# 8. SQL Reference

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Contents
Preface
SQL Reference
Datatypes
User Defined Types
XML Column Type
Identifier Case & Quoting
Wide Character Identifiers
Qualified Names
Literals, Brace Escapes
CREATE TABLE Statement
DROP TABLE Statement
CREATE INDEX Statement
DROP INDEX Statement
ALTER TABLE Statement
CREATE VIEW Statement
CREATE XML SCHEMA Statement
DROP XML SCHEMA Statement
Sequence Objects
INSERT Statement
UPDATE Statement
SELECT Statement
COMMIT WORK, ROLLBACK WORK Statement
CHECKPOINT, SHUTDOWN Statement
Stored Procedures as Views & Derived Tables
GRANT, REVOKE Statement
SET Statement
Best Effort Union
Standard and User-Defined Aggregate Functions
Virtuoso SQL Optimization
SQL Inverse Functions
SQL Grammar
Bitmap Indices

## 8.29. SQL Grammar

        sql_list
    	    : sql ';'

    	    | sql_list sql ';'

    	    ;

        sql
    	    : schema_element_list
    	    | view_def
    	    ;

        schema_element_list
    	    : schema_element
    	    | schema_element_list schema_element
    	    ;

        schema_element
    	    : base_table_def
    	    | create_index_def
    	    | drop_table
    	    | drop_index
    	    | add_column
    	    | table_rename
    	    | privilege_def
    	    | privilege_revoke
    	    | create_user_statement
    	    | delete_user_statement
    	    | set_pass
    	    | set_group_stmt
    	    ;

        base_table_def
    	    : CREATE TABLE new_table_name '(' base_table_element_commalist ')'

    	    ;

        base_table_element_commalist
    	    : base_table_element
    	    | base_table_element_commalist ',' base_table_element
    	    ;

        base_table_element
    	    : column_def
    	    | table_constraint_def
    	    ;

        column_def
    	    : column data_type column_def_opt_list
    	    ;

        references
    	    : REFERENCES q_table_name opt_column_commalist
    	    ;

        column_def_opt_list
    	    : /* empty */
    	    | column_def_opt_list column_def_opt
    	    ;

        column_def_opt
    	    : NOT NULLX
    	    | IDENTITY
    	    | NOT NULLX PRIMARY KEY opt_index_option_list
    	    | DEFAULT literal
    	    | references
    	    ;

        table_constraint_def
    	    : UNDER q_table_name
    	    | PRIMARY KEY '(' index_column_commalist ')' opt_index_option_list
    	    | FOREIGN KEY '(' column_commalist ')' references
    	    ;

        column_commalist
    	    : column
    	    | column_commalist ',' column
    	    ;

        index_column_commalist
    	    : column opt_asc_desc
    	    | index_column_commalist ',' column opt_asc_desc
    	    ;

        index_option
    	    : CLUSTERED
    	    | UNIQUE
    	    ;

        index_option_list
    	    : index_option
    	    | index_option_list index_option
    	    ;

        opt_index_option_list
    	    : /* empty */
    	    | index_option_list
    	    ;

        create_index_def
    	    : CREATE opt_index_option_list INDEX index
    		    ON new_table_name '(' index_column_commalist ')'

    	    ;

        drop_index
    	    : DROP INDEX NAME opt_table
    	    ;

        opt_table
    	    : /* empty */
    	    | q_table_name
    	    ;

        drop_table
    	    : DROP TABLE q_table_name
    	    ;

        add_col_column_def_list
    	    : column_def
    	    | add_col_column_def_list ',' column_def
    	    ;

        add_col_column_list
    	    : column
    	    | add_col_column_list ',' column
    	    ;

        add_column
    	    : ALTER TABLE q_table_name ADD opt_col_add_column add_col_column_def_list
    	    | ALTER TABLE q_table_name DROP opt_col_add_column add_col_column_list
    	    | ALTER TABLE q_table_name MODIFY opt_col_add_column column_def
    	    ;

        table_rename
    	    : ALTER TABLE q_table_name RENAME new_table_name
    	    ;

        view_def
    	    : CREATE VIEW new_table_name opt_column_commalist
    		    AS query_exp opt_with_check_option
    	    ;

        opt_with_check_option
    	    : /* empty */
    	    | WITH CHECK OPTION
    	    ;

        opt_column_commalist
    	    : /* empty */
    	    | '(' column_commalist ')'

    	    ;

        priv_opt_column_commalist
    	    : /* empty */
    	    | '(' column_commalist ')'

    	    ;

        privilege_def
    	    : GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES TO grantee
    	    | GRANT privileges ON table TO grantee_commalist opt_with_grant_option
    	    | GRANT grantee_commalist TO grantee_commalist opt_with_admin_option
    	    ;

        privilege_revoke
    	    : REVOKE ALL PRIVILEGES FROM grantee_commalist
    	    | REVOKE privileges ON table FROM grantee_commalist
    	    | REVOKE grantee_commalist FROM grantee_commalist
    	    ;

        opt_with_grant_option
    	    : /* empty */
    	    | WITH GRANT OPTION
    	    ;

        opt_with_admin_option
    	    : /* empty */
    	    | WITH ADMIN OPTION
    	    ;

        privileges
    	    : ALL PRIVILEGES
    	    | ALL
    	    | operation_commalist
    	    ;

        operation_commalist
    	    : operation
    	    | operation_commalist ',' operation
    	    ;

        operation
    	    : SELECT priv_opt_column_commalist
    	    | INSERT
    	    | DELETE
    	    | UPDATE priv_opt_column_commalist
    	    | EXECUTE
    	    ;

        grantee_commalist
    	    : grantee
    	    | grantee_commalist ',' grantee
    	    ;

        grantee
    	    : PUBLIC
    	    | user
    	    ;

        set_pass
    	    : SET PASSWORD NAME NAME
    	    ;

        create_user_statement
    	    : CREATE USER user
    	    | CREATE ROLE user
    	    ;

        delete_user_statement
    	    : DELETE USER user [CASCADE]
    	    | DROP ROLE user
    	    ;

        set_group_stmt
    	    : SET USER GROUP user user
    	    ;

        cursor_def
    	    : DECLARE NAME CURSOR FOR query_spec
    	    ;

        opt_order_by_clause
    	    : /* empty */
    	    | ORDER BY ordering_spec_commalist
    	    ;

        ordering_spec_commalist
    	    : ordering_spec
    	    | ordering_spec_commalist ',' ordering_spec
    	    ;

        ordering_spec
    	    : INTNUM opt_asc_desc
    	    | column_ref opt_asc_desc
    	    | function_ref opt_asc_desc
    	    ;

        opt_asc_desc
    	    : /* empty */
    	    | ASC
    	    | DESC
    	    ;

        sql
    	    : manipulative_statement
    	    ;

        manipulative_statement
    	    : query_exp
    	    | update_statement_positioned
    	    | update_statement_searched
    	    | insert_statement
    	    | delete_statement_positioned
    	    | delete_statement_searched
    	    | call_statement
    	    | admin_statement
    	    | use_statement
    	    ;

        use_statement
    	    : USE NAME
    	    ;

        close_statement
    	    : CLOSE cursor
    	    ;

        delete_statement_positioned
    	    : DELETE FROM table WHERE CURRENT OF cursor
    	    ;

        delete_statement_searched
    	    : DELETE FROM table opt_where_clause
    	    ;

        fetch_statement
    	    : FETCH cursor INTO target_commalist
    	    ;

        insert_mode
    	    : INTO
    	    | REPLACING
    	    | SOFT

        insert_statement
    	    : INSERT insert_mode table priv_opt_column_commalist values_or_query_spec
    	    ;

        values_or_query_spec
    	    : VALUES '(' insert_atom_commalist ')'
    	    | query_spec
    	    ;

        insert_atom_commalist
    	    : insert_atom
    	    | insert_atom_commalist ',' insert_atom
    	    ;

        insert_atom
    	    : scalar_exp
    	    ;

        cursor_option
    	    : EXCLUSIVE
    	    | PREFETCH INTNUM
    	    ;

        cursor_options_commalist
    	    : cursor_option
    	    | cursor_options_commalist ',' cursor_option
    	    ;

        opt_cursor_options_list
    	    : /* empty */
    	    | '(' cursor_options_commalist ')'

    	    ;

        open_statement
    	    : OPEN cursor opt_cursor_options_list
    	    ;

        with_opt_cursor_options_list
    	    : /* empty */
    	    | WITH opt_cursor_options_list
    	    ;

        select_statement
    	    : SELECT opt_all_distinct selection table_exp
    	    | SELECT opt_all_distinct selection
    	    	INTO target_commalist table_exp with_opt_cursor_options_list
    	    ;

        opt_all_distinct
    	    : /* empty */
    	    | ALL
    	    | DISTINCT
    	    ;

        update_statement_positioned
    	    : UPDATE table SET assignment_commalist WHERE CURRENT OF cursor
    	    ;

        assignment_commalist
    	    : /* empty */
    	    | assignment
    	    | assignment_commalist ',' assignment
    	    ;

        assignment
    	    : column COMPARISON scalar_exp
    	    ;

        update_statement_searched
    	    : UPDATE table SET assignment_commalist opt_where_clause
    	    ;

        target_commalist
    	    : target
    	    | target_commalist ',' target
    	    ;

        target
    	    : column_ref
    	    ;

        opt_where_clause
    	    : /* empty */
    	    | where_clause
    	    ;

        query_exp
    	    : query_term
    	    | query_exp UNION query_term
    	    | query_exp UNION ALL query_term
    	    ;

        query_term
    	    : query_spec
    	    | '(' query_exp ')'

    	    ;

        query_spec
    	    : SELECT opt_all_distinct selection table_exp
    	    ;

        selection
    	    : scalar_exp_commalist
    	    ;

        table_exp
    	    : from_clause opt_where_clause opt_group_by_clause opt_having_clause
    		    opt_order_by_clause opt_lock_mode
    	    ;

        from_clause
    	    : FROM table_ref_commalist
    	    ;

        table_ref_commalist
    	    : table_ref
    	    | table_ref_commalist ',' table_ref
    	    ;

        table_ref
    	    : table
    	    | '(' query_exp ')' NAME
    	    | joined_table
    	    ;

        table_ref_nj
    	    : table
    	    | subquery NAME
    	    ;

        opt_outer
    	    : /* empty */
    	    | OUTER
    	    ;

        jtype
    	    : LEFT
    	    ;

        joined_table
    	    : table_ref jtype opt_outer JOIN table_ref_nj ON search_condition
    	    | BEGIN_OJ_X table_ref jtype opt_outer JOIN table_ref_nj
    	      ON search_condition ENDX
    	    ;

        where_clause
    	    : WHERE search_condition
    	    ;

        opt_group_by_clause
    	    : /* empty */
    	    | GROUP BY ordering_spec_commalist
    	    ;

        opt_having_clause
    	    : /* empty */
    	    | HAVING search_condition
    	    ;

        opt_lock_mode
    	    : /* empty */
    	    | FOR UPDATE
    	    ;

        search_condition
    	    : /* empty */
    	    | search_condition OR search_condition
    	    | search_condition AND search_condition
    	    | NOT search_condition
    	    | '(' search_condition ')'

    	    | predicate
    	    ;

        predicate
    	    : comparison_predicate
    	    | between_predicate
    	    | like_predicate
    	    | test_for_null
    	    | in_predicate
    	    | all_or_any_predicate
    	    | existence_test
    	    | scalar_exp_predicate
    	    ;

        scalar_exp_predicate
    	    : scalar_exp
    	    ;

        comparison_predicate
    	    : scalar_exp COMPARISON scalar_exp
    	    | scalar_exp COMPARISON subquery
    	    ;

        between_predicate
    	    : scalar_exp NOT BETWEEN scalar_exp AND scalar_exp
    	    | scalar_exp BETWEEN scalar_exp AND scalar_exp
    	    ;

        like_predicate
    	    : scalar_exp NOT LIKE scalar_exp opt_escape
    	    | scalar_exp LIKE scalar_exp opt_escape
    	    ;

        opt_escape
    	    : /* empty */
    	    | ESCAPE atom
    	    | BEGINX ESCAPE atom ENDX
    	    ;

        test_for_null
    	    : column_ref IS NOT NULLX
    	    | column_ref IS NULLX
    	    ;

        in_predicate
    	    : scalar_exp NOT IN subquery
    	    | scalar_exp IN subquery
    	    | scalar_exp NOT IN '(' scalar_exp_commalist ')'

    	    | scalar_exp IN '(' scalar_exp_commalist ')'

    	    ;

        all_or_any_predicate
    	    : scalar_exp COMPARISON any_all_some subquery
    	    ;

        any_all_some
    	    : ANY
    	    | ALL
    	    | SOME
    	    ;

        existence_test
    	    : EXISTS subquery
    	    ;

        subquery
    	    : '(' SELECT opt_all_distinct selection table_exp ')'

    	    ;

        scalar_exp
    	    : scalar_exp '+' scalar_exp
    	    | scalar_exp '-' scalar_exp
    	    | scalar_exp '*' scalar_exp
    	    | scalar_exp '/' scalar_exp
    	    | '+' scalar_exp %prec UMINUS
    	    | '-' scalar_exp %prec UMINUS
    	    | atom
    	    | column_ref
    	    | function_ref
    	    | '(' scalar_exp ')'

    	    | '(' scalar_exp ',' scalar_exp_commalist ')'

    	    | function_call
    	    | as_expression
    	    | assignment_statement
    	    | cvt_exp
    	    ;

        cvt_exp
    	    : CONVERT '(' data_type ',' scalar_exp ')'

    	    ;

        as_expression
    	    : scalar_exp AS NAME data_type
    	    | scalar_exp AS NAME
    	    ;

        opt_scalar_exp_commalist
    	    : /* empty */
    	    | scalar_exp_commalist
    	    ;

        function_call
    	    : q_table_name '(' opt_scalar_exp_commalist ')'

    	    | BEGIN_FN_X NAME '(' opt_scalar_exp_commalist ')' ENDX
    	    | BEGIN_FN_X USER '(' opt_scalar_exp_commalist ')' ENDX
    	    | BEGIN_FN_X CHARACTER '(' opt_scalar_exp_commalist ')' ENDX
    	    | CALL '(' scalar_exp ')' '(' opt_scalar_exp_commalist ')'

    	    ;

        obe_literal
    	    : BEGINX NAME atom ENDX
    	    ;

        scalar_exp_commalist
    	    : scalar_exp
    	    | scalar_exp_commalist ',' scalar_exp
    	    ;

        atom
    	    : parameter_ref
    	    | literal
    	    | USER
    	    | obe_literal
    	    ;

        parameter_ref
    	    : parameter
    	    | parameter parameter
    	    | parameter INDICATOR parameter
    	    ;

        function_ref
    	    : AMMSC '(' '*' ')'

    	    | AMMSC '(' DISTINCT scalar_exp ')'

    	    | AMMSC '(' ALL scalar_exp ')'

    	    | AMMSC '(' scalar_exp ')'

    	    ;

        literal
    	    : STRING
    	    | INTNUM
    	    | APPROXNUM
    	    | NULLX
    	    ;

        q_table_name
    	    : NAME
    	    | NAME '.' NAME
    	    | NAME '.' NAME '.' NAME
    	    | NAME '.'  '.' NAME
    	    ;

        new_table_name
    	    : NAME
    	    | NAME '.' NAME
    	    | NAME '.' NAME '.' NAME
    	    | NAME '.'  '.' NAME
    	    ;

        table
    	    : q_table_name
    	    | q_table_name AS NAME
    	    | q_table_name NAME
    	    ;

        column_ref
    	    : NAME
    	    | NAME '.' NAME
    	    | NAME '.' NAME '.' NAME
    	    | NAME '.' NAME '.' NAME '.' NAME
    	    | NAME '.' '.' NAME '.' NAME
    	    | '*'
    	    | NAME '.' '*'
    	    | NAME '.' NAME '.' '*'

    	    | NAME '.' NAME '.' NAME '.' '*'

    	    | NAME '.' '.' NAME '.' '*'

    	    ;

        data_type
    	    : CHARACTER
    	    | VARCHAR
    	    | VARCHAR '(' INTNUM ')'

    	    | CHARACTER '(' INTNUM ')'

    	    | NUMERIC
    	    | NUMERIC '(' INTNUM ')'

    	    | NUMERIC '(' INTNUM ',' INTNUM ')'

    	    | DECIMAL
    	    | DECIMAL '(' INTNUM ')'

    	    | DECIMAL '(' INTNUM ',' INTNUM ')'

    	    | INTEGER
    	    | SMALLINT
    	    | FLOAT
    	    | FLOAT '(' INTNUM ')'

    	    | REAL
    	    | DOUBLE PRECISION
    	    | LONG VARCHAR
    	    | LONG VARBINARY
    	    | TIMESTAMP
    	    | DATETIME
    	    | TIME
    	    | DATE
    	    | OWNER
    	    ;

        column
    	    : NAME
    	    ;

        index
    	    : NAME
    	    ;

        cursor
    	    : NAME
    	    ;

        parameter
    	    : PARAMETER
    	    ;

        user
    	    : NAME
    	    ;

        opt_log
    	    : /* empty */
    	    | scalar_exp
    	    ;

        comma_opt_log
    	    : /* empty */
    	    | ',' scalar_exp
    	    ;

        admin_statement
    	    : CHECKPOINT opt_log
    	    | SHUTDOWN opt_log
    	    | SET REPLICATION atom
    	    | LOG OFF
    	    | LOG ON
    	    ;

        sql
    	    : routine_declaration
    	    | trigger_def
    	    | drop_trigger
    	    ;

        routine_declaration
    	    : CREATE routine_head new_table_name rout_parameter_list
    		opt_return compound_statement
    	    ;

        routine_head
    	    : FUNCTION
    	    | PROCEDURE
    	    ;

        opt_return
    	    : /* empty */
    	    | RETURNS data_type
    	    ;

        rout_parameter_list
    	    : '(' parameter_commalist ')'

    	    ;

        parameter_commalist
    	    : rout_parameter
    	    | parameter_commalist ',' rout_parameter
    	    ;

        rout_parameter
    	    : parameter_mode column_ref data_type
    	    ;

        parameter_mode
    	    : IN
    	    | OUT
    	    | INOUT
    	    ;

        routine_statement
    	    : select_statement
    	    | update_statement_positioned
    	    | update_statement_searched
    	    | insert_statement
    	    | delete_statement_positioned
    	    | delete_statement_searched
    	    | close_statement
    	    | fetch_statement
    	    | open_statement
    	    | commit_statement
        */
    	    | ';'

    	    ;

        compound_statement
    	    : BEGINX statement_list ENDX
    	    ;

        statement_list
    	    : statement_in_cs
    	    | statement_list statement_in_cs
    	    ;

        statement_in_cs
    	    : local_declaration ';'

    	    | compound_statement
    	    | routine_statement ';'

    	    | control_statement
    	    | NAME ':' statement
    	    ;

        statement
    	    : routine_statement ';'

    	    | control_statement
    	    | compound_statement
    	    ;

        local_declaration
    	    : cursor_def
    	    | variable_declaration
    	    | handler_declaration
    	    ;

        variable_declaration
    	    : DECLARE variable_list data_type
    	    ;

        variable_list
    	    : NAME
    	    | variable_list ',' NAME
    	    ;

        condition
    	    : NOT FOUND
    	    | SQLSTATE STRING
    	    ;

        handler_declaration
    	    : WHENEVER condition GOTO NAME
    	    | WHENEVER condition GO TO NAME
    	    ;

        control_statement
    	    : call_statement ';'

    	    | return_statement ';'

    	    | assignment_statement ';'

    	    | if_statement
    	    | goto_statement ';'

    	    | while_statement
    	    ;

        assignment_statement
    	    : lvalue EQUALS scalar_exp
    	    ;

        lvalue
    	    : column_ref
    	    ;

        if_statement
    	    : IF '(' search_condition ')' statement opt_else
    	    ;

        opt_else
    	    : /* empty */
    	    | ELSE statement
    	    ;

        call_statement
    	    : CALL q_table_name '(' opt_scalar_exp_commalist ')'

    	    | function_call
    	    ;

        goto_statement
    	    : GOTO NAME
    	    | GO TO NAME
    	    ;

        return_statement
    	    : RETURN scalar_exp
    	    | RETURN
    	    ;

        while_statement
    	    : WHILE '(' search_condition ')' statement
    	    ;

        trigger_def
    	    : CREATE TRIGGER NAME action_time event ON q_table_name
    			    opt_old_ref compound_statement
    	    ;

        action_time
    	    : BEFORE
    	    | AFTER
    	    ;

        event
    	    : INSERT
    	    | UPDATE
    	    | DELETE
    	    ;

        opt_old_ref
    	    : /* empty */
    	    | REFERENCING old_commalist
    	    ;

        old_commalist
    	    : old_alias
    	    | old_commalist ',' old_alias
    	    ;

        old_alias
     	    : OLD AS NAME
     	    | NEW AS NAME
    	    ;

        drop_trigger
    	    : DROP TRIGGER q_table_name
    	    ;

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