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linguistics
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\begin_body

\begin_layout Title
Writing linguistic papers with LyX
\end_layout

\begin_layout Author
Jürgen Spitzmüller
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
target "spitz@lyx.org"
type "mailto:"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Date
14/09/2008
\end_layout

\begin_layout Abstract
This paper describes some features that LyX provides to linguists.
 It demonstrates how to use some native support in order to produce numbered
 examples, glosses, OT tableaux, semantic markup, and phonetic symbols (IPA).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Aims and prerequisites
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Basically, this paper describes the features of the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Linguistics
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 module that ships with LyX as of version 1.6.0.
 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Modules
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 are support files (introduced with LyX 1.6.0) that can easily be selected
 for any document.
 In order to use the Linguistics module, go to 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Modules
\family default
, select 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Linguistics
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 from the list of available modules, and hit the 
\family sans
Add
\family default
 button to select it for your document (as already done for this document).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You should be able to use the module with any document class (please inform
 me, if not).
 However, in order to use all the features, you need to have the following
 LaTeX packages installed:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate

\emph on
covington.sty
\emph default
 
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "covington"

\end_inset

: This is the base package used for numbered examples and glosses.
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Installed on your system: 
\begin_inset Info
type  "package"
arg   "covington"
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate

\emph on
enumitem.sty
\emph default
 
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "enumitem"

\end_inset

: This package is used for the Subexamples style.
 It is generally useful to alter the appearance of lists (such as 
\emph on
enumerate
\emph default
, 
\emph on
itemize
\emph default
, 
\emph on
description
\emph default
).
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Installed on your system: 
\begin_inset Info
type  "package"
arg   "enumitem"
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate

\emph on
csquotes.sty
\emph default
 
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "csquotes"

\end_inset

: Needed for the 
\emph on
Meaning
\emph default
 character style.
 The package provides context sensitive quotation marks, depending on the
 language in use.
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Installed on your system: 
\begin_inset Info
type  "package"
arg   "csquotes"
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate

\emph on
float.sty
\emph default
 
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "float"

\end_inset

: Needed for the OT tableaux floats and list of floats.
 This package should be part of any LaTeX distribution.
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Installed on your system: 
\begin_inset Info
type  "package"
arg   "float"
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Section
Numbered examples
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Numbered examples are inserted via the layout drop-down box in the toolbar.
 There are three variants:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Numbered Example (multiline)
This is a multiline example [Style 
\emph on
Numbered Example (multiline)
\emph default
]
\end_layout

\begin_layout Numbered Example (multiline)
it can have several paragraphs
\end_layout

\begin_layout Numbered Examples (consecutive)
This is a single example
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "exa:single-example"

\end_inset

 [Style 
\emph on
Numbered Example (consecutive)
\emph default
]
\end_layout

\begin_layout Numbered Examples (consecutive)
Consecutive single examples get their own numbers
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subexample
This is a subexample
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sub:subexample"

\end_inset

 [Style 
\emph on
Subexample
\emph default
]
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subexample
And another one
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
References to examples are produced as usual: insert a label to the example
 and a cross-reference via 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Cross references
\family default
.
 We refer here, just for the sake of demonstrating this, to 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "exa:single-example"

\end_inset

 and 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:subexample"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Glosses
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The Linguistics module provides two kinds of glosses, which can be inserted
 via 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Custom Insets
\family default
: The standard 
\emph on
Custom:Glosse
\emph default
 provides a gloss that consists of two lines and a translation, the 
\emph on
Custom:Tri-Glosse
\emph default
 insets consists of three lines and a translation.
 Each translation line might span multiple lines in the output, i.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

e., the paragraphs are automatically broken if they exceed the text width.
 Note that the translation line is mandatory and must be preceded by the
 command 
\family typewriter

\backslash
glt
\family default
 which must be inserted verbatim in the gloss inset (TeX mode is not needed,
 and in fact not even possible).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Here is a simple example:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Flex Glosse
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

C'est un exemple simple
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout

{This is} an example simple
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout


\backslash
glt This is a simple example
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
Note how the braces hold together multi-word expressions.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
In the same vein, we can make a three-line gloss:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Flex Tri-Glosse
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

C'est un exemple simple
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout

{Das ist} ein Beispiel einfach
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout

{This is} an example simple
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout


\backslash
glt This is a simple example
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
If you want to have numbered glosses, you can simply insert the gloss inset
 to a numbered examples paragraph, as follows:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Numbered Examples (consecutive)
\begin_inset Flex Tri-Glosse
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

Mein Luftkissenfahrzeug ist voller Aale
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout

My skeertuig is vol palings
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout

My hovercraft is {full of} eels
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout


\backslash
glt Do you have matches?
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Note that font changes are not allowed in glosses.
 Hence, the 
\family sans
Character Style
\family default
 dialog is disabled.
 Since glosses are not hyphenated, an explicit language setting in the LaTeX
 output is not required (in fact, it would break the output, since covington
 does not support it).
 However, you still might want to set the language for proper spell checking.
 Currently, you have to do this as follows: select the text, and then issue
 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "command-execute"
\end_inset

 
\family sans
language <lang>
\family default
, where 
\family sans
<lang>
\family default
 should be replaced by the respective language, e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

g.
 
\family sans
english
\family default
, 
\family sans
french
\family default
 or 
\family sans
ngerman
\family default
.
 In the LaTeX output, this setting will be supressed.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Optimality Theory Tableaux
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
OT tableaux itself can of course simply be inserted as ordinary tables (for
 specific features such as dashed lines and shaded cells, cf.
 the 
\emph on
EmbeddedObjects
\emph default
 manual).
 However, you might want to have the tableaux numbered throughout the document,
 and you might want to have a 
\emph on
List of Tableaux
\emph default
, similar to the 
\emph on
List of Tables
\emph default
.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The Linguistics module provides support for both.
 In 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Floats
\family default
, you'll find a Tableaux float:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float tableau
placement h
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="5">
<features tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="right" valignment="top" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0" special="|c">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
/atikap/
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\noun on
Onset
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\noun on
NoCoda
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\noun on
Dep
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\noun on
Max
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $\mbox{☞}$
\end_inset

 
\begin_inset Formula $\mbox{\textipa{P}}$
\end_inset

a.ti.ka
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
*
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
*
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
a.ti.ka
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
*!
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
*
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $\mbox{\textipa{P}}$
\end_inset

a.ti.kap
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
*!
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
*
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
a.ti.kap
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
*!
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
*!
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Caption

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Example Tableau
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Note that by default, the caption is always placed below the tableaux in
 the output, no matter where you put it in the LyX window.
 To get the Tableaux captions on top, put the following code in 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Preamble
\family default
:
\end_layout

\begin_layout LyX-Code

\backslash
floatstyle{plaintop}
\end_layout

\begin_layout LyX-Code

\backslash
restylefloat{tableau}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If your using a KOMA class, use the following instead for better spacing:
\end_layout

\begin_layout LyX-Code

\backslash
floatstyle{komaabove}
\end_layout

\begin_layout LyX-Code

\backslash
restylefloat{tableau}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
A List of Tableaux inset can be found in 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Lists & TOC
\family default
.
 Even though this usually is placed at the beginning or the end of the document,
 we do this here for exemplification purposes:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset FloatList tableau

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Semantic Markup (Character Styles)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The Linguistics module comes with some character styles that are common
 in linguistics:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Concept (in small caps): 
\begin_inset Flex Concepts
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
concept
\end_layout

\end_inset

 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Expression (emphasized): 
\begin_inset Flex Expression
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
expression
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Meaning (in single quotes): 
\begin_inset Flex Meaning
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
meaning
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can insert the character styles via the 
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Text Style
\family default
 submenu.
 If you need to change the appearance of these styles later, you can redefine
 them in the preamble.
 To make expressions bold, for instance, insert:
\end_layout

\begin_layout LyX-Code

\backslash
renewcommand
\backslash
lingexpr[1]{
\backslash
textbf{#1}}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Similarly, concept (
\family typewriter

\backslash
lingconcept
\family default
) and meaning (
\family typewriter

\backslash
lingmeaning
\family default
) can be modified.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Phonetic Symbols (IPA)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You do not need the Linguistics module to insert phonetic symbols, this
 is a base functionality of LyX.
 However, since this is frequently used by linguists, we will describe it
 (briefly) in this paper nevertheless.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
A prerequisite to use LyX's IPA support is the LaTeX package 
\emph on
tipa
\emph default
 
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "tipa"

\end_inset

.
 Additionally, if you want to have instant preview, you should have the
 
\emph on
preview-latex
\emph default
 package 
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "preview"

\end_inset

 installed.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Phonetic symbols can be entered via 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Special characters\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Phonetic symbols.
 
\family default
You get a little frame, where you can insert the symbols using the shortcut
 notation which is described in the 
\emph on
tipa
\emph default
 manual.
 Example: 
\begin_inset Formula $\text{\textipa{[Ekspl@"neIS@n]}}$
\end_inset

 (
\emph on
tipa
\emph default
 shortcut notation: 
\family typewriter
[Ekspl@"neIS@n
\family default
]).
 Given that
\emph on
 preview-lat
\family sans
\emph default
e
\family default
x is installed and you have switched on instant preview (in
\family sans
 Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Preferences\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Graphi
\family default
cs), you'll get a nice preview as soon as the cursor leaves the frame.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Furthermore, most IPA glyphs can also be inserted (e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

g.
\begin_inset space \space{}
\end_inset

via 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Special characters\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Symbols\SpecialChar \ldots{}

\family default
) or pasted directly into LyX: [ɛkspləˈneɪʃən].
 In the output, they will be automatically transformed into the correct
 
\emph on
tipa
\emph default
 macro (if not, please inform me).
 However, please note that the former method produces better output quality
 for two reasons:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
direct input might result in a mix of fonts (in the above example, the latin
 characters are taken from the base font, the IPA glyphs from the IPA font,
 whereas 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Special characters\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Phonetic symbol
\family default
s uses the IPA font for all characters)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
the letter kerning is not preserved
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
So unless you only need to insert single IPA characters, the former method
 is recommended, and it's worth learning the (pretty intuitive) IPA shortcut
 notation.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Further information
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
For a detailed description of specific possibilities for linguists, please
 refer to the LinguistLyX page on the LyX wiki 
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "linguistlyx"

\end_inset

 (feel free to enter your own hints there).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Bibliography
\labelwidthstring References
\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
LatexCommand bibitem
key "covington"

\end_inset

The covington package: 
\begin_inset Flex URL
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/covington/
\end_layout

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Bibliography
\labelwidthstring References
\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
LatexCommand bibitem
key "csquotes"

\end_inset

The csquotes package: 
\begin_inset Flex URL
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/csquotes/
\end_layout

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Bibliography
\labelwidthstring References
\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
LatexCommand bibitem
key "enumitem"

\end_inset

The enumitem package: 
\begin_inset Flex URL
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/enumitem/
\end_layout

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Bibliography
\labelwidthstring References
\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
LatexCommand bibitem
key "float"

\end_inset

The float package: 
\begin_inset Flex URL
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/float/
\end_layout

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Bibliography
\labelwidthstring References
\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
LatexCommand bibitem
key "linguistlyx"

\end_inset

Maria Gouskova, Stacia Hartleben and Jürgen Spitzmüller: Using LyX for Linguisti
c Papers.
 
\begin_inset Flex URL
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

http://wiki.lyx.org/LyX/LinguistLyX
\end_layout

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Bibliography
\labelwidthstring References
\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
LatexCommand bibitem
key "preview"

\end_inset

The preview-latex package: 
\begin_inset Flex URL
status collapsed

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http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/preview/
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.
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\begin_layout Bibliography
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LatexCommand bibitem
key "tipa"

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The tipa package and fonts: 
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http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/fonts/tipa/
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.
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\end_body
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