## 4.1.2 Template strings

Templates provide simpler string substitutions as described in PEP 292. Instead of the normal "`%`"-based substitutions, Templates support "`$`"-based substitutions, using the following rules:

- "`$$`" is an escape; it is replaced with a single "`$`".

- "`$identifier`" names a substitution placeholder matching a mapping key of "identifier". By default, "identifier" must spell a Python identifier. The first non-identifier character after the "`$`" character terminates this placeholder specification.

- "`${identifier}`" is equivalent to "`$identifier`". It is required when valid identifier characters follow the placeholder but are not part of the placeholder, such as "${noun}ification".

Any other appearance of "`$`" in the string will result in a `ValueError` being raised.

New in version 2.4.

The `string` module provides a `Template` class that implements these rules. The methods of `Template` are:

class `Template`( | template)

  The constructor takes a single argument which is the template string.

`substitute`( | mapping[, **kws])

  Performs the template substitution, returning a new string. mapping is any dictionary-like object with keys that match the placeholders in the template. Alternatively, you can provide keyword arguments, where the keywords are the placeholders. When both mapping and kws are given and there are duplicates, the placeholders from kws take precedence.

`safe_substitute`( | mapping[, **kws])

  Like `substitute()`, except that if placeholders are missing from mapping and kws, instead of raising a `KeyError` exception, the original placeholder will appear in the resulting string intact. Also, unlike with `substitute()`, any other appearances of the "`$`" will simply return "`$`" instead of raising `ValueError`.

  While other exceptions may still occur, this method is called ``safe'' because substitutions always tries to return a usable string instead of raising an exception. In another sense, `safe_substitute()` may be anything other than safe, since it will silently ignore malformed templates containing dangling delimiters, unmatched braces, or placeholders that are not valid Python identifiers.

`Template` instances also provide one public data attribute:

`template`
  This is the object passed to the constructor's template argument. In general, you shouldn't change it, but read-only access is not enforced.

Here is an example of how to use a Template:

    >>> from string import Template
    >>> s = Template('$who likes $what')
    >>> s.substitute(who='tim', what='kung pao')
    'tim likes kung pao'
    >>> d = dict(who='tim')
    >>> Template('Give $who $100').substitute(d)
    Traceback (most recent call last):
    [...]
    ValueError: Invalid placeholder in string: line 1, col 10
    >>> Template('$who likes $what').substitute(d)
    Traceback (most recent call last):
    [...]
    KeyError: 'what'
    >>> Template('$who likes $what').safe_substitute(d)
    'tim likes $what'

Advanced usage: you can derive subclasses of `Template` to customize the placeholder syntax, delimiter character, or the entire regular expression used to parse template strings. To do this, you can override these class attributes:

- delimiter - This is the literal string describing a placeholder introducing delimiter. The default value "`$`". Note that this should not be a regular expression, as the implementation will call `re.escape()` on this string as needed.
- idpattern - This is the regular expression describing the pattern for non-braced placeholders (the braces will be added automatically as appropriate). The default value is the regular expression "`[_a-z][_a-z0-9]*`".

Alternatively, you can provide the entire regular expression pattern by overriding the class attribute pattern. If you do this, the value must be a regular expression object with four named capturing groups. The capturing groups correspond to the rules given above, along with the invalid placeholder rule:

- escaped - This group matches the escape sequence, e.g. "`$$`", in the default pattern.
- named - This group matches the unbraced placeholder name; it should not include the delimiter in capturing group.
- braced - This group matches the brace enclosed placeholder name; it should not include either the delimiter or braces in the capturing group.
- invalid - This group matches any other delimiter pattern (usually a single delimiter), and it should appear last in the regular expression.