# Procedures for Psychological, Psychometric, and Personality Research

## Documentation for package ‘psych’ version 1.2.1

- DESCRIPTION file.
- Overview of user guides and package vignettes; browse directory.

## Help Pages

A B C D E F G H I K L M N O P R S T V W Y misc

00.psych-package | A package for personality, psychometric, and psychological research
psych-package | A package for personality, psychometric, and psychological research

## -- A --

affect | Two data sets of affect and arousal scores as a function of personality and movie conditions
all.income | US family income from US census 2008
alpha | Find two estimates of reliability: Cronbach's alpha and Guttman's Lambda 6.
alpha.scale | Find two estimates of reliability: Cronbach's alpha and Guttman's Lambda 6.

## -- B --

Bechtoldt | Seven data sets showing a bifactor solution.
Bechtoldt.1 | Seven data sets showing a bifactor solution.
Bechtoldt.2 | Seven data sets showing a bifactor solution.
bfi | 25 Personality items representing 5 factors
bi.bars | Draw pairs of bargraphs based on two groups
bifactor | Perform bifactor, promax or targeted rotations and return the inter factor angles.
biplot.psych | Draw biplots of factor or component scores by factor or component loadings
biquartimin | Perform bifactor, promax or targeted rotations and return the inter factor angles.
biserial | Tetrachoric, polychoric, biserial and polyserial correlations from various types of input
block.random | Create a block randomized structure for n independent variables
blot | Bond's Logical Operations Test - BLOT
bock | Bock and Liberman (1970) data set of 1000 observations of the LSAT
bock.lsat | Bock and Liberman (1970) data set of 1000 observations of the LSAT
bock.table | Bock and Liberman (1970) data set of 1000 observations of the LSAT
burt | 11 emotional variables from Burt (1915)

## -- C --

Chen | 12 variables created by Schmid and Leiman to show the Schmid-Leiman Transformation
circ.sim | Generate simulated data structures for circumplex or simple structure
circ.sim.plot | Simulations of circumplex and simple structure
circ.simulation | Simulations of circumplex and simple structure
circ.tests | Apply four tests of circumplex versus simple structure
circadian.cor | Functions for analysis of circadian or diurnal data
circadian.linear.cor | Functions for analysis of circadian or diurnal data
circadian.mean | Functions for analysis of circadian or diurnal data
cities | Distances between 11 US cities
city.location | Distances between 11 US cities
cluster.cor | Find correlations of composite variables from a larger matrix
cluster.fit | cluster Fit: fit of the cluster model to a correlation matrix
cluster.loadings | Find item by cluster correlations, corrected for overlap and reliability
cluster.plot | Plot factor/cluster loadings and assign items to clusters by their highest loading.
cluster2keys | Convert a cluster vector (from e.g., kmeans) to a keys matrix suitable for scoring item clusters.
cohen.kappa | Find Cohen's kappa and weighted kappa coefficients for correlation of two raters
comorbidity | Convert base rates of two diagnoses and their comorbidity into phi, Yule, and tetrachorics
congeneric.sim | Simulate a congeneric data set
cor.plot | Create an image plot for a correlation or factor matrix
cor.smooth | Smooth a non-positive definite correlation matrix to make it positive definite
cor2dist | Convert correlations to distances (necessary to do multidimensional scaling of correlation data)
corr.p | Find the correlations, sample sizes, and probability values between elements of a matrix or data.frame.
corr.test | Find the correlations, sample sizes, and probability values between elements of a matrix or data.frame.
correct.cor | Find dis-attenuated correlations given correlations and reliabilities
cortest | Chi square tests of whether a single matrix is an identity matrix, or a pair of matrices are equal.
cortest.bartlett | Bartlett's test that a correlation matrix is an identity matrix
cortest.jennrich | Chi square tests of whether a single matrix is an identity matrix, or a pair of matrices are equal.
cortest.mat | Chi square tests of whether a single matrix is an identity matrix, or a pair of matrices are equal.
cortest.normal | Chi square tests of whether a single matrix is an identity matrix, or a pair of matrices are equal.
cosinor | Functions for analysis of circadian or diurnal data
count.pairwise | Count number of pairwise cases for a data set with missing (NA) data.
cta | Simulate the C(ues) T(endency) A(ction) model of motivation
cubits | Galton's example of the relationship between height and 'cubit' or forearm length
cushny | A data set from Cushny and Peebles (1905) on the effect of three drugs on hours of sleep, used by Student (1908)

## -- D --

describe | Basic descriptive statistics useful for psychometrics
describe.by | Basic summary statistics by group
df2latex | Convert a data frame or matrix to a LaTeX table
dia.arrow | Helper functions for drawing path model diagrams
dia.cone | Helper functions for drawing path model diagrams
dia.curve | Helper functions for drawing path model diagrams
dia.curved.arrow | Helper functions for drawing path model diagrams
dia.ellipse | Helper functions for drawing path model diagrams
dia.ellipse1 | Helper functions for drawing path model diagrams
dia.rect | Helper functions for drawing path model diagrams
dia.self | Helper functions for drawing path model diagrams
dia.shape | Helper functions for drawing path model diagrams
dia.triangle | Helper functions for drawing path model diagrams
diagram | Helper functions for drawing path model diagrams
draw.tetra | Draw a correlation ellipse and two normal curves to demonstrate tetrachoric correlation
dummy.code | Create dummy coded variables
Dwyer | 8 cognitive variables used by Dwyer for an example.

## -- E --

eigen.loadings | Convert eigen vectors and eigen values to the more normal (for psychologists) component loadings
ellipses | Plot data and 1 and 2 sigma correlation ellipses
epi.bfi | 13 personality scales from the Eysenck Personality Inventory and Big 5 inventory
error.bars | Plot means and confidence intervals
error.bars.by | Plot means and confidence intervals for multiple groups
error.crosses | Plot x and y error bars

## -- F --

fa | Exploratory Factor analysis using MinRes (minimum residual) as well as EFA by Principal Axis, Weighted Least Squares or Maximum Likelihood
fa.diagram | Graph factor loading matrices
fa.extension | Apply Dwyer's factor extension to find factor loadings for extended variables
fa.graph | Graph factor loading matrices
fa.parallel | Scree plots of data or correlation matrix compared to random "parallel" matrices
fa.parallel.poly | Scree plots of data or correlation matrix compared to random "parallel" matrices
fa.poly | Exploratory Factor analysis using MinRes (minimum residual) as well as EFA by Principal Axis, Weighted Least Squares or Maximum Likelihood
fa.sort | Sort factor analysis or principal components analysis loadings
fac | Exploratory Factor analysis using MinRes (minimum residual) as well as EFA by Principal Axis, Weighted Least Squares or Maximum Likelihood
factor.congruence | Coefficient of factor congruence
factor.fit | How well does the factor model fit a correlation matrix. Part of the VSS package
factor.minres | Exploratory Factor analysis using MinRes (minimum residual) as well as EFA by Principal Axis, Weighted Least Squares or Maximum Likelihood
factor.model | Find R = F F' + U2 is the basic factor model
factor.pa | Exploratory Factor analysis using MinRes (minimum residual) as well as EFA by Principal Axis, Weighted Least Squares or Maximum Likelihood
factor.plot | Plot factor/cluster loadings and assign items to clusters by their highest loading.
factor.residuals | R* = R- F F'
factor.rotate | "Hand" rotate a factor loading matrix
factor.scores | Various ways to estimate factor scores for the factor analysis model
factor.stats | Find various goodness of fit statistics for factor analysis and principal components
factor.wls | Exploratory Factor analysis using MinRes (minimum residual) as well as EFA by Principal Axis, Weighted Least Squares or Maximum Likelihood
factor2cluster | Extract cluster definitions from factor loadings
fisherz | Fisher r to z and z to r and confidence intervals
fisherz2r | Fisher r to z and z to r and confidence intervals
flat | Two data sets of affect and arousal scores as a function of personality and movie conditions

## -- G --

galton | Galton's Mid parent child height data
geometric.mean | Find the geometric mean of a vector or columns of a data.frame.
glb | Alternative estimates of test reliabiity
glb.algebraic | Find the greatest lower bound to reliability.
glb.fa | Alternative estimates of test reliabiity
Gorsuch | Example data set from Gorsuch (1997) for an example factor extension.
guttman | Alternative estimates of test reliabiity

## -- H --

Harman | Two data sets from Harman (1967). 9 cognitive variables from Holzinger and 8 emotional variables from Burt
Harman.5 | 5 socio-economic variables from Harman (1967)
Harman.8 | Correlations of eight physical variables (from Harman, 1966)
Harman.Burt | Two data sets from Harman (1967). 9 cognitive variables from Holzinger and 8 emotional variables from Burt
Harman.Holzinger | Two data sets from Harman (1967). 9 cognitive variables from Holzinger and 8 emotional variables from Burt
harmonic.mean | Find the harmonic mean of a vector, matrix, or columns of a data.frame
headtail | Combine calls to head and tail
heights | A data.frame of the Galton (1888) height and cubit data set.
histo.density | Multiple histograms with density and normal fits on one page
Holzinger | Seven data sets showing a bifactor solution.
Holzinger.9 | Seven data sets showing a bifactor solution.

## -- I --

ICC | Intraclass Correlations (ICC1, ICC2, ICC3 from Shrout and Fleiss)
ICLUST | iclust: Item Cluster Analysis - Hierarchical cluster analysis using psychometric principles
iclust | iclust: Item Cluster Analysis - Hierarchical cluster analysis using psychometric principles
ICLUST.cluster | Function to form hierarchical cluster analysis of items
ICLUST.diagram | Draw an ICLUST hierarchical cluster structure diagram
iclust.diagram | Draw an ICLUST hierarchical cluster structure diagram
ICLUST.graph | create control code for ICLUST graphical output
ICLUST.rgraph | Draw an ICLUST graph using the Rgraphviz package
ICLUST.sort | Sort items by absolute size of cluster loadings
income | US family income from US census 2008
interp.boxplot | Find the interpolated sample median, quartiles, or specific quantiles for a vector, matrix, or data frame
interp.median | Find the interpolated sample median, quartiles, or specific quantiles for a vector, matrix, or data frame
interp.q | Find the interpolated sample median, quartiles, or specific quantiles for a vector, matrix, or data frame
interp.qplot.by | Find the interpolated sample median, quartiles, or specific quantiles for a vector, matrix, or data frame
interp.quantiles | Find the interpolated sample median, quartiles, or specific quantiles for a vector, matrix, or data frame
interp.quart | Find the interpolated sample median, quartiles, or specific quantiles for a vector, matrix, or data frame
interp.quartiles | Find the interpolated sample median, quartiles, or specific quantiles for a vector, matrix, or data frame
interp.values | Find the interpolated sample median, quartiles, or specific quantiles for a vector, matrix, or data frame
iqitems | 14 multiple choice IQ items
irt.0p | Item Response Theory estimate of theta (ability) using a Rasch (like) model
irt.1p | Item Response Theory estimate of theta (ability) using a Rasch (like) model
irt.2p | Item Response Theory estimate of theta (ability) using a Rasch (like) model
irt.discrim | Simple function to estimate item difficulties using IRT concepts
irt.fa | Item Response Analysis by Exploratory Factor Analysis of tetrachoric/polychoric correlations
irt.item.diff.rasch | Simple function to estimate item difficulties using IRT concepts
irt.person.rasch | Item Response Theory estimate of theta (ability) using a Rasch (like) model
irt.select | Item Response Analysis by Exploratory Factor Analysis of tetrachoric/polychoric correlations
irt.stats.like | Find Item Response Theory (IRT) based scores for dichotomous or polytomous items
irt.tau | Find Item Response Theory (IRT) based scores for dichotomous or polytomous items
item.dichot | Generate simulated data structures for circumplex or simple structure
item.sim | Generate simulated data structures for circumplex or simple structure

## -- K --

kaiser | Apply the Kaiser normalization when rotating factors
keysort | Find miniscales (parcels) of size 2 or 3 from a set of items
kurtosi | Calculate univariate or multivariate (Mardia's test) skew and kurtosis for a vector, matrix, or data.frame

## -- L --

lavaan.diagram | Draw a structural equation model specified by two measurement models and a structural model
logistic | Logistic transform from x to p and logit transform from p to x
logistic.grm | Logistic transform from x to p and logit transform from p to x
logit | Logistic transform from x to p and logit transform from p to x
lower.mat | Miscellaneous helper functions for the psych package
lsat6 | Bock and Liberman (1970) data set of 1000 observations of the LSAT
lsat7 | Bock and Liberman (1970) data set of 1000 observations of the LSAT

## -- M --

make.congeneric | Simulate a congeneric data set
make.hierarchical | Create a population or sample correlation matrix, perhaps with hierarchical structure.
make.keys | Create a keys matrix for use by score.items or cluster.cor
make.structural | Create correlation matrices or data matrices with a particular measurement and structural model
MAP | Apply the Very Simple Structure and MAP criteria to determine the appropriate number of factors.
maps | Two data sets of affect and arousal scores as a function of personality and movie conditions
mardia | Calculate univariate or multivariate (Mardia's test) skew and kurtosis for a vector, matrix, or data.frame
mat.regress | Set Correlation and Multiple Regression from matrix or raw input
mat.sort | Sort the elements of a correlation matrix to reflect factor loadings
matrix.addition | A function to add two vectors or matrices
minkowski | Plot data and 1 and 2 sigma correlation ellipses
misc | Miscellaneous helper functions for the psych package
mixed.cor | Find correlations for mixtures of continuous, polytomous, and dichotomous variables
msq | 75 mood items from the Motivational State Questionnaire for 3896 participants
multi.hist | Multiple histograms with density and normal fits on one page

## -- N --

neo | NEO correlation matrix from the NEO_PI_R manual

## -- O --

omega | Calculate McDonald's omega estimates of general and total factor saturation
omega.diagram | Graph hierarchical factor structures
omega.graph | Graph hierarchical factor structures
omegaFromSem | Calculate McDonald's omega estimates of general and total factor saturation
omegah | Calculate McDonald's omega estimates of general and total factor saturation
omegaSem | Calculate McDonald's omega estimates of general and total factor saturation

## -- P --

p.rep | Find the probability of replication for an F, t, or r and estimate effect size
p.rep.f | Find the probability of replication for an F, t, or r and estimate effect size
p.rep.r | Find the probability of replication for an F, t, or r and estimate effect size
p.rep.t | Find the probability of replication for an F, t, or r and estimate effect size
paired.r | Test the difference between (un)paired correlations
pairs.panels | SPLOM, histograms and correlations for a data matrix
panel.cor | SPLOM, histograms and correlations for a data matrix
panel.cor.scale | SPLOM, histograms and correlations for a data matrix
panel.ellipse | SPLOM, histograms and correlations for a data matrix
panel.hist | SPLOM, histograms and correlations for a data matrix
panel.hist.density | SPLOM, histograms and correlations for a data matrix
panel.lm | SPLOM, histograms and correlations for a data matrix
panel.lm.ellipse | SPLOM, histograms and correlations for a data matrix
panel.smoother | SPLOM, histograms and correlations for a data matrix
parcels | Find miniscales (parcels) of size 2 or 3 from a set of items
partial.r | Find the partial correlations for a set (x) of variables with set (y) removed.
peas | Galton's Peas
phi | Find the phi coefficient of correlation between two dichotomous variables
phi.demo | A simple demonstration of the Pearson, phi, and polychoric corelation
phi.list | Create factor model matrices from an input list
phi2poly | Convert a phi coefficient to a polychoric correlation
phi2poly.matrix | Phi or Yule coefficient matrix to polychoric coefficient matrix
plot.irt | Plotting functions for the psych package of class "psych"
plot.poly | Plotting functions for the psych package of class "psych"
plot.poly.parallel | Scree plots of data or correlation matrix compared to random "parallel" matrices
plot.psych | Plotting functions for the psych package of class "psych"
plot.residuals | Plotting functions for the psych package of class "psych"
polar | Convert Cartesian factor loadings into polar coordinates
poly.mat | Tetrachoric, polychoric, biserial and polyserial correlations from various types of input
polychor.matrix | Phi or Yule coefficient matrix to polychoric coefficient matrix
polychoric | Tetrachoric, polychoric, biserial and polyserial correlations from various types of input
polyserial | Tetrachoric, polychoric, biserial and polyserial correlations from various types of input
predict.psych | Prediction function for factor analysis or principal components
principal | Principal components analysis (PCA)
print.psych | Print and summary functions for the psych class
progressBar | Miscellaneous helper functions for the psych package
Promax | Perform bifactor, promax or targeted rotations and return the inter factor angles.
psych | A package for personality, psychometric, and psychological research
psych.misc | Miscellaneous helper functions for the psych package

## -- R --

r.con | Fisher r to z and z to r and confidence intervals
r.test | Tests of significance for correlations
r2t | Fisher r to z and z to r and confidence intervals
radar | Make "radar" or "spider" plots.
rangeCorrection | Correct correlations for restriction of range. (Thorndike Case 2)
read.clipboard | shortcut for reading from the clipboard
read.clipboard.csv | shortcut for reading from the clipboard
read.clipboard.fwf | shortcut for reading from the clipboard
read.clipboard.lower | shortcut for reading from the clipboard
read.clipboard.tab | shortcut for reading from the clipboard
read.clipboard.upper | shortcut for reading from the clipboard
Reise | Seven data sets showing a bifactor solution.
rescale | Function to convert scores to "conventional " metrics
resid.psych | Extract residuals from various psych objects
residuals.psych | Extract residuals from various psych objects
response.frequencies | Score item composite scales and find Cronbach's alpha, Guttman lambda 6 and item whole correlations
reverse.code | Reverse the coding of selected items prior to scale analysis

## -- S --

sat.act | 3 Measures of ability: SATV, SATQ, ACT
scaling.fits | Test the adequacy of simple choice, logistic, or Thurstonian scaling.
scatter.hist | Draw a scatter plot with associated X and Y histograms, densitie and correlation
Schmid | 12 variables created by Schmid and Leiman to show the Schmid-Leiman Transformation
schmid | Apply the Schmid Leiman transformation to a correlation matrix
schmid.leiman | 12 variables created by Schmid and Leiman to show the Schmid-Leiman Transformation
score.alpha | Score scales and find Cronbach's alpha as well as associated statistics
score.irt | Find Item Response Theory (IRT) based scores for dichotomous or polytomous items
score.irt.2 | Find Item Response Theory (IRT) based scores for dichotomous or polytomous items
score.irt.poly | Find Item Response Theory (IRT) based scores for dichotomous or polytomous items
score.items | Score item composite scales and find Cronbach's alpha, Guttman lambda 6 and item whole correlations
score.multiple.choice | Score multiple choice items and provide basic test statistics
scree | Plot the successive eigen values for a scree test
scrub | A utility for basic data cleaning and recoding. Changes values outside of minimum and maximum limits to NA.
SD | Find the Standard deviation for a vector, matrix, or data.frame - do not return error if there are no cases
set.cor | Set Correlation and Multiple Regression from matrix or raw input
sim | Functions to simulate psychological/psychometric data.
sim.anova | Simulate a 3 way balanced ANOVA or linear model, with or without repeated measures.
sim.circ | Generate simulated data structures for circumplex or simple structure
sim.congeneric | Simulate a congeneric data set
sim.dichot | Generate simulated data structures for circumplex or simple structure
sim.general | Functions to simulate psychological/psychometric data.
sim.hierarchical | Create a population or sample correlation matrix, perhaps with hierarchical structure.
sim.irt | Functions to simulate psychological/psychometric data.
sim.item | Generate simulated data structures for circumplex or simple structure
sim.minor | Functions to simulate psychological/psychometric data.
sim.npl | Functions to simulate psychological/psychometric data.
sim.npn | Functions to simulate psychological/psychometric data.
sim.omega | Functions to simulate psychological/psychometric data.
sim.parallel | Functions to simulate psychological/psychometric data.
sim.poly | Functions to simulate psychological/psychometric data.
sim.poly.ideal | Functions to simulate psychological/psychometric data.
sim.poly.ideal.npl | Functions to simulate psychological/psychometric data.
sim.poly.ideal.npn | Functions to simulate psychological/psychometric data.
sim.poly.npl | Functions to simulate psychological/psychometric data.
sim.poly.npn | Functions to simulate psychological/psychometric data.
sim.rasch | Functions to simulate psychological/psychometric data.
sim.simplex | Functions to simulate psychological/psychometric data.
sim.structural | Create correlation matrices or data matrices with a particular measurement and structural model
sim.structure | Create correlation matrices or data matrices with a particular measurement and structural model
sim.VSS | create VSS like data
simulation.circ | Simulations of circumplex and simple structure
skew | Calculate univariate or multivariate (Mardia's test) skew and kurtosis for a vector, matrix, or data.frame
smc | Find the Squared Multiple Correlation (SMC) of each variable with the remaining variables in a matrix
spider | Make "radar" or "spider" plots.
structure.diagram | Draw a structural equation model specified by two measurement models and a structural model
structure.graph | Draw a structural equation model specified by two measurement models and a structural model
structure.list | Create factor model matrices from an input list
structure.sem | Draw a structural equation model specified by two measurement models and a structural model
summary.psych | Print and summary functions for the psych class
super.matrix | Form a super matrix from two sub matrices.

## -- T --

table2df | Convert a table with counts to a matrix or data.frame representing those counts.
table2matrix | Convert a table with counts to a matrix or data.frame representing those counts.
target.rot | Perform bifactor, promax or targeted rotations and return the inter factor angles.
TargetQ | Perform bifactor, promax or targeted rotations and return the inter factor angles.
tenberge | Alternative estimates of test reliabiity
test.psych | Testing of functions in the psych package
tetrachor | Tetrachoric, polychoric, biserial and polyserial correlations from various types of input
tetrachoric | Tetrachoric, polychoric, biserial and polyserial correlations from various types of input
Thurstone | Seven data sets showing a bifactor solution.
thurstone | Thurstone Case V scaling
Thurstone.33 | Seven data sets showing a bifactor solution.
tr | Find the trace of a square matrix
Tucker | 9 Cognitive variables discussed by Tucker and Lewis (1973)

## -- V --

veg | Paired comparison of preferences for 9 vegetables
vegetables | Paired comparison of preferences for 9 vegetables
vgQ.bimin | Perform bifactor, promax or targeted rotations and return the inter factor angles.
vgQ.targetQ | Perform bifactor, promax or targeted rotations and return the inter factor angles.
VSS | Apply the Very Simple Structure and MAP criteria to determine the appropriate number of factors.
vss | Apply the Very Simple Structure and MAP criteria to determine the appropriate number of factors.
VSS.parallel | Compare real and random VSS solutions
VSS.plot | Plot VSS fits
VSS.scree | Plot the successive eigen values for a scree test
VSS.sim | create VSS like data
VSS.simulate | create VSS like data

## -- W --

West | 12 variables created by Schmid and Leiman to show the Schmid-Leiman Transformation
winsor | Find the Winsorized scores, means, sds or variances for a vector, matrix, or data.frame
winsor.mean | Find the Winsorized scores, means, sds or variances for a vector, matrix, or data.frame
winsor.means | Find the Winsorized scores, means, sds or variances for a vector, matrix, or data.frame
winsor.sd | Find the Winsorized scores, means, sds or variances for a vector, matrix, or data.frame
winsor.var | Find the Winsorized scores, means, sds or variances for a vector, matrix, or data.frame
wkappa | Find Cohen's kappa and weighted kappa coefficients for correlation of two raters

## -- Y --

Yule | From a two by two table, find the Yule coefficients of association, convert to phi, or polychoric, recreate table the table to create the Yule coefficient.
Yule.inv | From a two by two table, find the Yule coefficients of association, convert to phi, or polychoric, recreate table the table to create the Yule coefficient.
Yule2phi | From a two by two table, find the Yule coefficients of association, convert to phi, or polychoric, recreate table the table to create the Yule coefficient.
Yule2phi.matrix | Phi or Yule coefficient matrix to polychoric coefficient matrix
Yule2poly | From a two by two table, find the Yule coefficients of association, convert to phi, or polychoric, recreate table the table to create the Yule coefficient.
Yule2poly.matrix | Phi or Yule coefficient matrix to polychoric coefficient matrix

## -- misc --

%+% | A function to add two vectors or matrices