/************************************************************************/
/*                                                                      */
/*               Copyright 1998-2002 by Ullrich Koethe                  */
/*       Cognitive Systems Group, University of Hamburg, Germany        */
/*                                                                      */
/*    This file is part of the VIGRA computer vision library.           */
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#ifndef VIGRA_ACCESSOR_HXX
#define VIGRA_ACCESSOR_HXX

#include "metaprogramming.hxx"
#include "numerictraits.hxx"
#include "tuple.hxx"

namespace vigra {

/** \addtogroup DataAccessors Data Accessors

    Basic templates to encapsulate access to the data of an iterator.

    Data accessors are used to allow for flexible access to the data
    an iterator points to. When we access the data directly, we
    are bound to what <TT>operator*()</TT> returns, if this method exists at
    all. Encapsulating access in an accessor enables a better
    decoupling of data structures and algorithms.
    <a href="documents/DataAccessors.ps">This paper</a> contains
    a detailed description of the concept. Here is a brief list of the basic
    accessor requirements:
<p>
<table border=2 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2 width="100%">
<tr><th>
    Operation
    </th><th>
    Result
    </th><th>
    Semantics
    </th>
</tr>
<tr>
    <td><tt>accessor(iter)</tt></td><td>convertible to <br><tt>Iterator::value_type const &</tt></td>
    <td>read data at the current position of the iterator</td>
</tr>
<tr>
    <td><tt>accessor(iter, index)</tt></td><td>convertible to <br><tt>Accessor::value_type const &</tt></td>
    <td>read data at offset <tt>index</tt> relative to iterator's current position
    (random-access iterator only)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
    <td><tt>accessor.set(value, iter)</tt></td><td><tt>void</tt></td>
    <td>write data <tt>value</tt> at the current position of the iterator (mutable iterator only)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
    <td><tt>accessor.set(value, iter, index)</tt></td><td><tt>void</tt></td>
    <td>write data <tt>value</tt> at offset <tt>index</tt> relative to iterator's current position
    (mutable random-access iterator only)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan=2>
    <tt>Accessor::value_type</tt></td>
    <td>type of the data field the accessor refers to</td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan=3>
        <tt>iter</tt> is an iterator<br>
        <tt>index</tt> has the iterator's index type (<tt>Iterator::difference_type</tt>)<br>
        <tt>value</tt> is convertible to <tt>Accessor::value_type const &</tt>
    </td>
</tr>
</table>
</p>

    The template <tt>AccessorTraits<T></tt> can be used to find the default accessor
    associated with the type <tt>T</tt>, e.g.
    
    \code
    typedef typename AccessorTraits<typename Image::value_type>::default_accessor       Accessor;
    typedef typename AccessorTraits<typename Image::value_type>::default_const_accessor ConstAccessor;
    \endcode
*/
//@{

/********************************************************/
/*                                                      */
/*                     StandardAccessor                 */
/*                                                      */
/********************************************************/

/** \brief Encapsulate access to the values an iterator points to.

    StandardAccessor is a trivial accessor that simply encapsulates
    the iterator's operator*() and operator[]() in its
    read and write functions. It passes its arguments <em>by reference</em>.
    If you want to return items by value, you
    must use StandardValueAccessor instead of StandardAccessor.
    Both accessors have different optimization properties --
    StandardAccessor is usually faster for compound pixel types,
    while StandardValueAccessor is faster for the built-in types.

    When a floating point number is assigned by means of an accessor
    with integral value_type, the value is rounded and clipped as approriate.

    <b>\#include</b> \<<a href="accessor_8hxx-source.html">vigra/accessor.hxx</a>\><br>
    Namespace: vigra
*/
template <class VALUETYPE>
class StandardAccessor
{
  public:
        /** the value_type
        */
    typedef VALUETYPE value_type;

        /** read the current data item
        */
    template <class ITERATOR>
    VALUETYPE const & operator()(ITERATOR const & i) const { return *i; }

    VALUETYPE const & operator()(VALUETYPE const * i) const { return *i; }

        /** read the data item at an offset (can be 1D or 2D or higher order difference).
        */
    template <class ITERATOR, class DIFFERENCE>
    VALUETYPE const & operator()(ITERATOR const & i, DIFFERENCE const & diff) const
    {
        return i[diff];
    }

        /** Write the current data item. The type <TT>V</TT> of the passed
            in <TT>value</TT> is automatically converted to <TT>VALUETYPE</TT>.
            In case of a conversion floating point -> intergral this includes rounding and clipping.
        */
    template <class V, class ITERATOR>
    void set(V const & value, ITERATOR const & i) const
    { *i = detail::RequiresExplicitCast<VALUETYPE>::cast(value); }

        /* This overload is needed to make the accessor work with a std::back_inserter */
    template <class V, class ITERATOR>
    void set(V const & value, ITERATOR & i) const
    { *i = detail::RequiresExplicitCast<VALUETYPE>::cast(value); }

        /** Write the data item at an offset (can be 1D or 2D or higher order difference)..
            The type <TT>V</TT> of the passed
            in <TT>value</TT> is automatically converted to <TT>VALUETYPE</TT>.
            In case of a conversion floating point -> intergral this includes rounding and clipping.
        */
    template <class V, class ITERATOR, class DIFFERENCE>
    void set(V const & value, ITERATOR const & i, DIFFERENCE const & diff) const
    {
        i[diff]= detail::RequiresExplicitCast<VALUETYPE>::cast(value);
    }
};

/** \brief Encapsulate access to the values an iterator points to.

    StandardValueAccessor is a trivial accessor that simply encapsulates
    the iterator's operator*() and operator[]() in its
    read and write functions. It passes its arguments <em>by value</em>.
    If the iterator returns its items by reference (such as \ref vigra::ImageIterator),
    you can also use StandardAccessor.
    These accessors have different optimization properties --
    StandardAccessor is usually faster for compound pixel types,
    while StandardValueAccessor is faster for the built-in types.

    When a floating point number is assigned by means of an accessor
    with integral value_type, the value is rounded and clipped as approriate.

    <b>\#include</b> \<<a href="accessor_8hxx-source.html">vigra/accessor.hxx</a>\><br>
    Namespace: vigra
*/
template <class VALUETYPE>
class StandardValueAccessor
{
  public:
        /** the value_type
        */
    typedef VALUETYPE value_type;

        /** Read the current data item. The type <TT>ITERATOR::reference</TT>
            is automatically converted to <TT>VALUETYPE</TT>.
            In case of a conversion floating point -> intergral this includes rounding and clipping.
        */
    template <class ITERATOR>
    VALUETYPE operator()(ITERATOR const & i) const
        { return detail::RequiresExplicitCast<VALUETYPE>::cast(*i); }

        /** Read the data item at an offset (can be 1D or 2D or higher order difference).
            The type <TT>ITERATOR::index_reference</TT>
            is automatically converted to <TT>VALUETYPE</TT>.
            In case of a conversion floating point -> intergral this includes rounding and clipping.
        */
    template <class ITERATOR, class DIFFERENCE>
    VALUETYPE operator()(ITERATOR const & i, DIFFERENCE const & diff) const
    {
        return detail::RequiresExplicitCast<VALUETYPE>::cast(i[diff]);
    }
        /** Write the current data item. The type <TT>V</TT> of the passed
            in <TT>value</TT> is automatically converted to <TT>VALUETYPE</TT>.
            In case of a conversion floating point -> intergral this includes rounding and clipping.
        */
    template <class V, class ITERATOR>
    void set(V value, ITERATOR const & i) const
        { *i = detail::RequiresExplicitCast<VALUETYPE>::cast(value); }

        /* This overload is needed to make the accessor work with a std::back_inserter */
    template <class V, class ITERATOR>
    void set(V value, ITERATOR & i) const
        { *i = detail::RequiresExplicitCast<VALUETYPE>::cast(value); }

        /** Write the data item at an offset (can be 1D or 2D or higher order difference)..
            The type <TT>V</TT> of the passed
            in <TT>value</TT> is automatically converted to <TT>VALUETYPE</TT>.
            In case of a conversion floating point -> intergral this includes rounding and clipping.
        */
    template <class V, class ITERATOR, class DIFFERENCE>
    void set(V value, ITERATOR const & i, DIFFERENCE const & diff) const
    {
        i[diff]= detail::RequiresExplicitCast<VALUETYPE>::cast(value);
    }
};

/********************************************************/
/*                                                      */
/*                StandardConstAccessor                 */
/*                                                      */
/********************************************************/

/** \brief Encapsulate read access to the values an iterator points to.

    StandardConstAccessor is a trivial accessor that simply encapsulates
    the iterator's operator*() and operator[]() in its
    read functions. It passes its arguments <em>by reference</em>.
    If the iterator returns its items by value (such as \ref vigra::CoordinateIterator), you
    must use StandardConstValueAccessor instead of StandardConstAccessor.
    Both accessors also have different optimization properties --
    StandardConstAccessor is usually faster for compound pixel types,
    while StandardConstValueAccessor is faster for the built-in types.

    <b>\#include</b> \<<a href="accessor_8hxx-source.html">vigra/accessor.hxx</a>\><br>
    Namespace: vigra
*/
template <class VALUETYPE>
class StandardConstAccessor
{
  public:
    typedef VALUETYPE value_type;

        /** read the current data item
        */
    template <class ITERATOR>
    VALUETYPE const & operator()(ITERATOR const & i) const
        { return *i; }

        /** read the data item at an offset (can be 1D or 2D or higher order difference).
        */
    template <class ITERATOR, class DIFFERENCE>
    VALUETYPE const & operator()(ITERATOR const & i, DIFFERENCE const & diff) const
    {
        return i[diff];
    }
};

/** \brief Encapsulate access to the values an iterator points to.

    StandardConstValueAccessor is a trivial accessor that simply encapsulates
    the iterator's operator*() and operator[]() in its
    read functions. It passes its arguments <em>by value</em>.
    If the iterator returns its items by reference (such as \ref vigra::ConstImageIterator),
    you can also use StandardConstAccessor.
    These accessors have different optimization properties --
    StandardConstAccessor is usually faster for compound pixel types,
    while StandardConstValueAccessor is faster for the built-in types.

    When an iterator passes a floating point number to an accessor
    with integral value_type, the value is rounded and clipped as approriate.

    <b>\#include</b> \<<a href="accessor_8hxx-source.html">vigra/accessor.hxx</a>\><br>
    Namespace: vigra
*/
template <class VALUETYPE>
class StandardConstValueAccessor
{
  public:
    typedef VALUETYPE value_type;

        /** Read the current data item. The type <TT>ITERATOR::reference</TT>
            is automatically converted to <TT>VALUETYPE</TT>.
            In case of a conversion floating point -> intergral this includes rounding and clipping.
        */
    template <class ITERATOR>
    VALUETYPE operator()(ITERATOR const & i) const
        { return detail::RequiresExplicitCast<VALUETYPE>::cast(*i); }

        /** Read the data item at an offset (can be 1D or 2D or higher order difference).
            The type <TT>ITERATOR::index_reference</TT>
            is automatically converted to <TT>VALUETYPE</TT>.
            In case of a conversion floating point -> intergral this includes rounding and clipping.
        */
    template <class ITERATOR, class DIFFERENCE>
    VALUETYPE operator()(ITERATOR const & i, DIFFERENCE const & diff) const
    {
        return detail::RequiresExplicitCast<VALUETYPE>::cast(i[diff]);
    }
};

/********************************************************/
/*                                                      */
/*                 VectorComponentAccessor              */
/*                                                      */
/********************************************************/

/** \brief Accessor for one component of a vector.

    This accessor allows to select a single component (a single 'band')
    of a vector valued pixel type. The pixel type must support
    <TT>operator[]</TT>. The index of the component to be selected
    is passed in the constructor. The accessor returns its items
    <em>by reference</em>. If you want to pass/return items by value,
    use VectorComponentValueAccessor. If a floating point number
    is assigned by means of an accessor with integral value_type, the
    value is rounded and clipped as appropriate.

    <b>Usage:</b>

    \code
    vigra::BRGBImage image(w,h);

    // init red channel with 255
    initImage(destImageRange(image,
                             VectorComponentAccessor<vigra::BRGBImage::value_type>(0)),
              255);
    \endcode

    <b>\#include</b> \<<a href="accessor_8hxx-source.html">vigra/accessor.hxx</a>\><br>
    Namespace: vigra

*/
template <class VECTORTYPE>
class VectorComponentAccessor
{
    int index_;
  public:
        /** the value_type
        */
    typedef typename VECTORTYPE::value_type value_type;

        /** determine the component to be accessed
        */
    VectorComponentAccessor(int index)
    : index_(index)
    {}

        /** read the current data item
        */
    template <class ITERATOR>
    value_type const & operator()(ITERATOR const & i) const
        { return (*i)[index_]; }

        /** read the data item at an offset (can be 1D or 2D or higher order difference).
        */
    template <class ITERATOR, class DIFFERENCE>
    value_type const & operator()(ITERATOR const & i, DIFFERENCE const & diff) const
    {
        return i[diff][index_];
    }

        /** Write the current data item. The type <TT>V</TT> of the passed
            in <TT>value</TT> is automatically converted to <TT>value_type</TT>.
            In case of a conversion floating point -> intergral this includes rounding and clipping.
        */
    template <class V, class ITERATOR>
    void set(V const & value, ITERATOR const & i) const
    {
        (*i)[index_] = detail::RequiresExplicitCast<value_type>::cast(value);
    }

        /** Write the data item at an offset (can be 1D or 2D or higher order difference)..
            The type <TT>V</TT> of the passed
            in <TT>value</TT> is automatically converted to <TT>value_type</TT>.
            In case of a conversion floating point -> intergral this includes rounding and clipping.
        */
    template <class V, class ITERATOR, class DIFFERENCE>
    void set(V const & value, ITERATOR const & i, DIFFERENCE const & diff) const 
    { 
        i[diff][index_]= detail::RequiresExplicitCast<value_type>::cast(value); 
    }
    
        /** Reset the index to the given number.
        */
    void setIndex(int i)
    {
        index_ = i;
    }
};

/** \brief Accessor for one component of a vector.

    This accessor allows to select a single component (a single 'band')
    of a vector valued pixel type. The pixel type must support
    <TT>operator[]</TT>. The index of the component to be selected
    is passed in the constructor. The accessor returns its items
    <em>by value</em>. If you want to pass/return items by reference,
    use VectorComponentAccessor. If a floating point number
    is assigned by means of an accessor with integral value_type, the
    value is rounded and clipped as appropriate.

    <b>Usage:</b>

    \code
    vigra::BRGBImage image(w,h);

    // init red channel with 255
    initImage(destImageRange(image,
                             VectorComponentValueAccessor<vigra::BRGBImage::value_type>(0)),
              255);
    \endcode

    <b>\#include</b> \<<a href="accessor_8hxx-source.html">vigra/accessor.hxx</a>\><br>
    Namespace: vigra

*/
template <class VECTORTYPE>
class VectorComponentValueAccessor
{
    int index_;
  public:
        /** the value_type
        */
    typedef typename VECTORTYPE::value_type value_type;

        /** determine the component to be accessed
        */
    VectorComponentValueAccessor(int index)
    : index_(index)
    {}

        /** Read the current data item.
            The type <TT>ITERATOR::index_reference::value_type</TT>
            is automatically converted to <TT>value_type</TT>.
            In case of a conversion floating point -> intergral this includes rounding and clipping.
        */
    template <class ITERATOR>
    value_type operator()(ITERATOR const & i) const
        { return detail::RequiresExplicitCast<value_type>::cast((*i)[index_]); }

        /** Read the data item at an offset (can be 1D or 2D or higher order difference).
            The type <TT>ITERATOR::index_reference::value_type</TT>
            is automatically converted to <TT>value_type</TT>.
            In case of a conversion floating point -> intergral this includes rounding and clipping.
        */
    template <class ITERATOR, class DIFFERENCE>
    value_type operator()(ITERATOR const & i, DIFFERENCE const & diff) const
    { 
        return detail::RequiresExplicitCast<value_type>::cast(i[diff][index_]); 
    }
    
        /** Write the current data item. The type <TT>V</TT> of the passed
            in <TT>value</TT> is automatically converted to <TT>value_type</TT>.
            In case of a conversion floating point -> intergral this includes rounding and clipping.
        */
    template <class V, class ITERATOR>
    void set(V value, ITERATOR const & i) const 
    { 
        (*i)[index_] = detail::RequiresExplicitCast<value_type>::cast(value); 
    }
    
        /** Write the data item at an offset (can be 1D or 2D or higher order difference)..
            The type <TT>V</TT> of the passed
            in <TT>value</TT> is automatically converted to <TT>value_type</TT>.
            In case of a conversion floating point -> intergral this includes rounding and clipping.
        */
    template <class V, class ITERATOR, class DIFFERENCE>
    void set(V value, ITERATOR const & i, DIFFERENCE const & diff) const 
    { 
        i[diff][index_]= detail::RequiresExplicitCast<value_type>::cast(value); 
    }
    
        /** Reset the index to the given number.
        */
    void setIndex(int i)
    {
        index_ = i;
    }
};

/********************************************************/
/*                                                      */
/*                   VectorElementAccessor              */
/*                                                      */
/********************************************************/

/** \brief Accessor for one component of a vector.

    This works like VectorComponentAccessor, only the template paramters differ: 
    Here, we need a vector accessor type , wheras VectorComponentAccessor requires a vector type.

    <b>Usage:</b>
    
    \code
    vigra::BRGBImage image(w,h);
    
    // init red channel with 255
    initImage(destImageRange(image, 
                             VectorElementAccessor<vigra::BRGBImage::Accessor>(0)),
              255);
    \endcode
    
    <b>\#include</b> \<<a href="accessor_8hxx-source.html">vigra/accessor.hxx</a>\><br>
    Namespace: vigra
    
*/
template <class ACCESSOR>
class VectorElementAccessor
{
    int index_;
    ACCESSOR a_;
  public:
        /** the value_type
        */
    typedef typename ACCESSOR::component_type value_type;
    
        /** determine the component to be accessed
        */
    VectorElementAccessor(int index, ACCESSOR a = ACCESSOR())
    : index_(index),
      a_(a)
    {}
    
        /** read the current data item
        */
    template <class ITERATOR>
    value_type const & operator()(ITERATOR const & i) const 
        { return a_.getComponent(i, index_); }
    
        /** read the data item at an offset (can be 1D or 2D or higher order difference).
        */
    template <class ITERATOR, class DIFFERENCE>
    value_type const & operator()(ITERATOR const & i, DIFFERENCE const & diff) const
    { 
        return a_.getComponent(i, diff, index_); 
    }
    
        /** Write the current data item. The type <TT>V</TT> of the passed
            in <TT>value</TT> is automatically converted to <TT>value_type</TT>.
            In case of a conversion floating point -> intergral this includes rounding and clipping.
        */
    template <class V, class ITERATOR>
    void set(V const & value, ITERATOR const & i) const 
    { 
        a_.setComponent(detail::RequiresExplicitCast<value_type>::cast(value), i, index_); 
    }

        /** Write the data item at an offset (can be 1D or 2D or higher order difference)..
            The type <TT>V</TT> of the passed
            in <TT>value</TT> is automatically converted to <TT>value_type</TT>.
            In case of a conversion floating point -> intergral this includes rounding and clipping.
        */
    template <class V, class ITERATOR, class DIFFERENCE>
    void set(V const & value, ITERATOR const & i, DIFFERENCE const & diff) const 
    { 
       a_.setComponent(detail::RequiresExplicitCast<value_type>::cast(value), i, diff, index_); 
    }
    
        /** Reset the index to the given number.
        */
    void setIndex(int i)
    {
        index_ = i;
    }
};

/********************************************************/
/*                                                      */
/*                    SequenceAccessor                  */
/*                                                      */
/********************************************************/

/** \brief Accessor for items that are STL compatible sequences.

    It encapsulates access to the sequences' begin() and end()
    functions.

    <b>Usage:</b>

    <b>\#include</b> \<<a href="accessor_8hxx-source.html">vigra/accessor.hxx</a>\><br>
    Namespace: vigra

    \code
    typedef std::list<std::list<int> > ListOfLists;

    ListOfLists ll;
    ...

    typedef vigra::SequenceAccessor<ListOfLists::value_type> ListOfListsAccessor;
    ListOfListsAccessor a;
    for(ListOfLists::iterator li = ll.begin(); li != ll.end(); ++li)
    {
        for(ListOfListsAccessor::iterator i = a.begin(li); i != a.end(li); ++i)
        {
            *i = 10;
        }
    }
    \endcode
*/
template <class SEQUENCE>
class SequenceAccessor
: public StandardAccessor<SEQUENCE>
{
  public:
        /** the sequence's value_type
        */
    typedef typename SEQUENCE::value_type component_type;

#ifndef NO_PARTIAL_TEMPLATE_SPECIALIZATION
    typedef typename
            If<typename TypeTraits<SEQUENCE>::isConst,
               typename SEQUENCE::const_iterator,
               typename SEQUENCE::iterator>::type 
            iterator;
#else
        /** the sequence's iterator type
        */
    typedef typename SEQUENCE::iterator iterator;
#endif

        /** get begin iterator for sequence at given iterator position
        */
    template <class ITERATOR>
    iterator begin(ITERATOR const & i) const
    {
        return (*i).begin();
    }

        /** get end iterator for sequence at given iterator position
        */
    template <class ITERATOR>
    iterator end(ITERATOR const & i)  const
    {
         return (*i).end();
    }

        /** get begin iterator for sequence at an offset
            of given iterator position
        */
    template <class ITERATOR, class DIFFERENCE>
    iterator begin(ITERATOR const & i, DIFFERENCE const & diff)  const
    {
        return i[diff].begin();
    }

        /** get end iterator for sequence at a 2D difference vector
            of given iterator position
        */
    template <class ITERATOR, class DIFFERENCE>
    iterator end(ITERATOR const & i, DIFFERENCE const & diff)  const
    {
        return i[diff].end();
    }

        /** get size of sequence at given iterator position
        */
    template <class ITERATOR>
    unsigned int size(ITERATOR const & i) const { return (*i).size(); }

        /** get size of sequence at 2D difference vector of given iterator position
        */
    template <class ITERATOR, class DIFFERENCE>
    unsigned int size(ITERATOR const & i, DIFFERENCE const & diff) const
    { return i[diff].size(); }
};

/********************************************************/
/*                                                      */
/*                     VectorAccessor                   */
/*                                                      */
/********************************************************/

/** \brief Accessor for items that are STL compatible vectors.

    It encapsulates access to a vector's access functionality.

    <b> Usage:</b>

    <b>\#include</b> \<<a href="accessor_8hxx-source.html">vigra/accessor.hxx</a>\><br>
    Namespace: vigra

    The accessor has two modes of operation:

    <ol>
    <li> Access the vector's iterator via the <TT>begin()</TT> and <TT>end()</TT>
    functions:

    \code
    typedef std::list<std::vector<int> > ListOfVectors;

    ListOfVectors ll;
    ...

    typedef vigra::SequenceAccessor<ListOfVectors::value_type> ListOfVectorsAccessor;
    ListOfVectorsAccessor a;
    for(ListOfVectors::iterator li = ll.begin(); li != ll.end(); ++li)
    {
        for(ListOfVectorsAccessor::iterator i = a.begin(li); i != a.end(li); ++i)
        {
            *i = 10;
        }
    }
    \endcode
    <li> Access the vector's components via an index (internally calls
    the vector's <TT>operator[]</TT> ):
    \code
    typedef std::list<std::vector<int> > ListOfVectors;

    ListOfVectors ll;
    ...

    typedef vigra::SequenceAccessor<ListOfVectors::value_type> ListOfVectorsAccessor;
    ListOfVectorsAccessor a;
    for(ListOfVectors::iterator li = ll.begin(); li != ll.end(); ++li)
    {
        for(int i = 0; i != a.size(li); ++i)
        {
            a.setComponent(10, li, i);
        }
    }
    \endcode
    </ol>

    <b> Required Interface:</b>

    \code
    VECTOR v;
    VECTOR::iterator i;
    value_type d;
    int index;

    d = v[index];
    v[index] = d;
    i = v.begin();
    i = v.end();
    v.size();
    \endcode
*/
template <class VECTOR>
class VectorAccessor
: public SequenceAccessor<VECTOR>
{
  public:
        /** the vector's value_type
        */
    typedef typename VECTOR::value_type component_type;

        /** Read the component data at given vector index
            at given iterator position
        */
    template <class ITERATOR>
    component_type const & getComponent(ITERATOR const & i, int idx) const
    {
        return (*i)[idx];
    }

        /** Set the component data at given vector index
            at given iterator position. The type <TT>V</TT> of the passed
            in <TT>value</TT> is automatically converted to <TT>component_type</TT>.
            In case of a conversion floating point -> intergral this includes rounding and clipping.
        */
    template <class V, class ITERATOR>
    void setComponent(V const & value, ITERATOR const & i, int idx) const
    {
        (*i)[idx] = detail::RequiresExplicitCast<component_type>::cast(value);
    }

        /** Read the component data at given vector index
            at an offset of given iterator position
        */
    template <class ITERATOR, class DIFFERENCE>
    component_type const & getComponent(ITERATOR const & i, DIFFERENCE const & diff, int idx) const
    {
        return i[diff][idx];
    }

    /** Set the component data at given vector index
        at an offset of given iterator position. The type <TT>V</TT> of the passed
        in <TT>value</TT> is automatically converted to <TT>component_type</TT>.
            In case of a conversion floating point -> intergral this includes rounding and clipping.
    */
    template <class V, class ITERATOR, class DIFFERENCE>
    void
    setComponent(V const & value, ITERATOR const & i, DIFFERENCE const & diff, int idx) const
    {
        i[diff][idx] = detail::RequiresExplicitCast<component_type>::cast(value);
    }
};


/********************************************************/
/*                                                      */
/*                 MultiImageAccessor2                  */
/*                                                      */
/********************************************************/

/** \brief Access two images simultaneously.

    This accessor is used when two images need to be treated as one
    because an algorithm accepts only one image. For example,
    \ref seededRegionGrowing() uses only one image two calculate
    the cost for aggregating each pixel into a region. Somtimes, we
    need more information to calcuate this cost, for example gray value
    and local gradient magnitude. These values can be stored in two images,
    which appear as only one when we pass a <TT>MultiImageAccessor2</TT> to
    the lagorithms. Of course, the cost functor must accept a <TT>pair</TT>
    of values for this to work. Instead of an actual image iterator, we
    pass a <a href="CoordinateIterator.html">CoordinateIterator</a> which
    selects the right pixels form both images.

    <b> Usage:</b>

    <b>\#include</b> \<<a href="accessor_8hxx-source.html">vigra/accessor.hxx</a>\><br>
    Namespace: vigra

    \code
    using namespace vigra;

    FImage gray_values(w,h), gradient_magnitude(w,h);
    IImage seeds(w,h), labels(w,h);

    seededRegionGrowing(
        srcIterRange(CoordinateIterator(), CoordinateIterator(w,h),
           MultiImageAccessor2<FImage::iterator, FImage::Accessor,
                               FImage::iterator, FImage::Accessor>
                              (gray_values.upperLeft(), gray_values.accessor(),
                               gradient_magnitude.upperLeft(), gradient_magnitude.accessor())),
        srcImage(seeds),
        destImage(labels),
        SomeCostFunctor());
    \endcode
*/

template <class Iter1, class Acc1, class Iter2, class Acc2>
class MultiImageAccessor2
{
  public:
        /** The accessors value_type: construct a pair that contains
            the corresponding image values.
        */
    typedef pair<typename Acc1::value_type, typename Acc2::value_type>
            value_type;

        /** Construct from two image iterators and associated accessors.
        */
    MultiImageAccessor2(Iter1 i1, Acc1 a1, Iter2 i2, Acc2 a2)
    : i1_(i1), a1_(a1), i2_(i2), a2_(a2)
    {}

        /** read the current data item
        */
    template <class DIFFERENCE>
    value_type operator()(DIFFERENCE const & d) const
    {
        return std::make_pair(a1_(i1_, d), a2_(i2_, d));
    }

        /** read the data item at an offset
        */
    template <class DIFFERENCE1, class DIFFERENCE2>
    value_type operator()(DIFFERENCE1 d1, DIFFERENCE2 const & d2) const
    {
        d1 += d2;
        return std::make_pair(a1_(i1_, d1), a2_(i2_, d1));
    }

  private:
    Iter1 i1_;
    Acc1 a1_;
    Iter2 i2_;
    Acc2 a2_;
};

//@}

template <class T>
struct AccessorTraits
{
    typedef StandardAccessor<T>        default_accessor;
    typedef StandardConstAccessor<T>   default_const_accessor;
};

#define VIGRA_DEFINE_ACCESSOR_TRAITS(VALUE, ACCESSOR, CONST_ACCESSOR) \
    template <> \
    struct AccessorTraits<VALUE > \
    { \
        typedef ACCESSOR<VALUE >         default_accessor; \
        typedef CONST_ACCESSOR<VALUE >   default_const_accessor; \
    };

VIGRA_DEFINE_ACCESSOR_TRAITS(signed char, StandardValueAccessor, StandardConstValueAccessor)
VIGRA_DEFINE_ACCESSOR_TRAITS(unsigned char, StandardValueAccessor, StandardConstValueAccessor)
VIGRA_DEFINE_ACCESSOR_TRAITS(short, StandardValueAccessor, StandardConstValueAccessor)
VIGRA_DEFINE_ACCESSOR_TRAITS(unsigned short, StandardValueAccessor, StandardConstValueAccessor)
VIGRA_DEFINE_ACCESSOR_TRAITS(int, StandardValueAccessor, StandardConstValueAccessor)
VIGRA_DEFINE_ACCESSOR_TRAITS(unsigned int, StandardValueAccessor, StandardConstValueAccessor)
VIGRA_DEFINE_ACCESSOR_TRAITS(long, StandardValueAccessor, StandardConstValueAccessor)
VIGRA_DEFINE_ACCESSOR_TRAITS(unsigned long, StandardValueAccessor, StandardConstValueAccessor)
VIGRA_DEFINE_ACCESSOR_TRAITS(float, StandardValueAccessor, StandardConstValueAccessor)
VIGRA_DEFINE_ACCESSOR_TRAITS(double, StandardValueAccessor, StandardConstValueAccessor)

template <class T, unsigned int RED_IDX, unsigned int GREEN_IDX, unsigned int BLUE_IDX> class RGBValue;
template <class T> class RGBAccessor;
template <class T, int SIZE> class TinyVector;

#ifndef NO_PARTIAL_TEMPLATE_SPECIALIZATION

template <class T, unsigned int RED_IDX, unsigned int GREEN_IDX, unsigned int BLUE_IDX>
struct AccessorTraits<RGBValue<T, RED_IDX, GREEN_IDX, BLUE_IDX> >
{
    typedef RGBAccessor<RGBValue<T, RED_IDX, GREEN_IDX, BLUE_IDX> >   default_accessor;
    typedef RGBAccessor<RGBValue<T, RED_IDX, GREEN_IDX, BLUE_IDX> >   default_const_accessor;
};

template <class T, int SIZE>
struct AccessorTraits<TinyVector<T, SIZE> >
{
    typedef VectorAccessor<TinyVector<T, SIZE> >   default_accessor;
    typedef VectorAccessor<TinyVector<T, SIZE> >   default_const_accessor;
};

#else // NO_PARTIAL_TEMPLATE_SPECIALIZATION

VIGRA_DEFINE_ACCESSOR_TRAITS(RGBValue<unsigned char>, RGBAccessor, RGBAccessor)
VIGRA_DEFINE_ACCESSOR_TRAITS(RGBValue<signed char>, RGBAccessor, RGBAccessor)
VIGRA_DEFINE_ACCESSOR_TRAITS(RGBValue<short>, RGBAccessor, RGBAccessor)
VIGRA_DEFINE_ACCESSOR_TRAITS(RGBValue<unsigned short>, RGBAccessor, RGBAccessor)
VIGRA_DEFINE_ACCESSOR_TRAITS(RGBValue<int>, RGBAccessor, RGBAccessor)
VIGRA_DEFINE_ACCESSOR_TRAITS(RGBValue<unsigned int>, RGBAccessor, RGBAccessor)
VIGRA_DEFINE_ACCESSOR_TRAITS(RGBValue<long>, RGBAccessor, RGBAccessor)
VIGRA_DEFINE_ACCESSOR_TRAITS(RGBValue<unsigned long>, RGBAccessor, RGBAccessor)
VIGRA_DEFINE_ACCESSOR_TRAITS(RGBValue<float>, RGBAccessor, RGBAccessor)
VIGRA_DEFINE_ACCESSOR_TRAITS(RGBValue<double>, RGBAccessor, RGBAccessor)

#define VIGRA_PIXELTYPE TinyVector<unsigned char, 2>
VIGRA_DEFINE_ACCESSOR_TRAITS(VIGRA_PIXELTYPE, VectorAccessor, VectorAccessor)
#undef VIGRA_PIXELTYPE
#define VIGRA_PIXELTYPE TinyVector<unsigned char, 3>
VIGRA_DEFINE_ACCESSOR_TRAITS(VIGRA_PIXELTYPE, VectorAccessor, VectorAccessor)
#undef VIGRA_PIXELTYPE
#define VIGRA_PIXELTYPE TinyVector<unsigned char, 4>
VIGRA_DEFINE_ACCESSOR_TRAITS(VIGRA_PIXELTYPE, VectorAccessor, VectorAccessor)
#undef VIGRA_PIXELTYPE
#define VIGRA_PIXELTYPE TinyVector<short, 2>
VIGRA_DEFINE_ACCESSOR_TRAITS(VIGRA_PIXELTYPE, VectorAccessor, VectorAccessor)
#undef VIGRA_PIXELTYPE
#define VIGRA_PIXELTYPE TinyVector<short, 3>
VIGRA_DEFINE_ACCESSOR_TRAITS(VIGRA_PIXELTYPE, VectorAccessor, VectorAccessor)
#undef VIGRA_PIXELTYPE
#define VIGRA_PIXELTYPE TinyVector<short, 4>
VIGRA_DEFINE_ACCESSOR_TRAITS(VIGRA_PIXELTYPE, VectorAccessor, VectorAccessor)
#undef VIGRA_PIXELTYPE
#define VIGRA_PIXELTYPE TinyVector<int, 2>
VIGRA_DEFINE_ACCESSOR_TRAITS(VIGRA_PIXELTYPE, VectorAccessor, VectorAccessor)
#undef VIGRA_PIXELTYPE
#define VIGRA_PIXELTYPE TinyVector<int, 3>
VIGRA_DEFINE_ACCESSOR_TRAITS(VIGRA_PIXELTYPE, VectorAccessor, VectorAccessor)
#undef VIGRA_PIXELTYPE
#define VIGRA_PIXELTYPE TinyVector<int, 4>
VIGRA_DEFINE_ACCESSOR_TRAITS(VIGRA_PIXELTYPE, VectorAccessor, VectorAccessor)
#undef VIGRA_PIXELTYPE
#define VIGRA_PIXELTYPE TinyVector<float, 2>
VIGRA_DEFINE_ACCESSOR_TRAITS(VIGRA_PIXELTYPE, VectorAccessor, VectorAccessor)
#undef VIGRA_PIXELTYPE
#define VIGRA_PIXELTYPE TinyVector<float, 3>
VIGRA_DEFINE_ACCESSOR_TRAITS(VIGRA_PIXELTYPE, VectorAccessor, VectorAccessor)
#undef VIGRA_PIXELTYPE
#define VIGRA_PIXELTYPE TinyVector<float, 4>
VIGRA_DEFINE_ACCESSOR_TRAITS(VIGRA_PIXELTYPE, VectorAccessor, VectorAccessor)
#undef VIGRA_PIXELTYPE
#define VIGRA_PIXELTYPE TinyVector<double, 2>
VIGRA_DEFINE_ACCESSOR_TRAITS(VIGRA_PIXELTYPE, VectorAccessor, VectorAccessor)
#undef VIGRA_PIXELTYPE
#define VIGRA_PIXELTYPE TinyVector<double, 3>
VIGRA_DEFINE_ACCESSOR_TRAITS(VIGRA_PIXELTYPE, VectorAccessor, VectorAccessor)
#undef VIGRA_PIXELTYPE
#define VIGRA_PIXELTYPE TinyVector<double, 4>
VIGRA_DEFINE_ACCESSOR_TRAITS(VIGRA_PIXELTYPE, VectorAccessor, VectorAccessor)
#undef VIGRA_PIXELTYPE

#endif // NO_PARTIAL_TEMPLATE_SPECIALIZATION

#undef VIGRA_DEFINE_ACCESSOR_TRAITS

} // namespace vigra

#endif // VIGRA_ACCESSOR_HXX
