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# Kapitel 23. Using PHP from the command line

As of version 4.3, `PHP` supports a new `SAPI` type (Server Application Programming Interface) named `CLI` which means Command Line Interface. As the name implies, this `SAPI` type main focus is on developing shell (or desktop as well) applications with `PHP`. There are quite some differences between the `CLI SAPI` and other `SAPI`s which are further explained throughout this chapter.

The `CLI SAPI` was released for the first time with `PHP 4.2.0`, but was still experimental back then and had to be explicitely enabled with `--enable-cli` when running `./configure`. Since `PHP 4.3.0` the `CLI SAPI` is no longer experimental and is therefore always built and installed as the `php` (called `php.exe` on Windows) binary.

Remarkable differences of the `CLI SAPI` compared to other `SAPI`s:

- Unlike the `CGI SAPI`, no headers are written to the output.

  Though the `CGI SAPI` provies a way to suppress HTTP headers, there's not equivalent switch to enable them in the `CLI SAPI`.

  CLI is started up in quiet mode by default. But `-q` switch is kept for compatibility so that you can use older CGI scripts.

  It does not change the working directory to that of the script. (`-C` switch kept for compatibility)

  Plain text error messages (no HTML formatting).

- The are certain `php.ini` directives which are overriden by the `CLI SAPI` because they do not make sense in shell environments:

  Tabelle 23-1. Overriden `php.ini` directives

  Directive | `CLI SAPI` default value | Comment
  --- | --- | ---
  html_errors | `FALSE` | It can be quite hard to read the error message in your shell when it's cluttered with all those meaningless `HTML` tags, therefore this directive defaults to `FALSE`.
  implicit_flush | `TRUE` | It is desired that any output coming from print(), echo() and friends is immidiately written to the output and not cached in any buffer. You still can use output buffering if you want to defer or manipulate standard output.
  max_execution_time | 0 (unlimited) | Due to endless possibilities of using `PHP` in shell environments, the maximum execution time has been set to unlimited. Whereas applications written for the web are executed within splits of a seconds, shell application tend to have a much longer execution time.
  register_argc_argv | `TRUE` | The global `PHP` variables `$argc` (number of arguments passed to the application) and `$argv` (array of the actual arguments) are always registered and filled in with the appropriate values when using the `CLI SAPI`.

  > Anmerkung: These directives cannot be initialzied with another value from the configuration file `php.ini` or a custom one (if specified). This is a limitation because those default values are applied after all configuration files have been parsed. However, their value can be changed during runtime (which does not make sense for all of those directives, e.g. register_argc_argv).

- To ease working in the shell environment, the following constants are defined:

  Tabelle 23-2. CLI specific Constants

  Constant | Description
  --- | ---
  `STDIN` | An already opened stream to `stdin`. This saves opening it with
      $stdin = fopen('php://stdin', 'r');
  `STDOUT` | An already opened stream to `stdout`. This saves opening it with
      $stdout = fopen('php://stdout', 'w');
  `STDERR` | An already opened stream to `stdout`. This saves opening it with
      $stderr = fopen('php://stderr', 'w');

  Given the above, you don't need to open e.g. a stream for `stderr` yourself but simply use the constant instead of the stream resource:

      php -r 'fwrite(STDERR, "stderr\n");'

  You do not need to explicitly close these streams, this is automatically done by `PHP`.

- The `CLI SAPI` does not change the current directory to the directory of the executed script !

  Example showing the difference to the `CGI SAPI`:

      <?php
          /* Our simple test application */
          echo getcwd(), "\n";
      ?>

  When using the `CGI` version, the output is

      $ pwd
      /tmp

      $ php-cgi -f another_directory/test.php
      /tmp/another_directory

  This clearly shows that `PHP` changes its current directory to the one of the executed script.

  Using the `CLI SAPI` yields:

      $ pwd
      /tmp

      $ php -f another_directory/test.php
      /tmp

  This allows greater flexibility when writing shell tools in `PHP`.

  > Anmerkung: The `CGI SAPI` supports the `CLI SAPI` behaviour by means of the `-C` switch when ran from the command line.

The list of command line options provided by the `PHP` binary can be queried anytime by running `PHP` with the `-h` switch:

    Usage: php [options] [-f] <file> [args...]
           php [options] -r <code> [args...]
           php [options] [-- args...]
      -s               Display colour syntax highlighted source.
      -w               Display source with stripped comments and whitespace.
      -f <file>        Parse <file>.
      -v               Version number
      -c <path>|<file> Look for php.ini file in this directory
      -a               Run interactively
      -d foo[=bar]     Define INI entry foo with value 'bar'
      -e               Generate extended information for debugger/profiler
      -z <file>        Load Zend extension <file>.
      -l               Syntax check only (lint)
      -m               Show compiled in modules
      -i               PHP information
      -r <code>        Run PHP <code> without using script tags <?..?>
      -h               This help

      args...          Arguments passed to script. Use -- args when first argument
                       starts with - or script is read from stdin

The `CLI SAPI` has three different ways of getting the `PHP` code you want to execute:

1. Telling `PHP` to execute a certain file.

       php my_script.php

       php -f my_script.php

   Both ways (using the `-f` switch or not) execute the given file `my_script.php`. You can choose any file to execute, your `PHP` scripts do not have to end with the `.php` extension but can give them any name or extension you want them to have.

2. Pass the `PHP` code to execute directly on the command line.

       php -r 'print_r(get_defined_constants());'

   Special care has to be taken in regards of shell variable substitution and quoting usage.

   > Anmerkung: Read the example carefully, thera are no beginning or ending tags! The `-r` switch simply does not need them. Using them will lead to a parser error.

3. Provide the `PHP` code to execute via standard input (`stdin`).

   This gives the powerful ability to dynamically create `PHP` code and feed it to the binary, as shown in this (fictional) example:

       $ some_application | some_filter | php | sort -u >final_output.txt

You cannot combine any of the three ways to execute code.

Like every shell application, the `PHP` binary accepts a number of arguments but also your `PHP` script can receive them. The number of arguments which can be passed to your script is not limited by `PHP` (the shell has a certain size limit in numbers of characters which can be passed; usually you won't hit this limit). The arguments passed to your script are available in the global array `$argv`. The zero index always contains the script name (which is `-` in case the `PHP` code is coming from either standard input or from the command line switch `-r`). The second registered global variable is `$argc` which contains the number of elements in the `$argv` array (not the number of arguments passed to the script).

As long as the arguments you want to pass to your script do not start with the `-` character, there's nothing special to watch out for. Passing an argument to your script which starts with a `-` will cause trouble because `PHP` itself thinks it has to handle it. To prevent this use the argument list separator `--`. After the argument has been parsed by `PHP`, every argument following it is passed untoched/unparsed to your script.

    # This will not execute the given code but will show the PHP usage
    $ php -r 'var_dump($argv);' -h
    Usage: php [options] [-f] <file> [args...]
    [...]

    # This will pass the '-h' argument to your script and prevent PHP from showing it's usage
    $ php -r 'var_dump($argv);' -- -h
    array(2) {
      [0]=>
      string(1) "-"
      [1]=>
      string(2) "-h"
    }

However, there's another way of using `PHP` for shell scripting. You can write a script where the first line starts with `#!/usr/bin/php` and then following the normal `PHP` code included within the `PHP` starting and end tags and set the execution attributes of the file appropriately. This way it can be executed like a normal shell or perl script:

    #!/usr/bin/php
    <?php
        var_dump($argv);
    ?>

Assuming this file is named `test` in the current directory, we can now do the following:

    $ chmod 755 test
    $ ./test -h -- foo
    array(4) {
      [0]=>
      string(6) "./test"
      [1]=>
      string(2) "-h"
      [2]=>
      string(2) "--"
      [3]=>
      string(3) "foo"
    }

As you see no care has to be taken when passing parameters to your script which start with `-`.

Tabelle 23-3. Command line options

Option | Description
--- | ---
-s | Display colour syntax highlighted source. This option uses the internal mechanism to parse the file and produces a `HTML` highlighted version of it and writes it to standard output. Note that all it does it to generate a block of `<code> [...] </code>` `HTML` tags, no `HTML` headers. Anmerkung: This option does not work together with the `-r` option.
-w | Display source with stripped comments and whitespace. Anmerkung: This option does not work together with the `-r` option.
-f | Parses and executed the given filename to the `-f` option. This switch is optional and can be left out. Only providing the filename to execute is sufficient.
-v | Writes the PHP, PHP SAPI, and Zend version to standard output, e.g.
    $ php -v
    PHP 4.3.0-dev (cli), Copyright (c) 1997-2002 The PHP Group
    Zend Engine v1.2.1, Copyright (c) 1998-2002 Zend Technologies
-c | With this option one can either specify a directory where to look for `php.ini` or you can specify a custom `INI` file directly (which does not need to be named `php.ini`), e.g.:
    $ php -c /custom/directory/ my_script.php

    $ php -c /custom/directory/custom-file.ini my_script.php
-a | Runs PHP interactively.
-d | This option allows to set a custom value for any of the configuration directives allowed in `php.ini`. The syntax is:
    -d configuration_directive[=value]
Examples:
    # Ommiting the value part will set the given configuration directive to "1"
    $ php -d max_execution_time -r '$foo = ini_get("max_execution_time"); var_dump($foo);'
    string(1) "1"

    # Passing an empty value part will set the configuration directive to ""
    php -d max_execution_time= -r '$foo = ini_get("max_execution_time"); var_dump($foo);'
    string(0) ""

    # The configuration directive will be set to anything passed after the '=' character
    $  php -d max_execution_time=20 -r '$foo = ini_get("max_execution_time"); var_dump($foo);'
    string(2) "20"
    $  php -d max_execution_time=doesntmakesense -r '$foo = ini_get("max_execution_time"); var_dump($foo);'
    string(15) "doesntmakesense"
-e | Generate extended information for debugger/profiler.
-z | Load Zend extension. If only a filename is given, PHP tries to load this extension from the current default library path on your system (usually specified `/etc/ld.so.conf` on Linux systems). Passing a filename with an absolute path information will not use the systems library search path. A relative filename with a directory information will tell `PHP` only to try to load the extension relative to the current directory.
-l | This option provides a convenient way to only perform a syntax check on the given `PHP` code. On succes, the text `No syntax errors detected in <filename>` is written to standard output and the shell return code is `0`. On failure, the text `Errors parsing <filename>` in addition to the internal parser error message is written to standard output and the shell return code is set to `255`. This option won't find fatal errors (like undefined functions). Use `-f` if you would like to test for fatal errors too. Anmerkung: This option does not work together with the `-r` option.
-m | Using this option, PHP prints out the built in (and loaded) PHP and Zend modules:
    $ php -m
    [PHP Modules]
    xml
    tokenizer
    standard
    session
    posix
    pcre
    overload
    mysql
    mbstring
    ctype

    [Zend Modules]
-i | This command line option calls phpinfo(), and prints out the results. If `PHP` is not working well, it is advisable to make a `php -i` and see if any error messages are printed out before or in place of the information tables. Beware that the output is in `HTML` and therefore quite huge.
> -r | This option allows execution of `PHP` right from within the command line. The `PHP` start and end tags (`<?php` and `?>`) are not needed and will cause a parser errors. Anmerkung: Care has to be taken when using this form of `PHP` to not collide with command line variable substitution done by the shell. Example showing a parser error
>     $ php -r "$foo = get_defined_constants();"
>     Command line code(1) : Parse error - parse error, unexpected '='
> The problem here is that the sh/bash performs variable substritution even when using double quotes `"`. Since the variable `$foo` is unlikely to be defined, it expands to nothing which results in being the code passed to `PHP` for executin in fact reads:
>     $ php -r " = get_defined_constants();"
> The correct way would be to use single quotes `'`. variables in strings quoted with single quotes are not expanded by sh/bash.
>     $ php -r '$foo = get_defined_constants(); var_dump($foo);'
>     array(370) {
>       ["E_ERROR"]=>
>       int(1)
>       ["E_WARNING"]=>
>       int(2)
>       ["E_PARSE"]=>
>       int(4)
>       ["E_NOTICE"]=>
>       int(8)
>       ["E_CORE_ERROR"]=>
>       [...]
If you are using a shell different from sh/bash, you might experience further issues. Feel free to open a bug report or send a mail to phpdoc@lists.php.net. One still can easily run intro troubles when trying to get shell variables into the code or using backslashes for escaping. You've been warned.
-h | With this option, you can get information about the actual list of command line options and some one line descriptions about what they do.

The PHP executable can be used to run PHP scripts absolutely independent from the web server. If you are on a Unix system, you should add a special first line to your PHP script, and make it executable, so the system will know, what program should run the script. On a Windows platform you can associate `php.exe` with the double click option of the `.php` files, or you can make a batch file to run the script through PHP. The first line added to the script to work on Unix won't hurt on Windows, so you can write cross platform programs this way. A simple example of writing a command line PHP program can be found below.

Beispiel 23-1. Script intended to be run from command line (script.php)
    #!/usr/bin/php
    <?php

    if ($argc != 2 || in_array($argv[1], array('--help', '-help', '-h', '-?'))) {
    ?>

    This is a command line PHP script with one option.

      Usage:
      <?php echo $argv[0]; ?> <option>

      <option> can be some word you would like
      to print out. With the --help, -help, -h,
      or -? options, you can get this help.

    <?php
    } else {
        echo $argv[1];
    }
    ?>

In the script above, we used the special first line to indicate, that this file should be run by PHP. We work with a CLI version here, so there will be no HTTP header printouts. There are two variables you can use while writing command line applications with PHP: `$argc` and `$argv`. The first is the number of arguments plus one (the name of the script running). The second is an array containing the arguments, starting with the script name as number zero (`$argv[0]`).

In the program above we checked if there are less or more than one arguments. Also if the argument was `--help`, `-help`, `-h` or `-?`, we printed out the help message, printing the script name dynamically. If we received some other argument we echoed that out.

If you would like to run the above script on Unix, you need to make it executable, and simply call it as `script.php echothis` or `script.php -h`. On Windows, you can make a batch file for this task:

Beispiel 23-2. Batch file to run a command line PHP script (script.bat)
    @c:\php\php.exe script.php %1 %2 %3 %4

Assuming, you named the above program as `script.php`, and you have your `php.exe` in `c:\php\php.exe` this batch file will run it for you with your added options: `script.bat echothis` or `script.bat -h`.

See also the Readline extension documentation for more functions you can use to enhance your command line applications in PHP.

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