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<!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.1.2//EN" "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.1.2/docbookx.dtd" [
<!ENTITY gnomeversion "2.24">
<!ENTITY manrevision "2.24.0">
<!ENTITY date "September 2008">
<!ENTITY LEGAL SYSTEM "legal.xml">
<!ENTITY accessintro SYSTEM "accessintro.xml">
<!ENTITY sysadmin SYSTEM "sysadmin.xml">
<!ENTITY low-vision SYSTEM "low-vision.xml">
<!ENTITY mobility SYSTEM "mobility.xml">
<!ENTITY general SYSTEM "general.xml">
<!ENTITY author1 "Sun">
<!ENTITY author2 "Java Desktop System Documentation Team">
]>
<?db.chunk.max_depth 4?>
<book id="index" lang="de"> 
<title>GNOME Desktop-Barrierefreiheits-Handbuch</title> 
<bookinfo> 
<abstract role="description">
<para>Das GNOME Barrierefreiheits-Handbuch richtet sich an Benutzer, Systemadministratoren, und jeden, der sich dafür interessiert, wie der GNOME Desktop Menschen mit Behinderungen hilft. Des Weiteren setzt dieses Handbuch die Richtlinien aus Abschnitt 508 des U.S. Rehabilitierungsparagraphen um.</para>
</abstract>
<copyright> 
<year>2006</year>
<holder>Don Scorgie</holder>
</copyright>
<copyright> 
<year>2006</year>
<holder>Brent Smith</holder>
</copyright>
<copyright> 
<year>2005</year>
<year>2004</year>
<year>2003</year>
<year>2002</year>
<holder>Sun Microsystems, Inc.</holder> 
</copyright><copyright><year>2007</year><holder>Jan Arne Petersen (jap@gnome.org)</holder></copyright><copyright><year>2008, 2009</year><holder>Mario Blättermann (mariobl@gnome.org)</holder></copyright><copyright><year>2009</year><holder>Simon Bienlein (simon@linux-fuer-blinde.de)</holder></copyright>

<!--  translators: uncomment this:
  <copyright>
   <year>2002</year>
   <holder>ME-THE-TRANSLATOR (Latin translation)</holder>
  </copyright>
-->

<publisher role="maintainer"> 
<publishername>GNOME-Dokumentationsprojekt</publishername> 
</publisher>

<legalnotice id="legalnotice">
<para>Das vorliegende Dokument kann gemäß den Bedingungen der GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL), Version 1.1 oder jeder späteren, von der Free Software Foundation veröffentlichten Version ohne unveränderbare Abschnitte sowie ohne Texte auf dem vorderen und hinteren Buchdeckel kopiert, verteilt und/oder modifiziert werden. Eine Kopie der GFDL finden Sie unter diesem <ulink type="help" url="ghelp:fdl">Link</ulink> oder in der mit diesem Handbuch gelieferten Datei COPYING-DOCS.</para>
<para>Das vorliegende Handbuch ist Teil einer Reihe von GNOME-Handbüchern, die unter der GFDL verteilt werden. Wenn Sie dieses Handbuch separat verteilen möchten, können Sie dies tun, indem Sie dem Handbuch eine Kopie der Lizenz, wie in Abschnitt 6 der Lizenz beschrieben, hinzufügen.</para>
<para>Bei vielen der von Firmen zur Unterscheidung ihrer Produkte und Dienstleistungen verwendeten Namen handelt es sich um Marken. An den Stellen, an denen derartige Namen in einer GNOME-Dokumentation vorkommen und wenn die Mitglieder des GNOME Documentation Project über diese Marken informiert wurden, sind die Namen in Grossbuchstaben oder mit großen Anfangsbuchstaben geschrieben.</para>
<para>DAS DOKUMENT UND MODIFIZIERTE VERSIONEN DES DOKUMENTS WERDEN GEMÄSS DER BEDINGUNGEN DER GNU FREE DOCUMENTATION LICENSE MIT DER FOLGENDEN VEREINBARUNG BEREITGESTELLT: <orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>DAS DOKUMENT WIRD »WIE VORLIEGEND« GELIEFERT, OHNE JEGLICHE GEWÄHRLEISTUNG, WEDER AUSDRÜCKLICH NOCH STILLSCHWEIGEND, EINSCHLIESSLICH, ABER NICHT BESCHRÄNKT AUF, GEWÄHRLEISTUNGEN, DASS DAS DOKUMENT ODER EINE MODIFIZIERTE VERSION DES DOKUMENTS FREI VON HANDELSÜBLICHEN FEHLERN UND FÜR EINEN BESTIMMTEN ZWECK GEEIGNET IST UND KEINE RECHTE DRITTER VERLETZT. JEGLICHES RISIKO IN BEZUG AUF DIE QUALITÄT, GENAUIGKEIT UND LEISTUNG DES DOKUMENTS ODER EINER MODIFIZIERTEN VERSION DES DOKUMENTS TRAGEN SIE. SOLLTE SICH EIN DOKUMENT ODER EINE MODIFIZIERTE VERSION DAVON IN IRGENDEINER WEISE ALS FEHLERHAFT ERWEISEN, TRAGEN SIE (NICHT DER URSPRÜNGLICHE VERFASSER, AUTOR ODER EIN MITWIRKENDER) DIE KOSTEN FÜR JEGLICHE ERFORDERLICHE SERVICE-, REPARATUR- UND KORREKTURMASSNAHMEN: DIESE BESCHRÄNKUNG DER GEWÄHRLEISTUNG IST WESENTLICHER BESTANDTEIL DIESER LIZENZ. JEDE VERWENDUNG EINES DOKUMENTS ODER EINER MODIFIZIERTEN VERSION DES DOKUMENTS UNTERLIEGT DIESER BESCHRÄNKUNG; UND</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>UNTER KEINEN UMSTÄNDEN UND GEMÄSS KEINER RECHTSLEHRE, WEDER AUFGRUND VON UNERLAUBTEN HANDLUNGEN (EINSCHLIESSLICH FAHRLÄSSIGKEIT), VERTRÄGEN ODER SONSTIGEM, KANN DER AUTOR, DER URSPRÜNGLICHE VERFASSER, EIN MITWIRKENDER ODER EIN VERTEILER DES DOKUMENTS ODER EINER MODIFIZIERTEN VERSION DES DOKUMENTS ODER EIN LIEFERANT EINER DIESER PARTEIEN VON EINER PERSON FÜR DIREKTE, INDIREKTE, BESONDERE, ZUFÄLLIGE ODER ALS FOLGE AUFGETRETENE SCHÄDEN IRGENDEINER ART, EINSCHLIESSLICH, ABER NICHT BESCHRÄNKT AUF, SCHÄDEN DURCH GESCHÄFTSWERTVERLUSTE, ARBEITSAUSFÄLLE, COMPUTERAUSFÄLLE ODER -FUNKTIONSSTÖRUNGEN ODER JEGLICHE ANDERE SCHÄDEN ODER VERLUSTE, DIE DURCH ODER IM ZUSAMMENHANG MIT DER VERWENDUNG DES DOKUMENTS ODER EINER MODIFIZIERTEN VERSION DES DOKUMENTS ENTSTANDEN SIND, SELBST WENN DIESE PARTEI ÜBER MÖGLICHE SCHÄDEN INFORMIERT WORDEN SEIN SOLLTE, HAFTBAR GEMACHT WERDEN.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist></para>
</legalnotice>
 

<authorgroup> 
<author>
<firstname>Vincent</firstname>
<surname>Alexander</surname>
<affiliation>
<orgname>GNOME-Dokumentationsprojekt</orgname>
</affiliation>
</author>

<author>
<firstname>Don</firstname>
<surname>Scorgie</surname>
<affiliation>
<orgname>GNOME-Dokumentationsprojekt</orgname>
</affiliation>
</author>

<author>
<firstname>Brent</firstname>
<surname>Smith</surname>
<affiliation>
<orgname>GNOME-Dokumentationsprojekt</orgname>
</affiliation>
</author>

<author> 
<firstname>Sun</firstname> 
<surname>Java-Desktop-System Dokumentationsteam</surname> 
<affiliation> 
<orgname>Sun Microsystems, Inc.</orgname>  
</affiliation> 
</author> 
</authorgroup>

<revhistory>
<revision> 
<revnumber>GNOME 2.24 Desktop-Barrierefreiheits-Handbuch V2.24.0</revnumber> 
<date>September 2008</date> 
<revdescription> 
<para role="author">GNOME-Dokumentationsprojekt</para> 
<para role="publisher">GNOME-Dokumentationsprojekt</para> 
</revdescription> 
</revision>

<revision> 
<revnumber>GNOME 2.24 Desktop-Barrierefreiheits-Handbuch V2.24.0</revnumber> 
<date>September 2008</date> 
<revdescription> 
<para role="author">GNOME-Dokumentationsprojekt</para> 
<para role="publisher">GNOME-Dokumentationsprojekt</para> 
</revdescription> 
</revision>

<revision> 
<revnumber>GNOME 2.10 Desktop-Barrierefreiheits-Handbuch V2.10.1</revnumber> 
<date>Juli 2005</date> 
<revdescription> 
<para role="author">Sun Java-Desktop-System Dokumentationsteam</para> 
<para role="publisher">GNOME-Dokumentationsprojekt</para> 
</revdescription> 
</revision>

<revision> 
<revnumber>GNOME 2.10 Desktop-Barrierefreiheits-Handbuch V2.10.0</revnumber> 
<date>März 2005</date> 
<revdescription> 
<para role="author">Sun Java-Desktop-System Dokumentationsteam</para> 
<para role="publisher">GNOME-Dokumentationsprojekt</para> 
</revdescription> 
</revision>

<revision> 
<revnumber>GNOME 2.8 Desktop-Barrierefreiheits-Handbuch V2.8.0</revnumber> 
<date>September 2004</date> 
<revdescription> 
<para role="author">Sun Java-Desktop-System Dokumentationsteam</para> 
<para role="publisher">GNOME-Dokumentationsprojekt</para> 
</revdescription> 

</revision>
<revision> 
<revnumber>GNOME 2.6 Desktop-Barrierefreiheits-Handbuch V2.6.0</revnumber> 
<date>März 2004</date> 
<revdescription> 
<para role="author">Sun Microsystems</para> 
<para role="publisher">GNOME-Dokumentationsprojekt</para> 
</revdescription> 
</revision>

<revision> 
<revnumber>GNOME 2.4 Desktop-Barrierefreiheits-Handbuch V2.4.0</revnumber> 
<date>Oktober 2003</date> 
<revdescription> 
<para role="author">Sun Microsystems</para> 
<para role="publisher">GNOME-Dokumentationsprojekt</para> 
</revdescription> 
</revision>

<revision> 
<revnumber>GNOME 2.2 Desktop-Barrierefreiheits-Handbuch V2.2.0</revnumber> 
<date>Februar 2003</date> 
<revdescription> 
<para role="author">Sun Microsystems</para> 
<para role="publisher">GNOME-Dokumentationsprojekt</para> 
</revdescription> 
</revision>

<revision> 
<revnumber>
GNOME 2.0 Desktop for the Solaris Operating Environment 
Accessibility Guide V2.1
</revnumber> 
<date>Januar 2003</date> 
<revdescription> 
<para role="author">Sun Microsystems</para> 
<para role="publisher">GNOME-Dokumentationsprojekt</para> 
</revdescription> 
</revision>

<revision> 
<revnumber>
GNOME 2.0 Desktop for the Solaris Operating Environment 
Accessibility Guide V2.0
</revnumber> 
<date>Dezember 2002</date> 
<revdescription> 
<para role="author">Sun Microsystems</para> 
<para role="publisher">GNOME-Dokumentationsprojekt</para> 
</revdescription> 
</revision>  
</revhistory>
 
<releaseinfo>In diesem Handbuch wird die Version 2.24 des GNOME-Desktops beschrieben.</releaseinfo>
 
<legalnotice> 
<title>Feedback</title> 
<para>Wenn Sie Fehler finden oder Vorschläge zum GNOME-Desktop oder diesem Handbuch haben, folgen Sie den Hinweisen auf der GNOME-Seite f.</para>
</legalnotice> 
</bookinfo>

<chapter id="accessintro-1">

<title>Einführung in Barrierefreiheit</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Abschnitt 508</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>Dieses Kapitel bietet eine Einführung in die Barrierefreiheit des GNOME-Desktops.</para>
<para>Alle Softwareprodukte sollten Zugriffsfunktionalitäten beinhalten, die es Menschen mit Behinderungen ermöglichen, die Software einfach und effizient zu nutzen. Die neueste Gesetzgebung, zum Beispiel Paragraph 508 des U.S. Eingliederungsgesetzes, erhöht das Bewusstsein für die Notwendigkeit von allseits nutzbarer Software.</para>
<para>Der GNOME Desktop ist einfach in der Handhabung und beinhaltet viele Zugriffsfunktionalitäten. Jede unterstützte Anwendungsmöglichkeit und Nutzbarkeit des GNOME Desktops wurde unter der Berücksichtigung von Zugänglichkeit und Benutzerfreundlichkeit gestaltet. Benutzer mit physischen Handikaps wie Sehbehinderungen oder motorischen Einschränkungen können dank der individuell anpassbaren Einstellungen die gesamte Funktionalität des GNOME Desktops nutzen. Diese Einstellungsmöglichkeiten ermöglichen die Feineinstellung von Aussehen und Eigenschaften des Desktops.</para>
<para>Die Möglichkeit, den GNOME Desktop anzupassen, trägt stark dazu bei, die Zugänglichkeit der Oberfläche zu verbessern. Dieses Handbuch beschreibt die vielfältigen Möglichkeiten, die Sie zur Anpassung an Ihre speziellen Bedürfnisse nutzen können.</para>

<section id="quickref">
<title>Kurzreferenz</title>
<para>Um zu einem bestimmten Thema zu gelangen, folgen Sie diesen Links zur Schnellhilfe:</para>
<para>Zum Vorlesen von Bildschirmelementen verwenden Sie den Abschnitt <link linkend="enable-orca">Orca</link>.</para>
<para>Falls Sie große Schrift benötigen, lesen Sie die Abschnitte <link linkend="themes-4">Themen auswählen</link> und <link linkend="themes-10">Schriften anpassen</link>.</para>
<para>Um den kompletten Bildschirminhalt oder einen Teil zu vergrößern, lesen Sie den <link linkend="ats-2">Lupen</link>-Abschnitt.</para>
<para>Wenn Sie ein Zeigegerät anstelle der Tastatur bevorzugen, können Sie eine Bildschirmtastatur zum "zeigen-und-klicken" Tippen konfigurieren; siehe Abschnitt <link linkend="gok">GNOME Bildschirmtastatur (gok)</link>.</para>
<para>Wenn sie nur eine Taste zur selben Zeit drücken können, lesen Sie den Teil über Klebende Tasten im Abschnitt <link linkend="dtconfig-14">Konfigurieren einer barrierefreien Tastatur</link>.</para>
<para>Wenn Sie dazu tendieren, Tasten zu lang zu drücken (dies bewirkt normalerweise die unabsichtliche Eingabe überflüssiger Zeichen), schauen Sie im Abschnitt <link linkend="dtconfig-14">Konfigurieren einer barrierefreien Tastatur</link> unter "Verzögerte Tasten" nach.</para>
<para>Wenn Sie dazu tendieren, Tasten mehrmals zu drücken (dies bewirkt normalerweise die unabsichtliche Eingabe überflüssiger Zeichen), schauen Sie im Abschnitt <link linkend="dtconfig-14">Konfigurieren einer barrierefreien Tastatur</link> unter "Bounce Keys" nach.</para>
<para>Für weitere maus- oder zeigerbasierte Zugriffsunterstützung, nutzen Sie die Abschnitte <link linkend="mousetweaks">MouseTweaks</link> und <link linkend="dtconfig-14">Konfigurieren einer barrierefreien Tastatur</link>. Diese Werkzeuge stellen verschiedene Zugangshilfen für Zeigegeräte und Tastaturen zur Verfügung.</para>
</section>

</chapter>

<chapter id="general">
<title>Allgemeine Tipps zur Zugänglichkeit</title>
<para>Menschen mit unterschiedlichen Formen von Behinderungen stehen verschiedene Hilfstechnologien zur Verfügung. Diese werden in diesem Abschnitt betrachtet. Diese sind im Einzelnen:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para><emphasis>Wichtige Tastaturbefehle</emphasis> - enthält grundlegende Tastaturbefehle.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><emphasis>Verwenden der Tastatur zur Navigation auf dem Desktop</emphasis> - ermöglicht Anwendern die Navigation auf dem Desktop, ohne eine Maus oder ein anderes Zeigegerät verwenden zu müssen.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><emphasis>Barrierefrei Anmelden</emphasis> - Anwender können den Anmeldebildschirm so konfigurieren, dass er besser zugänglich ist.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>

<section>
<title>Wichtige Tastaturbefehle</title>
<para>Machen Sie sich vor dem Weiterlesen mit diesen wichtigen GNOME-Befehlen vertraut:</para>
<para><keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F1</keycap></keycombo> [Debian] - Die GNOME Desktop Menüleiste wird aktiviert und angezeigt. Dies ermöglicht den Zugriff auf die Menüpunkte <guimenu>Anwendungen</guimenu>, <guimenu>Orte</guimenu> und <guimenu>System</guimenu>.</para>
<note>
<para>Auf Solaris- und Windows-Systemen entspricht dies der Tastenkombination <keycombo><keycap>Strg</keycap><keycap>Esc</keycap></keycombo>.</para>
</note>
<para><keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F2</keycap></keycombo> oder <keycombo><keycap>Meta</keycap><keycap>R</keycap></keycombo> - ruft das Dialogfeld <application>Anwendung ausführen</application> auf, mit dem Sie Terminalbefehle mit oder ohne Parameter aufrufen können. Verwenden Sie den Knopf <guilabel>Datei anhängen</guilabel>, wenn ein Dateiname als Parameter übergeben werden soll. Ausserdem enthält das Dialogfeld eine alternative Liste bekannter Anwendungen, die einfacher als das Debian System Desktop Menü navigiert werden kann (<keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F1</keycap></keycombo>).</para>
<note>
<para>Auf Solaris Systemen (wie auch unter Microsoft Windows) gilt die Tastenkombination <keycombo><keycap>Meta</keycap><keycap>R</keycap></keycombo>. Eine Meta- oder Super-Taste ist eine Taste mit dem Logo eines Betriebssystems.</para>
</note>
<para><keycap>Tab</keycap> und <keycombo><keycap>Umschalt</keycap><keycap>Tab</keycap></keycombo> - In einer Anwendung wechselt der Fokus zwischen den Kontrollelementen. Verwenden Sie <keycap>Tab</keycap>, um sich vorwärts zum nächsten Kontrollelement zu bewegen und <keycombo><keycap>Umschalt</keycap><keycap>Tab</keycap></keycombo> für die Rückwärtsbewegung. Kontrollelemente sind Elemente, die Sie interaktiv beeinflussen können, zum Beispiel Knöpfe, Auswahllisten, Eingabefelder, usw. <keycombo><keycap>Strg</keycap><keycap>Tab</keycap></keycombo> und <keycombo><keycap>Umschalt</keycap><keycap>Strg</keycap><keycap>Tab</keycap></keycombo> werden stattdessen verwendet, wenn <keycap>Tab</keycap> und <keycombo><keycap>Umschalt</keycap><keycap>Tab</keycap></keycombo> vom fokussierten Element reserviert werden.</para>
<para><keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>Tab</keycap></keycombo> und <keycombo><keycap>Umschalt</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>Tab</keycap></keycombo> - wechselt zwischen den aktuell laufenden Anwendungen. Wenn Sie mehrere Programme ausführen, verwenden Sie <keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>Tab</keycap></keycombo> und <keycombo><keycap>Umschalt</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>Tab</keycap></keycombo>, um vorwärts und rückwärts durch die Anwendungen zu blättern. <keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>Esc</keycap></keycombo> und <keycombo><keycap>Umschalt</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>Esc</keycap></keycombo> blättern ebenfalls durch die Anwendungen, zeigen aber kein Vorschaufenster an.</para>
</section>

<section id="sysadmin-27">
<title>Barrierefrei Anmelden</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>bedienbare Anmeldefunktion</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>Der GNOME Desktop enthält eine barrierefreie Anmeldefunktionalität, die Anwendern folgende Möglichkeiten zur Verfügung stellt:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Der Anwender kann sich unabhängig davon am Desktop anmelden, ob er den Bildschirm, die Maus oder die Tastatur nicht auf die übliche Art und Weise bedienen kann.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Zum Zeitpunkt der anmeldung können assistive Technologien durch eine vom Anwender festgelegte Aktion gestartet werden. Diese Aktion kann mit einer Standardtastatur, einer Tastatur, einem Zeigegerät oder einem am USB- oder PS/2-Mausanschluss angeschlossenen Schaltergerät ausgelöst werden. Diese Anwenderaktionen nennt man <emphasis>Gesten</emphasis>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Noch bevor sich der Anwender anmeldet, kann das optische Erscheinungsbild des Anmeldedialogs angepasst werden. Ein Thema mit hohem Kontrast kann zum Beispiel für eine bessere Wahrnehmung sorgen.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<note>
<para>Gegenwärtig funktionieren die barrierefreien Anmeldefunktionen nur zu 100 % unter Solaris.</para>
</note>

<section id="sysadmin-34">
<title>Aktivieren der barrierefreien Anmeldung</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>GDM</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>Um die GNOME-Unterstützung für Barrierefreiheit nutzen zu können, ist die Barrierefreiheits-Infrastruktur zu aktivieren. Geben Sie zum Aktivieren der GNOME-Barrierefreiheits-Funktionen auf der Befehlszeile den folgenden Befehl ein und melden Sie sich anschließend ab:</para>
<para>
<userinput>gconftool-2 --set "/desktop/gnome/interface/accessibility" --type boolean "True"</userinput>
</para>
<para>Um die GNOME Barrierefreiheits-Unterstützung über eine grafische Benutzeroberfläche zu aktivieren, rufen Sie über die obere Menüleiste <menuchoice><guimenuitem>System</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Einstellungen</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Barrierefreiheit</guimenuitem></menuchoice> auf. Aktivieren Sie das Ankreuzfeld <guilabel>Hilfstechnologien aktivieren</guilabel> und drücken den Knopf <guilabel>Schließen und abmelden</guilabel>.</para>
<para>Wenn Sie sich das nächste mal anmelden, wird die Barrierefreiheits-Unterstützung für den GNOME Desktop aktiviert.</para>
<para>Um GDM über die grafische Benutzeroberfläche (die bevorzugte Methode) zu konfigurieren, führen Sie die folgenden Schritte aus:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Melden Sie sich als Benutzer <literal>root</literal> an.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Führen Sie <application>gdmsetup</application> in einem Terminal aus. Nach dem Verlassen der Anwendung sind Sie mit einem SNeustart Ihres Systems gut beraten.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para>Wenn Sie die grafische Oberfläche nicht bedienen können aber GDM trotzdem Konfigurieren möchten, müssen Sie sich im Dateisystem bewegen und Dateien bearbeiten:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Melden Sie sich als Benutzer <literal>root</literal> an.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Öffnen Sie die Datei <filename>/etc/X11/gdm/gdm.conf</filename>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Suchen Sie nach der folgenden Zeile:</para>
<para>
<literal>#AddGtkModules=false</literal>
</para>
<para>und ersetzen Sie die Zeile wie folgt:</para>
<para>
<literal>AddGtkModules=true</literal>
</para>
<para>Dieser Schritt aktiviert die GtkModule.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Suchen Sie nach der folgenden Zeile:</para>
<para>
<literal>#GtkModulesList=gail:atk-bridge:dwellmouselistener:keymouselistener</literal>
</para>
<para>und löschen Sie das Zeichen <literal>#</literal> am Beginn der Zeile, so dass diese wie folgt lautet:</para>
<para>
<literal>GtkModulesList=gail:atk-bridge:dwellmouselistener:keymouselistener</literal>
</para>
<note>
<para>Die obigen Zeilen müssen als einzelne Zeilen ohne Zeilenumbruch in der Datei <filename>custom.conf</filename> dargestellt werden. Die Formattierung dieser Anleitung zeigt die Zeilen möglicherweise in zwei Zeilen an.</para>
</note>
<para>Dieser Schritt lädt alle GtkModule, um assistive Technologien wie <application>Bildschirmtastatur</application> und <application>Orca-Bildschirmleser und -Lupe</application> zu aktivieren. Sie können die obige Zeile auch weiter bearbeiten, um nur die GtkModule zu laden, die Sie für die Erfüllung der Anwenderanforderungen benötigen. Ein paar Beispiele:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Wenn Sie <application>Orca-Bildschirmleser und -Lupe</application> verwenden möchten, ergänzen Sie <literal>gail</literal> und <literal>atk-bridge</literal>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Wenn Sie ein Zeigegerät ohne Knöpfe oder Schalter nutzen wollen, ergänzen Sie <literal>gail</literal>, <literal>atk-bridge</literal>, und <literal>dwellmouselistener</literal>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Wenn Sie Zeigegeräte mit Schaltern, alternative Tastaturen oder Schalt- und Tastengeräte verwenden, ergänzen Sie <literal>keymouselistener</literal>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Die <application>Bildschirmtastatur</application> kann ohne <literal>gail</literal> und <literal>atk-bridge</literal> verwendet werden, bietet dann allerdings einen eingeschränkten Funktionsumfang.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>Fügen Sie für eine optimale Zugänglichkeit <literal>gail</literal> und <literal>atk-bridge</literal> ein.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Speichern Sie die Datei <filename>/etc/X11/gdm/custom.conf</filename>.</para>
<note>
<para>Wenn Sie irgendwelche Änderungen an der Datei <filename>/etc/X11/gdm/custom.conf</filename> vornehmen, nachdem Sie GDM aktiviert haben, können Sie den folgenden Befehl ausführen, um den GDM neu zu starten und die Änderungen zu aktivieren:</para>
<para>
<command>gdm-restart</command>
</para>
</note>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Bearbeiten Sie die Datei <filename>/etc/group</filename> und ergänzen Sie die Zeile <literal>audio</literal> um folgendes:</para>
<para>
<literal>,gdm</literal>
</para>
<para>Dieser Schritt gewährleistet, dass die Sprachausgabe mit GDM funktioniert.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Starten Sie Ihr System neu.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para>Alle Distributionen erfordern einen <application>Xserver</application>. Unter Linux und OpenSolaris sollte dies <application>Xorg</application> sein. Er ist jeweils unter <filename>/etc/X11</filename> und <filename>/usr/bin</filename> zu finden. Unter Linux gibt es generell unter <filename>/etc/X11/X</filename> eine symbolische Verknüpfung, die auf das Binary <filename>Xorg</filename> unter <filename>/usr/bin/Xorg</filename> zeigt. Unter OpenSolaris können Sie den Prozess mit dem Befehl <userinput>ps -ef | grep X</userinput> ermitteln.</para>
<para>Zum Aktivieren oder Deaktivieren von <application>Xorg</application>-Erweiterungen können Sie die Datei <filename>/etc/X11/xorg.conf</filename> bearbeiten und die folgenden Parameter zum Aktivieren von Erweiterungen hinzufügen:</para>
<programlisting>
<computeroutput>
Section "Extensions"
  Option "Composite"         "Enable"
  Option "other extensions"  "Enable/Disable"
EndSection
</computeroutput>
</programlisting>
</section>

<section id="sysadmin-29">
<title>Assistive Technologien bei der Anmeldung starten</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Gesten</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>Wenn Sie in der GDM-Konfigurationsdatei die Gtk-Module <literal>keymouselistener</literal> und <literal>dwellmouselistener</literal> laden, können Sie durch die Zuweisung von Anwenderaktionen dafür sorgen, dass bestimmte Hilfstechnologien bei der Anmeldung gestartet werden. Diese Anwenderaktionen werden Gesten genannt. Die Zuweisung von Gesten findet in den folgenden GDM-Konfigurationsdateien statt:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
<filename>/etc/X11/gdm/modules/AccessKeyMouseEvents</filename>
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<filename>/etc/X11/gdm/modules/AccessDwellMouseEvents</filename>
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<note>
<para>Wenn Sie diese Dateien bearbeiten, müssen Sie Ihr System neu starten, damit die Änderungen in Kraft treten.</para>
</note>
<para>Die folgenden Abschnitte beinhalten Beispiele von Gesten, die Sie den GDM Konfigurationsdateien hinzufügen können.</para>
<note>
<para>In der Datei <filename>AccessKeyMouseEvents</filename> müssen die in den folgenden Abschnitten gezeigten Zeilen in einer Zeile ohne Zeilenumbrüche eingefügt werden. Die Formatierung dieser Anleitung zeigt die Zeilen möglicherweise in mehreren Zeilen an.</para>
</note>

<section id="sysadmin-30">
<title>Den Bildschirmleser mit einer Tastenkombination starten</title>
<para>Um Hilfstechnologien Tastenkombinationen zuzuweisen, bearbeiten Sie die Datei <filename>AccessKeyMouseEvents</filename>. Wenn Sie zum Beispiel die Tastenkombination <keycombo><keycap>Strg</keycap><keycap>S</keycap></keycombo> oder <keycombo><keycap>Strg</keycap><keycap>M</keycap></keycombo> für eine Sekunde gedrückt halten, können Sie entweder die Sprachausgabe oder die Bildschirmlupe starten.</para>
<para>
<literal>&lt;Control&gt;s 1 1000 10000 /usr/bin/orca -n -d main-window</literal>
</para>
<para>
<literal>&lt;Control&gt;m 1 1000 10000 /usr/bin/orca -n -d main-window -e magnifier</literal>
</para>
</section>

<section id="sysadmin-31">
<title>Die Bildschirmtastatur mit einer Schalter- oder Knopf-Geste starten</title>
<para>Um Hilfstechnologien Gesten aus Schaltern, Tasten oder Knöpfen zuzuweisen, bearbeiten Sie die Datei <filename>AccessKeyMouseEvents</filename>. Da viele Anwender der <application>Bildschirmtastatur</application> bevorzugt einen Schalter oder Knopf verwenden, ist dies eine gute Möglichkeit, ihnen den Start der <application>Bildschirmtastatur</application> zum Zeitpunkt der Anmeldung zu ermöglichen.</para>
<para>Wenn ein Anwender dazu neigt, Anwendungen ohne Absicht zu starten, können Sie die Geste so anpassen, dass mehrere Tastendrücke erforderlich sind oder eine Taste mindestens für eine bestimmte Zeit gedrückt werden muss. Im folgenden Beispiel wird die <application>Bildschirmtastatur</application> im »inverse-scanning«-Modus gestartet, wenn der Anwender den als Switch 2 definierten Schalter innerhalb von zwei Sekunden drei mal für jeweils mindestens 100 Millisekunden drückt:</para>
<para>
<literal>&lt;Switch2&gt;3 100 2000 gok --login --accessmethod=inversescanning --scan-action=switch1 --select-action=switch2</literal>
</para>
<para>Anwender, die einzelne Tasten verwenden, könnten es bevorzugen, die <application>Bildschirmtastatur</application> im »automatic scanning«-Modus zu starten. Die folgende Zeile startet die <application>Bildschirmtastatur</application> im »automatic scanning«-Modus, wenn der Anwender einen Schalter eines alternativen Zugriffsgerätes für mindestens vier Sekunden gedrückt hält:</para>
<para>
<literal>&lt;Switch&gt;1 4000 5000 gok --login --accessmethod=automaticscanning --scan-action=switch1 --select-action=switch1</literal>
</para>
<para>Informationen über die Arbeitsmodi der <application>Bildschirmtastatur</application> finden Sie in der Online-Hilfe zur <application>Bildschirmtastatur</application>.</para>
</section>

<section id="sysadmin-32">
<title>Die Bildschirmtastatur ausschließlich über eine Bewegungs-Geste starten</title>
<para>Sie können Gesten definieren, die ausschließlich die Bewegung eines Zeigegerätes wie einer Maus oder eines alternativen Zeigegerätes wie einem »head pointer« oder Trackball einbeziehen. Die Form der Geste ändert sich nicht, egal ob Sie eine Maus oder ein alternatives Zeigegerät verwenden. Bearbeiten Sie für die Zuweisung von Bewegungs-Gesten zu Hilfstechnologien die Datei <filename>AccessKeyMouseEvents</filename>.</para>
<para>Wenn das Gtk-Modul <literal>dwellmouselistener</literal> geladen ist, werden alternative Zeigegeräte vorübergehend mit dem Hauptzeiger verknüpft. Das bedeutet, wenn der Anwender den alternativen Zeiger bewegt, bewegt sich auch der Mauszeiger auf dem Bildschirm.</para>
<para>Beispielsweise startet die folgende Zeile startet die <application>Bildschirmtastatur</application> im verzögerten Modus, wenn der Anwender den Bildschirmzeiger vom Anmeldedialog über die obere Kante, zurück in den Dialog über die obere Kante, aus dem Dialog über die linke Kante, zurück in den Dialog durch die linke Kante und gleichsam durch den unteren Rand und die rechten Kanten des Dialogs in einer Kreuzbewegung führt:</para>
<para>
<literal>TTLLBBRR O 10000 gok --login --access-method=dwellselection --input-device=MOUSE[3]</literal>
</para>
<para>Beachten Sie, dass der in der Geste angegebene Parameter <literal>--input-device</literal> mit dem Namen des Gerätes übereinstimmen muss, der in der Datei <filename>/etc/X11/XF86Config</filename> verwendet wird.</para>
</section>
</section>

<section id="sysadmin-33">
<title>Zusätzliche Erfordernisse der barrierefreien Anmeldung</title>
<para>Um die Anmeldefunktion zu aktivieren, in der Sie alternative Zeigegeräte und Umschalteinrichtungen wie zum Beispiel Sip-und-Puff Schalter, am Rollstuhl befestigten Schaltern oder Trackballs nutzen können, müssen Sie möglicherweise die Konfiguration des X-Servers anpassen, damit die genannten Funktionen erkannt werden. Sie können die meisten die Maus ersetzenden Hilfsmittel mit Hilfe der Zugangsfunktion und <application>Bildschirmtastatur</application> nutzen, einschließlich USB-Einzelschalter und mausähnliche Zeigegeräte.</para>
<note>
<para>Sie sollten kein alternatives Eingabegerät zur Kontrolle des Bildschirmzeigegerätes einrichten. Dies kann zu unerwünschten Reaktionen führen oder Situationen bewirken, welche der Anwender nicht ohne die Hilfe der primären Tastatur oder Maus beenden kann. Um diesem Problem vorzubeugen, entfernen Sie jegliche Vorkommnisse der Attribute <literal>SendCore</literal> oder <literal>AlwaysCore</literal> aus jeglichen <literal>InputDevice</literal> Zeilen in der X Server Konfigurationsdatei.</para>
</note>
</section>
</section>

<section id="keynav-0">
<title>Verwenden der Tastatur zur Navigation auf dem Desktop</title>
<para>Dieser Abschnitt beschreibt, wie Sie den GNOME Desktop ausschließlich über die Tastatur bedienen können. Anwender, die Schwierigkeiten bei der Verwendung einer Maus oder eines anderen Zeigegerätes haben, können den Desktop über die Tastatur bedienen und navigieren.</para>

<section id="keynav-1">
<title>Einführung in die Tastaturnavigation</title>
<para>Dieser Abschnitt beschreibt die wichtigsten Tastenkombinationen, um den Desktop über die Tastatur zu steuern.</para>
<para>Sie können einige der Tastenkombinationen anpassen, die in diesem Kapitel beschrieben werden. Diese werden im Text hervorgehoben. Beachten Sie <xref linkend="keynav-36"/> für weitere Informationen darüber, wie Sie Tastenkombinationen anpassen können.</para>

<section id="keynav-2">
<title>Wichtige Tastenkombinationen</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Tastenkürzel</primary>
<secondary>wichtig</secondary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>caret navigation mode</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>Die folgende Tabelle enthält die wichtigsten Tastenkombinationen, die Sie zum Navigieren auf dem Desktop verwenden können. Tastenkombinationen, die Sie zur Verwendung spezieller Elemente nutzen können, werden in den entsprechenden Abschnitten dieses Kapitels beschrieben.</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Tasten</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Funktion</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Tab</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Übergibt den Fokus an das nächste Element.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycombo><keycap>Umschalt</keycap><keycap>Tab</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Umkehrung der Navigationsrichtung und Zuweisung des Fokus an das vorherige Element. Im allgemeinen kehrt die <keycap>Umschalttaste</keycap> die Navigationsrichtung um.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycombo><keycap>Strg</keycap><keycap>Tab</keycap></keycombo>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Fokussiert das nächste Element, wenn die <keycap>Tabulator</keycap>-Taste in einem Element eine spezielle Funktion besitzt. Zum Beispiel wird ein Tabulatorzeichen eingefügt, wenn sie in einem Textfeld die <keycap>Tab</keycap> Taste drücken.</para>
<para>Um das vorherige Element zu fokussieren, drücken Sie <keycombo><keycap>Umschalt</keycap><keycap>Strg</keycap><keycap>Tab</keycap></keycombo>.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>Pfeiltasten</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Navigiert innerhalb eines Elements oder Bedienfeldes.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Leertaste</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Das fokussierte Element wird aktiviert. Wenn es sich zum Beispiel um einen Knopf handelt, entspricht dies dem Anklicken des Knopfes mit der Maus.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Esc</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Schließt ein Fenster, eine Leiste oder Erweiterungsbereich.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0">
<para>
<keycap>F7</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1">
<para>Wechselt in den Cursor-Navigationsmodus. Der Cursor-Navigationsmodus erlaubt es Ihnen, Text mit der Tastatur auszuwählen. Weitere Informationen über den Cursor-Navigationsmodus finden Sie unter <xref linkend="keynav-52"/>.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>

<section id="keynav-3">
<title>Systemweite Tastenkombinationen</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Tastenkürzel</primary>
<secondary>systemweit</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>Die folgende Tabelle enthält Tastenkombinationen, die Sie aus allen Bereichen des GNOME Desktops verwenden können.</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Tasten</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Funktion</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
<keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F1</keycap>
</keycombo>
</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Öffnet das <guimenu>GNOME-Menü</guimenu>.</para>
<para>Sie können dieses Tastaturkürzel anpassen.</para>
<note>
<para>Auf Solaris Systemen entspricht dies der Tastenkombination <keycap>Strg+Esc</keycap>, ebenfalls unter Microsoft Windows.</para>
</note>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F2</keycap>
</keycombo>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Öffnet das Dialogfeld <guilabel>Programm ausführen</guilabel>.</para>
<para>Sie können dieses Tastaturkürzel anpassen.</para>
<note>
<para>Auf Solaris-Systemen (wie auch unter Microsoft Windows) gilt die Tastenkombination <keycombo><keycap>Meta</keycap><keycap>R</keycap></keycombo>. Eine Meta- oder Super-Taste ist eine Taste mit dem Logo eines Betriebssystems.</para>
</note>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Druck</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Startet die Anwendung Bildschirmfoto und erstellt ein Foto des gesamten Bildschirms.</para>
<para>Sie können dieses Tastaturkürzel anpassen.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>Druck</keycap></keycombo>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Startet die Anwendung Bildschirmfoto und erstellt ein Foto des aktiven Fensters.</para>
<para>Sie können dieses Tastaturkürzel anpassen.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>F1</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Wenn es sich bei dem fokussierten Element um ein Anwendungsfenster oder ein Dialogfeld handelt, öffnet dieses Tastenkürzel die Hilfe der Anwendung.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycombo><keycap>Strg</keycap><keycap>F1</keycap>
</keycombo>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Wenn es sich bei dem fokussierten Element um eine Leiste oder ein Anwendungsfenster handelt, schaltet diese Tastenkombination die Anzeige der Minihilfe zu den Objekten der Leiste oder des Fensters ein und aus.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Umschalt</keycap><keycap>F10</keycap></keycombo>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Öffnet gegebenenfalls ein Kontextmenü für das fokussierte Objekt.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>
</section>

<section id="keynav-4">
<title>Mit dem Desktop-Hintergrund navigieren</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Tastenkürzel</primary>
<secondary>für den Desktop-Hintergrund</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>Der Desktop-Hintergrund ist der Bereich des GNOME-Desktops, wo sich keine Benutzerschnittstellen oder Anwendungen, wie Menüs oder Fenster befinden. Die folgende Tabelle enthält Tastenkombinationen, die Sie zum Navigieren mit dem Desktop-Hintergrund und den Desktop-Hintergrundobjekten verwenden können. Ein Desktop-Hintergrundobjekt ist ein Symbol auf dem Desktop-Hintergrund, mit dem Sie Dateien oder Ordner öffnen oder Anwendungen starten können.</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Tasten</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Funktion</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
<keycombo><keycap>Strg</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>D</keycap></keycombo>
</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Verkleinert vorübergehend alle Fenster auf Symbolgröße und macht den Desktop-Hintergrund zum aktiven Bereich.</para>
<para>Um die Fenster wieder anzuzeigen, drücken Sie <keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>D</keycap></keycombo> erneut.</para>
<para>Sie können dieses Tastaturkürzel anpassen.</para>
<note>
<para>Auf Solaris Systemen gillt die Tastenkombination <keycap>Meta-Taste+D</keycap>, die übrigens auch unter Microsoft Windows verwendet werden kann. Eine Meta- oder Super-Taste ist eine Taste mit dem Logo eines Betriebssystems.</para>
</note>

</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycombo><keycap>Strg</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>Tab</keycap></keycombo>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Öffnet ein Kontextmenü, das Symbole für den Desktop-Hintergrund und die Panels enthält. Halten Sie <keycombo><keycap>Strg</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap></keycombo> gedrückt, während Sie mit der <keycap>Tabulator-Taste</keycap> den Fokus zwischen dem Desktop-Hintergrund und den Panels wechseln.</para>
<para>Sie können dieses Tastaturkürzel anpassen.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<!--<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Tab</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
When the desktop background or a desktop background 
object has focus, give focus to the next desktop 
background object in alphabetical order.
</para>
</entry>
</row>-->
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>Pfeiltasten</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Das benachbarte Desktop-hintergrundobjekt wird fokussiert, wenn sich der Fokus auf dem Desktop befindet.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>Eine Folge von Zeichen, die den ersten <replaceable>n</replaceable> Buchstaben des Namens eines Desktop-hintergrundobjektes entsprechen.</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Wenn der Desktop den Fokus besitzt, wird das Desktop-Hintergrundobjekt fokussiert, dessen Name mit den eingegebenen Buchstaben beginnt.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>F2</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Das fokussierte Desktop-Hintergrundobjekt wird umbenannt.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Umschalt</keycap><keycap>F10</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Öffnet das Kontextmenü für das ausgewählte Desktop-Hintergrundobjekt.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Strg</keycap>
<keycap>F10</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Öffnet das Menü <guimenu>Desktop-Hintergrund</guimenu>.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>

<section id="keynav-5">
<title>In Panels navigieren</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Tastenkürzel</primary>
<secondary>für Panels</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>Ein Panel ist ein Bereich, über den Sie spezielle Programme, Anwendungen oder Panel-Anwendungen starten können. Das am häufigsten verwendete Panel ist das Panel, dass sich über die gesamte Breite der unteren Desktop-Kante erstreckt.</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Tasten</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Funktion</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Strg</keycap>
<keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>Tab</keycap></keycombo>
</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Fokussiert ein Panel. Diese Tastenkombination zeigt ein Kontextmenü an, das Symbole für den Desktop-Hintergrund, Panels und Erweiterungsbereiche enthält. Halten Sie <keycombo><keycap>Strg</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap></keycombo> gedrückt, während Sie mit der <keycap>Tabulator</keycap>-Taste den Fokus zwischen dem Desktop-Hintergrund, den Panels und Erweiterungsbereichen wechseln. Wenn Sie besonders geschickt sind, können Sie sich durch Hinzufügen der <keycap>Umschalt</keycap>-Taste rückwärts bewegen.</para>
<para>Sie können dieses Tastaturkürzel anpassen.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Tab</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Fokussiert das nächste Objekt in einem Panel.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>F10</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Open the <guimenu>Applications</guimenu> menu when the Menu Panel has focus. Continue to press <keycap>F10</keycap> to switch focus between the <guimenu>Applications</guimenu> menu and the window list. This key behavior may alter slightly depending on context and specific user setup.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Leertaste</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Ein Panel-Objekt wird aktiviert, zum Beispiel ein Menü geöffnet oder ein Anwendungsstarter ausgeführt.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Umschalt</keycap><keycap>F10</keycap></keycombo>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Öffnet das Kontextmenü für das Panel-Objekt.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Strg</keycap><keycap>F10</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Öffnet das Panel-Kontextmenü.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>

<section id="keynav-6">
<title>Panel-Objekte verschieben</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Tastenkürzel</primary>
<secondary>So verschieben Sie ein Panel-Objekt</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>Ein fokussiertes Panel-Objekt kann an eine andere Position im Panel verschoben werden. Sie können es aber auch aus einem Panel in einen anderen Panel oder Erweiterungsbereich verschieben. Führen Sie dazu die folgenden Schritte aus:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Drücken Sie die <keycap>Tabulator-Taste</keycap> um das Objekt zu fokussieren.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Drücken Sie <keycombo><keycap>Shift</keycap><keycap>F10</keycap></keycombo> um das Kontextmenü des Panel-Objektes zu öffnen.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Verwenden Sie die Pfeiltasten um den Menüpunkt <guimenuitem>Verschieben</guimenuitem> auszuwählen.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Verwenden Sie zum Verschieben die in der folgenden Tabelle aufgeführten Tastenkürzel:</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Tasten</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Funktion</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Pfeiltasten</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>In einem horizontalen Panel wird das Objekt nach links/rechts verschoben, während es sich in einem vertikalen Panel nach oben/unten bewegt.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycap>Umschalttaste</keycap> + Pfeiltasten</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Move the object with focus, swapping positions with any other objects encountered.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycap>Strg</keycap> + Pfeiltasten</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Move the object, swapping positions with any other objects that you encounter in the move.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Tab</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Verschiebt das Objekt auf das nächste Panel.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Leertaste</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Vollendet den Verschieben-Vorgang.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para>Die folgenden Beispiele veranschaulichen die Auswirkungen von verschiedenen Vorgehensweisen zum Verschieben der Objekte eines Panels:</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="50*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="50*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Darstellung</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Beschreibung</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/move_object_before.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>
Portion of a panel with three objects  displayed in the following order from left to right: <application>Geyes</application> icon, <application>Lautstärkeregler</application> icon, and <application>Hilfe</application> icon.
</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Zeigt ein Panel mit drei Panel-Objekten vor der Durchführung einer Verschieben-Operation.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/move_object_arrows.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>
Portion of a panel with three objects displayed in the following order from left to right: <application>Geyes</application> icon, <application>Lautstärkeregler</application> icon, and <application>Hilfe</application> icon. 
</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Shows the effect of using the arrow keys to move the <application>Geyes</application> panel application on the panel. You can use the arrow keys to move the panel application left or right until you meet the next panel 
object.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/move_object_push.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>
Portion of a panel with three objects displayed in the following order from left to right: <application>Geyes</application> icon, <application>Lautstärkeregler</application> icon, and <application>Hilfe</application> icon.
</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Shows the effect of using <keycap>Shift</keycap> + arrow keys to move the <application>Geyes</application> panel application on the panel. You can use the 
<keycap>Shift</keycap> + arrow keys to push the <application>Volume Control</application>
and <application>Help</application> panel objects ahead of the object that you are moving.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/move_object_jump.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>
Portion of a panel with three objects displayed in the following order from left to right: <application>Lautstärkeregler</application> icon, <application>Hilfe</application> icon, and <application>Geyes</application> icon.
</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Shows the effect of using <keycap>Ctrl</keycap> + arrow keys to move the <application>Geyes</application> panel 
application on the panel. You can use the <keycap>Ctrl</keycap> + arrow keys to swap positions with the <application>Volume Control</application> and <application>Help</application> panel objects as you meet the objects.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<note>
<para><guilabel>Gesperrte</guilabel> Panel-Anwendungen können nicht verschoben werden. Um eine gesperrte Panel-Anwendung zu entsperren, öffnen Sie das Menü <guimenu>Panel-Objekt</guimenu> und deaktivieren die Option <guimenu>Auf dem Panel sperren</guimenu>.</para>
</note>
</section>

<section id="keynav-7">
<title>In Erweiterungsbereichen navigieren</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Tastenkürzel</primary>
<secondary>für Erweiterungsbereiche</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
A drawer is a collapsible extension of a panel. The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate into and out of drawers. When you open a drawer, you can navigate the contents of the drawer in the same way as you navigate a panel. See 
<xref linkend="keynav-5"/> for information about how to navigate a panel.
</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Tasten</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Funktion</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Leertaste</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Öffnet oder schließt den fokussierten Erweiterungsbereich.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>Pfeiltasten</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Navigieren im fokussierten Erweiterungsbereich.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Esc</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Schließt den Erweiterungsbereich und fokussiert das Erweiterungsbereichs-Objekt im Panel.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<!--<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Shift</keycap><keycap>Esc
</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Gives focus to the drawer object on the panel and leaves 
the drawer open.
</para>
</entry>
</row>-->
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>

<section id="keynav-8">
<title>In Panel-Menüs navigieren</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Tastenkürzel</primary>
<secondary>für Menüs in Panels</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>Die folgende Tabelle enthält Tastenkombinationen, die Sie zum Navigieren in Menüs auf Panels verwenden können:</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Tasten</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Funktion</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Leertaste</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Öffnet das fokussierte Menü.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>Pfeiltasten</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Bewegen sich im Menü.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Leertaste</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Markiert einen Menüeintrag.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Umschalt</keycap><keycap>F10</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Öffnet gegebenenfalls das Kontextmenü für den Menüeintrag.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Esc</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Schließt ein Menü.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>

<section id="keynav-9">
<title>In Panel-Anwendungen navigieren</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Tastenkürzel</primary>
<secondary>für Panel-Anwendungen</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
A panel application is a small application that resides on a panel. You can navigate to all panel applications and open the panel application popup menu from the keyboard. However, if the panel application does not contain controls that you can give focus to, 
you cannot navigate the controls in the panel application. The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate panel applications. 
</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Tasten</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Funktion</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Leertaste</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
Activate the panel application control that has focus, if applicable. Not all panel applications contain controls that you can activate. If the panel application does not contain a control that you can activate,
the <keycap>spacebar</keycap> does nothing. 
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>Pfeiltasten</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Sie navigieren zwischen den Kontrollelementen der Panel-Anwendung.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Umschalt</keycap>
<keycap>F10</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Open the panel application popup menu. To navigate the menu, use the standard keyboard shortcuts for navigating menus. See <xref linkend="keynav-24"/> for information
about how to navigate menus.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>
</section>

<section id="keynav-10">
<title>Mit Arbeitsflächen navigieren</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Tastenkürzel</primary>
<secondary>für Arbeitsflächen</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
A workspace is a discrete area in which you
can work. You can have many workspaces on your desktop and you can switch from one workspace to another. Each workspace can 
contain different windows and processes. The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate workspaces:
</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Tasten</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Funktion</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Strg</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap></keycombo> + Pfeiltasten</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
Give focus to the next or previous workspace. This keyboard shortcut displays a popup window with icons that represent the workspaces. Press and hold  <keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap></keycombo> and continue to press the arrow keys to switch the focus between the workspaces. 
</para>
<para>Sie können dieses Tastaturkürzel anpassen.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Strg</keycap><keycap>Shift</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap></keycombo> + Pfeiltasten</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Verschiebt das fokussierte Fenster auf die nächste/vorherige Arbeitsfläche.</para>
<para>Sie können dieses Tastaturkürzel anpassen.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>

<section id="keynav-11">
<title>Mit Fenstern navigieren</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Tastenkürzel</primary>
<secondary>für Fenster</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>Die folgenden Abschnitte beschreiben Tastenkombinationen, die Sie zum Navigieren mit Fenstern verwenden können. Ein Fenster ist ein rechteckiger Rahmen auf dem Bildschirm, der eine Anwendung anzeigt.</para>
<note>
<para>Sie können alle Tastenkombinationen anpassen, die mit dem Navigieren in Fenstern zu tun haben. Siehe <xref linkend="keynav-10"/> für weitere Informationen.</para>
</note>

<section id="keynav-12">
<title>Fenster fokussieren</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Tastenkürzel</primary>
<secondary>So fokussieren Sie ein Fenster</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>Bevor Sie ein Fenster verwenden oder modifizieren können, müssen Sie es fokussieren. Die folgende Tabelle enthält Tastenkombinationen, die Sie zum Auswählen eines Fensters verwenden können:</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Tasten</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Funktion</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap>
<keycap>Tab</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
Display a popup window with icons that represent each window. Press and hold <keycap>Alt</keycap> and continue to press <keycap>Tab</keycap> to move through the windows until you reach the window you want to have focus.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>Esc</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Raise each window in turn until you reach the window you want.
</para>
</entry>
</row>

<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F6</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Cycle between windows belonging to the current application (eg, a multiple document interface application like <application>Text Editor</application>).
</para>
</entry>
</row>


</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>

<section id="keynav-13">
<title>Fenster kontrollieren</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Tastenkürzel</primary>
<secondary>So steuern sie ein Fenster</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
When a window has focus, you can perform various actions on the window. The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that
you can use to control the window that has focus:
</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Tasten</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Funktion</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>Leertaste</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Öffnet das <guimenu>Fenster</guimenu> Menü.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F4</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Schließt das Fenster.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<emphasis>Solaris:</emphasis>
<keycap>Open</keycap>
</para>
<para><emphasis>Linux:</emphasis><keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F9</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Minimiert das Fenster.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F10</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Maximiert das Fenster.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F5</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Reduziert ein maximiertes Fenster auf seine ursprüngliche Größe.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>

<section id="keynav-14">
<title>Fenster verschieben</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Tastenkürzel</primary>
<secondary>um ein Fenster zu verschieben</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>Wenn ein Fenster den Fokus besitzt, können Sie es an eine beliebige Stelle auf dem Bildschirm verschieben. Die folgende Tabelle enthält Tastenkombinationen, die Sie zum Verschieben von Fenstern verwenden können:</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Tasten</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Funktion</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F7</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Der Arbeitsablauf zum Verschieben wird gestartet. Der Mauszeiger wird als Kreuz dargestellt.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>Pfeiltasten</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Verschiebt das Fenster um 10 Pixel in Richtung der Pfeiltaste.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycap>Strg</keycap> + Pfeiltasten</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Verschiebt das Fenster um 1 Pixel in Richtung der Pfeiltaste.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycap>Umschalttaste</keycap> + Pfeiltasten</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Move the window in the direction of the arrow key and align it with the edge of the nearest window, panel or screen edge.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Leertaste</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Beendet den Arbeitsablauf zum Verschieben des Fensters und lässt es an seiner aktuellen Position.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Esc</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Der Arbeitsablauf zum Verschieben des Fensters wird abgebrochen und die ursprüngliche Position wiederhergestellt.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>

<section id="keynav-15">
<title>Ändern der Fenstergröße</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Tastenkürzel</primary>
<secondary>So ändern Sie die Größe eines Fensters</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>Wenn ein Fenster den Fokus besitzt, kann dessen Größe vergrößert oder verkleinert werden. Die folgende Tabelle enthält Tastenkombinationen, die Sie zur Änderung der Größe verwenden können:</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Tasten</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Funktion</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap>
<keycap>F8</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Startet den Arbeitsablauf zum Ändern der Größe.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>Pfeiltasten</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Ändert die Größe in Richtung der Pfeiltaste.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Leertaste</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Beendet den Arbeitsablauf zum Ändern der Größe. Die aktuelle Größe wird beibehalten.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Esc</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Der Arbeitsablauf zum Ändern der Größe wird abgebrochen und die ursprüngliche Größe wiederhergestellt.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>

<section id="keynav-16">
<title>Navigating Paned Windows</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Tastenkürzel</primary>
<secondary>for paned windows</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
A paned window is a window that is split into
two or more panes. <application>Help Browser</application> is an example of an application that uses paned windows. 
</para>
<para>
The following table describes the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate paned/split windows:
</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Tasten</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Funktion</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>F6</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
Give focus to the next pane. The system gives focus to the control that last had focus in the pane. 
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>F8</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Give focus to the first resize handle in the window. The resize handle is displayed between the panes and enables you to resize the panes. Press <keycap>F8</keycap> again to give focus to the next resize handle.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para>
When the resize handle has focus, you can use the keyboard shortcuts that are listed in the following table to modify the paned window:
</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Tasten</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Funktion</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>Pfeiltasten</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Move the resize handle by a small amount.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycap>Strg</keycap> + Pfeiltasten</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Move the resize handle by a large amount.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Pos1</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Contract the pane to the minimum size allowed. 
</para>
<para>
For vertical panes, reduces the size of the pane to the left of the resize handle to the minimum size allowed.  
</para>
<para>
For horizontal panes, reduces the size of the pane above the resize handle to the minimum size allowed.  
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Ende</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Expand the pane to the maximum size allowed. 
</para>
<para>
For vertical panes, increases the size of the pane to the left of the resize handle to the maximum size allowed.  
</para>
<para>
For horizontal panes, increases the size of the pane above the resize handle to the maximum size allowed.  
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Leertaste</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Set the position of the resize handle and return focus to the last control that had focus.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Esc</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Reset the position of the resize handle to the original position and return focus to the last control that had focus.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>
</section>

<section id="keynav-17">
<title>In Anwendungen navigieren</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Tastenkürzel</primary>
<secondary>für Anwendungen</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
An application is any program, utility, or other software package that you run on your desktop. Applications contain standard user interface components:
</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>Fenster</term>
<listitem>
<para>Ein Fenster ist ein rechteckiger Rahmen auf Ihrem Bildschirm, in dem eine Anwendung angezeigt wird. Lesen sie <xref linkend="keynav-11"/> für weitere Informationen darüber, wie Sie in Fenster navigieren können.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Dialogfenster</term>
<listitem>
<para>Ein Dialogfenster ist ein eingeblendetes Fenster, in dem Sie Informationen erhalten oder Befehle eingeben können. Lesen sie <xref linkend="keynav-19"/> für weitere Informationen zum Navigieren in Dialogfenstern.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Controls</term>
<listitem>
<para>
A control is any user-interactive screen element. Examples of controls include buttons, check boxes, menus, and text boxes. See <xref linkend="keynav-23"/> for detailed information about how to navigate the different types of controls that are available.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>In diesem Abschnitt des Handbuchs werden die wichtigsten Tastenkombinationen beschrieben, die Sie in Anwendungen und Dialogfenstern verwenden können.</para>

<section id="keynav-18">
<title>Grundlegende Tastenkombinationen zum Arbeiten mit Anwendungen.</title>
<anchor id="keynav-22"/>
<para>
Since there are so many applications that you can use in the GNOME Desktop, this manual does not describe all the custom keyboard shortcuts that you can use with each individual application. However, the basic keyboard shortcuts are common to many applications.
</para>
<para>
Access keys are another way to quickly navigate applications with the keyboard. An access key is identified by an underlined letter on a menu or control. In some cases, you must press <keycap>Alt</keycap> in combination with the access key to perform an action.
</para>
<para>Die folgende Tabelle enthält grundlegende Tastenkombinationen, die Sie zum Navigieren in Anwendungen verwenden können.</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Tasten</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Funktion</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>F10</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Öffnet das erste Menü in der Menüleiste.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycap>Alt</keycap> + Zugriffstaste</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Open the menu that is associated with the access key. 
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>Zugriffstasten</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Markiert den mit der Zugriffstaste verknüpften Menüpunkt.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycap>linke Pfeiltaste</keycap> und <keycap>rechte Pfeiltaste</keycap></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Bewegen den Cursor zwischen den Menüpunkten der Menüleiste.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycap>Cursor auf</keycap> und <keycap>Cursor ab</keycap></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Bewegen den Cursor in einem Menü.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Esc</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Schließt das geöffnete Menü und fokussiert das Kontrollelement, das vor dem Betreten des Menüs den Fokus hatte.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Strg</keycap><keycap>O</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1">
<para>Öffnet den Dialog zum Auswählen einer Datei.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Strg</keycap>
<keycap>S</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1">
<para>Öffnet den Speichern-Dialog.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Strg</keycap>
<keycap>L</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1">
<para>
Open a Location dialog, enabling you to type
the name of a file that you want to open or save.
</para>
</entry>
</row>

<row>
<entry colname="colspec0">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Strg</keycap>
<keycap>P</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1">
<para>Wenn verfügbar, wird ein Druckdialog geöffnet.</para>
</entry>
</row>

<row>
<entry colname="colspec0">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Strg</keycap>
<keycap>C</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1">
<para>
Copy highlighted text to the global, application-spanning clipboard.
</para>
</entry>
</row>

<row>
<entry colname="colspec0">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Strg</keycap>
<keycap>X</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1">
<para>
Cut highlighted text to the global, application-spanning clipboard.
</para>
</entry>
</row>

<row>
<entry colname="colspec0">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Strg</keycap>
<keycap>V</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1">
<para>
Paste text from the global, application-spanning clipboard to the current cursor position.
</para>
</entry>
</row>

</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>

<section id="keynav-19">
<title>Essential Keyboard Shortcuts for Navigating Dialogs</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Tastenkürzel</primary>
<secondary>Für Dialogfenster</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>Die folgende Tabelle enthält grundlegende Tastenkombinationen, die Sie zum Navigieren in Dialogfenstern verwenden können.</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Tasten</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Funktion</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap>
<keycap>Zugriffstaste</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Aktiviert oder markiert ein Kontrollelement.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Tab</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Fokussiert das nächste Kontrollelement.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Strg</keycap>
<keycap>Bild auf</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Navigiert zur nächsten Seite oder zum nächsten Reiter im Dialogfenster.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Strg</keycap>
<keycap>Bild ab</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Fokussiert die vorherige Seite oder den vorherigen Reiter im Dialog.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Esc</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Cancel/dismiss the dialog. Some application-specific dialogs may retain dialog settings, but this practice is discouraged. These dialogs usually have a single <guilabel>Close</guilabel> button, with no <guilabel>Ok/Accept</guilabel> buttons.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Eingabetaste</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Perform the default action for the dialog. The default action will usually apply any changes and close the dialog. A default button will have a bold outline and a selected button will have a slightly bolder outline than the default button.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>
</section>

<section id="keynav-20">
<title>Mit dem Datei-Manager arbeiten</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Tastenkürzel</primary>
<secondary>für den Datei-Manager</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>Der Datei-Manager arbeitet standardmäßig im <guilabel>räumlichen</guilabel> Modus. In diesem Modus wird jeder Ordner in einem eigenen Fenster dargestellt. Umgekehrt wird im <guilabel>Browser</guilabel>-Modus für jeden Ordner dasselbe Fenster verwendet.</para>
<note>
<para>Weitere Informationen zu den verschiedenen Arbeitsmodi des Datei-Managers finden Sie im <ulink url="ghelp:user-guide?nautilus-presentation">Benutzer-Handbuch</ulink>.</para>
</note>

<section id="keynav-spatial">
<title>Arbeiten mit Ordnern</title>
<para>Die folgende Tabelle beschreibt Tastenkombinationen, die Sie zum Arbeiten mit Ordnern verwenden können:</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Tasten</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Funktion</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Pfeiltasten</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
Select the next or previous file or folder in the direction of the arrow key.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycap>Strg</keycap> + Pfeiltasten</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Give focus to the next or previous file or folder but do not select the item. This allows multiple, non-contiguous blocks of files to be selected.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Leertaste</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Öffnet die ausgewählte Datei oder den ausgewählten Ordner.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycap>Strg</keycap> + <keycap>Leertaste</keycap></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Markiert den fokussierten Eintrag.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
A sequence of characters that matches the first <replaceable>n</replaceable> characters of a filename.
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Select the first file or folder that starts with the specified sequence of characters.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Pos1</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Markiert den ersten Eintrag im aktuellen Ordner.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Ende</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Markiert den letzten Eintrag im aktuellen Ordner.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Rücktaste</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Öffnet den Eltern-Ordner.</para>
</entry>
</row>

<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Umschalt+F10</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Öffnet das Kontextmenü der Datei oder des Ordners.</para>
</entry>
</row>

<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Strg+F10</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Open the enclosing folder's popup menu (equivalent to right-clicking on the view pane background).
</para>
</entry>
</row>

</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>

<section id="keynav-navigational">
<title>Navigating Browser Window Components</title>
<anchor id="keynav-21"/>
<para>
When operating in <guilabel>Browser</guilabel> mode, the file manager window 
contains several components, with keyboard shortcuts defined to navigate each component: 
</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Tasten</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Funktion</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>F6</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Der Fokus wechselt zwischen der Seitenleiste und dem Ansichtsbereich.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Umschalt</keycap>
<keycap>F10</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Öffnet das Kontextmenü der Seitenleiste.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>
</section>

<section id="keynav-52">
<title>Cursor-Navigationsmodus</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>caret navigation mode</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>
The following table describes how to use caret navigation mode (eg, in supporting applications like <application>Yelp</application>, <application>Evolution</application>, <application>Epiphany</application>, or <application>Firefox</application>). Caret navigation is a mode of operation in an application which enables you to use the keyboard to navigate and select text.
</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Tasten</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Funktion</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0">
<para>
<keycap>F7</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1">
<para>
Switch to caret navigation mode [Yelp-only]. 
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0">
<para>Nach links</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1">
<para>Geht ein Zeichen nach links.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0">
<para>Nach rechts</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1">
<para>Geht ein Zeichen nach rechts.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0">
<para>Nach oben</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1">
<para>Geht eine Zeile nach oben.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0">
<para>Nach unten</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1">
<para>Geht eine Zeile nach unten.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0">
<para><keycap>Strg</keycap> + nach links</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1">
<para>Navigiert zum Anfang des vorigen Wortes.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0">
<para><keycap>Strg</keycap> + nach rechts</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1">
<para>Navigiert zum Ende des nächsten Wortes.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0">
<para>
<keycap>Bild auf</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1">
<para>Blättert eine Bildschirmseite nach oben.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0">
<para>
<keycap>Bild ab</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1">
<para>Blättert eine Bildschirmseite nach unten.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0">
<para>
<keycap>Pos1</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1">
<para>Navigiert zum Anfang der aktuellen Zeile.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0">
<para>
<keycap>Ende</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1">
<para>Navigiert zum Ende der aktuellen Zeile.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0">
<para><keycap>Umschalttaste</keycap> + Pfeiltasten</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1">
<para>Während sich der Fokus in die angegebene Richtung bewegt, wird der dazwischen liegende Text markiert.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0">
<para>
<keycap>Tab</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1">
<para>Navigiert den Fokus zum nächsten fokussierbaren Kontrollelement.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Umschalt</keycap>
<keycap>Tab</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1">
<para>Navigiert den Fokus zum vorherigen fokussierbaren Kontrollelement.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0">
<para>
<keycap>Eingabetaste</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1">
<para>Aktiviert einen Knopf, eine Verknüpfung oder ein anderes Kontrollelement.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>

<section id="keynav-23">
<title>Mit Standardelementen und Kontrollelementen arbeiten</title>
<para>Die folgenden Abschnitte beschreiben, wie Sie mit der Tastatur die Elemente einer Benutzeroberfläche verwenden und bedienen können.</para>

<section id="keynav-24">
<title>In Menüs navigieren</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Tastenkürzel</primary>
<secondary>für Menüs</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>Die folgende Tabelle enthält Tastenkombinationen, die Sie zum Navigieren in Menüs verwenden können:</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Tasten</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Funktion</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para><keycap>Cursor auf</keycap> und <keycap>Cursor ab</keycap></para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Fokussieren des nächsten oder vorherigen Eintrags eines Menüs.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Nach rechts</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Handelt es sich bei dem fokussierten Menüeintrag um ein Untermenü, wird es geöffnet und der erste Eintrag markiert.</para>
<para>Anderenfalls wird das nächste Menü der Menüleiste geöffnet.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Nach links</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Wenn es sich bei dem fokussierten Menüeintrag um einen Untermenü-Eintrag handelt, wird das Untermenü fokussiert.</para>
<para>Handelt es sich um keinen Eintrag eines Untermenüs, wird das vorherige Menü der Menüleiste geöffnet.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Eingabetaste</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Aktiviert den ausgewählten Menü-Eintrag und schließt alle geöffneten Menüs.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>Zugriffstaste</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Der mit der Zugriffstaste verknüpfte Menü-Eintrag wird aktiviert und das Menü geschlossen.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Leertaste</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Der markierte Menü-Eintrag wird aktiviert und das Menü geschlossen, es sei denn es handelt sich bei dem Eintrag um ein Ankreuzfeld oder einen Auswahlknopf.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Esc</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Schließt das Menü.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>

<section id="keynav-25">
<title>Arbeiten mit Knöpfen</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Tastenkürzel</primary>
<secondary>für Knöpfe</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>Ein Knopf ist ein Kontrollelement, das Sie zum Starten einer Aktion verwenden. Die meisten Knöpfe sind rechteckig und haben eine textuelle Beschriftung.</para>
<figure id="keynav-FIG-39">
<title>Beispielknopf</title>
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/button.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>Schließen-Knopf.</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
</figure>
<para>In der folgenden Tabelle werden Tastenkombinationen genannt, die Sie zum Bedienen von Knöpfen verwenden können.</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Tasten</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Funktion</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Leertaste</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Der fokussierte Knopf wird aktiviert. Dies entspricht dem Anklicken des Knopfes mit der Maus.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Eingabetaste</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Wenn ein Knopf den Fokus besitzt wird er aktiviert, sonst wird die Standardaktion des Dialogfensters ausgeführt.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>
<section id="keynav-26">

<title>Arbeiten mit Auswahlknöpfen</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Tastenkürzel</primary>
<secondary>für Auswahlknöpfe</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>Sie verwenden einen Auswahlknopf, um eine Möglichkeit aus sich gegenseitig ausschließenden Möglichkeiten zu wählen.</para>
<figure id="keynav-FIG-40">
<title>Beispiel-Auswahlknopf</title>
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/radio_button.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>Zwei Beispiele für Auswahlknöpfe.</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
</figure>
<para>Die folgende Tabelle enthält Tastenkombinationen, die Sie zum Arbeiten mit einer Gruppe von Auswahlknöpfen verwenden können:</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Tasten</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Funktion</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Pfeiltasten</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Der nächste oder vorherige Auswahlknopf wird ausgewählt und alle anderen Auswahlknöpfe der Gruppe abgewählt.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>

<section id="keynav-27">
<title>Arbeiten mit Ankreuzfeldern</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Tastenkürzel</primary>
<secondary>für Ankreuzfelder</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>Ein Ankreuzfeld ist ein Element, das Sie zum Aus- oder Abwählen einer Möglichkeit verwenden.</para>
<figure id="keynav-FIG-41">
<title>Beispiel-Ankreuzfeld</title>
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/check_box.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>Beispiel Ankreuzfeld.</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
</figure>
<para>In der folgenden Tabelle werden Tastenkombinationen genannt, die Sie zum Arbeiten mit einem Ankreuzfeld verwenden können:</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Tasten</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Funktion</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Leertaste</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Das Ankreuzfeld wird aus- oder abgewählt.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>

<section id="keynav-28">
<title>Navigating Text Boxes</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Tastenkürzel</primary>
<secondary>for text boxes</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
Text boxes are controls in which you type text.
</para>
<figure id="keynav-FIG-42">
<title>Sample Single Line Text Box</title>
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/text_box.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>Sample text box with one input line.</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
</figure>
<para>
The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate a single line text box:
</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Tasten</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Funktion</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Nach links</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
Position the cursor one character to the left.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Nach rechts</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Position the cursor one character to the right.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Strg</keycap><keycap>Nach links</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Position the cursor at the start of the current word. Press and hold <keycap>Ctrl</keycap> and continue to press <keycap>left arrow</keycap> to position the cursor at the start of the previous word.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Strg</keycap>
<keycap>Nach rechts</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Position the cursor at the end of the current word. Press and hold <keycap>Ctrl</keycap> and continue to press <keycap>right arrow</keycap> to position the cursor at the end of the next word.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Pos1</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Position the cursor at the start of the line.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Ende</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Position the cursor at the end of the line.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Shift</keycap>
<keycap>left arrow</keycap></keycombo> or 
<keycap>right arrow</keycap></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Select one character at a time to the left or right of the cursor.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Shift</keycap>
<keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>left arrow
</keycap></keycombo> or <keycap>right arrow
</keycap></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Select one word at a time to the left or right of the cursor.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Umschalt</keycap>
<keycap>Pos1</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Select all text to the left of the cursor.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Umschalt</keycap>
<keycap>Ende</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Select all text to the right of the cursor.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Strg</keycap>
<keycap>A</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Select all text in the text box.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para>
In addition to the keyboard shortcuts listed in the previous table, use the keyboard shortcuts in the following table to navigate multi-line text boxes:
</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Tasten</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Funktion</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Bild auf</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
Position the cursor at the top of the current view. Press <keycap>Page Up</keycap> again to position the cursor at the top of the previous view.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Bild ab</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Position the cursor at the end of the current view. Press <keycap>Page Down</keycap> 
again to position the cursor at the end of the previous view.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Strg</keycap>
<keycap>Nach oben</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Position the cursor at the start of the current paragraph. Press and hold <keycap>Ctrl</keycap> and continue to press the <keycap>up arrow</keycap> key to position the cursor at the start of the previous 
paragraph.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Strg</keycap>
<keycap>Nach unten</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Position the cursor at the end of the current paragraph. Press and hold <keycap>Ctrl</keycap> and continue to press the <keycap>down arrow</keycap> key to position the cursor at the end of the next 
paragraph.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Strg</keycap>
<keycap>Bild auf</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Position the cursor one view width to the left.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Strg</keycap>
<keycap>Bild ab</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Position the cursor one view width to the right.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Strg</keycap>
<keycap>Pos1</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Position the cursor at the start of the text box.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Strg</keycap>
<keycap>Ende</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Position the cursor at the end of the text box.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Strg</keycap>
<keycap>Tab</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Give focus to the next control on the dialog.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Umschalt</keycap>
<keycap>Bild auf</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Select the text to the start of the current view. Press and hold <keycap>Shift</keycap> and continue to press <keycap>Page Up</keycap> to extend the selection to the start of the previous view.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Umschalt</keycap>
<keycap>Bild ab</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Select the text to the end of the current view. Press and hold <keycap>Shift</keycap> and continue to press <keycap>Page Down</keycap> to extend the selection to the end of the next view.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Umschalt</keycap>
<keycap>Pos1</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Select the text to the start of the line.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Umschalt</keycap>
<keycap>Ende</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Select the text to the end of the line.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Umschalt</keycap>
<keycap>Strg</keycap><keycap>Nach oben</keycap>
</keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Select the text to the start of the paragraph, then to the start of the previous paragraph.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Umschalt</keycap>
<keycap>Strg</keycap><keycap>Nach unten</keycap>
</keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Select the text to the end of the paragraph, then to the end of the next paragraph.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Umschalt</keycap>
<keycap>Strg</keycap><keycap>Pos1</keycap>
</keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Select the text to the start of the text box.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Umschalt</keycap>
<keycap>Strg</keycap><keycap>Ende</keycap>
</keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Select the text to the end of the text box.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>

<section id="keynav-29">
<title>Navigating Spin Boxes</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Tastenkürzel</primary>
<secondary>for spin boxes</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
A spin box is a control that allows you to type a numeric value or select a value from a list of all possible values. 
</para>
<figure id="keynav-FIG-43">
<title>Sample Spin Box</title>
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/spin_box.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>Sample spin box. Contains a text box and up and down arrows.</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
</figure>
<para>
The keyboard shortcuts that you use to navigate the text box area of a spin box are listed in <xref linkend="keynav-28"/>. The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate the up and down arrows in the spin box:
</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Tasten</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Funktion</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>up arrow</keycap> or <keycap>down arrow</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
Increase or decrease the value of the spin box by a small amount.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycap>Page Up</keycap>
or <keycap>Page Down</keycap></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Increase or decrease the value of the spin box by a large amount.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>

<section id="keynav-30">
<title>Navigating Drop-Down Lists</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Tastenkürzel</primary>
<secondary>for drop-down lists</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
A drop-down list is a control that you use to
select one of several available items. The drop-down list contains a button that you use to display the available items. 
</para>
<figure id="keynav-FIG-44">
<title>Sample Drop-Down List</title>
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/dropdown_list_box.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>Sample drop-down list.</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
</figure>
<para>
The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate a drop-down list:
</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Tasten</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Funktion</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Leertaste</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
This key performs one of the following functions:
</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
If the drop-down list is not open, this key opens the drop-down list.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
If the drop-down list is open, this key accepts the current selection and closes the list. 
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Nach oben</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Select the previous list item.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Nach unten</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Select the next list item.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Esc</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Close the list without changing the selection.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>

<section id="keynav-31">
<title>Navigating Drop-Down Combination Boxes</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Tastenkürzel</primary>
<secondary>for drop-down combination
boxes</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
A drop-down combination box is a text box
with a drop-down list attached.
</para>
<figure id="keynav-FIG-45">
<title>Sample Drop-Down Combination Box</title>
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/dropdown_combination_box.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>
Sample drop-down combination box. Contains a text box and an arrow button that you click to display the drop-down list.
</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
</figure>
<para>
When the text box has focus, use the keyboard shortcuts that are listed in <xref linkend="keynav-28"/> to navigate the text box area. When the text box has focus, 
you can also use the keyboard shortcuts in the following table to navigate the drop-down list area:
</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Tasten</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Funktion</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Nach oben</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
Select the previous item from the drop-down list without displaying the list.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Nach unten</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Select the next item from the drop-down list without displaying the list.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Strg</keycap>
<keycap>Nach unten</keycap></keycombo>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Open the drop-down list.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para>
When the drop-down list has focus, you can use the keyboard shortcuts that are listed in the following table to navigate the drop-down list:
</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Tasten</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Funktion</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Nach oben</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
Select the previous list item.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Nach unten</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Select the next list item.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Pos1</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Select the first item in the list.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Ende</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Select the last item in the list.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Bild auf</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Select the item at the top of the current list view.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Bild ab</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Select the item at the bottom of the current list view.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Leertaste</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Accept the current selection and close the drop-down list.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Strg</keycap>
<keycap>Bild auf</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Scroll to the left of the list, if required.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Strg</keycap>
<keycap>Bild ab</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Scroll to the right of the list, if required.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>

<section id="keynav-32">
<title>Navigating Sliders</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Tastenkürzel</primary>
<secondary>for sliders</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
A slider is a control that you use to set a value in a continuous range of values.
</para>
<figure id="keynav-FIG-46">
<title>Sample Slider</title>
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/slider.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>
Sample slider. Displays a slider control that you can move left or right.
</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
</figure>
<para>
The following table describes the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate a slider:
</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Tasten</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Funktion</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para><keycap>left arrow</keycap> or <keycap>up arrow
</keycap></para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
Move the slider left or up by a small amount.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycap>right arrow</keycap>
or <keycap>down arrow</keycap></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Move the slider right or down by a small amount.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Bild auf</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Move the slider left or up by a large amount.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Bild ab</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Move the slider right or down by a large amount.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Pos1</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Move the slider to the maximum value.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Ende</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Move the slider to the minimum value.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>

<section id="keynav-33">
<title>Navigating Tabbed Sections</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Tastenkürzel</primary>
<secondary>for tabbed sections</secondary>
</indexterm>
<figure id="keynav-FIG-47">
<title>Sample Dialog with Tabbed Sections</title>
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/tabbed_section.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>
Editing profile dialog from the GNOME <application>Terminal</application> application; contains six tabbed sections.
</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
</figure>
<para>
Windows and dialogs are sometimes divided into logical sections that are displayed one section at a time on the window or dialog. The overall control is referred to as a notebook or tabbed panel. The divisions are called panels, pages, or tabs, and are sometimes collectively referred to as a tabstrip or notebook header. Each individual tab is identified by a text label.
</para>
<para>
The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate the tabbed sections of a window or dialog when a tabstrip has focus:
</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Tasten</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Funktion</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Nach links</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
Give focus to the previous tabbed section.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Nach rechts</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Give focus to the next tabbed section.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycap>Tab</keycap> or<keycombo>
<keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>down arrow
</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Give focus to the first control in the active section.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para>
The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate a 
window or dialog when a control within a section has focus:
</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Tasten</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Funktion</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
<keycombo><keycap>Strg</keycap>
<keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>Bild auf</keycap></keycombo>
</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
Give focus to the previous section. 
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycombo><keycap>Strg</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>Bild ab</keycap></keycombo>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Give focus to the next section.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Strg</keycap>
<keycap>Tab</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Give focus to the next control outside the sections.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>

<section id="keynav-34">
<title>Navigating Lists</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Tastenkürzel</primary>
<secondary>for lists</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate multi-column lists when a column header has focus:
</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Tasten</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Funktion</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>left arrow</keycap> or <keycap>right arrow</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
Give focus to the previous or next column header.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Leertaste</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Activate the header. This action usually sorts the list by the column header.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Tab</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Give focus to the list contents.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para>
The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate lists when the list area has focus:
</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Tasten</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Funktion</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Pfeiltasten</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
Select the next or previous row or column.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Bild auf</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Select the top row of the list contents that are currently in view. Press <keycap>Page Up</keycap> again to select the top row of the previous view.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Bild ab</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Select the bottom row of the list contents that are currently in view. Press <keycap>Page Down</keycap> again to select the bottom row of the next view.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Pos1</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Select the first row in the list.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Ende</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Select the last row in the list.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycap>Umschalttaste</keycap> + Pfeiltasten</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
For lists that support multi-line selections, add the next or previous row or column to the current selection.
</para>
<para>
For lists that only allow single line selections, select the next or previous row or column.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Umschalt</keycap>
<keycap>Bild auf</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Select all the rows between the current selection and the top row of the view. 
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Umschalt</keycap>
<keycap>Bild ab</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Select all the rows between the current selection and the bottom row of the view. 
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Umschalt</keycap>
<keycap>Pos1</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Select all the rows between the current selection and the first row in the list. 
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Umschalt</keycap>
<keycap>Ende</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Select all the rows between the current selection and the last row in the list. 
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycap>Strg</keycap> + Pfeiltasten</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Give focus to the next row or column without extending the selection. Further items can be selected by pressing <keycap>spacebar</keycap>.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Strg</keycap>
<keycap>Bild auf</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Give focus to the top row in the view without extending the selection.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Strg</keycap>
<keycap>Bild ab</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Give focus to the bottom row in the view without extending the selection.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Strg</keycap>
<keycap>Pos1</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Give focus to the first row in the list without extending the selection.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Strg</keycap>
<keycap>Ende</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Give focus to the last row in the list without extending the selection.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Eingabetaste</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Activate the item(s).
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Strg</keycap>
<keycap>A</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Select all rows (for lists that support multi-line selections).
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Umschalt</keycap>
<keycap>Tab</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Give focus to the column header, if applicable.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>

<section id="keynav-35">
<title>Navigating Trees</title>
<para>
A tree is a user interface control that contains sections that you can expand and collapse. A tree usually represents a hierarchical structure.
</para>
<figure id="keynav-FIG-48">
<title>Sample Tree Structure</title>
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/tree.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>
Categories tree from the <application>gedit</application> preferences dialog; contains three subcategories.
</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
</figure>
<para>
To navigate trees, you can use the same keyboard shortcuts that are listed in 
<xref linkend="keynav-34"/>. In addition, the following table lists the keyboard shortcuts you can use for the tree items:
</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Tasten</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Funktion</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>+</keycap> (plus) or <keycombo><keycap>shift</keycap><keycap>right</keycap></keycombo>
</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
Expand the focused item.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycap>-</keycap> (minus) or <keycombo><keycap>shift</keycap><keycap>left</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Collapse the focused item.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Rücktaste</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Select the parent item.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Strg</keycap><keycap>F</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1">
<para>
Display a search dialog, allowing you to type the name of the tree item that you want to find. Not all trees support searching.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>
</section>

<section id="keynav-36">
<title>Anpassen Ihrer Tastenkürzel</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Tastenkürzel</primary>
<secondary>Anpassen</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
Use the <application>Keyboard Shortcuts</application> preference tool to display the default keyboard shortcuts that you use to navigate the GNOME Desktop. You can customize the default keyboard shortcuts to meet your requirements. You can also create hot keys (keyboard shortcuts which start applications).
</para>
<para>
To start the <application>Keyboard Shortcuts
</application> preference tool, choose <menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guisubmenu>Preferences
</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Keyboard Shortcuts
</guimenuitem></menuchoice>. The <guilabel>
Desktop shortcuts</guilabel> table lists the keyboard shortcuts that are associated with each action.
</para>

<!--commenting out old irrelevant Solaris-only method...
<section id="keynav-49">
<title>Customizing Keyboard Shortcuts on Solaris Systems</title>
<para>
To customize a keyboard shortcut on a Solaris system, perform the following steps:
</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
Click on the action for which you want to customize the keyboard shortcut. The row is highlighted.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Click on the keyboard shortcut in the <guilabel>Shortcut</guilabel> column. The text <quote>Type a new accelerator, or press Backspace to clear</quote> is displayed in the Shortcut column. 
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Press the keys that you want to associate with the action. The new keyboard shortcut is displayed in the <guilabel>Shortcut</guilabel> column.
</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para>
To disable a keyboard shortcut, perform the following steps:
</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
Click on the action for which you want to disable the keyboard shortcut. The row is highlighted.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Click on the keyboard shortcut in the <guilabel>Shortcut</guilabel> column. The text <quote>Type a new accelerator, or press Backspace to clear</quote> is displayed in the Shortcut column. 
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Press the <keycap>backspace</keycap>. The keyboard shortcut is disabled.
</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</section>
-->

<section id="keynav-50">
<title>Assigning and Clearing Keyboard Shortcuts
</title>
<para>
To assign a keyboard shortcut, perform the following steps:
</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
Click on the action for which you want to customize the keyboard shortcut. The row is highlighted and the text <quote>Type a new accelerator, or press Backspace to clear</quote> is displayed in the Shortcut column.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Press the keys that you want to associate with the action. The new keyboard shortcut is displayed in the <guilabel>Shortcut</guilabel> column.
</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para>
To disable a keyboard shortcut, perform the following steps:
</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
Click on the action for which you want to disable the keyboard shortcut. The row is highlighted and the text <quote>Type a new accelerator, or press Backspace to clear</quote> is displayed in the Shortcut column.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Drücken Sie die <keycap>Rücktaste</keycap>. Die Tastenkombination ist nun deaktiviert.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</chapter>

<chapter id="low-vision">
<title>Sehbehindert oder Blind</title>
<para>Der Bereich der Seheinschränkungen ist von geringer Sehkraft bis hin zu Blindheit weit gefasst. Anzeichen für geringe Sehkraft sind u. a. Verdunkelung des Sichtfeldes, Unschärfe, extreme Weit- oder Kurzsichtigkeit, Farbenblindheit und Tunnelblick. Menschen mit diesen Einschränkungen sorgen sich darum, Texte oder Bilder auf dem Bildschirm zu erkennen und fähig zu sein, Aufgaben zu bewältigen, welche eine Auge-Hand-Koordination erfordern, wie zum Beispiel eine Computermaus zu bewegen. Die Schriftgröße und Farbe kann hier einen großen Unterschied bewirken hinsichtlich der Lesbarkeit durch Menschen mit Seheinschränkungen.</para>
<para>Folgende Technologien können Sehbehinderte oder Blinde unterstützen:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
<emphasis>Desktop Appearance Enhancement</emphasis> - users can configure the desktop to be easy to read; for example, by increasing text size and using high-contrast themes.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<emphasis>Screen Magnifier</emphasis> - this is like a magnifying glass. People using them 
are able to control what area of the computer screen they want enlarged, and can move the magnifier to view different areas of the screen. They are also known as screen enlargers or large print programs.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<emphasis>Screen Reader</emphasis> - this makes on-screen information available as 
synthesized speech and/or a refreshable braille display. They generally only translate text-based information. Graphics and other non-textual objects can be 
translated if there is alternative text 
describing the item. They are also known as 
blind access utilities or screen reviewers.
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>


<section id="themes-0">
<title>Desktop Appearance Enhancement</title>
<para>
This chapter describes the methods you can use to change the appearance of the GNOME Desktop in order to enhance the accessibility of the desktop for users with visual 
impairments.
</para>

<section id="themes-1">
<title>Customization Options</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>customizing the desktop appearance</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>
There are several ways to customize the appearance of the GNOME Desktop to suit your 
specific needs:
</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>Themen</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Themes are the most effective way to change the appearance of the desktop in a consistent manner. See <xref linkend="themes-2"/> for more information about themes and how to use them to achieve the type of desktop environment that you require.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Desktop and Application-Specific Configuration Settings
</term>
<listitem>
<para>
You can customize different components of the desktop to achieve the display settings that you require. You can configure the desktop and applications in addition to using themes or as an alternative to themes. See <xref linkend="themes-7"/> for more information.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>
The following table summarizes the changes that you can make to the GNOME Desktop and where you can make the changes. This guide does not provide detailed instructions about how to customize the desktop. For detailed instructions about how to use the customization tools that the desktop provides, refer to the Help for each tool or to the <ulink type="help" url="ghelp:user-guide?prefs">User Guide</ulink>.
</para>
<table frame="topbot" id="themes-TBL-1">
<title>Quick Reference to Customizing the Appearance of the Desktop
</title>
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="50%"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="50%"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>To change the...</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Use...
</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
Overall appearance of the desktop using high-contrast colors, low-contrast colors, or large print.
</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>The <guilabel>Theme</guilabel> section of the <application>Appearance</application> preference tool.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
Appearance of the desktop background only.
</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
The <guilabel>Desktop Background</guilabel> section of the <application>Appearance</application> preference tool; also the file manager <guilabel>Backgrounds and Emblems</guilabel> menu item.
</para>
</entry>
</row>

<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
Appearance of the mouse pointer.
</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
The <guilabel>Theme</guilabel> section of the <application>Appearance</application> preference tool; use the <guilabel>Pointers</guilabel> tab of the <guilabel>Customize</guilabel> option.
</para>
</entry>
</row>

<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
Font displayed on the desktop background and
in all desktop applications.
</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
The <guilabel>Font</guilabel> section of the <application>Appearance</application> preference tool.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
Default font settings of the <application>Text Editor</application>,  <application>Terminal</application> or <application>Help</application> application.
</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
Normally these applications use the default 
application font that is specified in the <guilabel>Font</guilabel> section of the <application>Appearance</application> preference tool, but these font settings can also be overridden in the <guilabel>Preferences</guilabel> dialog for the application.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
</section>

<section id="themes-2">
<title>Einstellen von Themen im Desktop</title>
<para>
This section describes how to use themes to customize the appearance of the GNOME Desktop.
</para>

<section id="themes-3">
<title>Einführung in Themen</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Themen</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>
A theme is a group of coordinated settings that specifies how a desktop component or a group of desktop components appears. You can use themes to modify and control the appearance of the desktop in a consistent manner. When you apply a theme, the system modifies many desktop components simultaneously to achieve the desired effect. For example, if you apply a theme that increases the font size across the desktop, the theme also modifies the size of panels and icons on the desktop for optimum compatibility with the font size. Some themes have suggested font settings that may optionally be auto-set; in addition, most colors within a theme can be customized.
</para>
<para>
A theme contains settings that affect different parts of the desktop: 
</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>Controls</term>
<listitem>
<para>
The controls setting for a theme determines the visual appearance of all windows, applications, panels, and panel applications. The controls setting also determines the visual appearance of the GNOME-compliant interface items that appear on windows, applications, panels, and panel applications such as menus, icons, and buttons. Some of the control options that are available in the desktop are designed for special accessibility needs.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Window Border</term>
<listitem>
<para>
The window frame setting determines the appearance of the border around windows only.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Symbol</term>
<listitem>
<para>
The icon setting determines the appearance of icons on panels and on the desktop background.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</section>

<section id="themes-4">
<title>Choosing Themes</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Themen</primary>
<secondary>Desktop</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>Um ein Thema auszuwählen, führen Sie die folgenden Schritte aus:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
Choose <menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guisubmenu>Preferences</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Appearance
</guimenuitem></menuchoice>. The themes
are listed under the <guilabel>Theme</guilabel> tab.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Click on a theme in the list box to choose a new theme. The system automatically applies the theme to the desktop, and may also prompt whether to apply a suggested font for the theme. 
</para>
<para>
There are several themes available that suit different accessibility needs, as described in the following table:
</para>
<table frame="topbot" id="themes-TBL-2">
<title>Themes Designed for Accessibility Requirements
</title>
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="50*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="50*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Theme Name</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Beschreibung</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
<guilabel>High Contrast</guilabel> 
</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
Provides dark text on a light background using high-contrast colors.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<guilabel>High Contrast Inverse</guilabel> 
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Provides light text on a dark background using high-contrast colors.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<guilabel>Large Print</guilabel> 
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
This theme suggests an increased font size of 18pt. The background and foreground colors are the same as those specified by the <guilabel>Default</guilabel> desktop theme. To apply the suggested font, click on the <guibutton>Apply Font</guibutton> button.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<guilabel>High Contrast Large Print</guilabel> 
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
This theme suggests an increased font size of 18pt using dark text on a light background. To apply the suggested font, click on the <guibutton>Apply Font</guibutton> button.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<guilabel>High Contrast Large Print Inverse</guilabel> 
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
This theme suggests an increased font size of 18pt using light text on a dark background. To apply the suggested font, click on the <guibutton>Apply Font</guibutton> button.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para>
In some GNOME distributions there are also prebuilt low-contrast/low-contrast-large-print themes to complement the high-contrast theme set.
</para>
<para>
To view the controls, window frame, and icon settings that are associated with a theme, select a theme in the <guilabel>Appearance </guilabel> preference tool, then click on the <guibutton>Theme</guibutton> tab. The <guilabel>Customize</guilabel> option contains a tabbed section for each setting category. Each tabbed section lists the options that are available and the current setting for the theme is highlighted. 
</para>
</section>

<section id="themes-20">
<title>Modifying the Controls Setting for a Theme</title>
<para>
To modify the controls setting that is associated with a theme, perform the following steps: 
</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
Within the <guilabel>Theme</guilabel> tab, select the theme that you want to modify.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Click on the <guibutton>Customize</guibutton> button. The <guilabel>Customize Theme</guilabel> dialog is displayed.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Click on the <guilabel>Controls</guilabel> tab to display the controls options that are available.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Select the controls option that you want to associate with the current theme from the list box, then click <guibutton>Close</guibutton>. The following table lists the controls options that are suitable for accessibility needs: 
</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<table frame="topbot">
<title>Controls Options Designed for Accessibility Requirements
</title>
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="50*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="50*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Control Option</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Beschreibung</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
<guilabel>HighContrast</guilabel> 
</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
Provides dark text on a light background using high-contrast colors.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<guilabel>HighContrastInverse</guilabel> 
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Provides light text on a dark background using high-contrast colors.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<guilabel>LargePrint</guilabel> 
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Increases the size of controls to accommodate larger fonts. To increase the font size, you must use the <application>Font</application> preference tool. The background and foreground colors are the same as those 
specified by the <guilabel>Default</guilabel> desktop theme.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
<guilabel>HighContrastLargePrint</guilabel> 
</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
Provides dark text on a light background using high-contrast colors. Increases the size of controls to accommodate larger fonts. To increase the font size, you must use the <application>Font</application> preference tool.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
<guilabel>HighContrastLargePrintInverse</guilabel> 
</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
Provides light text on a dark background using high-contrast colors. Increases the size of controls to accommodate larger fonts. To increase the font size, you must use the <application>Font</application> preference tool.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
</section>

<section id="themes-5">
<title>Modifying the Window Border Setting for a Theme
</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Themen</primary>
<secondary>window border</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
To modify the window border setting that is associated with a theme, perform the following steps: 
</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
In the <application>Appearance</application> preference tool, choose the <guilabel>Theme</guilabel> tab and the theme you want to modify. 
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Click on the <guibutton>Customize</guibutton> button. The <guilabel>Customize Theme</guilabel> dialog is displayed.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Click on the <guilabel>Window Border</guilabel> tab to display the window frame options that are available. 
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Select the window frame option that you want to associate with the current theme from the list box, then click <guibutton>Close</guibutton>. The <guilabel>Atlanta</guilabel> option is designed for accessibility. 
</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</section>

<section id="themes-19">
<title>Modifying the Icon Setting for a Theme</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Themen</primary>
<secondary>Symbol</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
To modify the icon setting that is associated with a theme, perform the following steps: 
</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
In the <application>Appearance</application> preference tool, choose the <guilabel>Theme</guilabel> tab and select the theme that you want to modify. 
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Click on the <guibutton>Customize</guibutton> button. The <guilabel>Customize Theme</guilabel> dialog is displayed.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Click on the <guilabel>Icons</guilabel> tab to display the icon options that are available. 
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Select the icon option that you want to associate with the theme from the list box, then click <guibutton>Close</guibutton>. The following table lists the icon options that are suitable for accessibility needs:
</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<table frame="topbot">
<title>Icon Options Designed for Accessibility Requirements
</title>
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="50*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="50*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Icon Option</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Beschreibung</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
<guilabel>HighContrast</guilabel> 
</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
Provides dark-on-light icons using high-contrast colors.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<guilabel>HighContrastInverse</guilabel> 
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Provides light-on-dark icons using high-contrast colors.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<!--<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<guilabel>LargePrint</guilabel> 
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
The background and foreground colors are the same as 
those specified by the <guilabel>Default</guilabel> 
desktop theme. To increase the font size, you must use 
the <application>Font</application> Preference tool.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
<guilabel>HighContrastLargePrint</guilabel> 
</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
Provides dark text on a light background using 
high-contrast colors. To increase the font size, you 
must use the <application>Font</application> Preference 
tool.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
<guilabel>HighContrastLargePrintInverse</guilabel> 
</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
Provides light text on a dark background using 
high-contrast colors. To increase the font size, you 
must use the <application>Font</application> Preference 
tool.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<guilabel>LowContrastLargePrint</guilabel> 
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Uses low-contrast colors for the background and 
foreground text. To increase the font size, you must use
the <application>Font</application> Preference tool.
</para>
</entry>
</row>-->
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
</section>

<section id="themes-6">
<title>Creating Your Own Themes</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Themen</primary>
<secondary>creating own</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
For information about how to create your own themes, see the <ulink type="help" url="ghelp:system-admin-guide?themes-0">
System Administration Guide</ulink>. 
</para>
</section>
</section>

<section id="themes-7">
<title>Customizing Specific Components of the Desktop
</title>
<para>
This section describes how to customize specific components of the GNOME Desktop individually.
</para>

<section id="themes-8">
<title>Customizing the Desktop Background</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>customizing desktop appearance</primary>
<secondary>Desktop-Hintergrund</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
The themes do not affect the desktop background. To set the desktop background, choose <menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guisubmenu>Preferences</guisubmenu>
<guimenuitem>Appearance</guimenuitem></menuchoice> and select a background from the <guilabel>Background</guilabel> tab. If no background is chosen, the first entry listed here may be used.
</para>
</section>

<section id="themes-9">
<title>Customizing Desktop Background Objects</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>customizing desktop appearance</primary>
<secondary>Desktop-Hintergrundobjekte</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
The size of the icons that are displayed on the desktop background is controlled by the <application>File Management</application> preference tool. To change the size of the icons, perform the following steps:
</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
From the <application>File Manager</application> window, choose the <menuchoice><guimenu>Edit</guimenu>
<guisubmenu>Preferences</guisubmenu></menuchoice> menu item.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Select the <guilabel>Views</guilabel> tabbed section.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
In the <guilabel>Icon View Defaults</guilabel> group, select the zoom level that you require in the <guilabel>Default Zoom Level</guilabel> drop-down list.
</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</section>

<section id="themes-10">
<title>Customizing Fonts</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>customizing desktop appearance</primary>
<secondary>Fonts</secondary>
</indexterm>
<anchor id="themes-13"/>
<anchor id="themes-14"/>
<para>
This section describes how to customize
the font settings for the desktop and frequently-used applications.
</para>
<para>
If you have difficulty with the default font type and font size that is used on the desktop and desktop background, you can customize the font settings to suit your needs. 
</para>
<para>
You can specify individual font settings for the following desktop components and applications: 
</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
Entire desktop (excluding the desktop background)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Desktop background only</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Terminal</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Texteditor</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Hilfe</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Web-Browser</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<section id="themes-11">
<title>Customizing Desktop Fonts</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>customizing desktop appearance</primary>
<secondary>desktop fonts</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
The <application>Appearance</application> preference tool allows you to specify the default fonts for the desktop.
</para>
<para>
To start the <application>Appearance</application> preference tool, choose <menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu>
<guisubmenu>Preferences</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Appearance</guimenuitem></menuchoice>. The <guilabel>
Fonts</guilabel> tab contains the following options: 
</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<guilabel>Application Font</guilabel> 
</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Click on this button to select a default font to use for the text that is displayed on the desktop, including the text displayed on the windows and dialogs associated with GNOME-compliant applications and panel applications.
</para>
<note>
<para>
If you use a predefined theme and you click on the <guibutton>Apply Font</guibutton> button, the font that is associated with the theme overrides the font from the <application>Appearance</application> preference tool.
</para>
</note>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<guilabel>Document Font</guilabel> 
</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Click on this button to select a font to use for displaying documents.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<guilabel>Desktop Font</guilabel> 
</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Click on this button to select a font to use for the text that is displayed on the desktop background only.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><guilabel>Window Title Font</guilabel> </term>
<listitem>
<para>
Click on this button to select a font to use for the text that is displayed in the titlebar area of windows.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><guilabel>Fixed Width Font</guilabel> </term>
<listitem>
<para>
Click on this button to select a font to use for editing documents.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><guilabel>Font Rendering</guilabel> </term>
<listitem>
<para>
To specify how to render fonts on the desktop, select one of the following options:
</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
<guilabel>Monochrome</guilabel> 
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<guilabel>Best Shapes</guilabel> 
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<guilabel>Best Contrast</guilabel> 
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<guilabel>Subpixel Smoothing</guilabel> 
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<note>
<para>
If you use large fonts, you may need to change the size of panes in some applications, such as the file manager and Help browser. 
</para>
</note>
<para>
For more information about the <application>Appearance</application> preference tool and fonts, see the <ulink type="help" url="ghelp:user-guide?prefs-font">
User Guide</ulink>. 
</para>
</section>

<section id="themes-cust">
<title>Customizing Application Fonts</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>custom desktop appearance</primary>
<secondary>set choose individual font</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
By default, GNOME applications use the default font specified in the <application>Appearance</application> preference tool. Some applications allow this default font to be customized. These applications are:
</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para><ulink type="help" url="ghelp:user-guide#yelp">Hilfebrowser</ulink> 
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<ulink type="help" url="ghelp:gedit? gedit-prefs-fontsandcolors">Texteditor</ulink> </para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<ulink type="help" url="ghelp:gnome-terminal# gnome-terminal-prefs-general">Terminal</ulink> 
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<ulink type="help" url="ghelp:epiphany# ephy-customize">Web-Browser</ulink> 
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</section>
</section>
</section>

<section id="themes-15">
<title>Meeting Specific Accessibility Needs</title>
<para>
The following sections summarize the steps you need to take to improve the accessibility of the desktop in a particular area. 
</para>

<section id="themes-16">
<title>Achieving a High- or Low-Contrast Desktop</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>high contrast desktop</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>low contrast desktop</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>
To achieve a high- or low-contrast desktop, perform the following steps:
</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
Use the <application>Appearance</application> preference tool to select the high-contrast or low-contrast desktop theme that you require from the <guilabel>Theme</guilabel> tab.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Use the <guilabel>Background</guilabel> tab to customize your desktop background as follows:
</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
Set the <guilabel>Desktop Wallpaper</guilabel> to <guilabel>No Wallpaper</guilabel>.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Set the <guilabel>Desktop Colors</guilabel> to <guilabel>Solid Color</guilabel>.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Select a background color that suits your needs.
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
In the <application>Terminal</application> application, ensure that the <guilabel>Use colors from system theme</guilabel> option is selected in the <guilabel>Colors</guilabel> tabbed section of the <guilabel>Editing
Profile</guilabel> dialog.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
In the <application>gedit</application> (Text Editor) application, ensure that the <guilabel>Use default theme colors</guilabel> option is selected in the <guilabel>Fonts &amp; Colors</guilabel> tabbed section of the 
<guilabel>Preferences</guilabel> dialog.
</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</section>

<section id="themes-17">
<title>Achieving a Large Print Desktop</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>large print desktop</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>
To achieve a large-print desktop, perform the following steps:
</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
Use the <application>Appearance</application> preference tool to select the <guilabel>Large Print</guilabel> theme.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Click on the <guibutton>Apply Font</guibutton> button to increase the size of the font that is used on the desktop and on window frames.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Use the <guilabel>Desktop Font</guilabel> option in the <guilabel>Font</guilabel> tab to increase the font that is displayed on desktop background objects.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Increase the font size that is used to display the contents of the <application>Terminal</application> application window. 
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
If the <guilabel>Use default theme font</guilabel> option is selected in the <application>gedit</application> (Text Editor) <guilabel>Preferences</guilabel> dialog, <application>gedit</application> uses the font size that is specified in the large-print theme that you selected. However, if the <guilabel>Use default theme font
</guilabel> option is not selected, increase the font size that is used to display the contents of the <application>gedit</application> text editor window. See the <ulink type="help" url="ghelp:gedit?gedit-prefs-fontsandcolors">gedit manual</ulink> for more information.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
If you use applications that use panes, such as the file manager and help browser, you may need to change the size of panes to accommodate the large print. See the online help for the appropriate application for more information.
</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</section>
</section>
</section>

<section id="ats-2">
<title>Orca: Bildschirmleser und -Lupe</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Bildschirmleser und -Lupe</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>Orca</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>
The <application>Orca</application> Screen Reader and Magnifier application enables users with limited or no vision to use the GNOME Desktop and associated applications. <application>Orca</application> provides the following functionality: 
</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Bildschirmleser</para>
<para>
The screen reader enables non-visual access to standard applications in the GNOME Desktop by using speech and braille output.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Lupe</para>
<para>
The magnifier provides automated focus tracking and full-screen magnification to aid low-vision users.
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>
The following sections provide information about <application>Orca</application> and how to use it.
</para>

<section>
<title>Introduction to Orca</title>
<section>
<title>What is Orca?</title>
<para>
Orca is a flexible, extensible, and powerful assistive technology for people with visual impairments. Using various combinations of speech synthesis, braille and magnification, Orca helps provide access to applications
and toolkits that support the AT-SPI (e.g., the GNOME Desktop). <application>Orca</application> is also free open source software.
</para>
</section>

<section>
<title>Warum der Name Orca?</title>
<para>Einer der ersten DOS-Bildschirmleser war Flipper, entwickelt durch die Omnichron Corporation in Berkeley, CA. Er wurde unter anderem deswegen Flipper genannt, weil die blinde Ehefrau des Programmierers sich vorstellte, dass Computer durch Schaltgeräte programmiert werden (ein akkurates Bild einer vergangen Ära). Darauf folgte ein weiterer Bildschirmleser, diesmal von Henter-Joyce in Florida - »Jobs Access With Speech« (oder JAWS). Und so weiter ....</para>
<para>Obwohl zwischen Blindheit und Meereskreaturen keine offensichtliche Verbindung besteht, gibt es dennoch eine Tradition in der Namensgebung für Bildschirmleser-Software. Daher <application>Orca</application>, was viel strenger klingt als Nemo, Ariel, Willy oder Mr. Limpet.</para>
</section>

<section>
<title>What's the schedule?</title>
<para>
<application>Orca</application> is part of the GNOME platform and <application>Orca</application>'s releases are coupled with the releases of the GNOME platform.
</para>
</section>

<section>
<title>How do I request a new feature?</title>
<para>
<ulink url="http://bugzilla.gnome.org/buglist.cgi?query=product:orca+">Bugs</ulink> and feature/enhancement requests (RFEs) 
should be reported to the <ulink url="http://bugzilla.gnome.org">GNOME Bug Tracking System
</ulink>. Patches are always welcome, and instructions for creating patches can be found in the <ulink url="http://developer.gnome.org/tools/svn.html">
GNOME Introduction to Subversion (SVN)
</ulink>.
</para>
</section>

<section>
<title>Where is the discussion list?</title>
<para>
You can get in touch with developers and other users by <ulink url="mailto:orca-list@gnome.org">sending an e-mail</ulink> to the <ulink url="http://mail.gnome.org/mailman/listinfo/orca-list">Orca mailing list</ulink> 
(<ulink url="http://mail.gnome.org/archives/orca-list">Archives</ulink>).
</para>
</section>

<section>
<title>Wird Braille unterstützt?</title>
<para>Ja, Braille wird durch BrlTTY bereitgestellt und ist ein fester Bestandteil von Orca. BrlTTY unterstützt fast jede heutzutage bekannte Braillezeile.</para>
</section>

<section>
<title>Wird Blindenkurzschrift unterstützt?</title>
<para>Ja, <application>Orca</application> bietet volle Unterstützung für die Ausgabe in Blindenkurzschrift.</para>
</section>

<section>
<title>Welche Sprachausgaben werden unterstützt?</title>
<para>
<application>Orca</application> provides interfaces to both <userinput>gnome-speech</userinput> and <userinput>emacspeak</userinput> speech services. As such, the available voices for <application>Orca</application> are only restricted by the speech engines supported by the available speech services. For free speech engines, you typically have a choice of the eSpeak, Festival, and FreeTTS speech engines. For commercial engines, you have a choice of 
additional engines such as Fonix DECtalk, Loquendo, Eloquence, Cepstral and IBMTTS, with others on the way. Periodically check the <userinput>gnome-speech</userinput> package for more progress in this area.
</para>
</section>

<section>
<title>What languages are supported?</title>
<para>
The <ulink url="http://l10n.gnome.org/teams">
GNOME translation teams</ulink> are composed of many passionate volunteers from around the world. These teams do a great job and keep an up-to-date status report. See the <ulink url="http://l10n.gnome.org/module/orca">
Orca translation status page</ulink> for the large number of languages into which <application>Orca</application> has been translated.
</para>
<para> 
Note: support for a language also depends on 
the speech synthesis engine also supporting the same language.
</para>
</section>

<section>
<title>How well does magnification work?</title>
<para>
<application>Orca</application> currently uses the <userinput>gnome-mag</userinput> 
magnification service. <userinput>gnome-mag</userinput> has incorporated support for smoother full-screen magnification, which 
relies upon newer extensions in the X Window System server. These extensions do not always function well on all platforms, so smooth full-screen magnification may not always work.
</para>
</section>

</section>

<section id="enable-orca">
<title>Enabling Orca</title>
<para>
For a text-only guided setup, open a Run dialog with <keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F2</keycap></keycombo> or <keycombo><keycap>Meta</keycap><keycap>R</keycap></keycombo> and use the command <userinput>orca --text-setup</userinput> <keycap>Enter</keycap>.
</para>
<para>
The first time <application>Orca</application> is launched you will be asked a few questions:
</para>
<para>
First you will be presented with a list of languages to choose from; there are currently about 45 languages supported. Most of this list will scroll off the screen, so you may have to use the terminal's scrollbar to view earlier parts of the list. Type in the number of your language choice (e.g., 7 for American English) and press <keycap>Enter</keycap>.  You do not need to wait for the entire list to be spoken, and Orca attempts to make your default language the first choice (choice 1).
</para>
<para>
You are next asked to set <guilabel>Echo By Word</guilabel>. This option instructs <application>Orca</application> to speak words as you finish typing them. Type <keycap>y</keycap> or <keycap>n</keycap> and press <keycap>Enter</keycap>.
</para>
<para>
The next item is <guilabel>Key Echo</guilabel>. This option will speak all keys as they are pressed. Type <keycap>y</keycap> or <keycap>n</keycap> and press <keycap>Enter</keycap>.
</para>
<para>
Now select your desired keyboard layout; generally, you will want to choose the layout that matches your keyboard type - 1 for Desktop or 2 for Laptop. This choice will determine what key will act as the <application>Orca</application> modifier key. The Desktop layout uses <keycap>Insert</keycap> while the Laptop layout uses <keycap>Caps Lock</keycap>. A system, host, shift or modifier key is one which is used in conjunction with other keys, enabling keyboard access to most program functions.
</para>
<para>
Next, specify if you require braille output. This functionality assumes a BrlTTY-compatible device is available. Type <keycap>y</keycap> or <keycap>n</keycap> and press <keycap>Enter</keycap>.  Note that you can usually just enter <keycap>y</keycap> here; Orca will recover gracefully and function even if it cannot find BrlTTY.
</para>
<para>
Lastly, indicate whether you want an on-screen braille output monitor. This is mostly for developers who need to verify BrlTTY output, but may also be useful in other situations, such as visually diagnosing or verifying braille output. Type <keycap>y</keycap> or <keycap>n</keycap> and press <keycap>Enter</keycap>.
</para>
<para>
That's it! <application>Orca</application> is now ready for use. If accessibility was not yet enabled, <application>Orca</application> does so now and asks you to logout and back in for the services to start. Type <keycap>y</keycap> and press <keycap>Enter</keycap> to restart your login session.
</para>
<para>
After completing the first-time <application>Orca</application> settings, use <keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F2</keycap></keycombo> or <keycombo><keycap>Meta</keycap><keycap>R</keycap></keycombo> to bring up the Run dialog, type in <literal>orca</literal> and press <keycap>Enter</keycap>. Accessibility functions should now be active.  Orca's Configuration GUI (<xref linkend="configuration-gui"/>) also has an option to let you indicate that Orca should be started automatically when you log in.
</para>
<para>
If you plan to use the Magnifier portion of <application>Orca</application> in full screen mode, nonfirm the <application>Xserver</application> "Composite" extension is enabled: use <keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F2</keycap></keycombo> or <keycombo><keycap>Meta</keycap><keycap>R</keycap></keycombo> to bring up the Run dialog, type in <literal>xdpyinfo</literal> and press <keycap>Enter</keycap>.  Look for the string "Composite" in the output.
</para>
</section>

<section>
<title>Using Orca</title>
<section>
<title>Initial Setup</title>
<para>
When you run <application>Orca</application> for the first time, it will automatically enter setup mode. If you want to run setup 
at some later point, you can pass the
<userinput>--setup</userinput> option to <application>Orca</application> the next 
time you run it. Furthermore, while <application>Orca</application> is running, 
you can press <keycombo><keycap>Insert</keycap><keycap>Space</keycap></keycombo> to bring up <application>Orca</application>'s Configuration GUI (<xref linkend="configuration-gui"/>). Finally, <application>Orca</application> provides a text setup utility that you can start by passing the 
<userinput>--text-setup</userinput> option to <application>Orca</application>. All of these options will create a <userinput>~/.orca/user-settings.py</userinput> file that holds your preferences and will also enable the accessibility infrastructure. You need to log out and log back in for the new settings to take effect.
</para>
</section>

<section>
<title>How do I run Orca?</title>
<para>
Run <application>Orca</application> by typing <userinput>orca</userinput> in a terminal session window. You can do so from a virtual 
console window if you do not yet have access to the GUI. With the GUI installed you can also press <keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap>
<keycap>F2</keycap></keycombo> or <keycombo><keycap>Meta</keycap>
<keycap>R</keycap></keycombo> to bring up the Run dialog and then type <userinput>orca</userinput> as the command (followed by any optional parameters).  Then, press <keycap>Enter</keycap>. <application>Orca</application> will automatically enter text setup mode if you run it from a virtual console window or your GUI environment is not yet set up for accessibility.
</para>
</section>

<section>
<title>Quitting Orca</title>
<para>
To quit <application>Orca</application>, press <keycombo><keycap>Insert</keycap>
<keycap>Q</keycap></keycombo> (or <keycombo><keycap>CapsLock</keycap>
<keycap>Q</keycap></keycombo> in laptop layout mode). A confirmation dialog will appear. Select <guilabel>Yes</guilabel> to quit. If the system seems unresponsive, you can try a few things:
</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
Run <userinput>orca --quit</userinput> from a terminal window, such as a virtual console; press <keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap>
<keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F1</keycap>
</keycombo> (on most Linux platforms) to get to a virtual console, enter your commands, and then use <keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap>
<keycap>F7</keycap></keycombo> to get back to the desktop. This will kill the <application>Orca</application> process and reclaim system resources. You can then 
rerun <application>Orca</application> using the previously outlined methods.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Press <keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap>
<keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>Backspace</keycap>
</keycombo> to end your login session and get back to the graphical login prompt (not implemented in all Linux distributions).
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</section>
</section>

<section id="configuration-gui">
<title>Orca Configuration GUI</title>
<para>
The <application>Orca</application> Configuration GUI allows you to customize the behavior and features of <application>Orca</application>, such as speech, braille, and magnification. For example, you can select which speech synthesis engine you want to use, whether braille is enabled or not, and which magnification preferences you want. You can select which general keyboard layout you want (desktop or laptop) and you can also examine and modify the existing keyboard layout with fine-grained control. To bring up the <application>Orca</application> Configuration GUI, press <keycombo><keycap>Orca_Modifier</keycap><keycap>Space</keycap></keycombo>, where <keycap>Orca_Modifier</keycap> is <keycap>Insert</keycap> when you use the Desktop Keyboard Layout (<xref linkend="orca-desktop-keys"/>) and <keycap>CapsLock</keycap> when you use the Laptop Keyboard Layout (<xref linkend="orca-laptop-keys"/>). If you want to change settings for a single application, press <keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Orca_Modifier</keycap><keycap>Space</keycap></keycombo> while the application has focus.
</para>
<para>
The <application>Orca</application> Configuration GUI is a dialog containing several tabbed pages, each of which is described in the following sections.
</para>

<section>
<title>Allgemein</title>
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/General_Tab.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>
<application>Orca</application> GUI Configuration - General Page
</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
<para>
The <guilabel>General</guilabel> page allows you to customize general aspects of <application>Orca</application>. These include the following:
</para>

<section>
<title>Keyboard Layout</title>
<para>
The keyboard layout section allows you to specify if you will be working on a laptop (small) or desktop (large, with a numeric keypad) keyboard. You select which layout you want by selecting one of the following options:
</para>
<para>
<emphasis>Desktop</emphasis> - if selected, the Desktop Keyboard Layout (<xref linkend="orca-desktop-keys"/>) will be used.
</para>
<para>
<emphasis>Laptop</emphasis> - if selected, the Laptop Keyboard Layout (<xref linkend="orca-laptop-keys"/>) will be used.
</para>
</section>

<section>
<title>Show Orca main window</title>
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/MainWindow.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>
<application>Orca</application> GUI Configuration - Main window
</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
<para>
The <application>Orca</application> main window provides you with a graphical way to display the <application>Orca</application> Configuration GUI (also accessible with <keycombo><keycap>Orca_Modifier</keycap><keycap>Space</keycap></keycombo>, where Orca_Modifier is <keycap>Insert</keycap> when you use the Desktop Keyboard Layout (<xref linkend="orca-desktop-keys"/>) and <keycap>Caps_Lock</keycap> when you use the Laptop Keyboard Layout (<xref linkend="orca-laptop-keys"/>)). The main window also provides a <guibutton>Quit</guibutton> option, also available with <keycombo><keycap>Orca_Modifier</keycap><keycap>Q</keycap></keycombo>). Many users do not like the <application>Orca</application> main window because it shows up in the window manager's tab order when you press <keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>Tab</keycap></keycombo> to switch windows. By deselecting the "Show Orca main window" button, you can tell <application>Orca</application> to not show the <application>Orca</application> main window.
</para>
</section>

<section>
<title>Quit Orca without Confirmation</title>
<para>
Normally, when you press <keycombo><keycap>Orca_Modifier</keycap><keycap>Q</keycap></keycombo> to quit <application>Orca</application> or press the <guibutton>Quit</guibutton> button in the <application>Orca</application> main window, <application>Orca</application> will pop up a confirmation dialog asking you if you want to quit. Unchecking this option prevents the confirmation window from appearing.
</para>
</section>

<section>
<title>Disable gksu keyboard grab</title>
<para>
When running commands from the launch menu, many distributions use an application known as <application>gksu</application> to authorize the user to run these commands; <application>gksu</application> is the GUI that asks you for your password. When it runs, <application>gksu</application> enables what is known as a "keyboard grab," which is a feature to prevent keyboard actions from going to any other application on the desktop, including <application>Orca</application>.  The result of a keyboard grab is that <application>Orca</application> will not receive any keyboard events, preventing <application>Orca</application> from functioning normally.
</para>
<para>
By selecting the "Disable gksu keyboard grab" button, you will turn off the keyboard grab behavior, allowing <application>Orca</application> to function normally with system administration applications.
</para>
<note>
<para>
The keyboard grab is a security attempt by <application>gksu</application> to prevent nefarious applications from "sniffing" the keyboard and grabbing secret information.  Please be advised that disabling the gksu keyboard grab feature can expose you to such nefarious behavior. If you do not feel comfortable with this, you can always use the root account for system administration purposes. To do so, you need to enable the root account for login, and then logout and log back in as root whenever you want to perform a system administration command.
</para>
</note>
</section>

<section>
<title>Present tooltips</title>
<para>
When checked, this option will tell <application>Orca</application> to present information about tooltips when they appear as the result of mouse hovering. Specific actions to force tooltips to appear, such as pressing <keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>F1</keycap></keycombo> when an object has focus, will always result in tooltips being presented, regardless of this setting.
</para>
</section>

<section>
<title>Speak object under mouse</title>
<para>
When checked, this option will tell <application>Orca</application> to present information about the object under the mouse when you move it around the screen. Note that this can cause <application>Firefox</application> and <application>Thunderbird</application> versions 2.x and earlier to crash; this is not a problem with <application>Firefox</application> and <application>Thunderbird</application> versions 3.x and later.
</para>
</section>

<section>
<title>Start Orca when you login</title>
<para>
When checked, this option will tell the system to automatically launch <application>Orca</application> when you log in.
</para>
</section>
</section>

<section>
<title>Speech Page</title>
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/Speech_Tab.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>
<application>Orca</application> GUI Configuration - Speech Page
</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
<para>
The speech page allows you to customize how <application>Orca</application> uses speech synthesis.
</para>

<section>
<title>Enable speech</title>
<para>
The first control of note on the speech page is the "enable speech" check box. This check box toggles whether or not <application>Orca</application> will make use of a speech synthesizer. This option, along with the ability to enable braille and enable magnifier support, allow <application>Orca</application> to be tailored to meet the needs of a wide variety of users.
</para>
</section>

<section>
<title>Speech System and Speech Synthesizer</title>
<para>
The next two controls deal with selecting the speech system and synthesizer. <application>Orca</application> provides support for a growing number of speech systems. At the time of this writing, these include GNOME-speech, Emacspeak, and an experimental backend for Speech Dispatcher.  Depending upon how your machine is configured, you may have all or none of these options.  Typically, you will have just GNOME-speech.
</para>
<para>
First, determine which speech system you would like to use - GNOME-speech works best at this time. After making your selection, tab to the speech synthesizer combo box and choose from the list of available synthesizers.
</para>
</section>

<section>
<title>Voice Settings</title>
<para>
If your synthesizer supports it, <application>Orca</application> can utilize multiple voices in order to identify special cases within an application, such as hyperlinks or upper case text. The voice settings and person combo boxes can be adjusted to customize these settings to your liking. For example, assume you were using Fonix DECtalk and wanted the Betty voice to denote upper case. To accomplish this, you could do the following:
</para>
<procedure>
<step>
<para>
Tab to the voice settings combo box, and down arrow until the upper case voice is selected.
</para>
</step>
<step>
<para>
Tab to the person combo box, and down arrow to choose the Betty voice.
</para>
</step>
</procedure>
<para>
The next three sliders in the tab order allow adjustment of the synthesizer's rate, pitch and volume, respectively.
</para>
</section>

<section>
<title>Punctuation Level</title>
<para>
The punctuation level radio button group is used to adjust the amount of punctuation spoken by the synthesizer. The available levels are None, Some, Most and All.
</para>
</section>

<section>
<title>Ausführlichkeit</title>
<para>
The verbosity setting determines the amount of information that will be spoken in certain situations. For example, if it is set to verbose, the synthesizer will speak shortcut keys for items in pull down menus. When it is set to brief, these shortcut keys are not announced.
</para>
</section>

<section>
<title>Table Row Speech</title>
<para>
The table row speech option determines the way in which <application>Orca</application> will read items within tables. The available settings are "speak current row" or "speak current cell". The ability to adjust this behavior can be useful in many situations.  For example, consider the process of browsing email messages in <application>Evolution</application>. In this instance it may be preferable to set table speech to "speak current row" so that while arrowing through the list of messages all relevant info, such as the sender, subject, and whether the message has attachments, is read automatically. While the current row setting is active, it is still possible to read individual cells by using the left and right arrows.
</para>
<note>
<para>
You can quickly toggle this behavior by pressing <keycombo><keycap>Orca_Modifier</keycap><keycap>F11</keycap></keycombo>.
</para>
</note>
</section>

<section>
<title>Speak Progress Bar Updates</title>
<para>
If this setting is enabled, <application>Orca</application> will periodically announce the status of progress bars. How often the announcement is made is determined by the value chosen in the <guilabel>Update Interval</guilabel> spin button. Note that this spin button is only available if the "Speak progress bar updates" checkbox has been checked.
</para>
</section>

<section>
<title>Speak Indentation and Justification</title>
<para>
When working with code or editing other documents it is often desirable to be aware of justification and indentation. Selecting the "Speak indentation and justification" check box will cause <application>Orca</application> to provide this information.
</para>
</section>

<section>
<title>Speak Blank Lines</title>
<para>
Some users desire to hear "blank" when navigating to a blank line in a document.  Other users do not. If the "speak blank lines" check box is selected, <application>Orca</application> will speak blank lines.
</para>
</section>

<section>
<title>Speak tutorial messages</title>
<para>
When moving from component to component in an interface, this option will provide spoken tutorial messages for how to work with the component.
</para>
</section>

<section>
<title>Say All By</title>
<para>
This combo box allows you to specify whether the "say all" functionality of <application>Orca</application> speaks by sentence or line.  See the Desktop Keyboard Layout (<xref linkend="orca-desktop-keys"/>) and Laptop Keyboard Layout (<xref linkend="orca-laptop-keys"/>) for how to invoke the "say all" functionality).
</para>
</section>
</section>

<section>
<title>Braille Page</title>
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/Braille_Tab.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>
<application>Orca</application> GUI Configuration - Braille Page
</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
<para>
The braille page allows you to customize various aspects about the use of braille.
</para>
<note>
<para>
<application>Orca</application> does not automatically start BrlTTY for you; typically you need to do this yourself, usually at boot time.
</para>
</note>

<section>
<title>Braille-Unterstützung aktivieren</title>
<para>
The first control on the braille page is the "Enable braille support" check box. This check box toggles whether or not <application>Orca</application> will make use of a braille display. This option, along with the ability to enable braille and enable magnifier support, allow <application>Orca</application> to be tailored to meet the needs of a wide variety of users. By default, this check box is enabled. If BrlTTY is not running, <application>Orca</application> will recover gracefully and will not communicate with the braille display. If you configure BrlTTY later on, you need to restart <application>Orca</application> in order for it to use braille.
</para>
</section>

<section>
<title>Den Braille-Monitor aktivieren</title>
<para>
<application>Orca</application>'s braille monitor provides an on-screen representation of what takes place on the braille display. This feature is mostly for demonstration purposes, but is also useful for <application>Orca</application> developers who do not have access to a braille display.
</para>
</section>

<section>
<title>Abbreviated Role Names</title>
<para>
The "Abbreviated role names" check box determines the manner in which role names are displayed and can be used to help conserve real estate on the braille display. The "Abbreviated role names" option can be better understood if we consider the following example. Let us assume that a slider had focus, and that the abbreviated role names box was not checked. In this case, the word "slider" would be shown on the display, to reflect the fact that the current control was indeed a slider. If the abbreviated role names box were checked, the word "slider" would be abbreviated to "sldr".
</para>
</section>

<section>
<title>Disable end of line symbol</title>
<para>
When checked, this feature tells <application>Orca</application> to not present the "$l" string at the end of a line.
</para>
</section>

<section>
<title>Contracted Braille</title>
<para>
<application>Orca</application> supports contracted braille via the liblouis project.  Refer to <ulink url="http://live.gnome.org/Orca/Braille#Braille">the Orca WIKI</ulink>, where you can find additional information about setting up liblouis with <application>Orca</application>.
</para>
</section>

<section>
<title>Ausführlichkeit</title>
<para>
The verbosity radio button group determines the amount of information that will be brailled in certain situations. For example, if it is set to verbose, keyboard shortcut and role name information is displayed. This information is not displayed in brief mode.
</para>
</section>

<section>
<title>Selection Indicator</title>
<para>
When you select text, <application>Orca</application> will "underline" that text on your braille display with Dots 7 and 8. If you would prefer, you can change the indicator to only be Dot 7, only be Dot 8, or not be present at all.
</para>
</section>

<section>
<title>Hyperlink Indicator</title>
<para>
When you encounter a hyperlink, <application>Orca</application> will "underline" that text on your braille display with Dots 7 and 8. If you would prefer, you can change the indicator to only be Dot 7, only be Dot 8, or not be present at all.
</para>
</section>
</section>

<section>
<title>Tastaturecho</title>
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/KeyEcho_Tab.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>
<application>Orca</application> GUI Configuration - Key Echo Page
</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
<para>Im Reiter Tastaturecho können Sie steuern, wie sich <application>Orca</application> verhalten soll, wenn Sie eine Taste drücken und ob geschriebene Worte vorgelesen werden sollen.</para>

<section>
<title>Tastaturecho aktivieren</title>
<para>
The first control on the key echo page is the "Enable key echo" check box. When this box is selected, six additional check boxes become available. These are: "Enable alphanumeric and punctuation keys", "Enable modifier keys", "Enable locking keys", "Enable function keys", "Enable action keys", and "Enable navigation keys".
</para>
<para>
The alphanumeric and function key groups are relatively self explanatory.
</para>
<para>
Modifier keys are those such as <keycap>Shift</keycap>, <keycap>Ctrl</keycap>, and <keycap>Alt</keycap>.
</para>
<para>
Locking keys include <keycap>Caps Lock</keycap>, <keycap>Scroll Lock</keycap> and <keycap>Num Lock</keycap>.
</para>
<para>
The action keys group consists of keys that perform some logical action, such as <keycap>Backspace</keycap>, <keycap>Return</keycap> and <keycap>Tab</keycap>.
</para>
<para>
The navigation keys group include the four arrow keys as well as any key combination in which the Orca Modifier key is being held down. The latter is designed to prevent <application>Orca</application> from echoing flat review commands.
</para>
</section>

<section>
<title>Enable Echo by Word</title>
<para>
The next toggle on the key echo page is the "Enable echo by word" check box, used to echo the word you just typed. The "Echo by word" control is always available, regardless of whether any of the key echo options are checked.
</para>
</section>

<section>
<title>Enable Echo by Sentence</title>
<para>
The last toggle on the key echo page is the "Enable echo by sentence" check box, used to echo the sentence you just typed. The echo by sentence control is always available, regardless of whether any of the key echo options are checked.
</para>
<para>
In summary, the key echo scheme can offer a great deal of flexibility. For example, one user might choose to enable all key echo options, while another might prefer to use word echo, but only have locking keys announced.
</para>
</section>
</section>

<section>
<title>Magnifier Page</title>
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/Magnifier_Tab.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>
<application>Orca</application> GUI Configuration - Magnifier Page
</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
<para>
The magnifier page allows you to enable/disable magnification and specify how magnification is performed.
</para>

<section>
<title>Enable Magnifier</title>
<para>
The first control on the magnifier page is the "Enable magnifier" check box. This check box toggles whether or not <application>Orca</application> will provide magnification. This option, along with the ability to enable speech and enable braille support, allow <application>Orca</application> to be tailored to meet the needs of a wide variety of users.
</para>
</section>

<section>
<title>Zoomer-Einstellungen</title>
<para>
Two zoomer GUI controls determine magnification characteristics:
</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
"Scale factor", which sets magnification power from 1.0x to 16.0x (fractional values are supported).
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
"Position", which sets the location and size of the magnifier window: "Full Screen", "Left Half", "Right Half", "Top Half", "Bottom Half", and "Custom". The default position is "Full Screen". Choosing "Custom" causes four spin buttons to become available: "Top", "Left", "Right", and "Bottom".  These spin buttons allow you to define the location of each edge of the zoom window.  Units are in pixels.
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</section>

<section>
<title>Border Settings</title>
<note>
<para>Diese Optionen stehen im »Vollbildmodus« nicht zur Verfügung.</para>
</note>

<section>
<title>Enable border</title>
<para>
This option determines if a window border is visible for the magnifier.
</para>
</section>

<section>
<title>Randgröße</title>
<para>
This value determines the size of the border in pixels. 
</para>
</section>
</section>

<section>
<title>Cursor-Einstellungen</title>
<para>
These controls can be used to customize the size and color of the magnifier's cursor.
</para>

<section>
<title>Cursor aktivieren</title>
<para>
If this check box is enabled then a cursor is visible and the size and color options become available.
</para>
</section>

<section>
<title>Eigene Größe</title>
<para>
Enable this check box if you would like to make the mouse pointer larger than it normally is. The cursor size can be changed from the default value of 32 pixels.
</para>
</section>

<section>
<title>Custom color</title>
<para>
If the cursor is enabled, a custom color can also be applied.
</para>
</section>
</section>

<section>
<title>Fadenkreuz-Einstellungen</title>
<para>
This set of controls can be used to customize the magnifier's optional area-targeting cursor.
</para>

<section>
<title>Fadenkreuz aktivieren</title>
<para>
If checked, you can additionally configure the clipping behavior, size and color of the cross-hair.
</para>
</section>

<section>
<title>Enable cross-hair clip</title>
<para>
If enabled, the cross-hair will be "clipped" (removed) in the area immediately surrounding the mouse pointer.
</para>
</section>

<section>
<title>Cross-hair size</title>
<para>
This control sets the thickness of the cross-hair in pixels.
</para>
</section>

<section>
<title>Cross-hair color</title>
<para>
This control allows a custom color to be used for the cross-hair.
</para>
</section>
</section>

<section>
<title>Farbeinstellungen</title>
<para>
This allows you to do some rough color adjustments of the magnified region.
</para>

<section>
<title>Farben invertieren</title>
<para>
Creates a reverse or negative-image effect.
</para>
</section>

<section>
<title>Helligkeit</title>
<para>
Ranges from -1 to 1 (-1 is black/no brightness; 1 is white/total brightness; 0 is "normal"/unchanged).
</para>
</section>

<section>
<title>Kontrast</title>
<para>
Ranges from -1 to 1 (-1 is grey/no contrast; 1 is maximum contrast; 0 is "normal"/unchanged).
</para>
</section>
</section>

<section>
<title>Verfolgungs- und Ausrichtungseinstellungen</title>
<para>
These options control the tracking of the mouse cursor.
</para>

<section>
<title>Mauszeiger</title>
<para>
Choose from the following options:
</para>

<section>
<title>Centered</title>
<para>
Keeps the mouse pointer at the center of the screen whenever possible. This is the default.
</para>
</section>

<section>
<title>Proportional</title>
<para>
Positions the mouse pointer in the zoom window relative to its actual, unmagnified position.  For instance, if the mouse pointer is 25% away from the left edge of the desktop, <application>Orca</application> positions the magnified mouse pointer 25% from the left edge of the zoom window.
</para>
</section>

<section>
<title>Push</title>
<para>
Moves the zoomer window the least amount necessary to keep the mouse pointer on the screen.
</para>
</section>

<section>
<title>None</title>
<para>
Moving the mouse pointer has no impact on what the zoomer window displays.
</para>
</section>
</section>

<section>
<title>Pointer follows zoomer</title>
<para>
This option is enabled by default. If the mouse pointer is not on the screen when you initially move the mouse, it will be moved into the zoomer so that you can continue to see what you were working on. If your preferred mouse tracking mode is centered, the pointer will be moved to the center; otherwise it will be moved to the item with focus.
</para>
</section>

<section>
<title>Control and menu item</title>
<para>
These options control additional behavior of the magnifier.
</para>

<section>
<title>Centered</title>
<para>
When navigating via keyboard, keep the focused dialog box control or menu item at the center of the screen whenever possible.
</para>
</section>

<section>
<title>Push</title>
<para>
When navigating via keyboard, move the zoomer window the least amount necessary to display the focused dialog box control or menu item.  This is the default.
</para>
</section>

<section>
<title>None</title>
<para>
Using the keyboard to navigate among dialog box controls and menu items will have no impact on what the zoomer window displays.
</para>
</section>

<section>
<title>Pointer follows focus</title>
<para>
If this option is enabled, the mouse pointer will follow you as you arrow through menu items and move among controls in dialog boxes. This option is disabled by default.
</para>
</section>
</section>

<section>
<title>Text cursor</title>
<para>
These options control how the text cursor behaves.
</para>

<section>
<title>Centered</title>
<para>
As the text cursor moves, keep it at the center of the screen whenever possible.
</para>
</section>

<section>
<title>Push</title>
<para>
As the text cursor moves, move the zoomer window the least amount necessary to display it. This is the default.
</para>
</section>

<section>
<title>None</title>
<para>
Moving the text cursor will have no impact on what the zoomer window displays.
</para>
</section>

<section>
<title>Edge margin</title>
<para>
The edge margin is how close the caret should be allowed to get to the edge of the screen before it's time to "push" the zoomer window. The margin can range from 0 to 50%, with 50% being the equivalent of choosing centering.  The default value is 0.
</para>
<note>
<para>
This option is only available if "Push" is your text cursor tracking mode.
</para>
</note>
</section>
</section>
</section>

<section>
<title>Advanced Settings</title>
<para>
If you press the Advanced Settings button located near the bottom of the Magnifier page, the following dialog will appear:
</para>
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/Magnifier_Advanced.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>
<application>Orca</application> GUI Configuration - Magnifier - Advanced Settings
</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>

<section>
<title>Smoothing</title>
<para>
Bilinear or none.
</para>
</section>

<section>
<title>Helligkeit</title>
<para>
Red, Green, Blue: Individual controls for choosing customized brightness levels.  Choosing different brightness levels for each color allows you to create the color scheme that works best for you.
</para>
</section>

<section>
<title>Kontrast</title>
<para>
Red, Green, Blue: Individual controls for choosing customized contrast levels. While not as significant as changes to brightness, choosing different contrast levels for each color helps you to create the color scheme that works best for you.
</para>
</section>

<section>
<title>Color Filtering</title>
<para>
Allows you to pick one of the colorblind filters available through libcolorblind.
</para>
<note>
<para>
In order to take advantage of this feature you will need to install libcolorblind and then rebuild gnome-mag.
</para>
</note>
</section>

<section>
<title>Multi-Monitor Settings - Source Display</title>
<para>
X Window System DISPLAY of what should be magnified. Written in the form ":0.x" where x is the number of the screen whose contents should be magnified.
</para>
</section>

<section>
<title>Multi-Monitor Settings - Target Display</title>
<para>
X Window System DISPLAY of where to put the zoomer window. Written in the form ":0.y" where y is the number of the screen where the zoomer window should appear.
</para>
</section>
</section>
</section>

<section id="orca-keybindings-page">
<title>Key Bindings Page</title>
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/KeyBindings_Tab.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>
<application>Orca</application> GUI Configuration - Key Bindings Page
</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
<para>
The key bindings page allows you to examine and modify the key bindings for <application>Orca</application>.
</para>

<section>
<title>Orca Modifier Key(s)</title>
<para>
The first control on the key bindings page allows you to examine which key (or keys) acts as the "<application>Orca</application> modifier." The <application>Orca</application> modifier is the key that you press and hold in conjunction with other keys to give commands to <application>Orca</application>. For  desktop keyboards, the Orca modifier defaults to <keycap>Insert</keycap>. For laptop keyboards, the <application>Orca</application> modifier defaults to the <keycap>Caps Lock</keycap> key.  See the Desktop Keyboard Layout (<xref linkend="orca-desktop-keys"/>) and Laptop Keyboard Layout (<xref linkend="orca-laptop-keys"/>) sections for the default values.
</para>
<note>
<para>
You cannot modify the <application>Orca</application> modifier key(s) using the Configuration GUI at this time.
</para>
</note>
</section>

<section>
<title>Key Bindings Table</title>
<para>
The key bindings table provides a list of <application>Orca</application> operations and the keys that are bound to them.
</para>
<para>
The "Function" column header is a description of the <application>Orca</application> operation to be performed.
</para>
<para>
The "Key Binding" header is the primary way to invoke the function from the keyboard. Note that the function description may include the word "Orca". This indicates that the <application>Orca</application> modifier key should be held down along with the other keys.
</para>
<para>
The "Alternate" header provides an alternate mechanism for invoking the function from the keyboard.
</para>
<para>
To modify either the "Key Binding" or the "Alternate" bindings, arrow to the cell and press <keycap>Return</keycap>. Then, press a key combination and press <keycap>Return</keycap> to confirm the new combination. When you do so, the new keystroke will be saved and the check box in the last column (the "Modified" column) will indicate that the key binding has been modified.
</para>
<para>
To undo a modified keybinding, merely arrow to the modified column, uncheck the checkbox, and press the "Apply" button <keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>A</keycap></keycombo>.
</para>
<para>
Beneath the list of <application>Orca</application> keybindings, you will find a group of "unbound" commands:
</para>
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/KeyBindings_Tab_Unbound.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>
<application>Orca</application> GUI Configuration - Key Bindings Page showing the 'unbound' group of commands
</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
<para>
These are commands which we feel will be very useful for some users, but not needed by most users. Rather than "use up" a keystroke for such commands, we have left them unassigned.  You can assign a keystroke to any of these unbound commands by following the procedure outlined above. In addition, you can unbind any bound command in a similar fashion: press <keycap>Return</keycap> to edit the keybinding, and when prompted for the new keybinding, press <keycap>Delete</keycap> or <keycap>Backspace</keycap>. You will be told that the key binding has been removed. Press <keycap>Return</keycap> to confirm.
</para>
</section>
</section>

<section>
<title>Pronunciation Page</title>
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/Pronunciation_Tab.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>
<application>Orca</application> GUI Configuration - Pronunciation Page
</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
<para>
Sometimes your speech synthesizer just doesn't say the right thing for a given string. You might prefer to hear "laughing out loud" rather than "LOL." Or there may be a name or a technical term which the synthesizer mispronounces. The pronunciation page is where you can add, edit, and delete <application>Orca</application>'s pronunciation dictionary entries. Because the pronunciation page is also part of the application-specific settings dialog that's started when you give a particular application focus and type <keycombo><keycap>Orca_Modifier</keycap><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Space</keycap></keycombo>, you can customize your entries on an as-needed basis for each application you use.
</para>

<section>
<title>Add a new dictionary entry</title>
<procedure>
<step>
<para>
Press the <guibutton>New Entry</guibutton> button (<keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>N</keycap></keycombo>).
</para>
</step>
<step>
<para>
Type the text of the new entry and press <keycap>Return</keycap> to finish editing the actual string.
</para>
</step>
<step>
<para>
Move to the Replacement String column and press <keycap>Return</keycap> to begin editing.
</para>
</step>
<step>
<para>
Type the text that you would like to have spoken instead and press <keycap>Return</keycap> to finish editing the replacement string.
</para>
</step>
</procedure>  
</section>

<section>
<title>Edit an existing dictionary entry</title>
<procedure>
<step>
<para>
Move to the cell you wish to edit and press <keycap>Return</keycap> to begin editing.
</para>
</step>
<step>
<para>
Make your changes and then press <keycap>Return</keycap> to finish editing.
</para>
</step>
</procedure>  
</section>

<section>
<title>Delete an existing dictionary entry</title>
<procedure>
<step>
<para>
Move to the entry you wish to delete.
</para>
</step>
<step>
<para>
Press the Delete button or <keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>D</keycap></keycombo>.
</para>
</step>
</procedure>  
</section>
</section>

<section>
<title>Text Attributes Page</title>
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/TextAttributes_Tab.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>
<application>Orca</application> GUI Configuration - Text Attributes Page
</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
<para>
<application>Orca</application> will speak known text attribute information about an object when you press <keycombo><keycap>Insert</keycap><keycap>F</keycap></keycombo> (desktop layout) or <keycombo><keycap>Caps_Lock</keycap><keycap>F</keycap></keycombo> (laptop layout). Because the number of text attributes is large, and not everyone cares about every attribute, the "Text Attributes" tab of the configuration
GUI allows you to customize which text attributes <application>Orca</application> will present.
</para>
<para>
On this tab is a text attribute list, where each row consists of four columns:
</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
The name of the text attribute.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
A checkbox which the user can set to indicate whether this text attribute should be spoken or not.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
A checkbox which the user can set to indicate whether this text attribute should be "underlined" on the braille display.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
An editable "Present unless" string value. By default, not all text attributes will have this set. If present, what it means (assuming the user wants this text attribute presented) is that the value of the attribute will only be presented if it is <emphasis>not</emphasis> this value.
</para>
<para>
For example, by default the "underline" text attribute has a value of "none." If the user has this attribute checked and the user types
<keycombo><keycap>Orca_Modifier</keycap><keycap>F</keycap></keycombo> and the text in question is not underlined, then this
attribute is not spoken. If you always want this attribute to be spoken irrespective of whether the text is underlined, then the
attribute should be checked and the "Present unless" value cleared.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
There is also a <guibutton>Reset</guibutton> button (<keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>R</keycap></keycombo>) which will set the list values back to their initial state when the dialog was first displayed.
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>
When you initially display the text attribute pane, all your checked attributes are put at the top of the list. They are given in the order that they will be spoken and brailled.
</para>
<para>
If you decide to check others or adjust the order, there are four buttons to help you do this:
</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
<guibutton>Move to top</guibutton> (<keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>T</keycap></keycombo>) - moves the selected attribute to the top of the list.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<guibutton>Move up one</guibutton> (<keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>U</keycap></keycombo>) - moves the selected attribute up one row.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<guibutton>Move down one</guibutton> (<keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>D</keycap></keycombo>) - moves the selected attribute down one row.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<guibutton>Move to bottom</guibutton> (<keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>B</keycap></keycombo>) - moves the selected attribute to the bottom of the list.
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>
Beneath these push buttons is the Braille Indicator group of radio buttons. Here you can select the cell or cells to be used to indicate text which has at least one of the specified attributes. Your choices are:
</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
None (the default)
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Dot 7
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Dot 8
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Dots 7 and 8
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>
Text attributes can also be set on an individual application basis. The text attribute pane is also part of the application-specific settings dialog that's started when you give a particular application focus and type <keycombo><keycap>Orca_Modifier</keycap><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Space</keycap></keycombo>.
</para>
</section>
</section>

<section>
<title>Orca Keyboard Commands</title>
<para>
You can get a complete list of available keyboard commands by visiting the <guilabel>Key Bindings</guilabel> page of the <application>Orca</application> Configuration GUI (<xref linkend="orca-keybindings-page"/>). To bring up the <application>Orca</application> Configuration GUI, press <keycombo><keycap>Orca_Modifier</keycap><keycap>Space</keycap></keycombo>, where <userinput>Orca_Modifier</userinput> is the <keycap>Insert</keycap> key for the <link linkend="orca-desktop-keys">desktop layout</link> and the <keycap>Caps_Lock</keycap> key for the <link linkend="orca-laptop-keys">laptop layout</link>. Note that you can also enter <application>Orca</application>'s "learn mode" while running <application>Orca</application> by pressing <keycombo><keycap>Orca_Modifier</keycap><keycap>H</keycap></keycombo>. When in learn mode, <application>Orca</application> will intercept all keyboard and braille input events and tell you what the effect would be.  To exit learn mode, press the <keycap>Escape</keycap> key.
</para>
<note>
<para>
<application>Orca</application> provides additional commands for some applications, such as <application>Firefox</application>.  To get the list of additional commands for an application, press <keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Orca_Modifier</keycap><keycap>Space</keycap></keycombo> when that application has focus. This will bring up the <application>Orca</application> Configuration GUI in the "application-specific" state, and the additional commands will appear in the <guilabel>Key Bindings</guilabel> page.
</para>
<para>
The GNOME Desktop itself also has <ulink url="http://library.gnome.org/users/user-guide/stable/shortcuts-global.html.en">built in keyboard commands</ulink> to control the desktop and its applications.
</para>
<para>
WARNING: the MouseKeys functionality of AccessX can interfere with the <application>Orca</application> modifier key (see <ulink url="http://bugzilla.gnome.org/show_bug.cgi?id=548169">bug 548169</ulink>), resulting in odd behavior. In particular, MouseKeys uses the <keycap>KP_Insert</keycap> key to emulate a mouse button press. When enabled, MouseKeys can conflict with <keycap>KP_Insert</keycap> as the <application>Orca</application> modifier, resulting in what appears to be a stuck <application>Orca</application> modifier key.  As an alternative, you can use the <link linkend="orca-laptop-keys">laptop key bindings</link>, which avoids the keypad for <application>Orca</application> commands. If you accidentally enabled MouseKeys, you can disable it via the <application>gnome-keyboard-properties</application> application.
</para>
</note>

<section id="orca-desktop-keys">
<title>Desktop Layout</title>
<para>
Following is a list of common <application>Orca</application> keyboard commands for desktop keyboards arranged by category:
</para>

<section>
<title>Flat review commands</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
<keycap>Numpad-7</keycap> - move the flat review cursor to the previous line and read it.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<keycap>Numpad-8</keycap> - read the current line.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<keycap>Numpad-9</keycap> - move the flat review cursor to the next line and read it.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<keycap>Numpad-4</keycap> - move the flat review cursor to the previous word and read it.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<keycap>Numpad-5</keycap> - read the current word.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<keycap>Numpad-6</keycap> - move the flat review cursor to the next word and read it.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<keycap>Numpad-1</keycap> - move the flat review cursor to the previous character and read it.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<keycap>Numpad-2</keycap> - read the current character.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<keycap>Numpad-3</keycap> - move the flat review cursor to the next character and read it.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<keycap>Numpad-slash</keycap> - perform a left mouse click at the location of the flat review cursor.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<keycap>Numpad-star</keycap> - perform a right mouse click at the location of the flat review cursor.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<keycap>Numpad-minus</keycap> - toggle between flat review and focus tracking mode.
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<note>
<para>
The above commands apply when working with objects as well as when working with text.  For example, if the flat review cursor were positioned on a menu bar, pressing the "read current line" command would speak the names of all visible menus. Similarly, pressing the "read next word" command would speak the object to the right of the flat review cursor on the same line, or move flat review to the next line if no more objects were found.
</para>
</note>
</section>

<section>
<title>Bookmark commands</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
<keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>Insert</keycap><keycap>[1-6]</keycap></keycombo> - assign a bookmark to a numbered slot. If a bookmark already exists in the slot it will be replaced with the new one. 
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<keycombo><keycap>Insert</keycap><keycap>[1-6]</keycap></keycombo> - go to the position pointed to by the bookmark bound to this numbered slot.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>Shift</keycap><keycap>[1-6]</keycap></keycombo> -  "Where am I" information for this bookmark relative to the current pointer location.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<keycombo><keycap>Insert</keycap><keycap>B</keycap></keycombo> and <keycombo><keycap>Insert</keycap><keycap>Shift</keycap><keycap>B</keycap></keycombo> - move between the given bookmarks for the given application or page. 
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>Insert</keycap><keycap>B</keycap></keycombo> - save the defined bookmarks for the current application or page.
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</section>

<section>
<title>Miscellaneous functions</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
<keycombo><keycap>Numpad</keycap><keycap>Plus</keycap></keycombo> - "say all" command; reads from the current position of the caret to the end of the document. 
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<keycombo><keycap>Numpad</keycap><keycap>Enter</keycap></keycombo> - "Where am I" command; speaks information such as the title of the current application window, as well as the name of the control that currently has focus. 
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<keycombo><keycap>Insert</keycap><keycap>H</keycap></keycombo> - enter into <application>Orca</application>'s "learn mode"; press <keycap>Escape</keycap> to exit. 
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<keycombo><keycap>Insert</keycap><keycap>F</keycap></keycombo> - speak font and attribute information for the current character. 
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<keycombo><keycap>Insert</keycap><keycap>Space</keycap></keycombo> - Launch the <application>Orca</application> Configuration dialog. 
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<keycombo><keycap>Insert</keycap><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Space</keycap></keycombo> - reload user settings and reinitialize services as necessary. Also launches the <application>Orca</application> Configuration dialog for the current application.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<keycombo><keycap>Insert</keycap><keycap>S</keycap></keycombo> - toggle speech on and off.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<keycombo><keycap>Insert</keycap><keycap>F11</keycap></keycombo> - toggle the reading of tables, either by single cell or whole row.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<keycombo><keycap>Insert</keycap><keycap>Q</keycap></keycombo> - quit <application>Orca</application>.
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</section>

<section>
<title>Commands for debugging</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
<keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>Insert</keycap><keycap>Home</keycap></keycombo> - report information on the currently active script. 
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<note>
<para>
In order for the next three commands to be of use, <application>Orca</application> needs to be started from a virtual console or via gnome-terminal. Output is sent to the console only (i.e., it is not sent to speech or braille).
</para>
</note>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
<keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>Insert</keycap><keycap>End</keycap></keycombo> - print a debug listing of all known applications to the console where <application>Orca</application> is running. 
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>Insert</keycap><keycap>Page_Up</keycap></keycombo> - print debug information about the ancestry of the object with focus. 
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>Insert</keycap><keycap>Page_Down</keycap></keycombo> - print debug information about the hierarchy of the application with focus. 
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</section>
</section>

<section id="orca-laptop-keys">
<title>Laptop Layout</title>
<para>
Following is a list of common <application>Orca</application> keyboard commands for laptop keyboards arranged by category:
</para>

<section>
<title>Flat review commands</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
<keycombo><keycap>Caps_Lock</keycap><keycap>U</keycap></keycombo> - move the flat review cursor to the previous line and read it.
Double-click to move flat review to the top of the current window.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<keycombo><keycap>Caps_Lock</keycap><keycap>I</keycap></keycombo> - read the current line.
Double-click to read the current line along with formatting and capitalization details.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<keycombo><keycap>Caps_Lock</keycap><keycap>O</keycap></keycombo> - move the flat review cursor to the next line and read it. Double- click to move flat review to the bottom of the current window.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<keycombo><keycap>Caps_Lock</keycap><keycap>J</keycap></keycombo> - move the flat review cursor to the previous word and read it.
Double-click to move flat review to the word above the current word.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<keycombo><keycap>Caps_Lock</keycap><keycap>K</keycap></keycombo> - read the current word.
Double-click to spell the word. Triple-click  to hear the word spelled phonetically.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<keycombo><keycap>Caps_Lock</keycap><keycap>L</keycap></keycombo> - move the flat review cursor to the next word and read it. Double- click to move flat review to the word below the current word.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<keycombo><keycap>Caps_Lock</keycap><keycap>M</keycap></keycombo> - move the flat review cursor to the previous character and read it.
Double-click to move flat review to the end of the current line.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<keycombo><keycap>Caps_Lock</keycap><keycap>Comma</keycap></keycombo> - read the current character. Double-click to pronounce the character phonetically if it is a letter.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<keycombo><keycap>Caps_Lock</keycap><keycap>Period</keycap></keycombo> - move the flat review cursor to the next character and read it.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<keycombo><keycap>Caps_Lock</keycap><keycap>7</keycap></keycombo> - perform a left mouse click at the location of the flat review cursor.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<keycombo><keycap>Caps_Lock</keycap><keycap>8</keycap></keycombo> - perform a right mouse click at the location of the flat review cursor.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<keycombo><keycap>Caps_Lock</keycap><keycap>8</keycap></keycombo> - perform a right mouse click at the location of the flat review cursor.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<keycombo><keycap>Caps_Lock</keycap><keycap>p</keycap></keycombo> - toggle between flat review and focus tracking mode.
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<note>
<para>
The above commands apply when working with objects as well as when working with text.  For example, if the flat review cursor were positioned on a menu bar, pressing the "read current line" command would speak the names of all visible menus. Similarly, pressing the "read next word" command would speak the object to the right of the flat review cursor on the same line, or move flat review to the next line if no more objects were found.
</para>
</note>
</section>

<section>
<title>Bookmark commands</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
<keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>Caps_Lock</keycap><keycap>[1-6]</keycap></keycombo> - add a bookmark to the numbered slot. If a bookmark already exists for the slot it will be replaced with the new one.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<keycombo><keycap>Caps_Lock</keycap><keycap>[1-6]</keycap></keycombo> - go to the position pointed to by the bookmark bound to this numbered slot.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>Shift</keycap><keycap>[1-6]</keycap></keycombo> - "Where am I" information for this bookmark relative to the current pointer location.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<keycombo><keycap>Caps_Lock</keycap><keycap>B</keycap></keycombo>and <keycombo><keycap>Caps_Lock</keycap><keycap>Shift</keycap><keycap>B</keycap></keycombo> - move between the given bookmarks for the given application or page.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>Caps_Lock</keycap><keycap>B</keycap></keycombo> - save the defined bookmarks for the current application or page.
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</section>

<section>
<title>Miscellaneous functions</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
<keycombo><keycap>Caps_Lock</keycap><keycap>Semicolon</keycap></keycombo> - "Say all" command; reads from the current position of the caret to the end of the document.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<keycombo><keycap>Caps_Lock</keycap><keycap>Enter</keycap></keycombo> - "Where am I" command; speaks information such as the title of the current application window, as well as the name of the control that currently has focus.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<keycombo><keycap>Caps_Lock</keycap><keycap>H</keycap></keycombo> - enter learn mode (press <keycap>Escape</keycap> to exit).
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<keycombo><keycap>Caps_Lock</keycap><keycap>F</keycap></keycombo> - speak font and attribute information for the current character.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<keycombo><keycap>Caps_Lock</keycap><keycap>Space</keycap></keycombo> - launch the <application>Orca</application> Configuration dialog.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<keycombo><keycap>Caps_Lock</keycap><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Space</keycap></keycombo> - reload user settings and reinitialize services as necessary; also  launches the <application>Orca</application> Configuration dialog for the current application.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<keycombo><keycap>Caps_Lock</keycap><keycap>S</keycap></keycombo> - toggle speech on and off.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<keycombo><keycap>Caps_Lock</keycap><keycap>F11</keycap></keycombo> - toggle the reading of tables, either by single cell or whole row.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<keycombo><keycap>Caps_Lock</keycap><keycap>Q</keycap></keycombo> - quit <application>Orca</application>.
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</section>

<section>
<title>Commands for debugging</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
<keycombo><keycap>Caps_Lock</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Home</keycap></keycombo> - report information on the currently active script.
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<note>
<para>
In order for the next three commands to be of use, <application>Orca</application> needs to be started from a virtual console or via <application>gnome-terminal</application>. Output is sent to the console only (i.e., 
it is not sent to speech or braille).
</para>
</note>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
<keycombo><keycap>Caps_Lock</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>End</keycap></keycombo> - prints a debug listing of all known applications to the console where <application>Orca</application> is running.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<keycombo><keycap>Caps_Lock</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Page_Up</keycap></keycombo> - prints debug information about the ancestry of the object with focus.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<keycombo><keycap>Caps_Lock</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Page_Down</keycap></keycombo> - prints debug information about the object hierarchy of the application with focus.
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</section>
</section>

</section>
<section>
<title>Application-Specific Information</title>
<section>
<title>Accessible Applications</title>
<para>
<application>Orca</application> is designed to work with applications and toolkits that support the Assistive Technology Service Provider Interface (AT-SPI). This includes the GNOME Desktop and its bundled applications: OpenOffice, Firefox, and the Java platform. Some applications work better than others, however, and the <application>Orca</application> community continually works to provide superior access to more and more applications.
</para>
</section>

<!--
<section>
<title>Using Adobe's Acrobat Reader</title>
<para>
We are currently working on a script for Adobe's Acrobat Reader, and the initial version has been contributed to <application>Orca</application> v2.17.5. Note that there is still work to do, and we are very encouraged by Adobe's commitment to accessibility.
</para>

<section>
<title>Installation</title>
<para>
If you get Adobe Acrobat Reader directly from the <ulink url='http://www.adobe.com/products/acrobat/readstep2.html'>Adobe site</ulink>, you may find that the software will not launch. If launched from the Applications menu, it may appear that nothing has happened, or if launched from a terminal window you may receive a long series of syntax error messages. Should this occur, you will need to edit your /usr/bin/acroread file as described in this <ulink url='http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=233514'>Ubuntu forum thread</ulink>.
</para>
<para>
If you instead choose to install Acrobat Reader from your distribution's packages, be sure to install both <application>acroread</application> and <application>acroread-plugins</application>. Without the plugins package, you will not have the access to the "Reading" category in the <menuchoice>
<guimenuitem>Edit-</guimenuitem>
<guimenuitem>Preferences</guimenuitem>
</menuchoice> dialog.
</para>
<para>
Note: If you use Ubuntu and cannot locate the
<application>acroread</application> package, you will likely need to edit your /etc/apt/sources.list to include the 'multiverse' repository. Then run <userinput>apt-get update</userinput>. Having done so, you should then be able to install both <application>acroread</application> and <application>acroread-plugins</application>.
</para>
</section>

<section>
<title>Enabling Accessibility and Caret Navigation</title>
<para>
Once you've installed Reader, you need to enable accessibility:
</para>
<orderedlist numeration='arabic'>
<listitem>
<para>
In the "Accessibility" tab of the 
<menuchoice>
<guimenuitem>Edit-</guimenuitem>
<guimenuitem>Preferences</guimenuitem>
</menuchoice> dialog, make sure 
<guilabel>Always display the keyboard selection cursor</guilabel> (<keycombo>
<keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>D</keycap>
</keycombo>) is checked.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
In the "Reading" tab of the 
<menuchoice>
<guimenuitem>Edit-</guimenuitem>
<guimenuitem>Preferences</guimenuitem>
</menuchoice> dialog, make sure
<guilabel>Enable Document Accessibility
</guilabel> ((<keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap>
<keycap>E</keycap></keycombo>) is checked.
</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</section>

<section>
<title>Working with Untagged Documents</title>
<para>
When you open an untagged document, you will be presented with a dialog box asking you to specify the reading order and the reading mode options. The default reading order is 
<guilabel>Infer reading order from document
</guilabel>. This setting works well for most documents.
</para>
<para>
The default reading mode will vary depending on the length of the document; for short documents, the default is <guilabel>Read the entire document</guilabel>; for long documents the default is <guilabel>Read currently visible pages only</guilabel>. <application>Orca</application> tends to work better when <guilabel>Read the entire document</guilabel> is selected.
</para>
<para>
If you find that a document seems to be missing parts of the text, try changing the reading options. To do so, get into the Document menu and select <guilabel>Change Accessibility Reading Options...</guilabel> or use the shortcut <keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Shift</keycap><keycap>5</keycap></keycombo>.
</para>
</section>

<section>
<title>Page Layout</title>
<para>
The best page layout for reading a document with <application>Orca</application> is <guilabel>Single Page</guilabel>. When <guilabel>Continuous</guilabel> is chosen, moving focus to text as the page is scrolling 
can cause that text not to be read. You can change the page layout to <guilabel>Single Page</guilabel> by getting into the View menu and selecting the Page Layout submenu.
</para>
</section>

<section>
<title>Navigating Tables</title>
<para>
As far as we know there isn't currently a whole lot of keyboard support for tables in
<application>Acrobat Reader</application>. We hope Adobe will remedy this soon.
</para>
<para>
Basically, there are the arrow keys. Their behavior is to move you first within the cell with focus, then to the next cell with data in it. Note that currently, Up and Down Arrow do not seem to move you vertically among cells - at least that has been the experience 
with the tables we have tried. Instead, Up and Down seem to move you horizontally until you run out of cells on the current row.
</para>
</section>
</section>
-->

<section>
<title>Making Application-Specific Settings</title>
<para>
To customize the settings for a particular application, you will first need to run that application. Make sure the application has focus, then press <keycombo><keycap>Orca_Modifier</keycap>
<keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Space</keycap>
</keycombo> (by default, this will be 
<keycombo><keycap>Insert</keycap><keycap>Ctrl</keycap>
<keycap>Space</keycap></keycombo> for the Desktop keyboard layout).
</para>
<para>
This brings up a tabbed dialog window very similar to the <application>Orca</application> configuration dialog, but with the following differences:
</para>
<orderedlist numeration="arabic">
<listitem>
<para>
There is no initial General pane.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
The Speech System and Speech Synthesizer combo
boxes on the Speech pane will be grayed out (made inactive).
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Any existing application-specific key bindings will appear at the top of the list on the Key Bindings pane.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
There may be a new application-specific settings pane at the end of the set of tabbed panes. Note that pressing the End key from the tab list will get you directly to the right-most tab.
</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para>
Adjust your application-specific settings in the same way you set your general <application>Orca</application> preferences.
For example, you may have Key Echo disabled generally in <application>Orca</application> but would like to specifically have it enabled for the <application>gcalctool</application> (GNOME Calculator) application. Here's where you could easily set that.
</para>
<para>
When you have your application settings customized the way you want, press the <guilabel>OK</guilabel> button. These settings will be written to your 
<userinput>~/.orca/app-settings</userinput> directory in a file called 
<userinput>&lt;APPNAME&gt;.py</userinput>, where <userinput>&lt;APPNAME&gt;</userinput> is the name of the application.
</para>
<para>
These files are automatically written by <application>Orca</application>. The contents of the file will be overwritten each time you change your application settings for that
application.
</para>
<para>
If you want to have some extra application-specific settings or code that you don't want to lose, then you should put it in a file called <userinput>~/.orca/app-settings/&lt;APPNAME&gt;-customizations.py</userinput>. This file will be automatically read when the settings for the 
<userinput>&lt;APPNAME&gt;</userinput> application are loaded.
</para>
<para>
Note that this is an advanced feature that we don't expect many people to use. It's just there if you really want it.
</para>
<para>
There is currently one known bug (some people would call it a feature) that we are trying to track down and fix:
</para>
<note>
<para>
If you adjust one or more application-specific key bindings, the new values will not take effect until you've pressed the <guilabel>OK</guilabel> button. The work-around is to either restart <application>Orca</application>, or Alt-Tab 
away to some other application and then Alt-Tab back to the one that you've just changed the key bindings for.
</para>
</note>
</section>
</section>

<section>
<title>Braille</title>
<para>
<application>Orca</application> uses 
<ulink url="http://mielke.cc/brltty/">BrlTTY</ulink> for braille support. On Linux systems, BrlTTY is used to access the text mode console content. On a typical braille-enabled installation of Linux, BrlTTY is already running and providing access to the text consoles. When Orca starts, it connects to BrlTTY. If you switch from a text console to your X Windows session, your braille display will automatically follow and display the content that Orca is presenting to you.
</para>
<para>
<application>Orca</application> attempts to work with various releases of BrlTTY. It works well with BrlTTY v3.7.2, and we've also been working with the BrlTTY team to get it going for BrlTTY v3.8. The remainder of this document provides information related to using <application>Orca</application> with <application>BrlTTY</application> 3.8.
</para>

<para>
Below are descriptions of the necessary tasks to install/setup BrlTTY in Ubuntu and Solaris. For both, you need to first obtain 
<ulink url="http://mielke.cc/brltty/releases/ brltty-3.8.tar.gz">brltty-3.8.tar.gz</ulink> from the BrlTTY site.
</para>

<section>
<title>BrlTTY 3.8 on Ubuntu</title>
<para>
First, configure your build environment to build BrlTTY. Much of this setup is done for you automatically in the Ubuntu distribution with products such as G++ already present. In addition, <emphasis>you must</emphasis> 
also install tcl, Pyrex, and the Python developer environment. To do this, execute the following commands as <userinput>root</userinput>:
</para>
<para/>
<screen>
<![CDATA[apt-get build-dep brltty
apt-get install tcl8.4 python-pyrex python-dev
]]>
</screen>
<para>
Then, when you build BrlTTY, avoid configuring the package with --prefix=/usr. Use the standard procedure instead, executing the following commands as <userinput>root</userinput>:
</para>
<para/>
<screen>
<![CDATA[gunzip -c brltty-3.8.tar.gz | tar xvf -
cd brltty-3.8
./autogen
./configure
make
make install
]]>
</screen>
<para>
Run BrlTTY as <userinput>root</userinput>:
</para>
<para/>
<screen>
<![CDATA[/bin/brltty -bauto -d/dev/ttyUSB0
]]>
</screen>
<para>
If you want, you can remove the existing 
<userinput>/sbin/brltty</userinput> and replace it with the <userinput>/bin/brltty</userinput>, either by copying the <userinput>/bin/brltty</userinput> to <userinput>/sbin/brltty</userinput> or just by making a 
symbolic link. Do so at your own risk.
</para>
<para/>
</section>
</section>

<section>
<title>Troubleshooting</title>
<section>
<title>My desktop has stopped responding. What do I do?
</title>
<para>
Press <keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F2</keycap></keycombo> or <keycombo><keycap>Meta</keycap><keycap>R</keycap></keycombo> to open the Run dialog and restart <application>Orca</application> by running a new instance: type <userinput>orca</userinput> and press <keycap>Enter</keycap>. This will force any existing <application>Orca</application> processes to exit and will then restart <application>Orca</application>. This 
sometimes has the effect of unhanging the desktop (which is usually due to an ill-behaved application).
</para>
<para>
If you cannot get to a terminal window, try 
pressing <keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap>
<keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>Backspace</keycap>
</keycombo>: shut down the X Window System server. This should return you to the login screen.
</para>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</chapter>

<chapter id="ats-1">
<title>Mobility Impairments</title>
<para>
Mobility impairments can be caused by arthritis, stroke, cerebral palsy, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and loss of limbs or digits, among others. Poor muscle control or weakness can make using standard keyboards and mouse devices difficult. For instance, some people are unable to type two keys simultaneously, while others tend to hit multiple keys or to bounce keys when pressing or releasing them. People who are able to use only one hand likewise have difficulties with some keyboard and mouse tasks. 
</para>
<para>
The technologies which can assist those with mobility impairments are:
</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para><emphasis>On-Screen Keyboard</emphasis> 
 - lets users select keys using a pointing method such as pointing devices, switches, or Morse-code input systems.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<emphasis>Mouse and Keyboard Enhancements
</emphasis> - helpful for users who have trouble typing and controlling a mouse or a keyboard.
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>

<section id="gok">
<title>Bildschirmtastatur (gok)</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Bildschirmtastatur</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>GOK</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>
The <application>On-Screen Keyboard</application> application displays virtual keyboards on your desktop. You can use the standard mouse pointer or alternative pointing device to operate the virtual keyboards. <application>On-Screen Keyboard</application> displays the following types of keyboards:
</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
Composer Keyboards enable you to compose text. To type alphanumeric characters, you select the characters on the composer keyboard.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Dynamic Keyboards reflect the applications 
that are currently running on the desktop. For example, <application>On-Screen Keyboard</application> generates dynamic keyboards that contain keys to represent the applications that are running on your desktop or the menus that are contained in an application. 
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>
You must enable the assistive technology services before you are able to use many of the accessibility tools available.
</para>
<procedure>
<step>
<para>
Choose <menuchoice><guimenuitem>System</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Preferences</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Assistive Technologies</guimenuitem></menuchoice>.
</para>
</step>
<step>
<para>
Select <guilabel>Enable assistive technologies
</guilabel> and then press <guibutton>Close and Log Out</guibutton>.
</para>
</step>
<step>
<para>
Log back in. The assistive technology services will be started automatically.
</para>
</step>
</procedure>

<!--
<para>
For more information about the 
<application>On-Screen Keyboard</application> application, see the <ulink type="help" url="ghelp:gok"> Help for <application>On-Screen Keyboard</application></ulink>.
</para>
<-->
</section>

<section id="ats-5">
<title>Maximizing Application Windows for On-Screen Keyboard Users
</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>maximizing Terminal On-Screen Keyboard</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>
If you are an <application>On-Screen Keyboard
</application> user, you cannot use any application in Full-Screen mode because the application window obscures the <application>On-Screen Keyboard</application> display.
</para>
<para>
To resize the window for use with the 
<application>On-Screen Keyboard</application> 
application, perform the following steps:
</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
Do not enable the Full-Screen mode in the application.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Give focus to the application window.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Drücken Sie <keycap>F10</keycap>, um die Anwendung zu maximieren.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</section>

<section id="dtconfig-0">
<title>Mouse and Keyboard Enhancements</title>
<para>
This section describes how to configure the mouse and keyboard to make these devices accessible to more users.
</para>

<section id="dtconfig-1">
<title>Konfigurieren der Maus</title>
<para>
Use the <guilabel>Mouse</guilabel> preference tool to configure the mouse to suit your needs. To open the <guilabel>Mouse</guilabel> preference tool, choose <menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guisubmenu>Preferences</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Mouse
</guimenuitem></menuchoice>. The <guilabel>
Mouse Preferences</guilabel> dialog is displayed.
</para>

<section id="dtconfig-2">
<title>Configuring Mouse Behavior</title>
<para>
The following sections describe how to modify the behavior of the mouse to suit your needs. 
</para>

<section id="dtconfig-3">
<title>Configuring the Mouse for Left-Handed Use</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Maus</primary>
<secondary>left hand</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
To configure the mouse for left-handed use, click on the <guilabel>Buttons</guilabel> tab in the <guilabel>Mouse Preferences</guilabel> dialog, then select the <guilabel>Left-handed mouse</guilabel> option. When you select
this option, the system swaps the functions of the left mouse button and the right mouse button immediately.
</para>
</section>

<section id="dtconfig-4">
<title>Configuring Double-Click Behavior</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Maus</primary>
<secondary>Verhalten beim Doppelklicken</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
If you have difficulty double-clicking, you can increase the period of time that the system allows to elapse between the first click and the second click of a double-click. For example, if the double-click timeout
setting is 0.4 seconds, you must perform the second click of a double-click within 0.4 seconds of the first click. If the second click occurs more than 0.4 seconds after the first click, the system interprets the two clicks as two single clicks. 
</para>
<para>
To configure the double-click timeout setting, perform the following steps:
</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
Click on the <guilabel>Buttons</guilabel> tab in the <guilabel>Mouse Preferences</guilabel> dialog.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Use the <guilabel>Timeout</guilabel> slider to specify the timeout in seconds that the system allows between the two clicks of a double-click. Moving the slider to the right will increase the timeout interval in 0.1 
second intervals. In the same manner, moving the slider to the left will decrease the timeout in 0.1 second intervals.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Double-click on the light bulb to the right of the slider to test the setting. If you perform the two clicks of the double-click within the timeout specified, the light bulb lights up fully to display a yellow glow around the bulb. If you do not double-click 
within the timeout specified, the light bulb does not light fully. You should increase the timeout setting and try again. When the light bulb lights, the timeout setting is suitable for your needs. 
</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</section>

<section id="dtconfig-20">
<title>Changing Mouse Pointer Size</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Maus</primary>
<secondary>Zeigergröße</secondary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>Zeiger</primary>
<secondary>Größe</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
To change the size of the mouse pointer that is displayed on the desktop, perform the following steps:
</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
Click on the <guilabel>Pointers</guilabel> tab in the <guilabel>Mouse Preferences</guilabel> dialog. 
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
This will display a list of pointer themes and sizes available.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
By default, GNOME does not include mouse pointer themes. Information about installing and using pointer themes can be found in the <ulink type="help" url="ghelp:user-guide?goscustdesk-54">User Guide</ulink>.
</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<note>
<para>
On some platforms you must log out and log in again for this setting to take effect.
</para>
</note>
</section>

<section id="dtconfig-6">
<title>Locating the Mouse Pointer</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Maus</primary>
<secondary>locating pointer</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
If you have difficulty locating the mouse pointer on the screen, you can enable an option to highlight the pointer when you press the <keycap>Control</keycap> 
key. To enable this option, click on the <guilabel>Pointers</guilabel> tab in the <guilabel>Mouse Preferences</guilabel> dialog, then select the <guilabel>Highlight the pointer when you press Ctrl</guilabel>
option. When you press <keycap>Control</keycap>, the system displays an animation around the pointer to highlight the pointer. 
</para>
<note>
<para>
On some platforms, you must log out and log in again before this setting takes effect.
</para>
</note>
</section>

<section id="dtconfig-5">
<title>Configuring Mouse Speed and Sensitivity</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Maus</primary>
<secondary>Geschwindigkeit und Empfindlichkeit</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
To configure the speed and sensitivity of the mouse, perform the following steps: 
</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
Click on the <guilabel>Motion</guilabel> tab in the <guilabel>Mouse Preferences</guilabel> dialog. 
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Configure the following options:
</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>Beschleunigung</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Use the slider to specify the speed at which the mouse pointer moves around the screen when you move the mouse.
</para>
<para>
If you select a low setting, the mouse pointer moves at a speed similar to the speed at which you are physically moving the mouse. This means that you need to physically move the mouse larger distances to cover the screen
area. If you select a high setting, the mouse pointer moves at a faster speed than the speed at which you physically move the mouse. This means that you need to physically move the mouse small distances to cover the screen area.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Empfindlichkeit</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Use the slider to specify how responsive the mouse pointer is to movements of the mouse. Moving the slider to the right will increase the sensitivity and moving it to the left will decrease the sensitivity.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Schwellenwert</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Use the slider to specify the distance that you must move an item before the system interprets the move action as a drag-and-drop action.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</section>
</section>

<section id="dtconfig-7">
<title>Configuring the Cursor</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>cursor</primary>
<secondary>stop blinking</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
The following section describes how to modify the display characteristics of the cursor. 
</para>

<section id="dtconfig-9">
<title>Stopping the Cursor from Blinking</title>
<para>
To stop the cursor from blinking in text boxes and other areas, perform the following steps: 
</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
Choose <menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu>
<guisubmenu>Preferences</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Keyboard</guimenuitem></menuchoice> to start the 
<application>Keyboard</application> preference tool.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
In the <guilabel>Keyboard</guilabel> tabbed section, deselect the <guilabel>Cursor blinks in text boxes and fields</guilabel> option.
</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</section>
</section>

<section id="dtconfig-10">
<title>Keyboard Mouse Emulation</title>
<para>
If you have difficulty using a mouse, you can use the keyboard to emulate the mouse functions. See <xref linkend="dtconfig-14"/> of this guide for more information.
</para>
</section>
</section>

<section id="dtconfig-14">
<title>Configuring an Accessible Keyboard</title>
<para>
Use the <application>Keyboard</application> preference tool to configure the keyboard accessibility options. To open the <application>Keyboard</application> 
preference tool, choose <menuchoice><guimenu>System
</guimenu><guisubmenu>Preferences</guisubmenu>
<guimenuitem>Keyboard</guimenuitem></menuchoice>. Accessibility options can be enabled by selecting the <guilabel>Accessibility</guilabel> tab.
</para>
<para>
The <guilabel>Accessibility</guilabel> tabbed section allows the following options:
</para>
<para>
<emphasis>"Allow to turn accessibility features on and off from the keyboard" (Alt-A)</emphasis> - this determines if keyboard accessibility functions can be turned on or off with a key command.
</para>
<para>
<emphasis>Simulate simultaneous keypresses (Alt-S)</emphasis> - allows multiple shift (or other) keys to be entered individually but processed as a single combination keystroke. This keyboard accessibility technique is known as "sticky keys."
</para>
<para>
<emphasis>Disable sticky keys if two keys are pressed together (Alt-B)</emphasis> - automatically exit the sticky keys mode if any key combination is entered normally (eq, at the same time instead of entered individually).
</para>
<para>
<emphasis>Only accept long keypresses (Alt-O)</emphasis> - in this mode, keys must be pressed for a given length of time before they are accepted as input. This accessibility technique is also known as "slow keys." This portion of the <guilabel>Accessibility</guilabel> tabbed section also supplies a Delay slider (Alt-D) to indicate the press-down delay before the key is accepted as input.
</para>
<para>
<emphasis>Ignore fast duplicate keypresses (Alt-I)</emphasis> - in this mode, successive entry of the same key will only have a single instance of that key accepted as input. This accessibility technique is also known as "bounce keys." This portion of the <guilabel>Accessibility</guilabel> tabbed section also supplies a Delay slider (Alt-E) to indicate the press-down delay before successive keys are ignored.
</para>
</section>

<section id="dtconfig-mousekeys">
<title>Configuring a Keyboard-Based Mouse</title>
<para>
Use the <application>Keyboard</application> preference tool to configure the keyboard to simulate a mouse. To open the <application>Keyboard</application> 
preference tool, choose <menuchoice><guimenu>System
</guimenu><guisubmenu>Preferences</guisubmenu>
<guimenuitem>Keyboard</guimenuitem></menuchoice>. The Mouse Keys options can be enabled by selecting the <guilabel>Mouse Keys</guilabel> tab.
</para>
<para>
<emphasis>"Allow to control the pointer using the keyboard" (Alt-A)</emphasis> - this determines if the keyboard can be used to control the mouse pointer.
</para>
<para>
<emphasis>Acceleration (Alt-C)</emphasis> - determines how quickly mouse motion will accelerate when keyboard directional keys are 
pressed.
</para>
<para>
<emphasis>Speed (Alt-S)</emphasis> - determines how quickly the mouse pointer will move when keyboard directional keys are pressed.
</para>
<para>
<emphasis>Delay (Alt-D)</emphasis> - determines how much (or if) keypresses may be dampened or ignored when keyboard directional keys are pressed.
</para>
</section>

<section id="mousetweaks">
<title>MouseTweaks</title>
<para>
<application>MouseTweaks</application> is a collection of accessibility enhancements for pointing devices. The <userinput>mousetweaks</userinput> package provides the functions offered by the <guilabel>Accessibility</guilabel> tab of the <guilabel>Mouse</guilabel> preference tool. It also contains two panel applets related to the mouse accessibility. More particularly:
</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
It allows users to perform a secondary click by doing a click-and-hold of the primary mouse button.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
It offers a way to perform the various clicks without using any hardware button. In this context, the <application>Dwell Click</application> panel applet can be used to choose what click type to perform.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
It provides the <application>Pointer Capture</application> panel applet. This applet creates an area on the panel into which the pointer can be captured until the user releases it with a predefined button and modifier combination.
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>
Most mouse-related accessibility options can be found by using <menuchoice><guimenuitem>System</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Preferences</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Mouse</guimenuitem></menuchoice> and selecting the <guilabel>Accessibility</guilabel> tab. Two additional panel applets can optionally be added to the GNOME menu bar / system panel as well; see the sections below. The full manual can be viewed by selecting the <guilabel>Help</guilabel> item from the contextual menu of the <application>Dwell Click</application> applet.
</para>

<!--
<para>
yelp mousetweaks(1) - <ulink type="help" url="ghelp:user-guide?mousetweaks">full manual</ulink>
</para>
-->

<section>
<title>Simulated Secondary Click</title>
<para>
A secondary or right-click can be issued by using the primary button and keeping it held down for a specified delay.
</para> 
</section>

<section>
<title>Dwell Click</title>
<para>
A click can be issued by having the mouse pointer dwell in a given spot for a specified delay. In this mode, the click-type is determined by the <guilabel>ClickType</guilabel> window, <application>Dwell Click</application> applet, or by the direction in which the user moves the mouse after the dwell time has elapsed. The click-type can be single, double, drag or right.
</para>
<para>
The <application>Dwell Click</application> panel applet can be installed by right-clicking the GNOME Desktop menu bar / system panel, selecting <guilabel>Add to Panel</guilabel>, choosing <application>Dwell Click</application> and clicking the <guilabel>Add</guilabel> button.
</para>
</section>

<section>
<title>Pointer Capture</title>
<para>
The mouse pointer can be locked into an area of the screen so the pointing device is free for other tasks. For example, this capability allows a powerchair user to control both the powerchair and the mouse pointer with a single powerchair joystick.
</para>
<para>
The <application>Pointer Capture</application> panel applet creates such an area on the panel, into which the user can lock the pointer until released in a determined way.
</para>

<para>
The <application>Pointer Capture</application> panel applet can be installed by right-clicking the GNOME Desktop menu bar / system panel, selecting <guilabel>Add to Panel</guilabel>, choosing <application>Pointer Capture</application> and clicking the <guilabel>Add</guilabel> button.
</para>
<para>
Preferences may be set by choosing <guilabel>Preferences</guilabel> in the context menu of the <application>Pointer Capture</application> applet:
</para>
<para>
In the <guilabel>Capture Pointer</guilabel> section, the user can specify under what circumstances the pointer gets captured when it moves into the capture area. For example, if the <keycap>Ctrl</keycap> modifier key is checked, the pointer gets captured when it is over the capture area and the user presses the <keycap>Ctrl</keycap> modifier key. If no modifier is checked and the mouse button is set to 0, the pointer only has to move into the capture area to get locked. It is also possible to specify a combination of modifiers and mouse button.
</para>
<para>
In the <guilabel>Release Pointer</guilabel> section, the user can specify what modifier or mouse button releases the pointer. It is also possible to specify a combination of modifiers and mouse button.
</para>
<para>
In the <guilabel>Size of Capture Area</guilabel> section, the user can specify the width of the capture area on the GNOME panel.
</para>
</section>
</section>

<section id="enable-dasher">
<title>Dasher</title>
<para>
Dasher is an information-efficient text-entry interface, driven by natural continuous pointing gestures. Dasher is a competitive text-entry system wherever a full-size keyboard cannot be used - for example on a palmtop or wearable computer, or when operating any computer one-handed (by joystick, touchscreen or mouse) or zero-handed (eg, by head-mouse or eye-tracker).
</para>
<procedure>
<step>
<para>
Choose <menuchoice><guimenuitem>Applications</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Accessories</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Terminal</guimenuitem></menuchoice>.
</para>
</step>
<step>
<para>
Enter: <userinput>sudo apt-get install dasher
</userinput>
</para>
</step>
<step>
<para>
Enter: <userinput>dasher</userinput>
</para>
</step>
</procedure>
<para>
Dasher may also be installed from the <menuchoice><guimenuitem>Applications</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Add/Remove</guimenuitem></menuchoice> dialog. In either case, it may later be launched in these ways:
</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
Press <keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap>
<keycap>F2</keycap></keycombo> or <keycombo><keycap>Meta</keycap>
<keycap>R</keycap></keycombo> for the <emphasis>Run</emphasis> dialog, type <userinput>dasher</userinput> and press <keycap>Enter</keycap>.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Choose <menuchoice><guimenuitem>Applications</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Accessories</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Terminal</guimenuitem></menuchoice> and execute <userinput>dasher</userinput>.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Press <keycap>Alt-F1</keycap> and select <menuchoice><guimenuitem>Applications</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Universal Access</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Dasher</guimenuitem></menuchoice>.
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</section>

<!--
<listitem>
<para>
Using the numeric keypad to emulate mouse actions. See <xref linkend="dtconfig-14"/>.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Specifying the duration for which you must press and hold a key before the system accepts the keypress. See <xref linkend="dtconfig-15"/>.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Ignoring rapid, repeated keypresses of the same key. See <xref linkend="dtconfig-16"/>.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Accepting key combinations in sequence rather than simultaneously. See <xref linkend="dtconfig-17"/>.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Emitting an audible notification when a user activates or deactivates a toggle key. See <xref linkend="dtconfig-18"/>.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Ignoring long keypresses of the same key and control the repeat rate of a keypress. See <xref linkend="dtconfig-19"/>.
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>

<section id="dtconfig-13">
<title>Activating Keyboard Accessibility Options</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>keyboard accessibility options</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>
To activate the keyboard accessibility options, perform the following steps: 
</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
Choose <menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu>
<guisubmenu>Preferences</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Keyboard</guimenuitem></menuchoice> and select 
<guilabel>Accessibility</guilabel>
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Select the <guilabel>Enable keyboard accessibility features</guilabel> option.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Click on the <guilabel>Basic</guilabel> tab.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Select the <guilabel>Beep when features turned on or off from keyboard</guilabel> option to receive an audible notification each time a keyboard accessibility option changes; to toggle these settings, use the 
following keyboard shortcuts:
</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
Press and hold <keycap>Shift</keycap> for eight seconds to enable or disable the Slow Keys feature. 
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Press <keycap>Shift</keycap> five times to enable or disable the Sticky Keys feature.
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
To automatically disable the keyboard accessibility options if the options are not used for a specified number of seconds, select the <guilabel>Disable if unused for X seconds</guilabel> option. Use the slider 
to specify the number of seconds of keyboard idle time required before the system disables the keyboard accessibility options. 
</para>
<para>
This option is intended for computers that are shared by a number of different users, some of whom require the keyboard accessibility options. 
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Changes made will be instantly applied.
</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</section>

<section id="dtconfig-14">
<title>Enabling Mouse Emulation</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>mouse keys</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>
The mouse keys feature enables you to use the numeric keypad on the keyboard to emulate mouse actions. This feature benefits users who have difficulty using a mouse or other pointing device. To enable and configure the mouse keys feature, perform the following steps:
</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
In the <application>Keyboard Accessibility Preferences (AccessX)</application> dialog, select the <guilabel>Mouse Keys</guilabel> tab.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Select the <guilabel>Enable Mouse Keys</guilabel> option.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Configure the following options to determine the behavior of the mouse pointer when you control the pointer from the numeric keypad:
</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<guilabel>Maximum Pointer Speed</guilabel>
</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Use this spin box to specify the maximum speed in pixels per second at which the pointer moves around the screen.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<guilabel>Elapsed Time before Maximum Mouse Speed
</guilabel>
</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Use this spin box to specify the duration in 
milliseconds before the pointer accelerates to the maximum pointer speed. 
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<guilabel>Delay between Keypress and Pointer Movement
</guilabel>
</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Use this spin box to specify the interval
in milliseconds between a keypress and the time when the pointer starts to move. 
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para>
When you enable mouse keys, the keys on the numeric keypad have the following functions:
</para>
<table frame="topbot" id="dtconfig-TBL-1">
<title>Numeric Keypad to Mouse Function Mapping</title>
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="52.78*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="47.22*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry>
<para>Numeric Keypad Keys</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>Function</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9
</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
Move the mouse pointer around the screen
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>5</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Mouse button click
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>0</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Mouse button toggle
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>/</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
Primary mouse button
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>*</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Secondary mouse button
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>-</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>
Tertiary mouse button
</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
<para>
The Toggle Mouse Button key enables the currently selected mouse button until the <guilabel>Mouse button click</guilabel> key is pressed. This allows you to perform drag and drop operations.
</para>
<para>
The <guilabel>Mouse button click</guilabel> emulates the currently selected mouse button. Pressing <keycap>/</keycap>, <keycap>*</keycap> or <keycap>-</keycap> will change the behaviour of this. The currently selected mouse button can be seen in the <application>Keyboard Accessibility Status
</application> panel application, discussed in <xref linkend="dtconfig-21"/>.
</para>
<note>
<para>
The <guilabel>Primary mouse button</guilabel> is the left mouse button for right-handed people. The <guilabel>Secondary mouse button</guilabel> is the right mouse button and the <guilabel>Tertiary mouse button</guilabel> is the middle mouse button.
</para>
</note>
<para>
Some Solaris systems also use the function keys to emulate the mouse buttons. The 
function-key-to-mouse-button mappings are described in the following table:
</para>
<table frame="topbot" id="dtconfig-TBL-2">
<title>F-Key to Mouse Action Mapping on Solaris Systems</title>
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="52.78*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="47.22*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry>
<para>Function Key</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>Function</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>F2</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Mouse button 1</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>F3</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Mouse button 2</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>F4</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Mouse button 3</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
</section>

<section id="dtconfig-15">
<title>Enabling Slow Keys</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>slow keys</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>
The slow keys feature enables you to customize how the keyboard handles user input in the following ways:
</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
Specify the duration for which you must press and hold a key before the system accepts the keypress. This aspect of the feature benefits users who frequently press keys that they do not intend to press. 
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Enable audible indications of keyboard input and acceptance. This aspect of the feature benefits users who cannot see the result of a keypress.
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>
To enable and configure the slow keys feature, perform the following steps:
</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
From the <application>Keyboard Accessibility 
Preferences (AccessX)</application> dialog, select the <guilabel>Filters</guilabel> tab.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Select the <guilabel>Enable Slow Keys</guilabel> option.
</para>
<tip>
<para>
To select or deselect the Slow Keys feature from the keyboard, press and hold <keycap>Shift</keycap> for eight seconds. This will present a dialog confirming 
that you want Slow Keys enabled. The <keycap>Shift</keycap> keyboard shortcut automatically selects all of the Slow Keys options. If you selected the <guilabel>Beep when features turned on or off from the
keyboard</guilabel> option in the <guilabel>Basic</guilabel> tab, after four seconds the system beeps three times to indicate that the system is about to 
select or deselect the feature.
</para>
</tip>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Use the <guilabel>Only accept keys held for</guilabel> slider or spin box to specify the duration, in milliseconds, for which you must press and hold a key before the system accepts the keypress. Use the <guilabel>Type to test settings</guilabel> text box to 
test the Slow Keys setting and modify the setting as required. 
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
To enable audible indications of keyboard input and acceptance, select the following options:
</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<guilabel>Beep when key is pressed</guilabel>
</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Select this option to hear a beep when you press a key.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<guilabel>Beep when key is accepted</guilabel>
</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Select this option to hear a beep when the system accepts a keypress. 
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<guilabel>Beep when key is rejected</guilabel>
</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Select this option to hear a beep when the system rejects a keypress. The system rejects a keypress if you do not press and hold the key for the duration that is specified in the <guilabel>Only accept keys held for</guilabel> spin box.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</section>

<section id="dtconfig-16">
<title>Enabling Bounce Keys</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>bounce keys</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>
The bounce keys feature enables you to customize the keyboard to ignore rapid, repeated keypresses of the same key. For example, users with impaired motor skills 
might press the same key several times when they intend to press the key once. This feature enables you to customize the keyboard to ignore repeated keypresses. 
</para>
<para>
To enable and configure the Bounce Keys feature, perform the following steps:
</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
From the <application>Keyboard Accessibility Preferences (AccessX)</application> dialog, select the <guilabel>Filters</guilabel> tab.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Select the <guilabel>Enable Bounce Keys</guilabel> option. 
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Use the <guilabel>Ignore duplicate keypresses within</guilabel> slider or spin box to specify the duration in milliseconds (ms) after the first keypress for which the system ignores repeated keypresses of the same key. For example, if you select a duration of 500 ms, the system ignores all repeated keypresses of the same key that occur within half a second of the first keypress.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Select the <guilabel>Beep if key is rejected</guilabel> option to hear an audible indication when the system ignores a key.
</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<note>
<para>
If you want to enable the Bounce Keys feature, ensure that the <guilabel>Enable Slow Keys</guilabel> option is deselected. The Slow Keys feature requires you to press a key for a specified duration before the 
system accepts the keypress as a valid keypress. If you cannot press the key for the duration that is specified by the Slow Keys setting, deselect the <guilabel>Enable Slow Keys</guilabel> option to enable the system 
to accept your input.
</para>
</note>
</section>

<section id="dtconfig-17">
<title>Enabling Sticky Keys</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>sticky keys</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>
The sticky keys feature enables you to press  
key combinations in sequence rather than simultaneously. This feature is designed for users who are unable to press two or more keys at the same time. 
</para>
<para>
To enable and configure the Sticky Keys feature, perform the following steps:
</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
From the <application>Keyboard Accessibility 
Preferences (AccessX)</application> select the <guilabel>Basic</guilabel> tab.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Select the <guilabel>Enable Sticky Keys</guilabel> option.
</para>
<tip>
<para>
To enable the Sticky Keys feature from the keyboard, press <keycap>Shift</keycap> five times. This will present a dialog confirming that you with to enable Sticky Keys. The <keycap>Shift</keycap> keyboard shortcut automatically selects all of the Sticky Keys 
options. If you selected the <guilabel>Beep when features turned on or off from the keyboard</guilabel> option, the system beeps to indicate that the system is about to select or deselect the feature. When active, pressing <keycap>Shift</keycap> five times 
in a row will present a dialog asking if you want to disable Sticky Keys.
</para>
</tip>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Select the <guilabel>Beep when modifier is pressed</guilabel> option to receive an audible indication each time you press a modifier key such as <keycap>Ctrl</keycap>, <keycap>Alt</keycap>, or <keycap>Shift</keycap>. This option is useful to remind you whether a modifier key is active or inactive. 
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Selecting the <guilabel>Disable if two keys pressed together</guilabel> option will present a dialog with the option to disable Sticky Keys if two keys are pressed at the same time.
</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para>
You can use the Sticky Keys feature in Latch or Lock mode. The following table describes how to choose a mode and the difference between the two modes:
</para>
<table frame="topbot" id="dtconfig-TBL-3">
<title>Sticky Keys Latch or Lock Mode</title>
<tgroup cols="3" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="52.78*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="47.22*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec2" colwidth="47.22*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>To use the Sticky Keys feature in...</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Press the modifier key...</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec2" valign="top">
<para>The modifier key remains active
until...</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Latch mode</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Once.</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec2" valign="top">
<para>
You press a non-modifier key.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>Lock mode</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Twice in quick succession.</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec2" valign="top">
<para>
You press the modifier key again.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
<para>
Example 1: If you want to press <keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F1</keycap></keycombo>, do the following:
</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
Press <keycap>Alt</keycap> to latch the modifier key. The <keycap>Alt</keycap> key remains active.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Press <keycap>F1</keycap>. The key combination is now complete. After you press <keycap>F1</keycap>, the <keycap>Alt</keycap> modifier key is no longer active.
</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para>
Example 2: If you want to press <keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>Tab</keycap></keycombo>, do the following:
</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
Press <keycap>Ctrl</keycap> twice to lock the modifier key. The <keycap>Ctrl</keycap> key remains active.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Press <keycap>Alt</keycap>. 
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Press <keycap>Tab</keycap>. The key combination is now complete. 
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
To unlock the modifier key, press <keycap>Ctrl</keycap> again.
</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</section>

<section id="dtconfig-18">
<title>Enabling Audible Toggle Key Notifications</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>toggle keys</primary>
<secondary>enabling audio notifications</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
A toggle key is any key on the keyboard that
can switch between two states. The <keycap>Num Lock</keycap>, <keycap>Caps Lock</keycap>, and <keycap>Scroll Lock</keycap> keys are toggle keys. Most toggle keys have an associated light emitting diode (LED) on the keyboard that lights when the toggle key 
is active. To assist users with visual impairments, you can customize the keyboard to emit an audible notification when a user presses a toggle key. For example, when you press <keycap>Num Lock</keycap>, you can determine whether the key is toggled or not 
by the sound emitted. 
</para>
<para>
To enable accessible toggle keys, perform the following steps: 
</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
From the <application>Keyboard Accessibility 
Preferences (AccesX)</application> select the 
<guilabel>Filters</guilabel> tab.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Select the <guilabel>Enable Toggle Keys</guilabel> option.
</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para>
When you activate the <keycap>Num Lock</keycap>, <keycap>Caps Lock</keycap>, or <keycap>Scroll Lock</keycap> keys, the system beeps once. When you deactivate a toggle key, the system beeps twice.
</para>
</section>

<section id="dtconfig-19">
<title>Enabling Repeat Keys</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>repeat keys</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>
The Repeat Keys feature enables you to repeat a keystroke multiple times without pressing
the key more than once. This feature is designed for users who cannot release keys quickly; for example, users who operate a mouth stick. When you enable repeat keys, you can specify the duration for which you 
must press a key before the key starts to repeat.
</para>
<para>
To enable and configure the Repeat Keys feature, perform the following steps: 
</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
From the <application>Keyboard Accessibility 
Preferences (AccessX)</application> select the <guilabel>Basic</guilabel> tab.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Select the <guilabel>Enable Repeat Keys</guilabel> option.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Use the <guilabel>Delay</guilabel> slider or spin box to specify the duration for which you must press a key before the keyboard interprets the action as a repeat key. If you have difficulty releasing keys, select a long time delay. 
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Use the <guilabel>Speed</guilabel> slider or spin box to specify the speed at which the keyboard repeats the keypress as input.
</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</section>
</section>

<section id="dtconfig-21">
<title>Using the Keyboard Accessibility Status Panel Application</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Keyboard Accessibility Status panel application</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>
The <application>Keyboard Accessibility Status
</application> panel application shows you the status of the keyboard accessibility features. This panel application displays icons to indicate which keyboard accessibility features are enabled in the 
<application>Keyboard Accessibility</application> preference tool.
</para>
<para>
To add the <application>Keyboard Accessibility Status</application> panel application to a panel, right-click on the panel, then choose <menuchoice><guimenu>Add to Panel</guimenu></menuchoice> and select <guimenuitem>Keyboard Accessibility Status</guimenuitem>.
</para>
<para>
The following table describes the icons that the panel application displays and the status that each icon represents:
</para>
<table frame="topbot" id="dtconfig-TBL-25">
<title>Keyboard Accessibility Status Icons</title>
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="21.97*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="78.03*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry>
<para>Icon</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>Keyboard Accessibility Status</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/accessx.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>Keyboard Accessibility Features enabled icon</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
</entry>
<entry valign="middle">
<para>Keyboard accessibility is available 
but none of the individual features are enabled.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/bouncekeys.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>Bounce Keys enabled icon</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
</entry>
<entry valign="middle">
<para>
The Bounce Keys feature is enabled.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/mousekeys.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>Mouse Keys enabled icon</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
</entry>
<entry valign="middle">
<para>
The Mouse Keys feature is enabled. The dot in the mouse button shows which button is currently associated with the <guilabel>Mouse button click</guilabel> key.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/slowkeys.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>Slow Keys enabled icon</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
</entry>
<entry valign="middle">
<para>The Slow Keys feature is enabled.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/stickyaltlatch.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>Alt key latched icon</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
</entry>
<entry valign="middle">
<para>
The Sticky Keys feature is enabled and the 
<keycap>Alt</keycap> key is latched.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/stickyaltlock.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>Alt key locked icon</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
</entry>
<entry valign="middle">
<para>
The Sticky Keys feature is enabled and the 
<keycap>Alt</keycap> key is locked.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0">
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/stickyctrllatch.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>Ctrl key latched icon</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="middle">
<para>
The Sticky Keys feature is enabled and the 
<keycap>Ctrl</keycap> key is latched.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0">
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/stickyctrllock.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>Ctrl key locked icon</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="middle">
<para>
The Sticky Keys feature is enabled and the 
<keycap>Ctrl</keycap> key is locked.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0">
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/stickyshiftlatch.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>Shift key latched icon</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="middle">
<para>
The Sticky Keys feature is enabled and the 
<keycap>Shift</keycap> key is latched.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0">
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/stickyshiftlock.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>Shift key locked icon</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="middle">
<para>
The Sticky Keys feature is enabled and the 
<keycap>Shift</keycap> key is locked.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0">
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/stickywindowlatch.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>Super/Windows key latched icon</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="middle">
<para>
The Sticky Keys feature is enabled and the 
<keycap>Super</keycap>/<keycap>Windows</keycap> key is latched.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0">
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/stickywindowlock.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>Super/Windows key locked icon</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="middle">
<para>
The Sticky Keys feature is enabled and the 
<keycap>Super</keycap>/<keycap>Windows</keycap> key is locked.
</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
</section>
-->
</section>
</chapter>


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</book>
