Dynamic Update
   protocol. Windows 2000 machines have a habit of sending dynamic update requests
   to DNS servers without being specifically configured to do so. If the update
   requests are coming from a Windows 2000 machine, see http://
   support.microsoft.com/support/kb/articles/q246/8/04.asp for information about
   how to turn them off.

Q: I see a log message like the following. Why?

   couldn't open pid file '/var/run/named.pid': Permission denied

A: You are most likely running named as a non-root user, and that user does not
   have permission to write in /var/run. The common ways of fixing this are to
   create a /var/run/named directory owned by the named user and set pid-file to "
   /var/run/named/named.pid", or set pid-file to "named.pid", which will put the
   file in the directory specified by the directory option (which, in this case,
   must be writable by the named user).

Q: When I do a "dig . ns", many of the A records for the root servers are missing.
   Why?

A: This is normal and harmless. It is a somewhat confusing side effect of the way
   BIND 9 does RFC2181 trust ranking and of the efforts BIND 9 makes to avoid
   promoting glue into answers.

   When BIND 9 first starts up and primes its cache, it receives the root server
   addresses as additional data in an authoritative response from a root server,
   and these records are eligible for inclusion as additional data in responses.
   Subsequently it receives a subset of the root server addresses as additional
   data in a non-authoritative (referral) response from a root server. This causes
   the addresses to now be considered non-authoritative (glue) data, which is not
   eligible for inclusion in responses.

   The server does have a complete set of root server addresses cached at all
   times, it just may not include all of them as additional data, depending on
   whether they were last received as answers or as glue. You can always look up
   the addresses with explicit queries like "dig a.root-servers.net A".

Q: Zone transfers from my BIND 9 master to my Windows 2000 slave fail. Why?

A: This may be caused by a bug in the Windows 2000 DNS server where DNS messages
   larger than 16K are not handled properly. This can be worked around by setting
   the option "transfer-format one-answer;". Also check whether your zone contains
   domain names with embedded spaces or other special characters, like "John\
   032Doe\213s\032Computer", since such names have been known to cause Windows
   2000 slaves to incorrectly reject the zone.

Q: Why don't my zones reload when I do an "rndc reload" or SIGHUP?

A: A zone can be updated either by editing zone files and reloading the server or
   by dynamic update, but not both. If you have enabled dynamic update for a zone
   using the "allow-update" option, you are not supposed to edit the zone file by
   hand, and the server will not attempt to reload it.

Q: I can query the nameserver from the nameserver but not from other machines.
   Why?

A: This is usually the result of the firewall configuration stopping the queries
   and / or the replies.

Q: How can I make a server a slave for both an internal and an external view at
   the same time? When I tried, both views on the slave were transferred from the
   same view on the master.

A: You will need to give the master and slave multiple IP addresses and use those
   to make sure you reach the correct view on the other machine.

   Master: 10.0.1.1 (internal), 10.0.1.2 (external, IP alias)
       internal:
           match-clients { !10.0.1.2; !10.0.1.4; 10.0.1/24; };
                   notify-source 10.0.1.1;
                   transfer-source 10.0.1.1;
                   query-source address 10.0.1.1;
       external:
           match-clients { any; };
           recursion no;   // don't offer recursion to the world
           notify-source 10.0.1.2;
           transfer-source 10.0.1.2;
           query-source address 10.0.1.2;

   Slave: 10.0.1.3 (internal), 10.0.1.4 (external, IP alias)
       internal:
           match-clients { !10.0.1.2; !10.0.1.4; 10.0.1/24; };
           notify-source 10.0.1.3;
           transfer-source 10.0.1.3;
           query-source address 10.0.1.3;
      external:
           match-clients { any; };
           recursion no;   // don't offer recursion to the world
           notify-source 10.0.1.4;
           transfer-source 10.0.1.4;
           query-source address 10.0.1.4;

   You put the external address on the alias so that all the other dns clients on
   these boxes see the internal view by default.

A: BIND 9.3 and later: Use TSIG to select the appropriate view.

   Master 10.0.1.1:
           key "external" {
                   algorithm hmac-md5;
                   secret "xxxxxxxx";
           };
           view "internal" {
                   match-clients { !key external; 10.0.1/24; };
                   ...
           };
           view "external" {
                   match-clients { key external; any; };
                   server 10.0.1.2 { keys external; };
                   recursion no;
                   ...
           };

   Slave 10.0.1.2:
           key "external" {
                   algorithm hmac-md5;
                   secret "xxxxxxxx";
           };
           view "internal" {
                   match-clients { !key external; 10.0.1/24; };
                   ...
           };
           view "external" {
                   match-clients { key external; any; };
                   server 10.0.1.1 { keys external; };
                   recursion no;
                   ...
           };

Q: I have FreeBSD 4.x and "rndc-confgen -a" just sits there.

A: /dev/random is not configured. Use rndcontrol(8) to tell the kernel to use
   certain interrupts as a source of random events. You can make this permanent by
   setting rand_irqs in /etc/rc.conf.

   /etc/rc.conf
   rand_irqs="3 14 15"

   See also http://people.freebsd.org/~dougb/randomness.html

Q: Why is named listening on UDP port other than 53?

A: Named uses a system selected port to make queries of other nameservers. This
   behaviour can be overridden by using query-source to lock down the port and/or
   address. See also notify-source and transfer-source.

Q: I get error messages like "multiple RRs of singleton type" and "CNAME and other
   data" when transferring a zone. What does this mean?

A: These indicate a malformed master zone. You can identify the exact records
   involved by transferring the zone using dig then running named-checkzone on it.

   dig axfr example.com @master-server > tmp
   named-checkzone example.com tmp

   A CNAME record cannot exist with the same name as another record except for the
   DNSSEC records which prove its existence (NSEC).

   RFC 1034, Section 3.6.2: "If a CNAME RR is present at a node, no other data
   should be present; this ensures that the data for a canonical name and its
   aliases cannot be different. This rule also insures that a cached CNAME can be
   used without checking with an authoritative server for other RR types."

Q: I get error messages like "named.conf:99: unexpected end of input" where 99 is
   the last line of named.conf.

A: Some text editors (notepad and wordpad) fail to put a line title indication
   (e.g. CR/LF) on the last line of a text file. This can be fixed by "adding" a
   blank line to the end of the file. Named expects to see EOF immediately after
   EOL and treats text files where this is not met as truncated.

Q: I get warning messages like "zone example.com/IN: refresh: failure trying
   master 1.2.3.4#53: timed out".

A: Check that you can make UDP queries from the slave to the master

   dig +norec example.com soa @1.2.3.4

   You could be generating queries faster than the slave can cope with. Lower the
   serial query rate.

   serial-query-rate 5; // default 20

Q: How do I share a dynamic zone between multiple views?

A: You choose one view to be master and the second a slave and transfer the zone
   between views.

   Master 10.0.1.1:
           key "external" {
                   algorithm hmac-md5;
                   secret "xxxxxxxx";
           };

           key "mykey" {
                   algorithm hmac-md5;
                   secret "yyyyyyyy";
           };

           view "internal" {
                   match-clients { !external; 10.0.1/24; };
                   server 10.0.1.1 {
                           /* Deliver notify messages to external view. */
                           keys { external; };
                   };
                   zone "example.com" {
                           type master;
                           file "internal/example.db";
                           allow-update { key mykey; };
                           notify-also { 10.0.1.1; };
                   };
           };

           view "external" {
                   match-clients { external; any; };
                   zone "example.com" {
                           type slave;
                           file "external/example.db";
                           masters { 10.0.1.1; };
                           transfer-source { 10.0.1.1; };
                           // allow-update-forwarding { any; };
                           // allow-notify { ... };
                   };
           };

Q: I get a error message like "zone wireless.ietf56.ietf.org/IN: loading master
   file primaries/wireless.ietf56.ietf.org: no owner".

A: This error is produced when a line in the master file contains leading white
   space (tab/space) but the is no current record owner name to inherit the name
   from. Usually this is the result of putting white space before a comment.
   Forgetting the "@" for the SOA record or indenting the master file.

Q: Why are my logs in GMT (UTC).

A: You are running chrooted (-t) and have not supplied local timezone information
   in the chroot area.

   FreeBSD: /etc/localtime
   Solaris: /etc/TIMEZONE and /usr/share/lib/zoneinfo
   OSF: /etc/zoneinfo/localtime

   See also tzset(3) and zic(8).

Q: I get the error message "named: capset failed: Operation not permitted" when
   starting named.

A: The capability module, part of "Linux Security Modules/LSM", has not been
   loaded into the kernel. See insmod(8).

Q: I get "rndc: connect failed: connection refused" when I try to run rndc.

A: This is usually a configuration error.

   First ensure that named is running and no errors are being reported at startup
   (/var/log/messages or equivalent). Running "named -g <usual arguments>" from a
   title can help at this point.

   Secondly ensure that named is configured to use rndc either by "rndc-confgen
   -a", rndc-confgen or manually. The Administrators Reference manual has details
   on how to do this.

   Old versions of rndc-confgen used localhost rather than 127.0.0.1 in /etc/
   rndc.conf for the default server. Update /etc/rndc.conf if necessary so that
   the default server listed in /etc/rndc.conf matches the addresses used in
   named.conf. "localhost" has two address (127.0.0.1 and ::1).

   If you use "rndc-confgen -a" and named is running with -t or -u ensure that /
   etc/rndc.conf has the correct ownership and that a copy is in the chroot area.
   You can do this by re-running "rndc-confgen -a" with appropriate -t and -u
   arguments.

Q: I don't get RRSIG's returned when I use "dig +dnssec".

A: You need to ensure DNSSEC is enabled (dnssec-enable yes;).

Q: I get "Error 1067" when starting named under Windows.

A: This is the service manager saying that named exited. You need to examine the
   Application log in the EventViewer to find out why.

   Common causes are that you failed to create "named.conf" (usually "C:\windows\
   dns\etc\named.conf") or failed to specify the directory in named.conf.

   options {
           Directory "C:\windows\dns\etc";
   };

Q: I get "transfer of 'example.net/IN' from 192.168.4.12#53: failed while
   receiving responses: permission denied" error messages.

A: These indicate a filesystem permission error preventing named creating /
   renaming the temporary file. These will usually also have other associated
   error messages like

   "dumping master file: sl/tmp-XXXX5il3sQ: open: permission denied"

   Named needs write permission on the directory containing the file. Named writes
   the new cache file to a temporary file then renames it to the name specified in
   named.conf to ensure that the contents are always complete. This is to prevent
   named loading a partial zone in the event of power failure or similar
   interrupting the write of the master file.

   Note file names are relative to the directory specified in options and any
   chroot directory ([<chroot dir>/][<options dir>]).

   If named is invoked as "named -t /chroot/DNS" with the following named.conf
   then "/chroot/DNS/var/named/sl" needs to be writable by the user named is
   running as.

   options {
           directory "/var/named";
   };

   zone "example.net" {
           type slave;
           file "sl/example.net";
           masters { 192.168.4.12; };
   };

Q: How do I integrate BIND 9 and Solaris SMF

A: Sun has a blog entry describing how to do this.

   http://blogs.sun.com/roller/page/anay/Weblog?catname=%2FSolaris

Q: Can a NS record refer to a CNAME.

A: No. The rules for glue (copies of the *address* records in the parent zones)
   and additional section processing do not allow it to work.

   You would have to add both the CNAME and address records (A/AAAA) as glue to
   the parent zone and have CNAMEs be followed when doing additional section
   processing to make it work. No nameserver implementation supports either of
   these requirements.

Q: What does "RFC 1918 response from Internet for 0.0.0.10.IN-ADDR.ARPA" mean?

A: If the IN-ADDR.ARPA name covered refers to a internal address space you are
   using then you have failed to follow RFC 1918 usage rules and are leaking
   queries to the Internet. You should establish your own zones for these
   addresses to prevent you querying the Internet's name servers for these
   addresses. Please see http://as112.net/ for details of the problems you are
   causing and the counter measures that have had to be deployed.

   If you are not using these private addresses then a client has queried for
   them. You can just ignore the messages, get the offending client to stop
   sending you these messages as they are most probably leaking them or setup your
   own zones empty zones to serve answers to these queries.

   zone "10.IN-ADDR.ARPA" {
           type master;
           file "empty";
   };

   zone "16.172.IN-ADDR.ARPA" {
           type master;
           file "empty";
   };

   ...

   zone "31.172.IN-ADDR.ARPA" {
           type master;
           file "empty";
   };

   zone "168.192.IN-ADDR.ARPA" {
           type master;
           file "empty";
   };

   empty:
   @ 10800 IN SOA <name-of-server>. <contact-email>. (
                  1 3600 1200 604800 10800 )
   @ 10800 IN NS <name-of-server>.

   Note

   Future versions of named are likely to do this automatically.

Q: I'm running BIND on Red Hat Enterprise Linux or Fedora Core -

   Why can't named update slave zone database files?

   Why can't named create DDNS journal files or update the master zones from
   journals?

   Why can't named create custom log files?

A: Red Hat Security Enhanced Linux (SELinux) policy security protections :

   Red Hat have adopted the National Security Agency's SELinux security policy (
   see http://www.nsa.gov/selinux ) and recommendations for BIND security , which
   are more secure than running named in a chroot and make use of the bind-chroot
   environment unnecessary .

   By default, named is not allowed by the SELinux policy to write, create or
   delete any files EXCEPT in these directories:

   $ROOTDIR/var/named/slaves
   $ROOTDIR/var/named/data
   $ROOTDIR/var/tmp


   where $ROOTDIR may be set in /etc/sysconfig/named if bind-chroot is installed.

   The SELinux policy particularly does NOT allow named to modify the $ROOTDIR/var
   /named directory, the default location for master zone database files.

   SELinux policy overrules file access permissions - so even if all the files
   under /var/named have ownership named:named and mode rw-rw-r--, named will
   still not be able to write or create files except in the directories above,
   with SELinux in Enforcing mode.

   So, to allow named to update slave or DDNS zone files, it is best to locate
   them in $ROOTDIR/var/named/slaves, with named.conf zone statements such as:

   zone "slave.zone." IN {
           type slave;
           file "slaves/slave.zone.db";
           ...
   };
   zone "ddns.zone." IN  {
           type master;
           allow-updates {...};
           file "slaves/ddns.zone.db";
   };


   To allow named to create its cache dump and statistics files, for example, you
   could use named.conf options statements such as:

   options {
           ...
           dump-file "/var/named/data/cache_dump.db";
           statistics-file "/var/named/data/named_stats.txt";
           ...
   };


   You can also tell SELinux to allow named to update any zone database files, by
   setting the SELinux tunable boolean parameter 'named_write_master_zones=1',
   using the system-config-securitylevel GUI, using the 'setsebool' command, or in
   /etc/selinux/targeted/booleans.

   You can disable SELinux protection for named entirely by setting the
   'named_disable_trans=1' SELinux tunable boolean parameter.

   The SELinux named policy defines these SELinux contexts for named:

   named_zone_t : for zone database files       - $ROOTDIR/var/named/*
   named_conf_t : for named configuration files - $ROOTDIR/etc/{named,rndc}.*
   named_cache_t: for files modifiable by named - $ROOTDIR/var/{tmp,named/{slaves,data}}


   If you want to retain use of the SELinux policy for named, and put named files
   in different locations, you can do so by changing the context of the custom
   file locations .

   To create a custom configuration file location, e.g. '/root/named.conf', to use
   with the 'named -c' option, do:

   # chcon system_u:object_r:named_conf_t /root/named.conf


   To create a custom modifiable named data location, e.g. '/var/log/named' for a
   log file, do:

   # chcon system_u:object_r:named_cache_t /var/log/named


   To create a custom zone file location, e.g. /root/zones/, do:

   # chcon system_u:object_r:named_zone_t /root/zones/{.,*}


   See these man-pages for more information : selinux(8), named_selinux(8), chcon
   (1), setsebool(8)

Q: I want to forward all DNS queries from my caching nameserver to another server.
   But there are some domains which have to be served locally, via rbldnsd.

   How do I achieve this ?

A: options {
           forward only;
           forwarders { <ip.of.primary.nameserver>; };
   };

   zone "sbl-xbl.spamhaus.org" {
           type forward; forward only;
           forwarders { <ip.of.rbldns.server> port 530; };
   };

   zone "list.dsbl.org" {
           type forward; forward only;
           forwarders { <ip.of.rbldns.server> port 530; };
   };


Q: Will named be affected by the 2007 changes to daylight savings rules in the US.

A: No, so long as the machines internal clock (as reported by "date -u") remains
   at UTC. The only visible change if you fail to upgrade your OS, if you are in a
   affected area, will be that log messages will be a hour out during the period
   where the old rules do not match the new rules.

   For most OS's this change just means that you need to update the conversion
   rules from UTC to local time. Normally this involves updating a file in /etc
   (which sets the default timezone for the machine) and possibly a directory
   which has all the conversion rules for the world (e.g. /usr/share/zoneinfo).
   When updating the OS do not forget to update any chroot areas as well. See your
   OS's documentation for more details.

   The local timezone conversion rules can also be done on a individual basis by
   setting the TZ environment variable appropriately. See your OS's documentation
   for more details.

Q: Why do we get the following warning at run time:

   kernel: process `named' is using obsolete setsockopt SO_BSDCOMPAT

A: The early Linux kernels broke sendto() by having it return that a ICMP
   unreachable had be received for non connected UDP sockets. This made non
   connected UDP sockets work like connected UDP socket which is fine when you are
   only talking to one destination. Named however talks to multiple destinations
   and it caused problems.

   Rather than fix sendto() to just have BSD behaviour they added SO_BSDCOMPAT to
   turn BSD behaviour on/off on a per socket basis.

   Later they decided to make BSD behaviour the default and to aggressively track
   down applications that used SO_BSDCOMPAT by issuing a warning. This is the sort
   of things vendors do in alpha/beta stages of a release so that their code is
   clean. They then turn the warning *off* for release code.

   We still have customers that have kernels that require SO_BSDCOMPAT to operate.
   We therefore cannot remove the setsockopt(SO_BSDCOMPAT) call.

   Now most/all portable applications that use SO_BSDCOMPAT use it conditionally
   manner so just removing SO_BSDCOMPAT from the header file would be safe as long
   as the binary was not to be moved between systems. BIND's use is conditional.

   In short, the Linux developers should either, remove the #define for
   SO_BSDCOMPAT, and/or remove the warning.

Q: Isn't "make install" supposed to generate a default named.conf?

A: Short Answer: No.

   Long Answer: There really isn't a default configuration which fits any site
   perfectly. There are lots of decisions that need to be made and there is no
   consensus on what the defaults should be. For example FreeBSD uses /etc/namedb
   as the location where the configuration files for named are stored. Others use
   /var/named.

   What addresses to listen on? For a laptop on the move a lot you may only want
   to listen on the loop back interfaces.

   Who do you offer recursive service to? Is there are firewall to consider? If so
   is it stateless or stateful. Are you directly on the Internet? Are you on a
   private network? Are you on a NAT'd network? The answers to all these questions
   change how you configure even a caching name server.

