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## org.apache.commons.math.optimization.direct
Class DirectSearchOptimizer

    java.lang.Object
      org.apache.commons.math.optimization.direct.DirectSearchOptimizer

All Implemented Interfaces:
  MultivariateRealOptimizer

Direct Known Subclasses:
  MultiDirectional, NelderMead

    public abstract class DirectSearchOptimizer

extends java.lang.Object
implements MultivariateRealOptimizer

This class implements simplex-based direct search optimization algorithms.

Direct search methods only use objective function values, they don't need derivatives and don't either try to compute approximation of the derivatives. According to a 1996 paper by Margaret H. Wright (Direct Search Methods: Once Scorned, Now Respectable), they are used when either the computation of the derivative is impossible (noisy functions, unpredictable discontinuities) or difficult (complexity, computation cost). In the first cases, rather than an optimum, a not too bad point is desired. In the latter cases, an optimum is desired but cannot be reasonably found. In all cases direct search methods can be useful.

Simplex-based direct search methods are based on comparison of the objective function values at the vertices of a simplex (which is a set of n+1 points in dimension n) that is updated by the algorithms steps.

The initial configuration of the simplex can be set using either `setStartConfiguration(double[])` or `setStartConfiguration(double[][])`. If neither method has been called before optimization is attempted, an explicit call to the first method with all steps set to +1 is triggered, thus building a default configuration from a unit hypercube. Each call to `optimize` will reuse the current start configuration and move it such that its first vertex is at the provided start point of the optimization. If the same optimizer is used to solve different problems and the number of parameters change, the start configuration must be reset or a dimension mismatch will occur.

If `setConvergenceChecker(RealConvergenceChecker)` is not called, a default `SimpleScalarValueChecker` is used.

Convergence is checked by providing the worst points of previous and current simplex to the convergence checker, not the best ones.

This class is the base class performing the boilerplate simplex initialization and handling. The simplex update by itself is performed by the derived classes according to the implemented algorithms.

implements MultivariateRealOptimizer since 2.0

Since:
  1.2
Version:
  $Revision: 885278 $ $Date: 2009-11-29 16:47:51 -0500 (Sun, 29 Nov 2009) $
See Also:
  `MultivariateRealFunction`, `NelderMead`, `MultiDirectional`

Field Summary
`private RealConvergenceChecker` | `checker` Convergence checker.
`private static java.lang.String` | `DIMENSION_MISMATCH_MESSAGE` Message for dimension mismatch.
`private static java.lang.String` | `EQUAL_VERTICES_MESSAGE` Message for equal vertices.
`private int` | `evaluations` Number of evaluations already performed.
`private MultivariateRealFunction` | `f` Objective function.
`private int` | `iterations` Number of iterations already performed.
`private int` | `maxEvaluations` Maximal number of evaluations allowed.
`private int` | `maxIterations` Maximal number of iterations allowed.
`protected RealPointValuePair[]` | `simplex` Simplex.
`private double[][]` | `startConfiguration` Start simplex configuration.

Constructor Summary
`protected` | `DirectSearchOptimizer()` Simple constructor.

Method Summary
`private void` | `buildSimplex(double[] startPoint)` Build an initial simplex.
`protected double` | `evaluate(double[] x)` Evaluate the objective function on one point.
`protected void` | `evaluateSimplex(java.util.Comparator<RealPointValuePair> comparator)` Evaluate all the non-evaluated points of the simplex.
`RealConvergenceChecker` | `getConvergenceChecker()` Get the convergence checker.
`int` | `getEvaluations()` Get the number of evaluations of the objective function.
`int` | `getIterations()` Get the number of iterations realized by the algorithm.
`int` | `getMaxEvaluations()` Get the maximal number of functions evaluations.
`int` | `getMaxIterations()` Get the maximal number of iterations of the algorithm.
`protected void` | `incrementIterationsCounter()` Increment the iterations counter by 1.
`protected abstract void` | `iterateSimplex(java.util.Comparator<RealPointValuePair> comparator)` Compute the next simplex of the algorithm.
`RealPointValuePair` | `optimize(MultivariateRealFunction function, GoalType goalType, double[] startPoint)` Optimizes an objective function.
`protected void` | `replaceWorstPoint(RealPointValuePair pointValuePair, java.util.Comparator<RealPointValuePair> comparator)` Replace the worst point of the simplex by a new point.
`void` | `setConvergenceChecker(RealConvergenceChecker convergenceChecker)` Set the convergence checker.
`void` | `setMaxEvaluations(int maxEvaluations)` Set the maximal number of functions evaluations.
`void` | `setMaxIterations(int maxIterations)` Set the maximal number of iterations of the algorithm.
`void` | `setStartConfiguration(double[] steps)` Set start configuration for simplex.
`void` | `setStartConfiguration(double[][] referenceSimplex)` Set start configuration for simplex.

Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object
`clone, equals, finalize, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, toString, wait, wait, wait`

Field Detail

### EQUAL_VERTICES_MESSAGE

    private static final java.lang.String EQUAL_VERTICES_MESSAGE

  Message for equal vertices.

  See Also:
    Constant Field Values

### DIMENSION_MISMATCH_MESSAGE

    private static final java.lang.String DIMENSION_MISMATCH_MESSAGE

  Message for dimension mismatch.

  See Also:
    Constant Field Values

### simplex

    protected RealPointValuePair[] simplex

  Simplex.

### f

    private MultivariateRealFunction f

  Objective function.

### checker

    private RealConvergenceChecker checker

  Convergence checker.

### maxIterations

    private int maxIterations

  Maximal number of iterations allowed.

### iterations

    private int iterations

  Number of iterations already performed.

### maxEvaluations

    private int maxEvaluations

  Maximal number of evaluations allowed.

### evaluations

    private int evaluations

  Number of evaluations already performed.

### startConfiguration

    private double[][] startConfiguration

  Start simplex configuration.

Constructor Detail

### DirectSearchOptimizer

    protected DirectSearchOptimizer()

  Simple constructor.

Method Detail

### setStartConfiguration

    public void setStartConfiguration(double[] steps)
                               throws java.lang.IllegalArgumentException

  Set start configuration for simplex.

  The start configuration for simplex is built from a box parallel to the canonical axes of the space. The simplex is the subset of vertices of a box parallel to the canonical axes. It is built as the path followed while traveling from one vertex of the box to the diagonally opposite vertex moving only along the box edges. The first vertex of the box will be located at the start point of the optimization.

  As an example, in dimension 3 a simplex has 4 vertices. Setting the steps to (1, 10, 2) and the start point to (1, 1, 1) would imply the start simplex would be: { (1, 1, 1), (2, 1, 1), (2, 11, 1), (2, 11, 3) }. The first vertex would be set to the start point at (1, 1, 1) and the last vertex would be set to the diagonally opposite vertex at (2, 11, 3).

  Parameters:
    `steps` - steps along the canonical axes representing box edges, they may be negative but not null
  Throws:
    `java.lang.IllegalArgumentException` - if one step is null

### setStartConfiguration

    public void setStartConfiguration(double[][] referenceSimplex)
                               throws java.lang.IllegalArgumentException

  Set start configuration for simplex.

  The real initial simplex will be set up by moving the reference simplex such that its first point is located at the start point of the optimization.

  Parameters:
    `referenceSimplex` - reference simplex
  Throws:
    `java.lang.IllegalArgumentException` - if the reference simplex does not contain at least one point, or if there is a dimension mismatch in the reference simplex or if one of its vertices is duplicated

### setMaxIterations

    public void setMaxIterations(int maxIterations)

  Set the maximal number of iterations of the algorithm.

  Specified by:
    `setMaxIterations` in interface `MultivariateRealOptimizer`
  Parameters:
    `maxIterations` - maximal number of algorithm iterations

### getMaxIterations

    public int getMaxIterations()

  Get the maximal number of iterations of the algorithm.

  Specified by:
    `getMaxIterations` in interface `MultivariateRealOptimizer`
  Returns:
    maximal number of iterations

### setMaxEvaluations

    public void setMaxEvaluations(int maxEvaluations)

  Set the maximal number of functions evaluations.

  Specified by:
    `setMaxEvaluations` in interface `MultivariateRealOptimizer`
  Parameters:
    `maxEvaluations` - maximal number of function evaluations

### getMaxEvaluations

    public int getMaxEvaluations()

  Get the maximal number of functions evaluations.

  Specified by:
    `getMaxEvaluations` in interface `MultivariateRealOptimizer`
  Returns:
    maximal number of functions evaluations

### getIterations

    public int getIterations()

  Get the number of iterations realized by the algorithm.

  The number of evaluations corresponds to the last call to the `optimize` method. It is 0 if the method has not been called yet.

  Specified by:
    `getIterations` in interface `MultivariateRealOptimizer`
  Returns:
    number of iterations

### getEvaluations

    public int getEvaluations()

  Get the number of evaluations of the objective function.

  The number of evaluations corresponds to the last call to the `optimize` method. It is 0 if the method has not been called yet.

  Specified by:
    `getEvaluations` in interface `MultivariateRealOptimizer`
  Returns:
    number of evaluations of the objective function

### setConvergenceChecker

    public void setConvergenceChecker(RealConvergenceChecker convergenceChecker)

  Set the convergence checker.

  Specified by:
    `setConvergenceChecker` in interface `MultivariateRealOptimizer`
  Parameters:
    `convergenceChecker` - object to use to check for convergence

### getConvergenceChecker

    public RealConvergenceChecker getConvergenceChecker()

  Get the convergence checker.

  Specified by:
    `getConvergenceChecker` in interface `MultivariateRealOptimizer`
  Returns:
    object used to check for convergence

### optimize

    public RealPointValuePair optimize(MultivariateRealFunction function,
                                       GoalType goalType,
                                       double[] startPoint)
                                throws FunctionEvaluationException,
                                       OptimizationException,
                                       java.lang.IllegalArgumentException

  Optimizes an objective function.

  Specified by:
    `optimize` in interface `MultivariateRealOptimizer`
  Parameters:
    `function` - objective function
    `goalType` - type of optimization goal: either `GoalType.MAXIMIZE` or `GoalType.MINIMIZE`
    `startPoint` - the start point for optimization
  Returns:
    the point/value pair giving the optimal value for objective function
  Throws:
    `FunctionEvaluationException` - if the objective function throws one during the search
    `OptimizationException` - if the algorithm failed to converge
    `java.lang.IllegalArgumentException` - if the start point dimension is wrong

### incrementIterationsCounter

    protected void incrementIterationsCounter()
                                       throws OptimizationException

  Increment the iterations counter by 1.

  Throws:
    `OptimizationException` - if the maximal number of iterations is exceeded

### iterateSimplex

    protected abstract void iterateSimplex(java.util.Comparator<RealPointValuePair> comparator)
                                    throws FunctionEvaluationException,
                                           OptimizationException,
                                           java.lang.IllegalArgumentException

  Compute the next simplex of the algorithm.

  Parameters:
    `comparator` - comparator to use to sort simplex vertices from best to worst
  Throws:
    `FunctionEvaluationException` - if the function cannot be evaluated at some point
    `OptimizationException` - if the algorithm fails to converge
    `java.lang.IllegalArgumentException` - if the start point dimension is wrong

### evaluate

    protected double evaluate(double[] x)
                       throws FunctionEvaluationException,
                              java.lang.IllegalArgumentException

  Evaluate the objective function on one point.

  A side effect of this method is to count the number of function evaluations

  Parameters:
    `x` - point on which the objective function should be evaluated
  Returns:
    objective function value at the given point
  Throws:
    `FunctionEvaluationException` - if no value can be computed for the parameters or if the maximal number of evaluations is exceeded
    `java.lang.IllegalArgumentException` - if the start point dimension is wrong

### buildSimplex

    private void buildSimplex(double[] startPoint)
                       throws java.lang.IllegalArgumentException

  Build an initial simplex.

  Parameters:
    `startPoint` - the start point for optimization
  Throws:
    `java.lang.IllegalArgumentException` - if the start point does not match simplex dimension

### evaluateSimplex

    protected void evaluateSimplex(java.util.Comparator<RealPointValuePair> comparator)
                            throws FunctionEvaluationException,
                                   OptimizationException

  Evaluate all the non-evaluated points of the simplex.

  Parameters:
    `comparator` - comparator to use to sort simplex vertices from best to worst
  Throws:
    `FunctionEvaluationException` - if no value can be computed for the parameters
    `OptimizationException` - if the maximal number of evaluations is exceeded

### replaceWorstPoint

    protected void replaceWorstPoint(RealPointValuePair pointValuePair,
                                     java.util.Comparator<RealPointValuePair> comparator)

  Replace the worst point of the simplex by a new point.

  Parameters:
    `pointValuePair` - point to insert
    `comparator` - comparator to use to sort simplex vertices from best to worst

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