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<!ENTITY version "2.26.0">
<!ENTITY date "02/10/2009">
<!ENTITY mdash "&#8212;">
<!ENTITY percnt "&#x0025;">
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<article id="index" lang="it">
  <articleinfo>
    <title>Manuale di riferimento per GNOME Display Manager</title>

    <revhistory>
      <revision>
        <revnumber>0.0</revnumber>
        <date>09/2008</date>
      </revision>
    </revhistory>

    <abstract role="description">
      <para>GDM è il display manager di GNOME, un programma per accessi grafici.</para>
    </abstract>

    <authorgroup>
      <author>
        <firstname>Martin</firstname><othername>K.</othername>
           <surname>Petersen</surname>
        <affiliation>
          <address><email>mkp@mkp.net</email></address>
        </affiliation>
      </author>
      <author>
        <firstname>George</firstname><surname>Lebl</surname>
        <affiliation>
          <address><email>jirka@5z.com</email></address>
        </affiliation>
      </author>
      <author>
        <firstname>Jon</firstname><surname>McCann</surname>
        <affiliation>
          <address><email>mccann@jhu.edu</email></address>
        </affiliation>
      </author>
      <author>
        <firstname>Ray</firstname><surname>Strode</surname>
        <affiliation>
          <address><email>rstrode@redhat.com</email></address>
        </affiliation>
      </author>
      <author role="maintainer">
        <firstname>Brian</firstname><surname>Cameron</surname>
        <affiliation>
          <address><email>Brian.Cameron@Sun.COM</email></address>
        </affiliation>
      </author>
    </authorgroup>
    <copyright>
      <year>1998</year>
      <year>1999</year>
      <holder>Martin K. Petersen</holder>
    </copyright>
    <copyright>
      <year>2001</year>
      <year>2003</year>
      <year>2004</year>
      <holder>George Lebl</holder>
    </copyright>
    <copyright>
      <year>2003</year>
      <year>2007</year>
      <year>2008</year>
      <holder>Red Hat, Inc.</holder>
    </copyright>
    <copyright>
      <year>2003</year>
      <year>2004</year>
      <year>2005</year>
      <year>2006</year>
      <year>2007</year>
      <year>2008</year>
      <holder>Sun Microsystems, Inc.</holder>
    </copyright>

      <legalnotice id="legalnotice">
	<para>
	  Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
	  document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation
	  License (GFDL), Version 1.1 or any later version published
	  by the Free Software Foundation with no Invariant Sections,
	  no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.  You can find
	  a copy of the GFDL at this <ulink type="help" url="ghelp:fdl">link</ulink> or in the file COPYING-DOCS
	  distributed with this manual.
         </para>
         <para> This manual is part of a collection of GNOME manuals
          distributed under the GFDL.  If you want to distribute this
          manual separately from the collection, you can do so by
          adding a copy of the license to the manual, as described in
          section 6 of the license.
	</para>

	<para>
	  Many of the names used by companies to distinguish their
	  products and services are claimed as trademarks. Where those
	  names appear in any GNOME documentation, and the members of
	  the GNOME Documentation Project are made aware of those
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	</para>

	<para>
	  DOCUMENT AND MODIFIED VERSIONS OF THE DOCUMENT ARE PROVIDED
	  UNDER  THE TERMS OF THE GNU FREE DOCUMENTATION LICENSE
	  WITH THE FURTHER UNDERSTANDING THAT:

	  <orderedlist>
		<listitem>
		  <para>DOCUMENT IS PROVIDED ON AN "AS IS" BASIS,
                    WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR
                    IMPLIED, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES
                    THAT THE DOCUMENT OR MODIFIED VERSION OF THE
                    DOCUMENT IS FREE OF DEFECTS MERCHANTABLE, FIT FOR
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                    OF WARRANTY CONSTITUTES AN ESSENTIAL PART OF THIS
                    LICENSE. NO USE OF ANY DOCUMENT OR MODIFIED
                    VERSION OF THE DOCUMENT IS AUTHORIZED HEREUNDER
                    EXCEPT UNDER THIS DISCLAIMER; AND
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		<listitem>
		  <para>UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES AND UNDER NO LEGAL
                       THEORY, WHETHER IN TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE),
                       CONTRACT, OR OTHERWISE, SHALL THE AUTHOR,
                       INITIAL WRITER, ANY CONTRIBUTOR, OR ANY
                       DISTRIBUTOR OF THE DOCUMENT OR MODIFIED VERSION
                       OF THE DOCUMENT, OR ANY SUPPLIER OF ANY OF SUCH
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		  </para>
		</listitem>
	  </orderedlist>
	</para>
  </legalnotice>



    <releaseinfo>
       This manual describes version 2.26.0 of the GNOME Display Manager.
       It was last updated on 02/10/2009.
    </releaseinfo>  
  </articleinfo>

  <!-- ============= Preface ================================== -->

  <sect1 id="preface">
    <title>Termini e convenzioni usate in questo manuale</title>

    <para>
      This manual describes version 2.26.0 of the GNOME Display Manager.
      It was last updated on 02/10/2009.
    </para>  

    <para>Chooser - Un programma usato per selezionare un host remoto per gestire un display da remoto sul display attaccato (<command>gdm-host-chooser</command>).</para>

    <para>FreeDesktop - L'organizzazione che fornisce standard per l'ambiente grafico, come la specifica Destkop Entry usata da GDM. <ulink type="http" url="http://www.freedesktop.org/"> http://www.freedesktop.org</ulink>.</para>
    <para>GDM - GNOME Display Manager. Usato per descrivere il pacchetto software nella sua interezza.</para>

    <para>Greeter - La finestra di accesso grafico (<command>gdm-simple-greeter</command>).</para>

    <para>PAM - Pluggable Authentication Mechanism</para>

    <para>XDMCP - X Display Manage Protocol</para>

    <para>
      Xserver - An implementation of the X Window System.  For example the
      Xorg Xserver provided by the X.org Foundation
      <ulink type="http" url="http://www.x.org/">http://www.x.org</ulink>.
    </para>

    <para>I percorsi che cominciano con una parola tra parentesi angolari sono relativi al prefisso di installazione. Per esempio <filename>&lt;share&gt;/pixmaps/</filename> fa riferimento a <filename>/usr/share/pixmaps</filename> se GDM è stato configurato con <command>--prefix=/usr</command>.</para>
  </sect1>

  <!-- ============= Overview ================================= -->

  <sect1 id="overview">
    <title>Panoramica</title>

    <sect2 id="introduction">
      <title>Introduzione</title>

      <para>Lo GNOME Display Manager (GDM) è un display manager che implemente tutte le funzioni significative richieste per la gestione di display collegati e remoti. GDM è stato scritto da zero e non contiene alcun codice derivato da XDM o X Consortium.</para>

      <para>Notare che GDM è configurabile e molte impostazioni di configurazione hanno un impatto sulla sicurezza. In questo documento, le problematiche di cui è bene essere a conoscenza sono messe in evidenza.</para> 

      <para>Notare che alcuni sistemi operativi configurano GDM per comportarsi diversamente dai valori predefiniti descritti in questo documento. Se GDM non dovesse comportarsi come qui documentato, controllare che ogni configurazione relativa non sia differente da quanto qui descritto.</para>

      <para>Per maggiori informazioni su GDM, fare riferimento al sito web del progetto presso <ulink type="http" url="http://www.gnome.org/projects/gdm/"> http://www.gnome.org/projects/gdm</ulink> e al Wiki del progetto presso <ulink type="http" url="http://live.gnome.org/GDM"> http://live.gnome.org/GDM</ulink>.</para>

      <para>Per discudere o fare domande su GDM, fare riferimento alla mailing list <address><email>gdm-list@gnome.org</email></address>. Tutti i messaggi sono archiviati e rappresentano un'ottima risorsa da controllare per trovare risposta a domande comuni. L'archivio della lista è disponibile presso <ulink type="http" url="http://mail.gnome.org/archives/gdm-list/"> http://mail.gnome.org/archives/gdm-list/</ulink> ed è presesnete una funziona ricerca per consultare i messaggi in base a parole chiave.</para>

      <para>Inviare le segnalazioni di bug o le richieste di miglioramenti su <ulink type="http" url="http://bugzilla.gnome.org/"> http://bugzilla.gnome.org</ulink>.</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="stability">
      <title>Stabilità dell'interfaccia</title>

      <para>
        GDM 2.20 and earlier supported stable configuration interfaces.
        However, the codebase was completely rewritten for GDM 2.22, and
        is not completely backward compatible with older releases. This is
        in part because things work differently, so some options just don't
        make sense, in part because some options never made sense, and in
        part because some functionality has not been reimplemented yet.
      </para>

      <para>Le interfacce che continuano ad essere supportate in modo stabile includono gli script Init, PreSession, PostSession, PostLogin e Xsession. Alcune opzioni di configurazione del demone nel file <filename>&lt;etc&gt;/gdm/custom.conf</filename> continuano ad essere supportate. Sono infine ancora supportati il file <filename>~/.dmrc</filename> e le posizioni delle immagini del "face browser".</para>

      <para>
        GDM 2.20 and earlier supported the ability to manage multiple displays
        with separate graphics cards, such as used in terminal server
        environments, login in a window via a program like Xnest or Xephyr, the
        gdmsetup program, XML-based greeter themes, and the ability to run the
        XDMCP chooser from the login screen.  These features were not 
        added back during the 2.22 rewrite.
      </para>

    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="functionaldesc">
      <title>Descrizione funzionale</title>

<!--
<para>
        TODO - Would be good to discuss D-Bus, perhaps the new GObject model,
               and to explain the reasons why the rewrite made GDM better.
               From a high-level overview perspective, rather than the
               technical aspects.
</para>
-->

      <para>GDM è responsabile della gestione dei display sul sistema. Ciò include l'autenticazione degli utenti, l'avvio di sessioni utente e la terminazione di sessioni utente. GDM è configurabile nei modi descritti nella sezione «Configurare GDM» di questo documento. GDM risulta inoltre accessibile per utenti con disabilità.</para>

      <para>GDM fornisce la possibilità di gestire il display di console principale e i display lanciati attraverso VT. Ciò risulta integrato con altri programmi, come l'applet «Cambia utente» e gnome-screensaver per poter gestire display multipli sulla console attraverso l'interfaccia Xserver Virtual Terminal (VT). È anche possibile gestire i display XDMCP.</para>

      <para>Indipendentemente dal tipo di display, GDM esegue quanto di seguito indicato quando gestisce il display: avvia un processo Xserver, poi avvia lo script <filename>Init</filename> come utente root, infine avvia il programma greeter sul display.</para>

      <para>
        The greeter program is run as the unprivileged "gdm"
        user/group.  This user and group are described in the
        "Security" section of this document.  The main function of
        the greeter program is to authenticate the user.  The authentication
        process is driven by Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM).  The PAM
        modules determine what prompts (if any) are shown to the user to
        authenticate.  On the average system, the greeter program will request
        a username and password for authentication.  However some systems may
        be configured to use alternative mechanisms such as a fingerprint or
        SmartCard reader.  GDM and PAM can be configured to not require any
        input, which will cause GDM to automatically log in and simply
        start a session, which can be useful for some environments, such as
        for kiosks.
      </para>

      <para>
        In addition to authentication, the greeter program allows the user to
        select which session to start and which language to use.  Sessions are
        defined by files that end in the .desktop suffix and more information
        about these files can be found in the "GDM User Session and Language
        Configuration" section of this document.  By default, GDM is configured
        to display a face browser so the user can select their user account by
        clicking on an image instead of having to type their username. GDM
        keeps track of the user's default session and language in the user's
        <filename>~/.dmrc</filename> and will use these defaults if the user
        did not pick a session or language in the login GUI.
      </para>

      <para>Dopo aver autenticato un utente, il demone esegue lo script <filename>PostLogin</filename> come root, quindi lo script <filename>PreSession</filename> come root. Dopo l'esecuzione di questi script viene avviata la sessione utente. Quando l'utente termina la propria sessione, viene eseguito lo script <filename>PostSession</filename> come root. Tali script sono forniti come agganci per i distributori e gli utenti finali al fine di personalizzare la gestione delle sessioni. Per esempio, usando tali agganci è possibile impostare una macchina in modo da creare al volo la directory $HOME dell'utente e di eliminarla al temine della sessione. La differenza tra gli script <filename>PostLogin</filename> e <filename>PreSession</filename> risiede nel fatto che <filename>PostLogin</filename> è eseguito prima della chiamata pam_open_session, rendendolo così il posto adatto per ogni azione che debba essere eseguita prima dell'inizializzazione della sessione utente. Lo script <filename>PreSession</filename> è chiamato dopo l'inizializzazione della sessione.</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="greeterpanel">
      <title>Pannello greeter</title>
      <para>Il programma greeter di GDM mostra un pannello agganciato alla parte inferiore dello schermo che fornisce diverse funzionalità. Quando è selezionato un utente, il pannello consente all'utente di selezioanare quale sessione, lingua e disposizione di tastiera usare dopo l'accesso. Il selettore di disposizione di tastiera inoltre cambia la disposizione usata quando si digita la propria password. Il pannello contiene anche un'area in cui i servizi di accesso possono porre le proprie icone di stato. Alcuni esempi di icone di stato includono un'icona batteria che indica l'uso attuale della batteria e un'icona per abilitare le funzioni di accesso universale. Il programma greeter inoltre fornisce che consentono all'utente di spegnere o riavvare il sistema. È possibile configurare GDM in modo da non fornire tali pulsanti, se desiderato. GDM infine può essere configurato attraverso PolicyKit (o attraverso BRAC su Solaris) in modo da richiedere che l'utente abbia l'autorizzazione appropriata prima di accettare le richieste di spegnimento e riavvio.</para>

      <para>
        Note that keyboard layout features are only available on systems that
        support libxklavier.
      </para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="accessibility">
      <title>Accesso universale</title>

        <para>
          GDM supports "Accessible Login", allowing users to log into
          their desktop session even if they cannot easily use the screen,
          mouse, or keyboard in the usual way.  Accessible Technology (AT)
          features such as an on-screen keyboard, screen reader, screen
          magnifier, and Xserver AccessX keyboard accessibility are available.
          It is also possible to enable large text or high contrast icons and
          controls, if needed.  Refer to the "Accessibility
          Configuration" section of the document for more information
          how various accessibility features can be configured.
        </para>

        <para>Su alcuni sistemi è necessario assicurarsi che l'utente GDM sia un membro del gruppo "audio" per quei programmi di tecnologia assistiva che richiedono una uscita audio (come testo-a-parlato).</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="facebrowser">
      <title>Il face browser di GDM</title>

      <para>
        The Face Browser is the interface which allows users to select their
        username by clicking on an image.  This feature can be enabled or
        disabled via the /apps/gdm/simple-greeter/disable_user_list GConf
        key and is on by default.  When disabled, users must type their
        complete username by hand.  When enabled, it displays all local users
        which are available for login on the system (all user accounts defined
        in the /etc/passwd file that have a valid shell and sufficiently high
        UID) and remote users that have recently logged in.
        The face browser in GDM 2.20 and earlier would attempt to display all
        remote users, which caused performance problems in large,
        enterprise deployments.
      </para>

      <para>
        The Face Browser is configured to display the users who log in most
        frequently at the top of the list.  This helps to ensure that users
        who log in frequently can quickly find their login image.
      </para>

      <para>
        The Face Browser supports "type-ahead search" which dynamically
        moves the face selection as the user types to the corresponding username
        in the list.  This means that a user with a long username will only
        have to type the first few characters of the username before the correct
        item in the list gets selected.
      </para>

      <para>
        The icons used by GDM can be installed globally by the sysadmin or can
        be located in the user's home directories.  If installed globally
        they should be in the <filename>&lt;share&gt;/pixmaps/faces/</filename>
        directory and the filename should be the name of the user.  Face image
        files should be a standard image that GTK+ can read, such as PNG or
        JPEG.  Face icons placed in the global face directory must be readable
        to the GDM user.
      </para>

<!--
<para>
        TODO - In the old GDM the ~/gnome2/gdm file is used, but the new code
               seems to use ~/.gnome/gdm.  Error?
</para>
-->
      <para>
        If there is no global icon for the user, GDM will look in the user's
        $HOME directory for the image file.  GDM will first look for the user's
        face image in <filename>~/.face</filename>.  If not found, it will try 
        <filename>~/.face.icon</filename>.  If still not found, it will use the
        value defined for "face/picture=" in the 
        <filename>~/.gnome2/gdm</filename> file.
      </para>

      <para>
        If a user has no defined face image, GDM will use the
        "stock_person" icon defined in the current GTK+ theme.  If no
        such image is defined, it will fallback to a generic face image.
      </para>

      <para>
        Please note that loading and scaling face icons located in remote user
        home directories can be a very time-consuming task.  Since it not
        practical to load images over NIS or NFS, GDM does not attempt to load
        face images from remote home directories.
      </para>

      <para>
        When the browser is turned on, valid usernames on the computer are
        exposed for everyone to see.  If XDMCP is enabled, then the usernames
        are exposed to remote users.  This, of course, limits security
        somewhat since a malicious user does not need to guess valid usernames.
        In some very restrictive environments the face browser may not be
        appropriate.
      </para>

    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="xdmcp">
      <title>XDMCP</title>

<!--
<para>
        TODO - What XDMCP features actually work?   I know that the
               chooser is missing.
</para>
-->

      <para>
        The GDM daemon can be configured to listen for and manage X Display
        Manage Protocol (XDMCP) requests from remote displays.  By default
        XDMCP support is turned off, but can be enabled if desired.  If GDM is
        built with TCP Wrapper support, then the daemon will only grant access
        to hosts specified in the GDM service section in the TCP Wrappers
        configuration file.
      </para>

      <para>
        GDM includes several measures making it more resistant to denial of
        service attacks on the XDMCP service.  A lot of the protocol
        parameters, handshaking timeouts, etc. can be fine tuned. The default
        configuration should work reasonably on most systems. 
      </para>

      <para>
        GDM by default listens for XDMCP requests on the normal UDP port used
        for XDMCP, port 177, and will respond to QUERY and BROADCAST_QUERY
        requests by sending a WILLING packet to the originator.
      </para>

      <para>
        GDM can also be configured to honor INDIRECT queries and present a
        host chooser to the remote display.  GDM will remember the user's
        choice and forward subsequent requests to the chosen manager.  GDM
        also supports an extension to the protocol which will make it forget
        the redirection once the user's connection succeeds.  This extension
        is only supported if both daemons are GDM.  It is transparent and
        will be ignored by XDM or other daemons that implement XDMCP.
      </para>

      <para>
        If XDMCP seems to not be working, make sure that all machines are
        specified in <filename>/etc/hosts</filename>.
      </para>

      <para>
        Refer to the "Security" section for information about
        security concerns when using XDMCP.
      </para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="logging">
      <title>Logging</title>

      <para>
        GDM uses syslog to log errors and status.  It can also log debugging
        information, which can be useful for tracking down problems if GDM is
        not working properly.  Debug output can be enabled by setting the
        debug/Enable key to "true" in the
        <filename>&lt;etc&gt;/gdm/custom.conf</filename> file.
      </para>

      <para>
        Output from the various Xservers is stored in the GDM log directory,
        which is normally <filename>&lt;var&gt;/log/gdm/</filename>.  Any
        Xserver messages are saved to a file associated with the display value,
        <filename>&lt;display&gt;.log</filename>.  
      </para>

      <para>
        The session output is piped through the GDM daemon to the
        <filename>~/.xsession-errors</filename> file.  The file is overwritten
        on each login, so logging out and logging back into the same user via
        GDM will cause any messages from the previous session to be lost.
      </para>

      <para>
        Note that if GDM can not create this file for some reason, then a
        fallback file will be created named <filename>~/.xsession-errors.XXXXXXXX</filename>
        where the <filename>XXXXXXXX</filename> are some random characters.
      </para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="fusa">
      <title>Fast User Switching</title>

      <para>
        GDM allows multiple users to be logged in at the same time.  After one
        user is logged in, additional users can log in via the User Switcher
        on the GNOME Panel, or from the "Switch User" button in Lock Screen dialog
        of GNOME Screensaver.  The active session can be changed back and forth using
        the same mechanism.  Note that some distributions may not add the User Switcher
        to the default panel configuration.  It can be added using the panel context
        menu.
      </para>
      <para>
        Note this feature is available on systems that support Virtual
        Terminals.  This feature will not function if Virtual Terminals is not
        available.
      </para>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <!-- ============= Security ================================= -->

  <sect1 id="security">
    <title>Security</title>

    <sect2 id="gdmuser">
      <title>The GDM User And Group</title>

      <para>
        For security reasons a dedicated user and group id are recommended for
        proper operation.  This user and group are normally "gdm" on
        most systems, but can be configured to any user or group.  All GDM
        GUI programs are run as this user, so that the programs which interact
        with the user are run in a sandbox.  This user and group should have
        limited privilege.
      </para>

      <para>
        The only special privilege the "gdm" user requires is the
        ability to read and write Xauth files to the
        <filename>&lt;var&gt;/run/gdm</filename> directory.  The
        <filename>&lt;var&gt;/run/gdm</filename> directory should have
        root:gdm ownership and 1777 permissions.
      </para>

      <para>
        You should not, under any circumstances, configure the GDM user/group
        to a user which a user could easily gain access to, such as the user
        <filename>nobody</filename>.  Any user who gains access to an Xauth
        key can snoop on and control running GUI programs running in the
        associated session or perform a denial-of-service attack on it.  It
        is important to ensure that the system is configured properly so that
        only the "gdm" user has access to these files and that it
        is not easy to login to this account.  For example, the account should
        be setup to not have a password or allow non-root users to login to the
        account.
      </para>

      <para>
        The GDM greeter configuration is stored in GConf.  To allow the GDM
        user to be able to write configuration, it is necessary for the 
        "gdm" user to have a writable $HOME directory.  Users may
        configure the default GConf configuration as desired to avoid the 
        need to provide the "gdm" user with a writable $HOME
        directory.  However, some features of GDM may be disabled if it is
        unable to write state information to GConf configuration.
      </para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="PAM">
      <title>PAM</title>

      <para>
        GDM uses PAM for login authentication.  PAM stands for Pluggable
        Authentication Module, and is used by most programs that request
        authentication on your computer.  It allows the administrator to
        configure specific authentication behavior for different login programs
        (such as ssh, login GUI, screensaver, etc.)
      </para>

      <para>
        PAM is complicated and highly configurable, and this documentation does
        not intend to explain this in detail.  Instead, it is intended to give
        an overview of how PAM configuration relates with GDM, how PAM is
        commonly configured with GDM, and known issues.  It is expected that
        a person needing to do PAM configuration would need to do further
        reading of PAM documentation to understand how to configure PAM and
        to understand terms used in this section.
      </para>
        
      <para>
        PAM configuration has different, but similar, interfaces on different
        Operating Systems, so check the
        <ulink type="help" url="man:pam.d">pam.d</ulink> or
        <ulink type="help" url="man:pam.conf">pam.conf</ulink> man page for
        details.  Be sure you read the PAM documentation and are comfortable
        with the security implications of any changes you intend to make to
        your configuration.
      </para>

      <para>
        Note that, by default, GDM uses the "gdm" PAM service name
        for normal login and the "gdm-autologin" PAM service name for
        automatic login.  These services may not be defined in your pam.d or
        pam.conf configured file.  If there is no entry, then GDM will use the
        default PAM behavior.  On most systems this should work fine.
        However, the automatic login feature may not work if the gdm-autologin
        service is not defined.
      </para>

      <para>
        The <filename>PostLogin</filename> script is run before
        pam_open_session is called, and the <filename>PreSession</filename>
        script is called after.  This allows the system administrator to add
        any scripting to the login process either before or after PAM 
        initializes the session.
      </para>

      <para>
        If you wish to make GDM work with other types of authentication
        mechanisms (such as a fingerprint or SmartCard reader), then you should
        implement this by using a PAM service module for the desired
        authentication type rather than by trying to modify the GDM code
        directly.  Refer to the PAM documentation on your system.  How to do
        this is frequently discussed on the 
        <address><email>gdm-list@gnome.org</email></address> mail list,
        so you can refer to the list archives for more information.
      </para>

      <para>
        PAM does have some limitations regarding being able to work with 
        multiple types of authentication at the same time, like supporting
        the ability to accept either SmartCard and the ability to type the
        username and password into the login program.  There are techniques
        that are used to make this work, and it is best to research how this
        problem is commonly solved when setting up such a configuration.
      </para>

      <para>
        If automatic login does not work on a system, check to see if the
        "gdm-autologin" PAM stack is defined in the PAM configuration.  For
        this to work, it is necessary to use a PAM module that simply does no
        authentication, or which simply returns PAM_SUCCESS from all of its
        public interfaces.  Assuming your system has a pam_allow.so PAM module
        which does this, a PAM configuration to enable "gdm-autologin" would
        look like this:
      </para>

<screen>
       gdm-autologin auth  required    pam_unix_cred.so.1
       gdm-autologin auth  sufficient  pam_allow.so.1
       gdm-autologin account  sufficient  pam_allow.so.1
       gdm-autologin session  sufficient  pam_allow.so.1
       gdm-autologin password  sufficient  pam_allow.so.1
</screen>

      <para>
        The above setup will cause no lastlog entry to be generated.  If a
        lastlog entry is desired, then use the following for the session:
      </para>

<screen>
       gdm-autologin session required pam_unix_session.so.1
</screen>

      <para>
        If the computer is used by several people, which makes automatic login
        unsuitable, you may want to allow some users to log in without entering
        their password. This feature can be enabled as a per-user option in
        the users-admin tool from the gnome-system-tools; it is achieved by
        checking that the user is member a Unix group called
        "nopasswdlogin" before asking for a password. For this to work,
        the PAM configuration file for the "gdm" service must include
        a line such as:
      </para>

<screen>
      gdm auth  sufficient  pam_succeed_if.so  user ingroup nopasswdlogin
</screen>

    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="utmpwtmp">
      <title>utmp and wtmp</title>

      <para>
        GDM generates utmp and wtmp User Accounting Database entries upon
        session login and logout.  The utmp database contains user access
        and accounting information that is accessed by commands such as
        <command>finger</command>, <command>last</command>,
        <command>login</command>, and <command>who</command>.  The wtmp
        database contains the history of user access and accounting 
        information for the utmp database.  Refer to the 
        <ulink type="help" url="man:utmp">utmp</ulink> and
        <ulink type="help" url="man:wtmp">wtmp</ulink>
        man pages on your system for more information.
      </para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="xauth">
      <title>Xserver Authentication Scheme</title>

      <para>
        Xserver authorization files are stored in a newly created subdirectory
        of <filename>&lt;var&gt;/run/gdm</filename> at start up.  These files
        are used to store and share a "password" between X clients
        and the Xserver.  This "password" is unique for each session
        logged in, so users from one session can't snoop on users from another.
      </para>

      <para>
        GDM only supports the MIT-MAGIC-COOKIE-1 Xserver authentication
        scheme.  Normally little is gained from the other schemes, and no
        effort has been made to implement them so far.  Be especially
        careful about using XDMCP because the Xserver authentication cookie
        goes over the wire as clear text.  If snooping is possible, then an
        attacker could simply snoop your authentication password as you log in,
        regardless of the authentication scheme being used.  If snooping is
        possible and undesirable, then you should use ssh for tunneling an X
        connection rather then using XDMCP.  You could think of XDMCP as a sort
        of graphical telnet, having the same security issues.  In most cases,
        ssh -Y should be preferred over GDM's XDMCP features.
      </para>

    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="xdmcpsecurity">
      <title>XDMCP Security</title>

      <para>
        Even though your display is protected by cookies, XEvents and thus
        keystrokes typed when entering passwords will still go over the wire in
        clear text.  It is trivial to capture these.
      </para>

      <para>
        XDMCP is primarily useful for running thin clients such as in terminal
        labs.  Those thin clients will only ever need the network to access
        the server, and so it seems like the best security policy to have
        those thin clients on a separate network that cannot be accessed by
        the outside world, and can only connect to the server.  The only point
        from which you need to access outside is the server.  This type of set up
        should never use an unmanaged hub or other sniffable network.
      </para>

    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="xdmcpaccess">
      <title>XDMCP Access Control</title>

      <para>
        XDMCP access control is done using TCP wrappers.  It is possible to
        compile GDM without TCP wrapper support, so this feature may not be
        supported on some Operating Systems.
      </para>

      <para>
        You should use the daemon name <command>gdm</command> in the
        <filename>&lt;etc&gt;/hosts.allow</filename> and
        <filename>&lt;etc&gt;/hosts.deny</filename> files.  For example to 
        deny computers from <filename>.evil.domain</filename> from logging in,
        then add
      </para>
<screen>
gdm: .evil.domain
</screen>
      <para>
        to <filename>&lt;etc&gt;/hosts.deny</filename>.  You may also need
        to add
      </para>
<screen>
gdm: .your.domain
</screen>
      <para>
        to your <filename>&lt;etc&gt;/hosts.allow</filename> if you normally
        disallow all services from all hosts.  See the
        <ulink type="help" url="man:hosts.allow">hosts.allow(5)</ulink> man
        page for details.
      </para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="firewall">
      <title>Firewall Security</title>

      <para>
        Even though GDM tries to outsmart potential attackers trying to take
        advantage of XDMCP, it is still advised that you block the XDMCP port
        (normally UDP port 177) on your firewall unless really needed.  GDM
        guards against denial of service attacks, but the X protocol is still
        inherently insecure and should only be used in controlled environments.
        Also each remote connection takes up lots of resources, so it is much
        easier to do a denial of service attack via XDMCP than attacking a
        webserver.
      </para>

      <para>
        It is also wise to block all of the Xserver ports.  These are TCP
        ports 6000+ (one for each display number) on your firewall.  Note that
        GDM will use display numbers 20 and higher for flexible on-demand
        servers.
      </para>

      <para>
         X is not a very safe protocol when using it over the Internet, and
         XDMCP is even less safe.
      </para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="policykit">
      <title>PolicyKit</title>

<!--
<para>
        TODO - Should we say more?
</para>
-->

      <para>
        GDM may be configured to use PolicyKit to allow the system
        administrator to control whether the login screen should provide
        the shutdown and restart buttons on the greeter screen.
      </para>

      <para>
        These buttons are controlled by the
        <filename>org.freedesktop.consolekit.system.stop-multiple-users</filename>
        and
        <filename>org.freedesktop.consolekit.system.restart-multiple-users</filename>
        actions respectively.  Policy for these actions can be set up using the
        polkit-gnome-authorization tool, or the polkit-auth command line program.
      </para>
 
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="rbac">
      <title>RBAC (Role Based Access Control)</title>

      <para>
        GDM may be configured to use RBAC instead of PolicyKit.  In this
        case the RBAC configuration is used to control whether the login screen
        should provide the shutdown and restart buttons on the greeter screen.
      </para>

      <para>
        For example, on Solaris, the "solaris.system.shutdown"
        authorization is used to control this.  Simply modify the 
        <filename>/etc/user_attr</filename> file so that the "gdm"
        user has this authorization.
      </para>
    </sect2>

  </sect1>

  <!-- ============= ConsoleKit ================================ -->

  <sect1 id="consolekit">
    <title>Support for ConsoleKit</title>

<!--
<para>
    TODO - Should we update these docs?  Probably should mention any 
           configuration that users may want to do for using it with GDM?
           If so, perhaps this section should be moved to a subsection of
           the "Configure" section?
</para>
-->

    <para>
      GDM includes support for publishing user login information with the user
      and login session accounting framework known as ConsoleKit.  ConsoleKit
      is able to keep track of all the users currently logged in.  In this
      respect, it can be used as a replacement for the utmp or utmpx files that
      are available on most Unix-like Operating Systems.
    </para>

    <para>
      When GDM is about to create a new login process for a user it will call
      a privileged method of ConsoleKit in order to open a new session for this
      user.  At this time GDM also provides ConsoleKit with information about
      this user session such as: the user ID, the X11 Display name that will be
      associated with the session, the host-name from which the session
      originates (useful in the case of an XDMCP session), whether or not this
      session is attached, etc.  As the entity that initiates the user process,
      GDM is in a unique position to know about the user session and to be 
      trusted to provide these bits of information. The use of this privileged 
      method is restricted by the use of the D-Bus system message bus security 
      policy.
    </para>

    <para>
      In case a user with an existing session has authenticated
      at GDM and requests to resume that existing session, GDM calls a
      privileged method of ConsoleKit to unlock that session.  The exact
      details of what happens when the session receives this unlock signal are
      undefined and session-specific.  However, most sessions will unlock a
      screensaver in response.
    </para>

    <para>
      When the user chooses to log out, or if GDM or the session quit
      unexpectedly the user session will be unregistered from ConsoleKit.
    </para>
  </sect1>

  <!-- ============= Configuration ============================= -->

  <sect1 id="configuration">
    <title>Configuration</title>

    <para>
      GDM has a number of configuration interfaces.  These include scripting
      integration points, daemon configuration, greeter configuration, 
      general session settings, integration with gnome-settings-daemon
      configuration, and session configuration.  These types of integration are
      described in detail below.
    </para>

    <sect2 id="scripting">
      <title>Scripting Integration Points</title>
      
      <para>
        The GDM script integration points can be found in the
        <filename>&lt;etc&gt;/gdm/</filename> directory:
      </para>

<screen>
Xsession
Init/
PostLogin/
PreSession/
PostSession/
</screen>

      <para>
        The <filename>Init</filename>, <filename>PostLogin</filename>,
        <filename>PreSession</filename>, and <filename>PostSession</filename>
        scripts all work as described below.
      </para>

      <para>
        For each type of script, the default one which will be executed is
        called "Default" and is stored in a directory associated with
        the script type.  So the default <filename>Init</filename> script is 
        <filename>&lt;etc&gt;/gdm/Init/Default</filename>.  A per-display
        script can be provided, and if it exists it will be run instead of the 
        default script.  Such scripts are stored in the same directory as the
        default script and have the same name as the Xserver DISPLAY value for
        that display.  For example, if the <filename>&lt;Init&gt;/:0</filename>
        script exists, it will be run for DISPLAY ":0".
     </para>

     <para>
        All of these scripts are run with root privilege and return 0 if run
        successfully, and a non-zero return code if there was any failure that
        should cause the login session to be aborted.  Also note that GDM will
        block until the scripts finish, so if any of these scripts hang, this
        will cause the login process to also hang.
      </para>

      <para>
        When the Xserver for the login GUI has been successfully started, but
        before the login GUI is actually displayed, GDM will run the
        <filename>Init</filename> script.  This script is useful for starting
        programs that should be run while the login screen is showing, or for
        doing any special initialization if required.
      </para>

      <para>
        After the user has been successfully authenticated GDM will run the
        <filename>PostLogin</filename> script.  This is done before any session
        setup has been done, including before the pam_open_session call.  This
        script is useful for doing any session initialization that needs to
        happen before the session starts.  For example, you might setup the
        user's $HOME directory if needed.
      </para>

      <para>
        After the user session has been initialized, GDM will run the
        <filename>PreSession</filename> script.  This script is useful for
        doing any session initialization that needs to happen after the 
        session has been initialized.  It can be used for session management or
        accounting, for example.
      </para>

      <para> 
        When a user terminates their session, GDM will run the
        <filename>PostSession</filename> script.  Note that the Xserver will
        have been stopped by the time this script is run, so it should not be
        accessed.  
      </para>

      <para>
        Note that the <filename>PostSession</filename> script will be run
        even when the display fails to respond due to an I/O error or
        similar. Thus, there is no guarantee that X applications will work
        during script execution.
      </para>

      <para>
        All of the above scripts will set the
        <filename>$RUNNING_UNDER_GDM</filename> environment variable to
        <filename>yes</filename>.  If the scripts are also shared with other
        display managers, this allows you to identify when GDM is calling these
        scripts, so you can run specific code when GDM is used.
      </para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="autostart">
      <title>Autostart Configuration</title>
      
      <para>
        The <filename>&lt;share&gt;/gdm/autostart/LoginWindow</filename>
        directory contains files in the format specified by the
        "FreeDesktop.org Desktop Application Autostart
        Specification".  Standard features in the specification may be
        used to specify programs that should auto-restart or only be launched
        if a GConf configuration value is set, etc.
      </para>

      <para>
        Any <filename>.desktop</filename> files in this directory will cause
        the associated program to automatically start with the login GUI
        greeter.  By default, GDM is shipped with files which will autostart
        the gdm-simple-greeter login GUI greeter itself, the
        gnome-power-manager application, the gnome-settings-daemon, and the
        metacity window manager.  These programs are needed for the greeter
        program to work.  In addition, desktop files are provided for starting
        various AT programs if the configuration values specified in the
        Accessibility Configuration section below are set.
      </para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="xsessionscript">
      <title>Xsession Script</title>

      <para>
        There is also an <filename>Xsession</filename> script located at
        <filename>&lt;etc&gt;/gdm/Xsession</filename> which is called between
        the <filename>PreSession</filename> and the
        <filename>PostSession</filename> scripts.  This script does not
        support per-display like the other scripts.  This script is used for
        actually starting the user session.  This script is run as the user,
        and it will run whatever session was specified by the Desktop session
        file the user selected to start. 
      </para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="daemonconfig">
      <title>Daemon Configuration</title>

      <para>
        The GDM daemon is configured using the
        <filename>&lt;etc&gt;/gdm/custom.conf</filename> file.  Default
        values are stored in GConf in the <filename>gdm.schemas</filename>
        file.  It is recommended that end-users modify the
        <filename>&lt;etc&gt;/gdm/custom.conf</filename> file because the
        schemas file may be overwritten when the user updates their system to
        have a newer version of GDM.
      </para>

      <para>
        Note that older versions of GDM supported additional configuration
        options which are no longer supported in the latest versions of GDM.
      </para>

      <para>
        The <filename>&lt;etc&gt;/gdm/custom.conf</filename> file is in the
        <filename>keyfile</filename> format.  Keywords in brackets
        define group sections, strings before an equal sign (=) are keys and
        the data after equal sign represents their value.  Empty lines or
        lines starting with the hash mark (#) are ignored.  
      </para>

      <para>
        The file <filename>&lt;etc&gt;/gdm/custom.conf</filename> supports the
        "[daemon]", "[security]", and "[xdmcp]"
        group sections.  Within each group, there are particular key/value
        pairs that can be specified to modify how GDM behaves.  For example,
        to enable timed login and specify the timed login user to be a user
        named "you", you would modify the file so it contains the
        following lines:
      </para>
     
<screen>
[daemon]
TimedLoginEnable=true
TimedLogin=you
</screen>

      <para>
        A full list of supported configuration keys follow:
      </para>

      <sect3 id="choosersection">
        <title>[chooser]</title>
        <variablelist>

          <varlistentry>
            <term>Multicast</term>
            <listitem>
              <synopsis>Multicast=false</synopsis>
              <para>
                If true and IPv6 is enabled, the chooser will send a multicast
                query to the local network and collect responses from the hosts
                who have joined multicast group.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </varlistentry>
         
          <varlistentry>
            <term>MulticastAddr</term>
            <listitem>
              <synopsis>MulticastAddr=ff02::1</synopsis>
              <para>
                This is the Link-local multicast address.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </varlistentry>
        </variablelist>
      </sect3>

      <sect3 id="daemonsection">
        <title>[daemon]</title>
        <variablelist>
          <varlistentry>
            <term>TimedLoginEnable</term>
            <listitem>
              <synopsis>TimedLoginEnable=false</synopsis>
              <para>
                 If the user given in <filename>TimedLogin</filename> should be
                logged in after a number of seconds (set with
                <filename>TimedLoginDelay</filename>) of inactivity on the
                login screen.  This is useful for public access terminals or
                perhaps even home use.  If the user uses the keyboard or
                browses the menus, the timeout will be reset to 
                <filename>TimedLoginDelay</filename> or 30 seconds, whichever 
                is higher.   If the user does not enter a username but just
                hits the ENTER key while the login program is requesting the
                username, then GDM will assume the user wants to login
                immediately as the timed user.  Note that no password will be
                asked for this user so you should be careful, although if using
                PAM it can be configured to require password entry before
                allowing login.  Refer to the "Security-&gt;PAM"
                section of the manual for more information, or for help if this
                feature does not seem to work.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </varlistentry>

          <varlistentry>
            <term>TimedLogin</term>
            <listitem>
              <synopsis>TimedLogin=</synopsis>
              <para>
                This is the user that should be logged in after a specified
                number of seconds of inactivity.
              </para>
              <para>
                If the value ends with a vertical bar | (the pipe symbol),
                then GDM will execute the program specified and use whatever
                value is returned on standard out from the program as the user.
                The program is run with the DISPLAY environment variable set so
                that it is possible to specify the user in a per-display
                fashion.  For example if the value is "/usr/bin/getloginuser|",
                then the program "/usr/bin/getloginuser" will be run to get the
                user value.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </varlistentry>

          <varlistentry>
            <term>TimedLoginDelay</term>
            <listitem>
              <synopsis>TimedLoginDelay=30</synopsis>
              <para>
                Delay in seconds before the <filename>TimedLogin</filename>
                user will be logged in.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </varlistentry>

          <varlistentry>
            <term>AutomaticLoginEnable</term>
            <listitem>
              <synopsis>AutomaticLoginEnable=false</synopsis>
              <para>
                If true, the user given in <filename>AutomaticLogin</filename>
                should be logged in immediately. This feature is like timed
                login with a delay of 0 seconds.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </varlistentry>

          <varlistentry>
            <term>AutomaticLogin</term>
            <listitem>
              <synopsis>AutomaticLogin=</synopsis>
              <para>
                This is the user that should be logged in immediately if
                <filename>AutomaticLoginEnable</filename> is true.
              </para>
              <para>
                If the value ends with a vertical bar | (the pipe symbol),
                then GDM will execute the program specified and use whatever
                value is returned on standard out from the program as the user.
                The program is run with the DISPLAY environment variable set so
                that it is possible to specify the user in a per-display
                fashion.  For example if the value is "/usr/bin/getloginuser|",
                then the program "/usr/bin/getloginuser" will be run to get the
                user value.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </varlistentry>

          <varlistentry>
            <term>User</term>
            <listitem>
              <synopsis>User=gdm</synopsis>
              <para>
                The username under which the greeter and other GUI programs
                are run.  Refer to the <filename>Group</filename>
                configuration key and to the "Security-&gt;GDM User And
                Group" section of this document for more information.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </varlistentry>

          <varlistentry>
            <term>Group</term>
            <listitem>
              <synopsis>Group=gdm</synopsis>
              <para>
                The group name under which the greeter and other GUI programs
                are run.  Refer to the <filename>User</filename>
                configuration key and to the "Security-&gt;GDM User And
                Group" section of this document for more information.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </varlistentry>
        </variablelist>
      </sect3>

      <sect3 id="debugsection">
        <title>Debug Options</title>
      
        <variablelist>
          <title>[debug]</title>
          
          <varlistentry>
            <term>Enable</term>
            <listitem>
              <synopsis>Enable=false</synopsis>
              <para>
                To enable debugging, set the debug/Enable key to
                "true" in the
                <filename>&lt;etc&gt;/gdm/custom.conf</filename>
                file and restart GDM.  Then debug output will be sent to the
                system log file (<filename>&lt;var&gt;/log/messages</filename>
                or <filename>&lt;var&gt;/adm/messages</filename> depending on
                your Operating System).
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </varlistentry>
        </variablelist>
      </sect3>

      <sect3 id="greetersection">
        <title>Greeter Options</title>
      
        <variablelist>
          <title>[greeter]</title>
          
          <varlistentry>
            <term>IncludeAll</term>
            <listitem>
              <synopsis>IncludeAll=true</synopsis>
              <para>
                If true, then the face browser will show all users on the local
                machine.  If false, the face browser will only show users who
                have recently logged in.
              </para>

              <para>
                When this key is true, GDM will call fgetpwent() to get a list
                of local users on the system.  Any users with a user id less
                than 500 (or 100 if running on Solaris) are filtered out.  The
                Face Browser also will display any users that have previously
                logged in on the system  (for example NIS/LDAP users).  It gets
                this list via calling the <command>ck-history</command>
                ConsoleKit interface.  It will also filter out any users which
                do not have a valid shell (valid shells are any shell that
                getusershell() returns - /sbin/nologin or /bin/false are
                considered invalid shells even if getusershell() returns them).
              </para>

              <para>
                If false, then GDM more simply only displays users that have
                previously logged in on the system (local or NIS/LDAP users) by
                calling the <command>ck-history</command> ConsoleKit interface.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </varlistentry>

          <varlistentry>
            <term>Include</term>
            <listitem>
              <synopsis>Include=</synopsis>
              <para>
                Set to a list of users to always include in the Face Browser.
                This value is set to a list of users separated by commas.  By
                default, the value is empty.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </varlistentry>

          <varlistentry>
            <term>Exclude</term>
            <listitem>
              <synopsis>Exclude=bin,root,daemon,adm,lp,sync,shutdown,halt,mail,news,uucp,operator,nobody,nobody4,noaccess,postgres,pvm,rpm,nfsnobody,pcap</synopsis>
              <para>
                Set to a list of users to always exclude in the Face Browser.
                This value is set to a list of users separated by commas.  Note
                that the setting in the <filename>custom.conf</filename>
                overrides the default value, so if you wish to add additional
                users to the list, then you need to set the value to the
                default value with additional users appended to the list.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </varlistentry>
        </variablelist>
      </sect3>

      <sect3 id="securitysection">
        <title>Security Options</title>
      
        <variablelist>
          <title>[security]</title>
          
          <varlistentry>
            <term>DisallowTCP</term>
            <listitem>
              <synopsis>DisallowTCP=true</synopsis>
              <para>
                If true, then always append <filename>-nolisten tcp</filename>
                to the command line when starting attached Xservers, thus
                disallowing TCP connection.  This is a more secure
                configuration if you are not using remote connections.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </varlistentry>
        </variablelist>
      </sect3>

      <sect3 id="xdmcpsection">
        <title>XDCMP Support</title>

        <variablelist>
          <title>[xdmcp]</title>
          
          <varlistentry>
            <term>DisplaysPerHost</term>
            <listitem>
              <synopsis>DisplaysPerHost=1</synopsis>
              <para>
                To prevent attackers from filling up the pending queue, GDM
                will only allow one connection for each remote computer.  If
                you want to provide display services to computers with more
                than one screen, you should increase this value.
              </para>

              <para>
                Note that the number of attached DISPLAYS allowed is not 
                limited.  Only remote connections via XDMCP are limited by
                this configuration option.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </varlistentry>

          <varlistentry>
            <term>Enable</term>
            <listitem>
              <synopsis>Enable=false</synopsis>
              <para>
                Setting this to true enables XDMCP support allowing remote
                displays/X terminals to be managed by GDM.
              </para>
            
              <para>
                <filename>gdm</filename> listens for requests on UDP port 177.
                See the Port option for more information.
              </para>
              
              <para>
                If GDM is compiled to support it, access from remote displays
                can be controlled using the TCP Wrappers library. The service
                name is <filename>gdm</filename>
              </para>
            
              <para>
                You should add 
<screen>
gdm:.my.domain
</screen>
                to your <filename>&lt;etc&gt;/hosts.allow</filename>, depending
                on your TCP Wrappers configuration.  See the
                <ulink type="help" url="man:hosts.allow">hosts.allow</ulink>
                man page for details.
              </para>
              
              <para>
                Please note that XDMCP is not a particularly secure protocol
                and that it is a good idea to block UDP port 177 on your
                firewall unless you really need it.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </varlistentry>
          
          <varlistentry>
            <term>HonorIndirect</term>
            <listitem>
              <synopsis>HonorIndirect=true</synopsis>
              <para>
                Enables XDMCP INDIRECT choosing (i.e. remote execution of
                <filename>gdmchooser</filename>) for X-terminals which do not
                supply their own display browser.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </varlistentry>
        
          <varlistentry>
            <term>MaxPending</term>
            <listitem>
              <synopsis>MaxPending=4</synopsis>
              <para>
                To avoid denial of service attacks, GDM has fixed size queue
                of pending connections. Only MaxPending displays can start at
                the same time.
              </para>
            
              <para>
                Please note that this parameter does not limit the number of
                remote displays which can be managed. It only limits the number
                of displays initiating a connection simultaneously.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </varlistentry>
          
          <varlistentry>
            <term>MaxSessions</term>
            <listitem>
              <synopsis>MaxSessions=16</synopsis>
              <para>
                Determines the maximum number of remote display connections
                which will be managed simultaneously. I.e. the total number of
                remote displays that can use your host.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </varlistentry>
        
          <varlistentry>
            <term>MaxWait</term>
            <listitem>
              <synopsis>MaxWait=30</synopsis>
              <para>
                When GDM is ready to manage a display an ACCEPT packet is sent
                to it containing a unique session id which will be used in
                future XDMCP conversations.
              </para>
            
              <para>
                GDM will then place the session id in the pending queue
                waiting for the display to respond with a MANAGE request.
              </para>
            
              <para>
                If no response is received within MaxWait seconds, GDM will
                declare the display dead and erase it from the pending queue
                freeing up the slot for other displays.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </varlistentry>
          
          <varlistentry>
            <term>MaxWaitIndirect</term>
            <listitem>
              <synopsis>MaxWaitIndirect=30</synopsis>
              <para>
                The MaxWaitIndirect parameter determines the maximum number of
                seconds between the time where a user chooses a host and the
                subsequent indirect query where the user is connected to the
                host.  When the timeout is exceeded, the information about the
                chosen host is forgotten and the indirect slot freed up for
                other displays.  The information may be forgotten earlier if
                there are more hosts trying to send indirect queries then
                <filename>MaxPendingIndirect</filename>.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </varlistentry>
        
          <varlistentry>
            <term>PingIntervalSeconds</term>
            <listitem>
              <synopsis>PingIntervalSeconds=60</synopsis>
              <para>
                If the Xserver does not respond in the specified number of
                seconds, then the connection is stopped and the session ended.
                When this happens the slave daemon dies with an ALARM signal.
                Note that GDM 2.20 and earlier multiplied this setting by 2,
                so it may be necessary to increase the timeout if upgrading
                from GDM 2.20 and earlier to a newer version.
              </para>

              <para>
                Note that GDM in the past used to have a
                <filename>PingInterval</filename> configuration key which was
                also in minutes.  For most purposes you'd want this setting
                to be lower than one minute. However since in most cases where
                XDMCP would be used (such as terminal labs), a lag of more
                than 15 or so seconds would really mean that the terminal was
                turned off or restarted and you would want to end the session.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </varlistentry>

          <varlistentry>
            <term>Port</term>
            <listitem>
              <synopsis>Port=177</synopsis>
              <para>
                The UDP port number <filename>gdm</filename> should listen to
                for XDMCP requests. Do not change this unless you know what
                you are doing.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </varlistentry>

          <varlistentry>
            <term>Willing</term>
            <listitem>
              <synopsis>Willing=&lt;etc&gt;/gdm/Xwilling</synopsis>
              <para>
                When the machine sends a WILLING packet back after a QUERY it
                sends a string that gives the current status of this server.
                The default message is the system ID, but it is possible to
                create a script that displays customized message.  If this
                script does not exist or this key is empty the default message
                is sent.  If this script succeeds and produces some output,
                the first line of it's output is sent (and only the first
                line).  It runs at most once every 3 seconds to prevent
                possible denial of service by flooding the machine with QUERY
                packets.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </varlistentry>
        </variablelist>
      </sect3>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="greeterconfiguration">
        <title>Simple Greeter Configuration</title>

        <para>
          The GDM default greeter is called the simple Greeter and is
          configured via GConf.  Default values are stored in GConf in the
          <filename>gdm-simple-greeter.schemas</filename> file.  These defaults
          can be overridden if the "gdm" user has a writable $HOME
          directory to store GConf settings.  These values can be edited using
          the <command>gconftool-2</command> or <command>gconf-editor</command>
          programs.  The following configuration options are supported:
        </para>

        <variablelist>
          <title>Greeter Configuration Keys</title>

          <varlistentry>
            <term>/apps/gdm/simple-greeter/banner_message_enable</term>
            <listitem>
              <synopsis>false (boolean)</synopsis>
              <para>
                Controls whether the banner message text is displayed.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </varlistentry>

          <varlistentry>
            <term>/apps/gdm/simple-greeter/banner_message_text</term>
            <listitem>
              <synopsis>NULL (string)</synopsis>
              <para>
                Specifies the text banner message to show on the greeter
                window.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </varlistentry>

          <varlistentry>
            <term>/apps/gdm/simple-greeter/disable_restart_buttons</term>
            <listitem>
              <synopsis>false (boolean)</synopsis>
              <para>
                Controls whether to show the restart buttons in the login
                window.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </varlistentry>

          <varlistentry>
            <term>/apps/gdm/simple-greeter/disable_user_list</term>
            <listitem>
              <synopsis>false (boolean)</synopsis>
              <para>
                If true, then the face browser with known users is not shown
                in the login window.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </varlistentry>

          <varlistentry>
            <term>/apps/gdm/simple-greeter/logo_icon_name</term>
            <listitem>
              <synopsis>computer (string)</synopsis>
              <para>
                Set to the themed icon name to use for the greeter logo.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </varlistentry>

          <varlistentry>
            <term>/apps/gdm/simple-greeter/recent-languages</term>
            <listitem>
              <synopsis>[] (string list)</synopsis>
              <para>
                Set to a list of languages to be shown by default in the login
                window.  Default value is "[]".  With the default setting only
                the system default language is shown and the option "Other..."
                which pops-up a dialog box showing a full list of available
                languages which the user can select.
              </para>

              <para>
                Users are not intended to change this setting by hand.  Instead
                GDM keeps track of any languages selected in this configuration
                key, and will show them in the language combo box along with
                the "Other..." choice.  This way, commonly selected languages
                are easier to select.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </varlistentry>

          <varlistentry>
            <term>/apps/gdm/simple-greeter/recent-layouts</term>
            <listitem>
              <synopsis>[] (string list)</synopsis>
              <para>
                Set to a list of keyboard layouts to be shown by default in the
                login panel.  Default value is "[]".  With the default setting
                only the system default keyboard layout is shown and the option
                "Other..." which pops-up a dialog box showing a full list of
                available keyboard layouts which the user can select.
              </para>

              <para>
                Users are not intended to change this setting by hand.  Instead
                GDM keeps track of any keyboard layouts selected in this
                configuration key, and will show them in the keyboard layout
                combo box along with the "Other..." choice.  This way, commonly
                selected keyboard layouts are easier to select.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </varlistentry>

          <varlistentry>
            <term>/apps/gdm/simple-greeter/wm_use_compiz</term>
            <listitem>
              <synopsis>false (boolean)</synopsis>
              <para>
                Controls whether compiz is used as the window manager instead
                of metacity.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </varlistentry>
        </variablelist>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="accessibilityconfiguration">
     <title>Accessibility Configuration</title>

      <para>
       This section describes the accessibility configuration options available
       in GDM.
      </para>

      <sect3 id="accessibilitydialog">
        <title>GDM Accessibility Dialog And GConf Keys</title>

        <para>
         The GDM greeter panel at the login screen displays an accessibility
         icon.  Clicking on that icon opens the GDM Accessibility Dialog.  In
         the GDM Accessibility Dialog, there is a list of checkboxes, so the
         user can enable or disable the associated assistive tools.
        </para>

        <para>
         The checkboxes that correspond to the on-screen keyboard, screen
         magnifier and screen reader assistive tools act on the three GConf
         keys that are described in the next section of this document. By
         enabling or disabling these checkboxes, the associated GConf key is
         set to "true" or "false".  When the GConf key is set to true, the 
         assistive tools linked to this GConf key are launched.  When the 
         GConf key is set to "false", any running assistive tool linked to
         this GConf key are terminated.  These GConf keys are not automatically
         reset to a default state after the user has logged in.  Consequently,
         the assistive tools that were running during the last GDM login
         session will automatically be launched at the next GDM login session.
        </para>

        <para>
         The other checkboxes in the GDM Accessibility Dialog do not have
         corresponding GConf keys because no additional program is launched to
         provide the accessibility features that they offer.  These other
         options correspond to accessibility features that are provided by the
         Xserver, which is always running during the GDM session.
        </para>
      </sect3>

      <sect3 id="accessibilitygconfconfiguration">
        <title>Accessibility GConf Keys</title>

        <para>
         GDM offers the following GConf keys to control its accessibility
         features:
        </para>

        <variablelist>
          <title>GDM Configuration Keys</title>

          <varlistentry>
            <term>/desktop/gnome/interface/accessibility</term>
            <listitem>
              <synopsis>false (boolean)</synopsis>
              <para>
                Controls whether the Accessibility infrastructure will be
                started with the GDM GUI.  This is needed for many
                accessibility technology programs to work.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </varlistentry>
          <varlistentry>
            <term>/desktop/gnome/applications/at/screen_magnifier_enabled</term>
            <listitem>
              <synopsis>false (boolean)</synopsis>
              <para>
                If set, then the assistive tools linked to this GConf key will
                be started with the GDM GUI program.  By default this is a
                screen magnifier application.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </varlistentry>
          <varlistentry>
            <term>/desktop/gnome/applications/at/screen_keyboard_enabled</term>
            <listitem>
              <synopsis>false (boolean)</synopsis>
              <para>
                If set, then the assistive tools linked to this GConf key will
                be started with the GDM GUI program.  By default this is an
                on-screen keyboard application.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </varlistentry>
          <varlistentry>
            <term>/desktop/gnome/applications/at/screen_reader_enabled</term>
            <listitem>
              <synopsis>false (boolean)</synopsis>
              <para>
                If set, then the assistive tools linked to this GConf key will
                be started with the GDM GUI program.  By default this is a
                screen reader application.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </varlistentry>
        </variablelist>
      </sect3>

      <sect3 id="accessibilitytoolsconfiguration">
        <title>Linking GConf Keys to Accessbility Tools</title>

        <para>
         For the screen_magnifier_enabled, the screen_keyboard_enabled, and the
         screen_reader_enabled GConf keys, the assistive tool which gets
         launched depends on the desktop files located in the GDM autostart
         directory as described in the "Autostart Configuration" section of
         this manual.  Any desktop file in the GDM autostart directory can be
         linked to these GConf key via specifying that GConf key in the
         AutostartCondition value in the desktop file.  So the exact
         AutostartCondition line in the desktop file could be one of the
         following:
        </para>

<screen>
AutostartCondition=GNOME /desktop/gnome/applications/at/screen_keyboard_enabled
AutostartCondition=GNOME /desktop/gnome/applications/at/screen_magnifier_enabled
AutostartCondition=GNOME /desktop/gnome/applications/at/screen_reader_enabled
</screen>

        <para>
         When an accessibility key is true, then any program which is linked to
         that key in a GDM autostart desktop file will be launched (unless the
         Hidden key is set to true in that desktop file).  A single GConf key
         can even start multiple assistive tools if there are multiple desktop
         files with this AutostartCondition in the GDM autostart directory.
        </para>
      </sect3>

      <sect3 id="accessibilitytoolexample">
        <title>Example Of Modifying Accessibility Tool Configuration</title>

        <para>
         For example, if GNOME is distributed with GOK as the default on-screen
         keyboard, then this could be replaced with a different program if
         desired.  To replace GOK with the on-screen keyboard application
         "onboard" and additionally activate the assistive tool "mousetweaks"
         for dwelling support, then the following configuration is needed.
        </para>

        <para>
         Create a desktop file for onboard and a second one for mousetweaks;
         for example, onboard.desktop and mousetweaks.desktop. These files
         must be placed in the GDM autostart directory and be in the format
         as explained in the "Autostart Configuration" section of this
         document.
        </para>

        <para>
         The following is an example <filename>onboard.desktop</filename> file:
        </para>

<screen>
[Desktop Entry]
Encoding=UTF-8
Name=Onboard Onscreen Keyboard
Comment=Use an on-screen keyboard
TryExec=onboard
Exec=onboard --size 500x180 -x 20 -y 10
Terminal=false
Type=Application
StartupNotify=true
Categories=GNOME;GTK;Accessibility;
AutostartCondition=GNOME /desktop/gnome/applications/at/screen_keyboard_enabled
</screen>

        <para>
         The following is an example <filename>mousetweaks.desktop</filename>
         file:
        </para>

<screen>
[Desktop Entry]
Encoding=UTF-8
Name=Software Mouse-Clicks
Comment=Perform clicks by dwelling with the pointer
TryExec=mousetweaks
Exec=mousetweaks --enable-dwell -m window -c -x 20 -y 240 
Terminal=false
Type=Application
StartupNotify=true
Categories=GNOME;GTK;Accessibility;
AutostartCondition=GNOME /desktop/gnome/applications/at/screen_keyboard_enabled
</screen>

        <para>
         Note the line with the AutostartCondition that links both desktop
         files to the GConf key for the on-screen keyboard.
        </para>

        <para>
         To disable GOK from starting, the desktop file for the GOK on-screen
         keyboard must be removed or deactivated.  Otherwise onboard and GOK
         would simultaneously be started.  This can be done by removing the
         gok.desktop file from the GDM autostart directory, or by adding the
         "Hidden=true" key setting to the gok.desktop file.
        </para>

        <para>
         After making these changes, GOK will no longer be started when the
         user activates the on-screen keyboard in the GDM session; but onboard
         and mousetweaks will instead be launched.
        </para>
      </sect3>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="generalsessionconfig">
      <title>General Session Settings</title>
<!--
<para>
          TODO - I think this section should be expanded upon.  What specific
                 keys are of interest, or would some users be likely to want
                 to configure?  Also, would be good to be more specific about
                 how lock down management is handled.
</para>
-->
        <para>
          The GDM Greeter uses some of the same framework that your desktop
          session will use. And so, it is influenced by a number of the same
          GConf settings. For each of these settings the Greeter will use the
          default value unless it is specifically overridden by a) GDM's
          installed mandatory policy b) system mandatory policy. GDM installs
          its own mandatory policy to lock down some settings for security.
        </para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="gnomesettingsdaemon">
      <title>GNOME Settings Daemon</title>
<!--
<para>
          TODO - I think this section should be expanded upon.  What specific
                 keys are of interest, or would some users be likely to want
                 to configure?  Also, would be good to give a more complete
                 list of plugins that users might want to consider disabling.
                 Also, shouldn't we list the sound/active key in the Greeter
                 configuration setting?  Oddly I do not find this key used
                 in anything but the chooser in SVN.
</para>
-->

        <para>
          GDM enables the following gnome-settings-daemon plugins:
          a11y-keyboard, background, sound, xsettings.
        </para>

        <para>
          These are responsible for things like the background image, font and
          theme settings, sound events, etc.
        </para>

        <para>
          Plugins can also be disabled using GConf. For example, if you want to
          disable the sound plugin then unset the following key:
          <filename>/apps/gdm/simple-greeter/settings-manager-plugins/sound/active</filename>.
        </para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="sessionconfig">
      <title>GDM Session Configuration</title>

      <para>
        GDM sessions are specified using the FreeDesktop.org Desktop Entry
        Specification, which can be referenced at the following URL:
        <ulink url="http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Specifications/desktop-entry-spec">
        http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Specifications/desktop-entry-spec</ulink>.
      </para>

      <para>
        By default, GDM will install desktop files in the
        <filename>&lt;share&gt;/xsessions</filename> directory.  GDM will
        search the following directories in this order to find desktop files:
        <filename>&lt;etc&gt;/X11/sessions/</filename>,
        <filename>&lt;dmconfdir&gt;/Sessions</filename>, 
        <filename>&lt;share&gt;/xsessions</filename>, and
        <filename>&lt;share&gt;/gdm/BuiltInSessions</filename>.  By default the
        <filename>&lt;dmconfdir&gt;</filename> is set to
        <filename>&lt;etc&gt;/dm/</filename> unless GDM is configured to use
        a different directory via the "--with-dmconfdir" option.
      </para>

      <para>
        A session can be disabled by editing the desktop file and adding a line
        as follows: <filename>Hidden=true</filename>.
      </para>

      <para>
        GDM desktop files support a GDM-specific extension, a key named
        "X-GDM-BypassXsession".  If the key is not specified in a
        desktop file, the value defaults to "false".  If this key is
        specified to be "true" in a desktop file, then GDM will
        launch the program specified by the desktop file "Exec" key
        directly when starting the user session.  It will not run the program
        via the <filename>&lt;etc&gt;/gdm/Xsession</filename> script, which is
        the normal behavior.  Since bypassing the
        <filename>&lt;etc&gt;/gdm/Xsession</filename> script avoids setting up
        the user session with the normal system and user settings, sessions
        started this way can be useful for debugging problems in the system or
        user scripts that might be preventing a user from being able to start
        a session.
      </para>

    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="userconfig">
      <title>GDM User Session and Language Configuration</title>
      <para>
        The user's default session and language choices are stored in the
        <filename>~/.dmrc</filename> file.  When a user logs in for the first
        time, this file is created with the user's initial choices.  The user
        can change these default values by simply changing to a different value
        when logging in.  GDM will remember this change for subsequent logins.
      </para>

      <para>
        The <filename>~/.dmrc</filename> file is in the standard
        <filename>INI</filename> format.  It has one section called
        <filename>[Desktop]</filename> which has two keys:
        <filename>Session</filename> and <filename>Language</filename>.
      </para>

      <para>
        The <filename>Session</filename> key specifies the basename of the
        session <filename>.desktop</filename> file that the user wishes to
        normally use without the <filename>.desktop</filename> extension.
        The <filename>Language</filename> key specifies the language that the
        user wishes to use by default.  If either of these keys is missing, the
        system default is used.  The file would normally look as follows:
      </para>

<screen>
[Desktop]
Session=gnome
Language=cs_CZ.UTF-8
</screen>
    </sect2>

  </sect1>

  <!-- ============= GDM Commands ============================= -->

  <sect1 id="binaries">
    <title>GDM Commands</title>

    <sect2 id="sbindir_binaries">
      <title>GDM Root User Commands</title>

      <para>
        The GDM package provides the following commands in
        <filename>sbindir</filename> intended to be run by the root user:
      </para>

      <sect3 id="gdmcommandline">
        <title><command>gdm</command> and <command>gdm-binary</command>
               Command Line Options</title>

        <para>
          The <command>gdm</command> command is really just a script which
          runs the <command>gdm-binary</command>, passing along any options.
          Before launching <command>gdm-binary</command>, the gdm wrapper
          script will source the <filename>&lt;etc&gt;/profile</filename> file
          to set the standard system environment variables.  In order to better
          support internationalization, it will also set the LC_MESSAGES
          environment variable to LANG if neither LC_MESSAGES or LC_ALL are
          set.  The <command>gdm-binary</command> is the actual GDM daemon.
        </para>

        <variablelist>
          <title><command>gdm</command> and <command>gdm-binary</command>
                 Command Line Options</title>

          <varlistentry>
            <term>-?, --help</term>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                Gives a brief overview of the command line options.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </varlistentry>

          <varlistentry>
            <term>--fatal-warnings</term>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                Make all warnings cause GDM to exit.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </varlistentry>

          <varlistentry>
            <term>--timed-exit</term>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                Exit after 30 seconds.  Useful for debugging.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </varlistentry>

          <varlistentry>
            <term>--version</term>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                Print the version of the GDM daemon.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </varlistentry>
        </variablelist>
      </sect3>

      <sect3 id="gdmrestartcommandline">
        <title><command>gdm-restart</command> Command Line Options</title>

        <para>
          <command>gdm-restart</command> stops and restarts GDM by sending
          the GDM daemon a HUP signal.  This command will immediately terminate
          all sessions and log out users currently logged in with GDM.
        </para>
      </sect3>

      <sect3 id="gdmsaferestartcommandline">
        <title><command>gdm-safe-restart</command> Command Line Options</title>
  
        <para>
          <command>gdm-safe-restart</command> stops and restarts GDM by
          sending the GDM daemon a USR1 signal.  GDM will be restarted as soon
          as all users log out.
        </para>
      </sect3>

      <sect3 id="gdmstopcommandline">
        <title><command>gdm-stop</command> Command Line Options</title>

        <para>
          <command>gdm-stop</command> stops GDM by sending the GDM daemon
          a TERM signal. 
        </para>
      </sect3>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <!-- ============= Troubleshooting =========================== -->

  <sect1 id="troubleshooting">
    <title>Troubleshooting</title>
<!--
<para>
      TODO - any other tips we should add?  Might be useful to highlight any
             common D-Bus configuration issues?
</para>
-->

    <para>
      This section discusses helpful tips for getting GDM working.  In general,
      if you have a problem using GDM, you can submit a bug or send an email
      to the gdm-list mailing list.  Information about how to do this is in
      the Introduction section of the document.
    </para>

    <para>
      If GDM is failing to work properly, it is always a good idea to include
      debug information.  To enable debugging, set the debug/Enable key to
      "true" in the <filename>&lt;etc&gt;/gdm/custom.conf</filename>
      file and restart GDM.  Then use GDM to the point where it fails, and
      debug output will be sent to the system log file
      (<filename>&lt;var&gt;/log/messages</filename> or
      <filename>&lt;var&gt;/adm/messages</filename> depending on your Operating
      System).  If you share this output with the GDM community via a bug
      report or email, please only include the GDM related debug information
      and not the entire file since it can be large.  If you do not see any
      GDM syslog output, you may need to configure syslog (refer to the
      <ulink type="help" url="man:syslog">syslog</ulink> man page).
    </para>

    <sect2 id="wontstart">
      <title>GDM Will Not Start</title>

      <para>
         There are a many problems that can cause GDM to fail to start, but
         this section will discuss a few common problems and how to approach
         tracking down a problem with GDM starting.   Some problems will 
         cause GDM to respond with an error message or dialog when it tries
         to start, but it can be difficult to track down problems when GDM
         fails silently.
      </para>

      <para>
         First make sure that the Xserver is configured properly.  The 
         GDM configuration file contains a command in the [server-Standard]
         section that is used for starting the Xserver.  Verify that this
         command works on your system.  Running this command from the 
         console should start the Xserver.  If it fails, then the problem
         is likely with your Xserver configuration.  Refer to your Xserver
         error log for an idea of what the problem may be.  The problem may
         also be that your Xserver requires different command-line options.
         If so, then modify the Xserver command in the GDM configuration file
         so that it is correct for your system.
      </para>

      <para>
         Also make sure that the <filename>/tmp</filename> directory has
         reasonable ownership and permissions, and that the machine's file
         system is not full.  These problems will cause GDM to fail to start.
      </para>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <!-- ============= Application License ============================= -->

  <sect1 id="license">
    <title>License</title>
    <para>
      This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
      modify it under the terms of the  <ulink type="help" url="gnome-help:gpl">
      <citetitle>GNU General Public License</citetitle></ulink> as
      published by the Free Software Foundation; 
      either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later
      version.
    </para>
    <para>
      This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
      WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
      MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
      <citetitle>GNU General Public License</citetitle> for more details.
    </para>
    <para>
      A copy of the <citetitle>GNU General Public License</citetitle> is
      included as an appendix to the <citetitle>GNOME Users
      Guide</citetitle>.  You may also obtain a copy of the
      <citetitle>GNU General Public License</citetitle> from the Free
      Software Foundation by visiting
      <ulink type="http" url="http://www.fsf.org">their Web site</ulink> or by
      writing to
      <address>
      Free Software Foundation, Inc.
      <street>51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor</street>
      <city>Boston</city>, <state>MA</state> <postcode>02110-1301</postcode>
      <country>USA</country>
      </address>
    </para>
  </sect1>
</article>
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