## Projections and spatial transformations in GRASS GIS

### Raster map projections

Raster maps are backward projected in GRASS. This means that the user has to run the raster projection command (r.proj) in the target location and "pull" the map from the source location. Both locations need to have a projection defined.

### Raster map transformation

To transform an unprojected map from a XY location into a projected location (or another XY location), a forward transformation is performed. The unreferenced map is geocoded within the XY location by defining four corner points or by seeking several ground control points (i.group, i.target, i.points) and then transformed into the target location (i.rectify). Polynomial transformation of 1st, 2nd and 3rd order are supported.

To simply translate a raster map (without stretching or rotation), the r.region command can be used.

### Vector map projections

Vector maps are backward projected in GRASS. This means that the user has to run the vector projection command (v.proj) in the target location and "pull" the map from the source location. Both locations need to have a projection defined.

### Vector map transformation

To transform an unprojected map (e.g. CAD map) into projected coordinates, a forward transformation is performed. The unreferenced map is imported into the location with projection and geocoded within this location by defining four corner points or by seeking several ground control points. These points are stored into an ASCII file and then transformed within the same location (v.transform).

### See also

- Introduction to GRASS raster map processing
- Introduction to GRASS image processing
- Introduction to GRASS vector map processing

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