phaser2
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## phaser2

phaser2 — Second-order allpass filters arranged in a series.

## Description

An implementation of iord number of second-order allpass filters in series.

## Syntax

    ares phaser2 asig, kfreq, kq, kord, kmode, ksep, kfeedback

## Initialization

iskip (optional, default=0) -- used to control initial disposition of internal data space. Since filtering incorporates a feedback loop of previous output, the initial status of the storage space used is significant. A zero value will clear the space; a non-zero value will allow previous information to remain. The default value is 0.

## Performance

kfreq -- frequency (in Hz) of the filter(s). This is the center frequency of the notch of the first allpass filter in the series. This frequency is used as the base frequency from which the frequencies of the other notches are derived.

kq -- Q of each notch. Higher Q values result in narrow notches. A Q between 0.5 and 1 results in the strongest "phasing" effect, but higher Q values can be used for special effects.

kord -- the number of allpass stages in series. These are second-order filters, and iord can range from 1 to 2499. With higher orders, the computation time increases.

kfeedback -- amount of the output which is fed back into the input of the allpass chain. With larger amounts of feedback, more prominent notches appear in the spectrum of the output. kfeedback must be between -1 and +1. for stability.

kmode -- used in calculation of notch frequencies.

| Note
Although kord and kmode are listed as k-rate, they are in fact accessed only at init-time. So if you are using k-rate arguments, they must be assigned with init.

ksep -- scaling factor used, in conjunction with imode, to determine the frequencies of the additional notches in the output spectrum.

phaser2 implements iord number of second-order allpass sections, connected in series. The use of second-order allpass sections allows for the precise placement of the frequency, width, and depth of notches in the frequency spectrum. iord is used to directly determine the number of notches in the spectrum; e.g. for iord = 6, there will be 6 notches in the output spectrum.

There are two possible modes for determining the notch frequencies. When imode = 1, the notch frequencies are determined the following function:

frequency of notch N = kbf + (ksep * kbf * N-1)

For example, with imode = 1 and ksep = 1, the notches will be in harmonic relationship with the notch frequency determined by kfreq (i.e. if there are 8 notches, with the first at 100 Hz, the next notches will be at 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, and 800 Hz). This is useful for generating a "comb filtering" effect, with the number of notches determined by iord. Different values of ksep allow for inharmonic notch frequencies and other special effects. ksep can be swept to create an expansion or contraction of the notch frequencies. A useful visual analogy for the effect of sweeping ksep would be the bellows of an accordion as it is being played - the notches will be seperated, then compressed together, as ksep changes.

When imode = 2, the subsequent notches are powers of the input parameter ksep times the initial notch frequency specified by kfreq. This can be used to set the notch frequencies to octaves and other musical intervals. For example, the following lines will generate 8 notches in the output spectrum, with the notches spaced at octaves of kfreq:

aphs phaser2 ain, kfreq, 0.5, 8, 2, 2, 0
aout = ain + aphs

When imode = 2, the value of ksep must be greater than 0. ksep can be swept to create a compression and expansion of notch frequencies (with more dramatic effects than when imode = 1).

## Examples

Here is an example of the phaser2 opcode. It uses the file phaser2.csd.

Example 359. Example of the phaser2 opcode.

See the sections Real-time Audio and Command Line Flags for more information on using command line flags.

    <CsoundSynthesizer>
    <CsOptions>
    ; Select audio/midi flags here according to platform
    ; Audio out   Audio in    No messages
    -odac           -iadc     -d     ;;;RT audio I/O
    ; For Non-realtime ouput leave only the line below:
    ; -o phaser2.wav -W ;;; for file output any platform
    </CsOptions>
    <CsInstruments>

    sr = 44100
    kr = 4410
    ksmps = 10
    nchnls = 1

    instr 2              ; demonstration of phase shifting abilities of phaser2.
      ; Input mixed with output of phaser2 to generate notches.
      ; Demonstrates the interaction of imode and ksep.
      idur   = p3
      iamp   = p4 * .04
      iorder = p5        ; number of 2nd-order stages in phaser2 network
      ifreq  = p6        ; not used
      ifeed  = p7        ; amount of feedback for phaser2
      imode  = p8        ; mode for frequency scaling
      isep   = p9        ; used with imode to determine notch frequencies
      kamp   linseg 0, .2, iamp, idur - .2, iamp, .2, 0
      iharms = (sr*.4) / 100

      ; "Sawtooth" waveform exponentially decaying function, to control notch frequencies
      asig   gbuzz 1, 100, iharms, 1, .95, 2
      kline  expseg 1, idur, .005
      aphs   phaser2 asig, kline * 2000, .5, iorder, imode, isep, ifeed

      out (asig + aphs) * iamp
    endin

    </CsInstruments>
    <CsScore>

    ; cosine wave for gbuzz
    f2 0  8192 9 1 1 .25

    ; phaser2, imode=1
    i2 00 10 7000 8 .2 .9 1 .33
    i2 11 10 7000 8 .2 .9 1 2

    ; phaser2, imode=2
    i2 22 10 7000 8 .2 .9 2 .33
    i2 33 10 7000 8 .2 .9 2 2
    e

    </CsScore>
    </CsoundSynthesizer>

## Technical History

A general description of the differences between flanging and phasing can be found in Hartmann [1]. An early implementation of first-order allpass filters connected in series can be found in Beigel [2], where the bilinear z-transform is used for determining the phase shift frequency of each stage. Cronin [3] presents a similar implementation for a four-stage phase shifting network. Chamberlin [4] and Smith [5] both discuss using second-order allpass sections for greater control over notch depth, width, and frequency.

## References

1. Hartmann, W.M. "Flanging and Phasers." Journal of the Audio Engineering Society, Vol. 26, No. 6, pp. 439-443, June 1978.

2. Beigel, Michael I. "A Digital 'Phase Shifter' for Musical Applications, Using the Bell Labs (Alles-Fischer) Digital Filter Module." Journal of the Audio Engineering Society, Vol. 27, No. 9, pp. 673-676,September 1979.

3. Cronin, Dennis. "Examining Audio DSP Algorithms." Dr. Dobb's Journal, July 1994, p. 78-83.

4. Chamberlin, Hal. Musical Applications of Microprocessors. Second edition. Indianapolis, Indiana: Hayden Books, 1985.

5. Smith, Julius O. "An Allpass Approach to Digital Phasing and Flanging." Proceedings of the 1984 ICMC, p. 103-108.

## See Also

phaser1

## Credits

Author: Sean Costello
Seattle, Washington
1999

November 2002. Added a note about the kord and kmode parameters, thanks to Rasmus Ekman.

New in Csound version 4.0

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