##
6.1.2 File Object Creation

These functions create new file objects.

`fdopen`( | fd[, mode[, bufsize]])

  Return an open file object connected to the file descriptor fd. The mode and bufsize arguments have the same meaning as the corresponding arguments to the built-in `open()` function. Availability: Macintosh, Unix, Windows.

  Changed in version 2.3: When specified, the mode argument must now start with one of the letters "`r`", "`w`", or "`a`", otherwise a `ValueError` is raised.

`popen`( | command[, mode[, bufsize]])

  Open a pipe to or from command. The return value is an open file object connected to the pipe, which can be read or written depending on whether mode is `'r'` (default) or `'w'`. The bufsize argument has the same meaning as the corresponding argument to the built-in `open()` function. The exit status of the command (encoded in the format specified for `wait()`) is available as the return value of the `close()` method of the file object, except that when the exit status is zero (termination without errors), `None` is returned. Availability: Unix, Windows.

  Changed in version 2.0: This function worked unreliably under Windows in earlier versions of Python. This was due to the use of the `_popen()` function from the libraries provided with Windows. Newer versions of Python do not use the broken implementation from the Windows libraries.

`tmpfile`( | )

  Return a new file object opened in update mode ("`w+b`"). The file has no directory entries associated with it and will be automatically deleted once there are no file descriptors for the file. Availability: Unix, Windows.

For each of these `popen()` variants, if bufsize is specified, it specifies the buffer size for the I/O pipes. mode, if provided, should be the string `'b'` or `'t'`; on Windows this is needed to determine whether the file objects should be opened in binary or text mode. The default value for mode is `'t'`.

Also, for each of these variants, on Unix, cmd may be a sequence, in which case arguments will be passed directly to the program without shell intervention (as with `os.spawnv()`). If cmd is a string it will be passed to the shell (as with `os.system()`).

These methods do not make it possible to retrieve the return code from the child processes. The only way to control the input and output streams and also retrieve the return codes is to use the `Popen3` and `Popen4` classes from the `popen2` module; these are only available on Unix.

For a discussion of possible deadlock conditions related to the use of these functions, see ``Flow Control Issues'' (section 6.9.2).

`popen2`( | cmd[, mode[, bufsize]])

  Executes cmd as a sub-process. Returns the file objects `(child_stdin, child_stdout)`. Availability: Unix, Windows. New in version 2.0.

`popen3`( | cmd[, mode[, bufsize]])

  Executes cmd as a sub-process. Returns the file objects `(child_stdin, child_stdout, child_stderr)`. Availability: Unix, Windows. New in version 2.0.

`popen4`( | cmd[, mode[, bufsize]])

  Executes cmd as a sub-process. Returns the file objects `(child_stdin, child_stdout_and_stderr)`. Availability: Unix, Windows. New in version 2.0.

(Note that `child_stdin, child_stdout, and child_stderr` are named from the point of view of the child process, i.e. child_stdin is the child's standard input.)

This functionality is also available in the `popen2` module using functions of the same names, but the return values of those functions have a different order.