# 13.13 `xmllib` -- A parser for XML documents

Deprecated since release 2.0. Use `xml.sax` instead. The newer XML package includes full support for XML 1.0.

Changed in version 1.5.2: Added namespace support.

This module defines a class `XMLParser` which serves as the basis for parsing text files formatted in XML (Extensible Markup Language).

class `XMLParser`( | )

  The `XMLParser` class must be instantiated without arguments.13.1

This class provides the following interface methods and instance variables:

`attributes`
  A mapping of element names to mappings. The latter mapping maps attribute names that are valid for the element to the default value of the attribute, or if there is no default to `None`. The default value is the empty dictionary. This variable is meant to be overridden, not extended since the default is shared by all instances of `XMLParser`.

`elements`
  A mapping of element names to tuples. The tuples contain a function for handling the start and end tag respectively of the element, or `None` if the method `unknown_starttag()` or `unknown_endtag()` is to be called. The default value is the empty dictionary. This variable is meant to be overridden, not extended since the default is shared by all instances of `XMLParser`.

`entitydefs`
  A mapping of entitynames to their values. The default value contains definitions for `'lt'`, `'gt'`, `'amp'`, `'quot'`, and `'apos'`.

`reset`( | )

  Reset the instance. Loses all unprocessed data. This is called implicitly at the instantiation time.

`setnomoretags`( | )

  Stop processing tags. Treat all following input as literal input (CDATA).

`setliteral`( | )

  Enter literal mode (CDATA mode). This mode is automatically exited when the close tag matching the last unclosed open tag is encountered.

`feed`( | data)

  Feed some text to the parser. It is processed insofar as it consists of complete tags; incomplete data is buffered until more data is fed or `close()` is called.

`close`( | )

  Force processing of all buffered data as if it were followed by an end-of-file mark. This method may be redefined by a derived class to define additional processing at the end of the input, but the redefined version should always call `close()`.

`translate_references`( | data)

  Translate all entity and character references in data and return the translated string.

`getnamespace`( | )

  Return a mapping of namespace abbreviations to namespace URIs that are currently in effect.

`handle_xml`( | encoding, standalone)

  This method is called when the "`<?xml ...?>`" tag is processed. The arguments are the values of the encoding and standalone attributes in the tag. Both encoding and standalone are optional. The values passed to `handle_xml()` default to `None` and the string `'no'` respectively.

`handle_doctype`( | tag, pubid, syslit, data)

  This method is called when the "`<!DOCTYPE...>`" declaration is processed. The arguments are the tag name of the root element, the Formal Public Identifier (or `None` if not specified), the system identifier, and the uninterpreted contents of the internal DTD subset as a string (or `None` if not present).

`handle_starttag`( | tag, method, attributes)

  This method is called to handle start tags for which a start tag handler is defined in the instance variable `elements`. The tag argument is the name of the tag, and the method argument is the function (method) which should be used to support semantic interpretation of the start tag. The attributes argument is a dictionary of attributes, the key being the name and the value being the value of the attribute found inside the tag's `<>` brackets. Character and entity references in the value have been interpreted. For instance, for the start tag `<A HREF="http://www.cwi.nl/">`, this method would be called as `handle_starttag('A', self.elements['A'][0], {'HREF': 'http://www.cwi.nl/'})`. The base implementation simply calls method with attributes as the only argument.

`handle_endtag`( | tag, method)

  This method is called to handle endtags for which an end tag handler is defined in the instance variable `elements`. The tag argument is the name of the tag, and the method argument is the function (method) which should be used to support semantic interpretation of the end tag. For instance, for the endtag `</A>`, this method would be called as `handle_endtag('A', self.elements['A'][1])`. The base implementation simply calls method.

`handle_data`( | data)

  This method is called to process arbitrary data. It is intended to be overridden by a derived class; the base class implementation does nothing.

`handle_charref`( | ref)

  This method is called to process a character reference of the form "`&#ref;`". ref can either be a decimal number, or a hexadecimal number when preceded by an "`x`". In the base implementation, ref must be a number in the range 0-255. It translates the character to ASCII and calls the method `handle_data()` with the character as argument. If ref is invalid or out of range, the method `unknown_charref(ref)` is called to handle the error. A subclass must override this method to provide support for character references outside of the ASCII range.

`handle_comment`( | comment)

  This method is called when a comment is encountered. The comment argument is a string containing the text between the "`<!--`" and "`-->`" delimiters, but not the delimiters themselves. For example, the comment "`<!--text-->`" will cause this method to be called with the argument `'text'`. The default method does nothing.

`handle_cdata`( | data)

  This method is called when a CDATA element is encountered. The data argument is a string containing the text between the "`<![CDATA[`" and "`]]>`" delimiters, but not the delimiters themselves. For example, the entity "`<![CDATA[text]]>`" will cause this method to be called with the argument `'text'`. The default method does nothing, and is intended to be overridden.

`handle_proc`( | name, data)

  This method is called when a processing instruction (PI) is encountered. The name is the PI target, and the data argument is a string containing the text between the PI target and the closing delimiter, but not the delimiter itself. For example, the instruction "`<?XML text?>`" will cause this method to be called with the arguments `'XML'` and `'text'`. The default method does nothing. Note that if a document starts with "`<?xml ..?>`", `handle_xml()` is called to handle it.

`handle_special`( | data)

  This method is called when a declaration is encountered. The data argument is a string containing the text between the "`<!`" and "`>`" delimiters, but not the delimiters themselves. For example, the entity declaration "`<!ENTITY text>`" will cause this method to be called with the argument `'ENTITY text'`. The default method does nothing. Note that "`<!DOCTYPE ...>`" is handled separately if it is located at the start of the document.

`syntax_error`( | message)

  This method is called when a syntax error is encountered. The message is a description of what was wrong. The default method raises a `RuntimeError` exception. If this method is overridden, it is permissible for it to return. This method is only called when the error can be recovered from. Unrecoverable errors raise a `RuntimeError` without first calling `syntax_error()`.

`unknown_starttag`( | tag, attributes)

  This method is called to process an unknown start tag. It is intended to be overridden by a derived class; the base class implementation does nothing.

`unknown_endtag`( | tag)

  This method is called to process an unknown end tag. It is intended to be overridden by a derived class; the base class implementation does nothing.

`unknown_charref`( | ref)

  This method is called to process unresolvable numeric character references. It is intended to be overridden by a derived class; the base class implementation does nothing.

`unknown_entityref`( | ref)

  This method is called to process an unknown entity reference. It is intended to be overridden by a derived class; the base class implementation calls `syntax_error()` to signal an error.

See Also:

Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0
  The XML specification, published by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), defines the syntax and processor requirements for XML. References to additional material on XML, including translations of the specification, are available at http://www.w3.org/XML/.

Python and XML Processing
  The Python XML Topic Guide provides a great deal of information on using XML from Python and links to other sources of information on XML.

SIG for XML Processing in Python
  The Python XML Special Interest Group is developing substantial support for processing XML from Python.

#### Footnotes

... arguments.13.1
  Actually, a number of keyword arguments are recognized which influence the parser to accept certain non-standard constructs. The following keyword arguments are currently recognized. The defaults for all of these is `0` (false) except for the last one for which the default is `1` (true). accept_unquoted_attributes (accept certain attribute values without requiring quotes), accept_missing_endtag_name (accept end tags that look like `</>`), map_case (map upper case to lower case in tags and attributes), accept_utf8 (allow UTF-8 characters in input; this is required according to the XML standard, but Python does not as yet deal properly with these characters, so this is not the default), translate_attribute_references (don't attempt to translate character and entity references in attribute values).