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## org.apache.commons.math.analysis.polynomials
Class PolynomialFunction

    java.lang.Object
      org.apache.commons.math.analysis.polynomials.PolynomialFunction

All Implemented Interfaces:
  java.io.Serializable, DifferentiableUnivariateRealFunction, UnivariateRealFunction

    public class PolynomialFunction

extends java.lang.Object
implements DifferentiableUnivariateRealFunction, java.io.Serializable

Immutable representation of a real polynomial function with real coefficients.

Horner's Method is used to evaluate the function.

Version:
  $Revision: 922714 $ $Date: 2010-03-13 20:35:14 -0500 (Sat, 13 Mar 2010) $
See Also:
  Serialized Form

Field Summary
`private double[]` | `coefficients` The coefficients of the polynomial, ordered by degree -- i.e., coefficients[0] is the constant term and coefficients[n] is the coefficient of x^n where n is the degree of the polynomial.
`private static java.lang.String` | `EMPTY_ARRAY_MESSAGE` Message for empty coefficients array.
`private static long` | `serialVersionUID` Serialization identifier

Constructor Summary
`PolynomialFunction(double[] c)` Construct a polynomial with the given coefficients.

Method Summary
`PolynomialFunction` | `add(PolynomialFunction p)` Add a polynomial to the instance.
`int` | `degree()` Returns the degree of the polynomial
`UnivariateRealFunction` | `derivative()` Returns the derivative as a UnivariateRealFunction
`protected static double[]` | `differentiate(double[] coefficients)` Returns the coefficients of the derivative of the polynomial with the given coefficients.
`boolean` | `equals(java.lang.Object obj)`
`protected static double` | `evaluate(double[] coefficients, double argument)` Uses Horner's Method to evaluate the polynomial with the given coefficients at the argument.
`double[]` | `getCoefficients()` Returns a copy of the coefficients array.
`int` | `hashCode()`
`PolynomialFunction` | `multiply(PolynomialFunction p)` Multiply the instance by a polynomial.
`PolynomialFunction` | `negate()` Negate the instance.
`PolynomialFunction` | `polynomialDerivative()` Returns the derivative as a PolynomialRealFunction
`PolynomialFunction` | `subtract(PolynomialFunction p)` Subtract a polynomial from the instance.
`java.lang.String` | `toString()` Returns a string representation of the polynomial.
`double` | `value(double x)` Compute the value of the function for the given argument.

Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object
`clone, finalize, getClass, notify, notifyAll, wait, wait, wait`

Field Detail

### EMPTY_ARRAY_MESSAGE

    private static final java.lang.String EMPTY_ARRAY_MESSAGE

  Message for empty coefficients array.

  See Also:
    Constant Field Values

### serialVersionUID

    private static final long serialVersionUID

  Serialization identifier

  See Also:
    Constant Field Values

### coefficients

    private final double[] coefficients

  The coefficients of the polynomial, ordered by degree -- i.e., coefficients[0] is the constant term and coefficients[n] is the coefficient of x^n where n is the degree of the polynomial.

Constructor Detail

### PolynomialFunction

    public PolynomialFunction(double[] c)

  Construct a polynomial with the given coefficients. The first element of the coefficients array is the constant term. Higher degree coefficients follow in sequence. The degree of the resulting polynomial is the index of the last non-null element of the array, or 0 if all elements are null.

  The constructor makes a copy of the input array and assigns the copy to the coefficients property.

  Parameters:
    `c` - polynomial coefficients
  Throws:
    `java.lang.NullPointerException` - if c is null
    `java.lang.IllegalArgumentException` - if c is empty

Method Detail

### value

    public double value(double x)

  Compute the value of the function for the given argument.

  The value returned is
  `coefficients[n] * x^n + ... + coefficients[1] * x + coefficients[0]`

  Specified by:
    `value` in interface `UnivariateRealFunction`
  Parameters:
    `x` - the argument for which the function value should be computed
  Returns:
    the value of the polynomial at the given point
  See Also:
    `UnivariateRealFunction.value(double)`

### degree

    public int degree()

  Returns the degree of the polynomial

  Returns:
    the degree of the polynomial

### getCoefficients

    public double[] getCoefficients()

  Returns a copy of the coefficients array.

  Changes made to the returned copy will not affect the coefficients of the polynomial.

  Returns:
    a fresh copy of the coefficients array

### evaluate

    protected static double evaluate(double[] coefficients,
                                     double argument)

  Uses Horner's Method to evaluate the polynomial with the given coefficients at the argument.

  Parameters:
    `coefficients` - the coefficients of the polynomial to evaluate
    `argument` - the input value
  Returns:
    the value of the polynomial
  Throws:
    `java.lang.IllegalArgumentException` - if coefficients is empty
    `java.lang.NullPointerException` - if coefficients is null

### add

    public PolynomialFunction add(PolynomialFunction p)

  Add a polynomial to the instance.

  Parameters:
    `p` - polynomial to add
  Returns:
    a new polynomial which is the sum of the instance and p

### subtract

    public PolynomialFunction subtract(PolynomialFunction p)

  Subtract a polynomial from the instance.

  Parameters:
    `p` - polynomial to subtract
  Returns:
    a new polynomial which is the difference the instance minus p

### negate

    public PolynomialFunction negate()

  Negate the instance.

  Returns:
    a new polynomial

### multiply

    public PolynomialFunction multiply(PolynomialFunction p)

  Multiply the instance by a polynomial.

  Parameters:
    `p` - polynomial to multiply by
  Returns:
    a new polynomial

### differentiate

    protected static double[] differentiate(double[] coefficients)

  Returns the coefficients of the derivative of the polynomial with the given coefficients.

  Parameters:
    `coefficients` - the coefficients of the polynomial to differentiate
  Returns:
    the coefficients of the derivative or null if coefficients has length 1.
  Throws:
    `java.lang.IllegalArgumentException` - if coefficients is empty
    `java.lang.NullPointerException` - if coefficients is null

### polynomialDerivative

    public PolynomialFunction polynomialDerivative()

  Returns the derivative as a PolynomialRealFunction

  Returns:
    the derivative polynomial

### derivative

    public UnivariateRealFunction derivative()

  Returns the derivative as a UnivariateRealFunction

  Specified by:
    `derivative` in interface `DifferentiableUnivariateRealFunction`
  Returns:
    the derivative function

### toString

    public java.lang.String toString()

  Returns a string representation of the polynomial.

  The representation is user oriented. Terms are displayed lowest degrees first. The multiplications signs, coefficients equals to one and null terms are not displayed (except if the polynomial is 0, in which case the 0 constant term is displayed). Addition of terms with negative coefficients are replaced by subtraction of terms with positive coefficients except for the first displayed term (i.e. we display `-3` for a constant negative polynomial, but `1 - 3 x + x^2` if the negative coefficient is not the first one displayed).

  Overrides:
    `toString` in class `java.lang.Object`
  Returns:
    a string representation of the polynomial

### hashCode

    public int hashCode()

  Overrides:
    `hashCode` in class `java.lang.Object`

### equals

    public boolean equals(java.lang.Object obj)

  Overrides:
    `equals` in class `java.lang.Object`

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