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9.2 How It Works

Some changes were made to the interpreter:

- `sys.settrace(func)` sets the global trace function
- there can also a local trace function (see later)

Trace functions have three arguments: frame, event, and arg. frame is the current stack frame. event is a string: `'call'`, `'line'`, `'return'`, `'exception'`, `'c_call'`, `'c_return'`, or `'c_exception'`. arg depends on the event type.

The global trace function is invoked (with event set to `'call'`) whenever a new local scope is entered; it should return a reference to the local trace function to be used that scope, or `None` if the scope shouldn't be traced.

The local trace function should return a reference to itself (or to another function for further tracing in that scope), or `None` to turn off tracing in that scope.

Instance methods are accepted (and very useful!) as trace functions.

The events have the following meaning:

`'call'`
  A function is called (or some other code block entered). The global trace function is called; arg is `None`; the return value specifies the local trace function.

`'line'`
  The interpreter is about to execute a new line of code (sometimes multiple line events on one line exist). The local trace function is called; arg is `None`; the return value specifies the new local trace function.

`'return'`
  A function (or other code block) is about to return. The local trace function is called; arg is the value that will be returned. The trace function's return value is ignored.

`'exception'`
  An exception has occurred. The local trace function is called; arg is a triple `(exception, value, traceback)`; the return value specifies the new local trace function.

`'c_call'`
  A C function is about to be called. This may be an extension function or a builtin. arg is the C function object.

`'c_return'`
  A C function has returned. arg is `None`.

`'c_exception'`
  A C function has thrown an exception. arg is `None`.

Note that as an exception is propagated down the chain of callers, an `'exception'` event is generated at each level.

For more information on code and frame objects, refer to the Python Reference Manual.