PERLEBCDIC(1)

NAME
perlebcdic - Considerations for running Perl on EBCDIC platforms

DESCRIPTION
An exploration of some of the issues facing Perl programmers on EBCDIC based computers. We do not cover localization, internationalization, or multi byte character set issues (yet).

Portions that are still incomplete are marked with XXX.

COMMON CHARACTER CODE SETS

  ASCII
The American Standard Code for Information Interchange is a set of integers running from 0 to 127 (decimal) that imply character interpretation by the display and other system(s) of computers. The range 0..127 can be covered by setting the bits in a 7-bit binary digit, hence the set is sometimes referred to as a "7-bit ASCII". ASCII was described by the American National Standards Institute document ANSI X3.4-1986. It was also described by ISO 646:1991 (with localization for currency symbols). The full ASCII set is given in the table below as the first 128 elements. Languages that can be written adequately with the characters in ASCII include English, Hawaiian, Indonesian, Swahili and some Native American languages.

There are many character sets that extend the range of integers from 0..2**7-1 up to 2**8-1, or 8 bit bytes (octets if you prefer). One common one is the ISO 8859-1 character set.

  ISO 8859
The ISO 8859-$n are a collection of character code sets from the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) each of which adds characters to the ASCII set that are typically found in European languages many of which are based on the Roman, or Latin, alphabet.

  Latin 1 (ISO 8859-1)
A particular 8-bit extension to ASCII that includes grave and acute accented Latin characters. Languages that can employ ISO 8859-1 include all the languages covered by ASCII as well as Afrikaans, Albanian, Basque, Catalan, Danish, Faroese, Finnish, Norwegian, Portugese, Spanish, and Swedish. Dutch is covered albeit without the ij ligature. French is covered too but without the oe ligature. German can use ISO 8859-1 but must do so without German-style quotation marks. This set is based on Western European extensions to ASCII and is commonly encountered in world wide web work. In IBM character code set identification terminology ISO 8859-1 is also known as CCSID 819 (or sometimes 0819 or even 00819).

  EBCDIC
The Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code refers to a large collection of slightly different single and multi byte coded character sets that are different from ASCII or ISO 8859-1 and typically run on host computers. The EBCDIC encodings derive from 8 bit byte extensions of Hollerith punched card encodings. The layout on the cards was such that high bits were set for the upper and lower case alphabet characters [a-z] and [A-Z], but there were gaps within each latin alphabet range.

Some IBM EBCDIC character sets may be known by character code set identification numbers (CCSID numbers) or code page numbers. Leading zero digits in CCSID numbers within this document are insignificant. E.g. CCSID 0037 may be referred to as 37 in places.

  13 variant characters
Among IBM EBCDIC character code sets there are 13 characters that are often mapped to different integer values. Those characters are known as the 13 "variant" characters and are:

    \ [ ] { } ^ ~ ! # | $ @ `

  0037
Character code set ID 0037 is a mapping of the ASCII plus Latin-1 characters (i.e. ISO 8859-1) to an EBCDIC set. 0037 is used in North American English locales on the OS/400 operating system that runs on AS/400 computers. CCSID 37 differs from ISO 8859-1 in 237 places, in other words they agree on only 19 code point values.

  1047
Character code set ID 1047 is also a mapping of the ASCII plus Latin-1 characters (i.e. ISO 8859-1) to an EBCDIC set. 1047 is used under Unix System Services for OS/390, and OpenEdition for VM/ESA. CCSID 1047 differs from CCSID 0037 in eight places.

  POSIX-BC
The EBCDIC code page in use on Siemens' BS2000 system is distinct from 1047 and 0037. It is identified below as the POSIX-BC set.

SINGLE OCTET TABLES
The following tables list the ASCII and Latin 1 ordered sets including the subsets: C0 controls (0..31), ASCII graphics (32..7e), delete (7f), C1 controls (80..9f), and Latin-1 (a.k.a. ISO 8859-1) (a0..ff). In the table non-printing control character names as well as the Latin 1 extensions to ASCII have been labelled with character names roughly corresponding to The Unicode Standard, Version 2.0 albeit with substitutions such as s/LATIN// and s/VULGAR// in all cases, s/CAPITAL LETTER// in some cases, and s/SMALL LETTER ([A-Z])/\l$1/ in some other cases (the "charnames" pragma names unfortunately do not list explicit names for the C0 or C1 control characters). The "names" of the C1 control set (128..159 in ISO 8859-1) listed here are somewhat arbitrary. The differences between the 0037 and 1047 sets are flagged with ***. The differences between the 1047 and POSIX-BC sets are flagged with ###. All ord() numbers listed are decimal. If you would rather see this table listing octal values then run the table (that is, the pod version of this document since this recipe may not work with a pod2_other_format translation) through:

recipe 0

    perl -ne 'if(/(.{33})(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)/)' \
     -e '{printf("%s%-9o%-9o%-9o%-9o\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5)}' perlebcdic.pod
If you would rather see this table listing hexadecimal values then run the table through:

recipe 1

    perl -ne 'if(/(.{33})(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)/)' \
     -e '{printf("%s%-9X%-9X%-9X%-9X\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5)}' perlebcdic.pod
                                 8859-1
    chr                          0819     0037     1047     POSIX-BC
    ----------------------------------------------------------------
    <NULL>                       0        0        0        0
    <START OF HEADING>           1        1        1        1
    <START OF TEXT>              2        2        2        2
    <END OF TEXT>                3        3        3        3
    <END OF TRANSMISSION>        4        55       55       55
    <ENQUIRY>                    5        45       45       45
    <ACKNOWLEDGE>                6        46       46       46
    <BELL>                       7        47       47       47
    <BACKSPACE>                  8        22       22       22
    <HORIZONTAL TABULATION>      9        5        5        5
    <LINE FEED>                  10       37       21       21  ***
    <VERTICAL TABULATION>        11       11       11       11
    <FORM FEED>                  12       12       12       12
    <CARRIAGE RETURN>            13       13       13       13
    <SHIFT OUT>                  14       14       14       14
    <SHIFT IN>                   15       15       15       15
    <DATA LINK ESCAPE>           16       16       16       16
    <DEVICE CONTROL ONE>         17       17       17       17
    <DEVICE CONTROL TWO>         18       18       18       18
    <DEVICE CONTROL THREE>       19       19       19       19
    <DEVICE CONTROL FOUR>        20       60       60       60
    <NEGATIVE ACKNOWLEDGE>       21       61       61       61
    <SYNCHRONOUS IDLE>           22       50       50       50
    <END OF TRANSMISSION BLOCK>  23       38       38       38
    <CANCEL>                     24       24       24       24
    <END OF MEDIUM>              25       25       25       25
    <SUBSTITUTE>                 26       63       63       63
    <ESCAPE>                     27       39       39       39
    <FILE SEPARATOR>             28       28       28       28
    <GROUP SEPARATOR>            29       29       29       29
    <RECORD SEPARATOR>           30       30       30       30
    <UNIT SEPARATOR>             31       31       31       31
    <SPACE>                      32       64       64       64
    !                            33       90       90       90
    "                            34       127      127      127
    #                            35       123      123      123
    $                            36       91       91       91
    %                            37       108      108      108
    &                            38       80       80       80
    '                            39       125      125      125
    (                            40       77       77       77
    )                            41       93       93       93
    *                            42       92       92       92
    +                            43       78       78       78
    ,                            44       107      107      107
    -                            45       96       96       96
    .                            46       75       75       75
    /                            47       97       97       97
    0                            48       240      240      240
    1                            49       241      241      241
    2                            50       242      242      242
    3                            51       243      243      243
    4                            52       244      244      244
    5                            53       245      245      245
    6                            54       246      246      246
    7                            55       247      247      247
    8                            56       248      248      248
    9                            57       249      249      249
    :                            58       122      122      122
    ;                            59       94       94       94
    <                            60       76       76       76
    =                            61       126      126      126
    >                            62       110      110      110
    ?                            63       111      111      111
    @                            64       124      124      124
    A                            65       193      193      193
    B                            66       194      194      194
    C                            67       195      195      195
    D                            68       196      196      196
    E                            69       197      197      197
    F                            70       198      198      198
    G                            71       199      199      199
    H                            72       200      200      200
    I                            73       201      201      201
    J                            74       209      209      209
    K                            75       210      210      210
    L                            76       211      211      211
    M                            77       212      212      212
    N                            78       213      213      213
    O                            79       214      214      214
    P                            80       215      215      215
    Q                            81       216      216      216
    R                            82       217      217      217
    S                            83       226      226      226
    T                            84       227      227      227
    U                            85       228      228      228
    V                            86       229      229      229
    W                            87       230      230      230
    X                            88       231      231      231
    Y                            89       232      232      232
    Z                            90       233      233      233
    [                            91       186      173      187 *** ###
    \                            92       224      224      188 ###
    ]                            93       187      189      189 ***
    ^                            94       176      95       106 *** ###
    _                            95       109      109      109
    `                            96       121      121      74  ###
    a                            97       129      129      129
    b                            98       130      130      130
    c                            99       131      131      131
    d                            100      132      132      132
    e                            101      133      133      133
    f                            102      134      134      134
    g                            103      135      135      135
    h                            104      136      136      136
    i                            105      137      137      137
    j                            106      145      145      145
    k                            107      146      146      146
    l                            108      147      147      147
    m                            109      148      148      148
    n                            110      149      149      149
    o                            111      150      150      150
    p                            112      151      151      151
    q                            113      152      152      152
    r                            114      153      153      153
    s                            115      162      162      162
    t                            116      163      163      163
    u                            117      164      164      164
    v                            118      165      165      165
    w                            119      166      166      166
    x                            120      167      167      167
    y                            121      168      168      168
    z                            122      169      169      169
    {                            123      192      192      251 ###
    |                            124      79       79       79
    }                            125      208      208      253 ###
    ~                            126      161      161      255 ###
    <DELETE>                     127      7        7        7
    <C1 0>                       128      32       32       32
    <C1 1>                       129      33       33       33
    <C1 2>                       130      34       34       34
    <C1 3>                       131      35       35       35
    <C1 4>                       132      36       36       36
    <C1 5>                       133      21       37       37  ***
    <C1 6>                       134      6        6        6
    <C1 7>                       135      23       23       23
    <C1 8>                       136      40       40       40
    <C1 9>                       137      41       41       41
    <C1 10>                      138      42       42       42
    <C1 11>                      139      43       43       43
    <C1 12>                      140      44       44       44
    <C1 13>                      141      9        9        9
    <C1 14>                      142      10       10       10
    <C1 15>                      143      27       27       27
    <C1 16>                      144      48       48       48
    <C1 17>                      145      49       49       49
    <C1 18>                      146      26       26       26
    <C1 19>                      147      51       51       51
    <C1 20>                      148      52       52       52
    <C1 21>                      149      53       53       53
    <C1 22>                      150      54       54       54
    <C1 23>                      151      8        8        8
    <C1 24>                      152      56       56       56
    <C1 25>                      153      57       57       57
    <C1 26>                      154      58       58       58
    <C1 27>                      155      59       59       59
    <C1 28>                      156      4        4        4
    <C1 29>                      157      20       20       20
    <C1 30>                      158      62       62       62
    <C1 31>                      159      255      255      95  ###
    <NON-BREAKING SPACE>         160      65       65       65
    <INVERTED EXCLAMATION MARK>  161      170      170      170
    <CENT SIGN>                  162      74       74       176 ###
    <POUND SIGN>                 163      177      177      177
    <CURRENCY SIGN>              164      159      159      159
    <YEN SIGN>                   165      178      178      178
    <BROKEN BAR>                 166      106      106      208 ###
    <SECTION SIGN>               167      181      181      181
    <DIAERESIS>                  168      189      187      121 *** ###
    <COPYRIGHT SIGN>             169      180      180      180
    <FEMININE ORDINAL INDICATOR> 170      154      154      154
    <LEFT POINTING GUILLEMET>    171      138      138      138
    <NOT SIGN>                   172      95       176      186 *** ###
    <SOFT HYPHEN>                173      202      202      202
    <REGISTERED TRADE MARK SIGN> 174      175      175      175
    <MACRON>                     175      188      188      161 ###
    <DEGREE SIGN>                176      144      144      144
    <PLUS-OR-MINUS SIGN>         177      143      143      143
    <SUPERSCRIPT TWO>            178      234      234      234
    <SUPERSCRIPT THREE>          179      250      250      250
    <ACUTE ACCENT>               180      190      190      190
    <MICRO SIGN>                 181      160      160      160
    <PARAGRAPH SIGN>             182      182      182      182
    <MIDDLE DOT>                 183      179      179      179
    <CEDILLA>                    184      157      157      157
    <SUPERSCRIPT ONE>            185      218      218      218
    <MASC. ORDINAL INDICATOR>    186      155      155      155
    <RIGHT POINTING GUILLEMET>   187      139      139      139
    <FRACTION ONE QUARTER>       188      183      183      183
    <FRACTION ONE HALF>          189      184      184      184
    <FRACTION THREE QUARTERS>    190      185      185      185
    <INVERTED QUESTION MARK>     191      171      171      171
    <A WITH GRAVE>               192      100      100      100
    <A WITH ACUTE>               193      101      101      101
    <A WITH CIRCUMFLEX>          194      98       98       98
    <A WITH TILDE>               195      102      102      102
    <A WITH DIAERESIS>           196      99       99       99
    <A WITH RING ABOVE>          197      103      103      103
    <CAPITAL LIGATURE AE>        198      158      158      158
    <C WITH CEDILLA>             199      104      104      104
    <E WITH GRAVE>               200      116      116      116
    <E WITH ACUTE>               201      113      113      113
    <E WITH CIRCUMFLEX>          202      114      114      114
    <E WITH DIAERESIS>           203      115      115      115
    <I WITH GRAVE>               204      120      120      120
    <I WITH ACUTE>               205      117      117      117
    <I WITH CIRCUMFLEX>          206      118      118      118
    <I WITH DIAERESIS>           207      119      119      119
    <CAPITAL LETTER ETH>         208      172      172      172
    <N WITH TILDE>               209      105      105      105
    <O WITH GRAVE>               210      237      237      237
    <O WITH ACUTE>               211      238      238      238
    <O WITH CIRCUMFLEX>          212      235      235      235
    <O WITH TILDE>               213      239      239      239
    <O WITH DIAERESIS>           214      236      236      236
    <MULTIPLICATION SIGN>        215      191      191      191
    <O WITH STROKE>              216      128      128      128
    <U WITH GRAVE>               217      253      253      224 ###
    <U WITH ACUTE>               218      254      254      254
    <U WITH CIRCUMFLEX>          219      251      251      221 ###
    <U WITH DIAERESIS>           220      252      252      252
    <Y WITH ACUTE>               221      173      186      173 *** ###
    <CAPITAL LETTER THORN>       222      174      174      174
    <SMALL LETTER SHARP S>       223      89       89       89
    <a WITH GRAVE>               224      68       68       68
    <a WITH ACUTE>               225      69       69       69
    <a WITH CIRCUMFLEX>          226      66       66       66
    <a WITH TILDE>               227      70       70       70
    <a WITH DIAERESIS>           228      67       67       67
    <a WITH RING ABOVE>          229      71       71       71
    <SMALL LIGATURE ae>          230      156      156      156
    <c WITH CEDILLA>             231      72       72       72
    <e WITH GRAVE>               232      84       84       84
    <e WITH ACUTE>               233      81       81       81
    <e WITH CIRCUMFLEX>          234      82       82       82
    <e WITH DIAERESIS>           235      83       83       83
    <i WITH GRAVE>               236      88       88       88
    <i WITH ACUTE>               237      85       85       85
    <i WITH CIRCUMFLEX>          238      86       86       86
    <i WITH DIAERESIS>           239      87       87       87
    <SMALL LETTER eth>           240      140      140      140
    <n WITH TILDE>               241      73       73       73
    <o WITH GRAVE>               242      205      205      205
    <o WITH ACUTE>               243      206      206      206
    <o WITH CIRCUMFLEX>          244      203      203      203
    <o WITH TILDE>               245      207      207      207
    <o WITH DIAERESIS>           246      204      204      204
    <DIVISION SIGN>              247      225      225      225
    <o WITH STROKE>              248      112      112      112
    <u WITH GRAVE>               249      221      221      192 ###
    <u WITH ACUTE>               250      222      222      222
    <u WITH CIRCUMFLEX>          251      219      219      219
    <u WITH DIAERESIS>           252      220      220      220
    <y WITH ACUTE>               253      141      141      141
    <SMALL LETTER thorn>         254      142      142      142
    <y WITH DIAERESIS>           255      223      223      223
If you would rather see the above table in CCSID 0037 order rather than ASCII + Latin-1 order then run the table through:

recipe 2

    perl -ne 'if(/.{33}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}/)'\
     -e '{push(@l,$_)}' \
     -e 'END{print map{$_->[0]}' \
     -e '          sort{$a->[1] <=> $b->[1]}' \
     -e '          map{[$_,substr($_,42,3)]}@l;}' perlebcdic.pod
If you would rather see it in CCSID 1047 order then change the digit 42 in the last line to 51, like this:

recipe 3

    perl -ne 'if(/.{33}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}/)'\
     -e '{push(@l,$_)}' \
     -e 'END{print map{$_->[0]}' \
     -e '          sort{$a->[1] <=> $b->[1]}' \
     -e '          map{[$_,substr($_,51,3)]}@l;}' perlebcdic.pod
If you would rather see it in POSIX-BC order then change the digit 51 in the last line to 60, like this:

recipe 4

    perl -ne 'if(/.{33}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}/)'\
     -e '{push(@l,$_)}' \
     -e 'END{print map{$_->[0]}' \
     -e '          sort{$a->[1] <=> $b->[1]}' \
     -e '          map{[$_,substr($_,60,3)]}@l;}' perlebcdic.pod

IDENTIFYING CHARACTER CODE SETS
To determine the character set you are running under from perl one could use the return value of ord() or chr() to test one or more character values. For example:

    $is_ascii  = "A" eq chr(65);
    $is_ebcdic = "A" eq chr(193);
Also, "\t" is a "HORIZONTAL TABULATION" character so that:

    $is_ascii  = ord("\t") == 9;
    $is_ebcdic = ord("\t") == 5;
To distinguish EBCDIC code pages try looking at one or more of the characters that differ between them. For example:

    $is_ebcdic_37   = "\n" eq chr(37);
    $is_ebcdic_1047 = "\n" eq chr(21);
Or better still choose a character that is uniquely encoded in any of the code sets, e.g.:

    $is_ascii           = ord('[') == 91;
    $is_ebcdic_37       = ord('[') == 186;
    $is_ebcdic_1047     = ord('[') == 173;
    $is_ebcdic_POSIX_BC = ord('[') == 187;
However, it would be unwise to write tests such as:

    $is_ascii = "\r" ne chr(13);  #  WRONG
    $is_ascii = "\n" ne chr(10);  #  ILL ADVISED
Obviously the first of these will fail to distinguish most ASCII machines from either a CCSID 0037, a 1047, or a POSIX-BC EBCDIC machine since "\r" eq chr(13) under all of those coded character sets. But note too that because "\n" is chr(13) and "\r" is chr(10) on the MacIntosh (which is an ASCII machine) the second "$is_ascii" test will lead to trouble there.

To determine whether or not perl was built under an EBCDIC code page you can use the Config module like so:

    use Config;
    $is_ebcdic = $Config{'ebcdic'} eq 'define';

CONVERSIONS

  tr///
In order to convert a string of characters from one character set to another a simple list of numbers, such as in the right columns in the above table, along with perl's tr/// operator is all that is needed. The data in the table are in ASCII order hence the EBCDIC columns provide easy to use ASCII to EBCDIC operations that are also easily reversed.

For example, to convert ASCII to code page 037 take the output of the second column from the output of recipe 0 (modified to add \\ characters) and use it in tr/// like so:

    $cp_037 =
    '\000\001\002\003\234\011\206\177\227\215\216\013\014\015\016\017' .
    '\020\021\022\023\235\205\010\207\030\031\222\217\034\035\036\037' .
    '\200\201\202\203\204\012\027\033\210\211\212\213\214\005\006\007' .
    '\220\221\026\223\224\225\226\004\230\231\232\233\024\025\236\032' .
    '\040\240\342\344\340\341\343\345\347\361\242\056\074\050\053\174' .
    '\046\351\352\353\350\355\356\357\354\337\041\044\052\051\073\254' .
    '\055\057\302\304\300\301\303\305\307\321\246\054\045\137\076\077' .
    '\370\311\312\313\310\315\316\317\314\140\072\043\100\047\075\042' .
    '\330\141\142\143\144\145\146\147\150\151\253\273\360\375\376\261' .
    '\260\152\153\154\155\156\157\160\161\162\252\272\346\270\306\244' .
    '\265\176\163\164\165\166\167\170\171\172\241\277\320\335\336\256' .
    '\136\243\245\267\251\247\266\274\275\276\133\135\257\250\264\327' .
    '\173\101\102\103\104\105\106\107\110\111\255\364\366\362\363\365' .
    '\175\112\113\114\115\116\117\120\121\122\271\373\374\371\372\377' .
    '\134\367\123\124\125\126\127\130\131\132\262\324\326\322\323\325' .
    '\060\061\062\063\064\065\066\067\070\071\263\333\334\331\332\237' ;
    my $ebcdic_string = $ascii_string;
    eval '$ebcdic_string =~ tr/\000-\377/' . $cp_037 . '/';
To convert from EBCDIC 037 to ASCII just reverse the order of the tr/// arguments like so:

    my $ascii_string = $ebcdic_string;
    eval '$ascii_string = tr/' . $cp_037 . '/\000-\377/';
Similarly one could take the output of the third column from recipe 0 to obtain a "$cp_1047" table. The fourth column of the output from recipe 0 could provide a "$cp_posix_bc" table suitable for transcoding as well.

  iconv
XPG operability often implies the presence of an iconv utility available from the shell or from the C library. Consult your system's documentation for information on iconv.

On OS/390 see the iconv(1) man page. One way to invoke the iconv shell utility from within perl would be to:

    # OS/390 example
    $ascii_data = `echo '$ebcdic_data'| iconv -f IBM-1047 -t ISO8859-1`
or the inverse map:

    # OS/390 example
    $ebcdic_data = `echo '$ascii_data'| iconv -f ISO8859-1 -t IBM-1047`
For other perl based conversion options see the Convert::* modules on CPAN.

  C RTL
The OS/390 C run time library provides _atoe() and _etoa() functions.

OPERATOR DIFFERENCES
The ".." range operator treats certain character ranges with care on EBCDIC machines. For example the following array will have twenty six elements on either an EBCDIC machine or an ASCII machine:

    @alphabet = ('A'..'Z');   #  $#alphabet == 25
The bitwise operators such as & ^ | may return different results when operating on string or character data in a perl program running on an EBCDIC machine than when run on an ASCII machine. Here is an example adapted from the one in the perlop manpage:

    # EBCDIC-based examples
    print "j p \n" ^ " a h";                      # prints "JAPH\n"
    print "JA" | "  ph\n";                        # prints "japh\n"
    print "JAPH\nJunk" & "\277\277\277\277\277";  # prints "japh\n";
    print 'p N$' ^ " E<H\n";                      # prints "Perl\n";
An interesting property of the 32 C0 control characters in the ASCII table is that they can "literally" be constructed as control characters in perl, e.g. "(chr(0) eq "\c@")" "(chr(1) eq "\cA")", and so on. Perl on EBCDIC machines has been ported to take "\c@" to chr(0) and "\cA" to chr(1) as well, but the thirty three characters that result depend on which code page you are using. The table below uses the character names from the previous table but with substitutions such as s/START OF/S.O./; s/END OF /E.O./; s/TRANSMISSION/TRANS./; s/TABULATION/TAB./; s/VERTICAL/VERT./; s/HORIZONTAL/HORIZ./; s/DEVICE CONTROL/D.C./; s/SEPARATOR/SEP./; s/NEGATIVE ACKNOWLEDGE/NEG. ACK./;. The POSIX-BC and 1047 sets are identical throughout this range and differ from the 0037 set at only one spot (21 decimal). Note that the "LINE FEED" character may be generated by "\cJ" on ASCII machines but by "\cU" on 1047 or POSIX-BC machines and cannot be generated as a ""\c.letter."" control character on 0037 machines. Note also that "\c\\" maps to two characters not one.

    chr   ord  8859-1               0037                1047 && POSIX-BC
    ------------------------------------------------------------------------
    "\c?" 127  <DELETE>             "                   "              ***><
    "\c@"   0  <NULL>               <NULL>              <NULL>         ***><
    "\cA"   1  <S.O. HEADING>       <S.O. HEADING>      <S.O. HEADING>
    "\cB"   2  <S.O. TEXT>          <S.O. TEXT>         <S.O. TEXT>
    "\cC"   3  <E.O. TEXT>          <E.O. TEXT>         <E.O. TEXT>
    "\cD"   4  <E.O. TRANS.>        <C1 28>             <C1 28>
    "\cE"   5  <ENQUIRY>            <HORIZ. TAB.>       <HORIZ. TAB.>
    "\cF"   6  <ACKNOWLEDGE>        <C1 6>              <C1 6>
    "\cG"   7  <BELL>               <DELETE>            <DELETE>
    "\cH"   8  <BACKSPACE>          <C1 23>             <C1 23>
    "\cI"   9  <HORIZ. TAB.>        <C1 13>             <C1 13>
    "\cJ"  10  <LINE FEED>          <C1 14>             <C1 14>
    "\cK"  11  <VERT. TAB.>         <VERT. TAB.>        <VERT. TAB.>
    "\cL"  12  <FORM FEED>          <FORM FEED>         <FORM FEED>
    "\cM"  13  <CARRIAGE RETURN>    <CARRIAGE RETURN>   <CARRIAGE RETURN>
    "\cN"  14  <SHIFT OUT>          <SHIFT OUT>         <SHIFT OUT>
    "\cO"  15  <SHIFT IN>           <SHIFT IN>          <SHIFT IN>
    "\cP"  16  <DATA LINK ESCAPE>   <DATA LINK ESCAPE>  <DATA LINK ESCAPE>
    "\cQ"  17  <D.C. ONE>           <D.C. ONE>          <D.C. ONE>
    "\cR"  18  <D.C. TWO>           <D.C. TWO>          <D.C. TWO>
    "\cS"  19  <D.C. THREE>         <D.C. THREE>        <D.C. THREE>
    "\cT"  20  <D.C. FOUR>          <C1 29>             <C1 29>
    "\cU"  21  <NEG. ACK.>          <C1 5>              <LINE FEED>    ***
    "\cV"  22  <SYNCHRONOUS IDLE>   <BACKSPACE>         <BACKSPACE>
    "\cW"  23  <E.O. TRANS. BLOCK>  <C1 7>              <C1 7>
    "\cX"  24  <CANCEL>             <CANCEL>            <CANCEL>
    "\cY"  25  <E.O. MEDIUM>        <E.O. MEDIUM>       <E.O. MEDIUM>
    "\cZ"  26  <SUBSTITUTE>         <C1 18>             <C1 18>
    "\c["  27  <ESCAPE>             <C1 15>             <C1 15>
    "\c\\" 28  <FILE SEP.>\         <FILE SEP.>\        <FILE SEP.>\
    "\c]"  29  <GROUP SEP.>         <GROUP SEP.>        <GROUP SEP.>
    "\c^"  30  <RECORD SEP.>        <RECORD SEP.>       <RECORD SEP.>  ***><
    "\c_"  31  <UNIT SEP.>          <UNIT SEP.>         <UNIT SEP.>    ***><

FUNCTION DIFFERENCES

chr()
    chr() must be given an EBCDIC code number argument to yield a desired character return value on an EBCDIC machine. For example:

        $CAPITAL_LETTER_A = chr(193);

ord()
    ord() will return EBCDIC code number values on an EBCDIC machine. For example:

        $the_number_193 = ord("A");

pack()
    The c and C templates for pack() are dependent upon character set encoding. Examples of usage on EBCDIC include:

        $foo = pack("CCCC",193,194,195,196);
        # $foo eq "ABCD"
        $foo = pack("C4",193,194,195,196);
        # same thing
        $foo = pack("ccxxcc",193,194,195,196);
        # $foo eq "AB\0\0CD"

print()
    One must be careful with scalars and strings that are passed to print that contain ASCII encodings. One common place for this to occur is in the output of the MIME type header for CGI script writing. For example, many perl programming guides recommend something similar to:

        print "Content-type:\ttext/html\015\012\015\012";
        # this may be wrong on EBCDIC
    Under the IBM OS/390 USS Web Server for example you should instead write that as:

        print "Content-type:\ttext/html\r\n\r\n"; # OK for DGW et alia
    That is because the translation from EBCDIC to ASCII is done by the web server in this case (such code will not be appropriate for the Macintosh however). Consult your web server's documentation for further details.

printf()
    The formats that can convert characters to numbers and vice versa will be different from their ASCII counterparts when executed on an EBCDIC machine. Examples include:

        printf("%c%c%c",193,194,195);  # prints ABC

sort()
    EBCDIC sort results may differ from ASCII sort results especially for mixed case strings. This is discussed in more detail below.

sprintf()
    See the discussion of printf() above. An example of the use of sprintf would be:

        $CAPITAL_LETTER_A = sprintf("%c",193);

unpack()
    See the discussion of pack() above.

REGULAR EXPRESSION DIFFERENCES
As of perl 5.005_03 the letter range regular expression such as [A-Z] and [a-z] have been especially coded to not pick up gap characters. For example, characters such as o "o WITH CIRCUMFLEX" that lie between I and J would not be matched by the regular expression range "/[H-K]/".

If you do want to match the alphabet gap characters in a single octet regular expression try matching the hex or octal code such as "/\313/" on EBCDIC or "/\364/" on ASCII machines to have your regular expression match "o WITH CIRCUMFLEX".

Another construct to be wary of is the inappropriate use of hex or octal constants in regular expressions. Consider the following set of subs:

    sub is_c0 {
        my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
        $char =~ /[\000-\037]/;
    }
    sub is_print_ascii {
        my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
        $char =~ /[\040-\176]/;
    }
    sub is_delete {
        my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
        $char eq "\177";
    }
    sub is_c1 {
        my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
        $char =~ /[\200-\237]/;
    }
    sub is_latin_1 {
        my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
        $char =~ /[\240-\377]/;
    }
The above would be adequate if the concern was only with numeric code points. However, the concern may be with characters rather than code points and on an EBCDIC machine it may be desirable for constructs such as "if (is_print_ascii("A")) {print "A is a printable character\n";}" to print out the expected message. One way to represent the above collection of character classification subs that is capable of working across the four coded character sets discussed in this document is as follows:

    sub Is_c0 {
        my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
        if (ord('^')==94)  { # ascii
            return $char =~ /[\000-\037]/;
        }
        if (ord('^')==176) { # 37
            return $char =~ /[\000-\003\067\055-\057\026\005\045\013-\023\074\075\062\046\030\031\077\047\034-\037]/;
        }
        if (ord('^')==95 || ord('^')==106) { # 1047 || posix-bc
            return $char =~ /[\000-\003\067\055-\057\026\005\025\013-\023\074\075\062\046\030\031\077\047\034-\037]/;
        }
    }
    sub Is_print_ascii {
        my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
        $char =~ /[ !"\#\$%&'()*+,\-.\/0-9:;<=>?\@A-Z[\\\]^_`a-z{|}~]/;
    }
    sub Is_delete {
        my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
        if (ord('^')==94)  { # ascii
            return $char eq "\177";
        }
        else  {              # ebcdic
            return $char eq "\007";
        }
    }
    sub Is_c1 {
        my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
        if (ord('^')==94)  { # ascii
            return $char =~ /[\200-\237]/;
        }
        if (ord('^')==176) { # 37
            return $char =~ /[\040-\044\025\006\027\050-\054\011\012\033\060\061\032\063-\066\010\070-\073\040\024\076\377]/;
        }
        if (ord('^')==95)  { # 1047
            return $char =~ /[\040-\045\006\027\050-\054\011\012\033\060\061\032\063-\066\010\070-\073\040\024\076\377]/;
        }
        if (ord('^')==106) { # posix-bc
            return $char =~
              /[\040-\045\006\027\050-\054\011\012\033\060\061\032\063-\066\010\070-\073\040\024\076\137]/;
        }
    }
    sub Is_latin_1 {
        my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
        if (ord('^')==94)  { # ascii
            return $char =~ /[\240-\377]/;
        }
        if (ord('^')==176) { # 37
            return $char =~
              /[\101\252\112\261\237\262\152\265\275\264\232\212\137\312\257\274\220\217\352\372\276\240\266\263\235\332\233\213\267\270\271\253\144\145\142\146\143\147\236\150\164\161-\163\170\165-\167\254\151\355\356\353\357\354\277\200\375\376\373\374\255\256\131\104\105\102\106\103\107\234\110\124\121-\123\130\125-\127\214\111\315\316\313\317\314\341\160\335\336\333\334\215\216\337]/;
        }
        if (ord('^')==95)  { # 1047
            return $char =~
              /[\101\252\112\261\237\262\152\265\273\264\232\212\260\312\257\274\220\217\352\372\276\240\266\263\235\332\233\213\267\270\271\253\144\145\142\146\143\147\236\150\164\161-\163\170\165-\167\254\151\355\356\353\357\354\277\200\375\376\373\374\272\256\131\104\105\102\106\103\107\234\110\124\121-\123\130\125-\127\214\111\315\316\313\317\314\341\160\335\336\333\334\215\216\337]/;
        }
        if (ord('^')==106) { # posix-bc
            return $char =~
              /[\101\252\260\261\237\262\320\265\171\264\232\212\272\312\257\241\220\217\352\372\276\240\266\263\235\332\233\213\267\270\271\253\144\145\142\146\143\147\236\150\164\161-\163\170\165-\167\254\151\355\356\353\357\354\277\200\340\376\335\374\255\256\131\104\105\102\106\103\107\234\110\124\121-\123\130\125-\127\214\111\315\316\313\317\314\341\160\300\336\333\334\215\216\337]/;
        }
    }
Note however that only the "Is_ascii_print()" sub is really independent of coded character set. Another way to write "Is_latin_1()" would be to use the characters in the range explicitly:

    sub Is_latin_1 {
        my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
        $char =~ /[ ¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬­®¯°±²³´µ¶·¸¹º»¼½¾¿ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈÉÊËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùúûüýþÿ]/;
    }
Although that form may run into trouble in network transit (due to the presence of 8 bit characters) or on non ISO-Latin character sets.

SOCKETS
Most socket programming assumes ASCII character encodings in network byte order. Exceptions can include CGI script writing under a host web server where the server may take care of translation for you. Most host web servers convert EBCDIC data to ISO-8859-1 or Unicode on output.

SORTING
One big difference between ASCII based character sets and EBCDIC ones are the relative positions of upper and lower case letters and the letters compared to the digits. If sorted on an ASCII based machine the two letter abbreviation for a physician comes before the two letter for drive, that is:

    @sorted = sort(qw(Dr. dr.));  # @sorted holds ('Dr.','dr.') on ASCII,
                                  # but ('dr.','Dr.') on EBCDIC
The property of lower case before uppercase letters in EBCDIC is even carried to the Latin 1 EBCDIC pages such as 0037 and 1047. An example would be that Ee "E WITH DIAERESIS" (203) comes before ee "e WITH DIAERESIS" (235) on an ASCII machine, but the latter (83) comes before the former (115) on an EBCDIC machine. (Astute readers will note that the upper case version of ss "SMALL LETTER SHARP S" is simply "SS" and that the upper case version of ye "y WITH DIAERESIS" is not in the 0..255 range but it is at U+x0178 in Unicode, or ""\x{178}"" in a Unicode enabled Perl).

The sort order will cause differences between results obtained on ASCII machines versus EBCDIC machines. What follows are some suggestions on how to deal with these differences.

  Ignore ASCII vs. EBCDIC sort differences.
This is the least computationally expensive strategy. It may require some user education.

  MONO CASE then sort data.
In order to minimize the expense of mono casing mixed test try to "tr///" towards the character set case most employed within the data. If the data are primarily UPPERCASE non Latin 1 then apply tr/[a-z]/[A-Z]/ then sort(). If the data are primarily lowercase non Latin 1 then apply tr/[A-Z]/[a-z]/ before sorting. If the data are primarily UPPERCASE and include Latin-1 characters then apply:

    tr/[a-z]/[A-Z]/;
    tr/[àáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõöøùúûüýþ]/[ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈÉÊËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖØÙÚÛÜÝÞ]/;
    s/ß/SS/g;
then sort(). Do note however that such Latin-1 manipulation does not address the ye "y WITH DIAERESIS" character that will remain at code point 255 on ASCII machines, but 223 on most EBCDIC machines where it will sort to a place less than the EBCDIC numerals. With a Unicode enabled Perl you might try:

    tr/^?/\x{178}/;
The strategy of mono casing data before sorting does not preserve the case of the data and may not be acceptable for that reason.

  Convert, sort data, then re convert.
This is the most expensive proposition that does not employ a network connection.

  Perform sorting on one type of machine only.
This strategy can employ a network connection. As such it would be computationally expensive.

TRANFORMATION FORMATS
There are a variety of ways of transforming data with an intra character set mapping that serve a variety of purposes. Sorting was discussed in the previous section and a few of the other more popular mapping techniques are discussed next.

  URL decoding and encoding
Note that some URLs have hexadecimal ASCII code points in them in an attempt to overcome character or protocol limitation issues. For example the tilde character is not on every keyboard hence a URL of the form:

    http://www.pvhp.com/~pvhp/
may also be expressed as either of:

    http://www.pvhp.com/%7Epvhp/
    http://www.pvhp.com/%7epvhp/
where 7E is the hexadecimal ASCII code point for '~'. Here is an example of decoding such a URL under CCSID 1047:

    $url = 'http://www.pvhp.com/%7Epvhp/';
    # this array assumes code page 1047
    my @a2e_1047 = (
          0,  1,  2,  3, 55, 45, 46, 47, 22,  5, 21, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15,
         16, 17, 18, 19, 60, 61, 50, 38, 24, 25, 63, 39, 28, 29, 30, 31,
         64, 90,127,123, 91,108, 80,125, 77, 93, 92, 78,107, 96, 75, 97,
        240,241,242,243,244,245,246,247,248,249,122, 94, 76,126,110,111,
        124,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,209,210,211,212,213,214,
        215,216,217,226,227,228,229,230,231,232,233,173,224,189, 95,109,
        121,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,145,146,147,148,149,150,
        151,152,153,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,192, 79,208,161,  7,
         32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37,  6, 23, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44,  9, 10, 27,
         48, 49, 26, 51, 52, 53, 54,  8, 56, 57, 58, 59,  4, 20, 62,255,
         65,170, 74,177,159,178,106,181,187,180,154,138,176,202,175,188,
        144,143,234,250,190,160,182,179,157,218,155,139,183,184,185,171,
        100,101, 98,102, 99,103,158,104,116,113,114,115,120,117,118,119,
        172,105,237,238,235,239,236,191,128,253,254,251,252,186,174, 89,
         68, 69, 66, 70, 67, 71,156, 72, 84, 81, 82, 83, 88, 85, 86, 87,
        140, 73,205,206,203,207,204,225,112,221,222,219,220,141,142,223
    );
    $url =~ s/%([0-9a-fA-F]{2})/pack("c",$a2e_1047[hex($1)])/ge;
Conversely, here is a partial solution for the task of encoding such a URL under the 1047 code page:

    $url = 'http://www.pvhp.com/~pvhp/';
    # this array assumes code page 1047
    my @e2a_1047 = (
          0,  1,  2,  3,156,  9,134,127,151,141,142, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15,
         16, 17, 18, 19,157, 10,  8,135, 24, 25,146,143, 28, 29, 30, 31,
        128,129,130,131,132,133, 23, 27,136,137,138,139,140,  5,  6,  7,
        144,145, 22,147,148,149,150,  4,152,153,154,155, 20, 21,158, 26,
         32,160,226,228,224,225,227,229,231,241,162, 46, 60, 40, 43,124,
         38,233,234,235,232,237,238,239,236,223, 33, 36, 42, 41, 59, 94,
         45, 47,194,196,192,193,195,197,199,209,166, 44, 37, 95, 62, 63,
        248,201,202,203,200,205,206,207,204, 96, 58, 35, 64, 39, 61, 34,
        216, 97, 98, 99,100,101,102,103,104,105,171,187,240,253,254,177,
        176,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,170,186,230,184,198,164,
        181,126,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,161,191,208, 91,222,174,
        172,163,165,183,169,167,182,188,189,190,221,168,175, 93,180,215,
        123, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73,173,244,246,242,243,245,
        125, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82,185,251,252,249,250,255,
         92,247, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90,178,212,214,210,211,213,
         48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57,179,219,220,217,218,159
    );
    # The following regular expression does not address the
    # mappings for: ('.' => '%2E', '/' => '%2F', ':' => '%3A')
    $url =~ s/([\t "#%&\(\),;<=>\?\@\[\\\]^`{|}~])/sprintf("%%%02X",$e2a_1047[ord($1)])/ge;
where a more complete solution would split the URL into components and apply a full s/// substitution only to the appropriate parts.

In the remaining examples a @e2a or @a2e array may be employed but the assignment will not be shown explicitly. For code page 1047 you could use the @a2e_1047 or @e2a_1047 arrays just shown.

  uu encoding and decoding
The "u" template to pack() or unpack() will render EBCDIC data in EBCDIC characters equivalent to their ASCII counterparts. For example, the following will print "Yes indeed\n" on either an ASCII or EBCDIC computer:

    $all_byte_chrs = '';
    for (0..255) { $all_byte_chrs .= chr($_); }
    $uuencode_byte_chrs = pack('u', $all_byte_chrs);
    ($uu = <<'    ENDOFHEREDOC') =~ s/^\s*//gm;
    M``$"`P0%!@<("0H+#`T.#Q`1$A,4%187&!D:&QP='A\@(2(C)"4F)R@I*BLL
    M+2XO,#$R,S0U-C<X.3H[/#T^/T!!0D-$149'2$E*2TQ-3D]045)35%565UA9
    M6EM<75Y?8&%B8V1E9F=H:6IK;&UN;W!Q<G-T=79W>'EZ>WQ]?G^`@8*#A(6&
    MAXB)BHN,C8Z/D)&2DY25EI>8F9J;G)V>GZ"AHJ.DI::GJ*FJJZRMKJ^PL;*S
    MM+6VM[BYNKN\O;Z_P,'"P\3%QL?(R<K+S,W.S]#1TM/4U=;7V-G:V]S=WM_@
    ?X>+CY.7FY^CIZNOL[>[O\/'R\_3U]O?X^?K[_/W^_P``
    ENDOFHEREDOC
    if ($uuencode_byte_chrs eq $uu) {
        print "Yes ";
    }
    $uudecode_byte_chrs = unpack('u', $uuencode_byte_chrs);
    if ($uudecode_byte_chrs eq $all_byte_chrs) {
        print "indeed\n";
    }
Here is a very spartan uudecoder that will work on EBCDIC provided that the @e2a array is filled in appropriately:

    #!/usr/local/bin/perl
    @e2a = ( # this must be filled in
           );
    $_ = <> until ($mode,$file) = /^begin\s*(\d*)\s*(\S*)/;
    open(OUT, "> $file") if $file ne "";
    while(<>) {
        last if /^end/;
        next if /[a-z]/;
        next unless int(((($e2a[ord()] - 32 ) & 077) + 2) / 3) ==
            int(length() / 4);
        print OUT unpack("u", $_);
    }
    close(OUT);
    chmod oct($mode), $file;

  Quoted-Printable encoding and decoding
On ASCII encoded machines it is possible to strip characters outside of the printable set using:

    # This QP encoder works on ASCII only
    $qp_string =~ s/([=\x00-\x1F\x80-\xFF])/sprintf("=%02X",ord($1))/ge;
Whereas a QP encoder that works on both ASCII and EBCDIC machines would look somewhat like the following (where the EBCDIC branch @e2a array is omitted for brevity):

    if (ord('A') == 65) {    # ASCII
        $delete = "\x7F";    # ASCII
        @e2a = (0 .. 255)    # ASCII to ASCII identity map
    }
    else {                   # EBCDIC
        $delete = "\x07";    # EBCDIC
        @e2a =               # EBCDIC to ASCII map (as shown above)
    }
    $qp_string =~
      s/([^ !"\#\$%&'()*+,\-.\/0-9:;<>?\@A-Z[\\\]^_`a-z{|}~$delete])/sprintf("=%02X",$e2a[ord($1)])/ge;
(although in production code the substitutions might be done in the EBCDIC branch with the @e2a array and separately in the ASCII branch without the expense of the identity map).

Such QP strings can be decoded with:

    # This QP decoder is limited to ASCII only
    $string =~ s/=([0-9A-Fa-f][0-9A-Fa-f])/chr hex $1/ge;
    $string =~ s/=[\n\r]+$//;
Whereas a QP decoder that works on both ASCII and EBCDIC machines would look somewhat like the following (where the @a2e array is omitted for brevity):

    $string =~ s/=([0-9A-Fa-f][0-9A-Fa-f])/chr $a2e[hex $1]/ge;
    $string =~ s/=[\n\r]+$//;

  Caesarian cyphers
The practice of shifting an alphabet one or more characters for encipherment dates back thousands of years and was explicitly detailed by Gaius Julius Caesar in his Gallic Wars text. A single alphabet shift is sometimes referred to as a rotation and the shift amount is given as a number $n after the string 'rot' or "rot$n". Rot0 and rot26 would designate identity maps on the 26 letter English version of the Latin alphabet. Rot13 has the interesting property that alternate subsequent invocations are identity maps (thus rot13 is its own non-trivial inverse in the group of 26 alphabet rotations). Hence the following is a rot13 encoder and decoder that will work on ASCII and EBCDIC machines:

    #!/usr/local/bin/perl
    while(<>){
        tr/n-za-mN-ZA-M/a-zA-Z/;
        print;
    }
In one-liner form:

    perl -ne 'tr/n-za-mN-ZA-M/a-zA-Z/;print'

Hashing order and checksums
XXX

I18N AND L10N
Internationalization(I18N) and localization(L10N) are supported at least in principle even on EBCDIC machines. The details are system dependent and discussed under the the OS ISSUES entry in the perlebcdic manpage section below.

MULTI OCTET CHARACTER SETS
Multi byte EBCDIC code pages; Unicode, UTF-8, UTF-EBCDIC, XXX.

OS ISSUES
There may be a few system dependent issues of concern to EBCDIC Perl programmers.

  OS/400
The PASE environment.

IFS access
    XXX.

  OS/390
Perl runs under Unix Systems Services or USS.

chcp
    chcp is supported as a shell utility for displaying and changing one's code page. See also the chcp manpage.

dataset access
    For sequential data set access try:

        my @ds_records = `cat //DSNAME`;
    or:

        my @ds_records = `cat //'HLQ.DSNAME'`;
    See also the OS390::Stdio module on CPAN.

OS/390 iconv
    iconv is supported as both a shell utility and a C RTL routine. See also the iconv(1) and iconv(3) manual pages.

locales
    On OS/390 see the locale manpage for information on locales. The L10N files are in /usr/nls/locale. $Config{d_setlocale} is 'define' on OS/390.

  VM/ESA?
XXX.

  POSIX-BC?
XXX.

BUGS
This pod document contains literal Latin 1 characters and may encounter translation difficulties. In particular one popular nroff implementation was known to strip accented characters to their unaccented counterparts while attempting to view this document through the pod2man program (for example, you may see a plain "y" rather than one with a diaeresis as in ye). Another nroff truncated the resultant man page at the first occurence of 8 bit characters.

Not all shells will allow multiple "-e" string arguments to perl to be concatenated together properly as recipes 2, 3, and 4 might seem to imply.

Perl does not yet work with any Unicode features on EBCDIC platforms.

SEE ALSO
the perllocale manpage, the perlfunc manpage.

REFERENCES
http://anubis.dkuug.dk/i18n/charmaps

http://www.unicode.org/

http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr16/

http://www.wps.com/texts/codes/ ASCII: American Standard Code for Information Infiltration Tom Jennings, September 1999.

The Unicode Standard Version 2.0 The Unicode Consortium, ISBN 0-201-48345-9, Addison Wesley Developers Press, July 1996.

The Unicode Standard Version 3.0 The Unicode Consortium, Lisa Moore ed., ISBN 0-201-61633-5, Addison Wesley Developers Press, February 2000.

CDRA: IBM - Character Data Representation Architecture - Reference and Registry, IBM SC09-2190-00, December 1996.

"Demystifying Character Sets", Andrea Vine, Multilingual Computing & Technology, #26 Vol. 10 Issue 4, August/September 1999; ISSN 1523-0309; Multilingual Computing Inc. Sandpoint ID, USA.

Codes, Ciphers, and Other Cryptic and Clandestine Communication Fred B. Wrixon, ISBN 1-57912-040-7, Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers, 1998.

AUTHOR
Peter Prymmer pvhp@best.com wrote this in 1999 and 2000 with CCSID 0819 and 0037 help from Chris Leach and Andre Pirard A.Pirard@ulg.ac.be as well as POSIX-BC help from Thomas Dorner Thomas.Dorner@start.de. Thanks also to Vickie Cooper, Philip Newton, William Raffloer, and Joe Smith. Trademarks, registered trademarks, service marks and registered service marks used in this document are the property of their respective owners.