PERL(1)

NAME
perl - Practical Extraction and Report Language

SYNOPSIS
perl    [ -sTuU ] [ -hv ] [ -V[:configvar] ]
    [ -cw ] [ -d[:debugger] ] [ -D[number/list] ]
    [ -pna ] [ -Fpattern ] [ -l[octal] ] [ -0[octal] ]
    [ -Idir ] [ -m[-]module ] [ -M[-]'module...' ]
    [ -P ] [ -S ] [ -x[dir] ]
    [ -i[extension] ] [ -e 'command' ] [ -- ] [ programfile ] [ argument ]...

For ease of access, the Perl manual has been split up into several sections:

    perl                Perl overview (this section)
    perlfaq             Perl frequently asked questions
    perltoc             Perl documentation table of contents
    perlbook            Perl book information
    perlsyn             Perl syntax
    perldata            Perl data structures
    perlop              Perl operators and precedence
    perlsub             Perl subroutines
    perlfunc            Perl builtin functions
    perlreftut          Perl references short introduction
    perldsc             Perl data structures intro
    perlrequick         Perl regular expressions quick start
    perlpod             Perl plain old documentation
    perlstyle           Perl style guide
    perltrap            Perl traps for the unwary
    perlrun             Perl execution and options
    perldiag            Perl diagnostic messages
    perllexwarn         Perl warnings and their control
    perldebtut          Perl debugging tutorial
    perldebug           Perl debugging
    perlvar             Perl predefined variables
    perllol             Perl data structures: arrays of arrays
    perlopentut         Perl open() tutorial
    perlretut           Perl regular expressions tutorial
    perlre              Perl regular expressions, the rest of the story
    perlref             Perl references, the rest of the story
    perlform            Perl formats
    perlboot            Perl OO tutorial for beginners
    perltoot            Perl OO tutorial, part 1
    perltootc           Perl OO tutorial, part 2
    perlobj             Perl objects
    perlbot             Perl OO tricks and examples
    perltie             Perl objects hidden behind simple variables
    perlipc             Perl interprocess communication
    perlfork            Perl fork() information
    perlnumber          Perl number semantics
    perlthrtut          Perl threads tutorial
    perlport            Perl portability guide
    perllocale          Perl locale support
    perlunicode         Perl unicode support
    perlebcdic          Considerations for running Perl on EBCDIC platforms
    perlsec             Perl security
    perlmod             Perl modules: how they work
    perlmodlib          Perl modules: how to write and use
    perlmodinstall      Perl modules: how to install from CPAN
    perlnewmod          Perl modules: preparing a new module for distribution
    perlfaq1            General Questions About Perl
    perlfaq2            Obtaining and Learning about Perl
    perlfaq3            Programming Tools
    perlfaq4            Data Manipulation
    perlfaq5            Files and Formats
    perlfaq6            Regexes
    perlfaq7            Perl Language Issues
    perlfaq8            System Interaction
    perlfaq9            Networking
    perlcompile         Perl compiler suite intro
    perlembed           Perl ways to embed perl in your C or C++ application
    perldebguts         Perl debugging guts and tips
    perlxstut           Perl XS tutorial
    perlxs              Perl XS application programming interface
    perlclib            Internal replacements for standard C library functions
    perlguts            Perl internal functions for those doing extensions
    perlcall            Perl calling conventions from C
    perlutil            utilities packaged with the Perl distribution
    perlfilter          Perl source filters
    perldbmfilter       Perl DBM filters
    perlapi             Perl API listing (autogenerated)
    perlintern          Perl internal functions (autogenerated)
    perlapio            Perl internal IO abstraction interface
    perltodo            Perl things to do
    perlhack            Perl hackers guide
    perlhist            Perl history records
    perldelta           Perl changes since previous version
    perl5005delta       Perl changes in version 5.005
    perl5004delta       Perl changes in version 5.004
    perlaix             Perl notes for AIX
    perlamiga           Perl notes for Amiga
    perlbs2000          Perl notes for POSIX-BC BS2000
    perlcygwin          Perl notes for Cygwin
    perldos             Perl notes for DOS
    perlepoc            Perl notes for EPOC
    perlhpux            Perl notes for HP-UX
    perlmachten         Perl notes for Power MachTen
    perlmacos           Perl notes for Mac OS (Classic)
    perlmpeix           Perl notes for MPE/iX
    perlos2             Perl notes for OS/2
    perlos390           Perl notes for OS/390
    perlsolaris         Perl notes for Solaris
    perlvmesa           Perl notes for VM/ESA
    perlvms             Perl notes for VMS
    perlvos             Perl notes for Stratus VOS
    perlwin32           Perl notes for Windows
(If you're intending to read these straight through for the first time, the suggested order will tend to reduce the number of forward references.)

By default, the manpages listed above are installed in the /usr/local/man/ directory.

Extensive additional documentation for Perl modules is available. The default configuration for perl will place this additional documentation in the /usr/local/lib/perl5/man directory (or else in the man subdirectory of the Perl library directory). Some of this additional documentation is distributed standard with Perl, but you'll also find documentation for third-party modules there.

You should be able to view Perl's documentation with your man(1) program by including the proper directories in the appropriate start-up files, or in the MANPATH environment variable. To find out where the configuration has installed the manpages, type:

    perl -V:man.dir
If the directories have a common stem, such as /usr/local/man/man1 and /usr/local/man/man3, you need only to add that stem (/usr/local/man) to your man(1) configuration files or your MANPATH environment variable. If they do not share a stem, you'll have to add both stems.

If that doesn't work for some reason, you can still use the supplied perldoc script to view module information. You might also look into getting a replacement man program.

If something strange has gone wrong with your program and you're not sure where you should look for help, try the -w switch first. It will often point out exactly where the trouble is.

DESCRIPTION
Perl is a language optimized for scanning arbitrary text files, extracting information from those text files, and printing reports based on that information. It's also a good language for many system management tasks. The language is intended to be practical (easy to use, efficient, complete) rather than beautiful (tiny, elegant, minimal).

Perl combines (in the author's opinion, anyway) some of the best features of C, sed, awk, and sh, so people familiar with those languages should have little difficulty with it. (Language historians will also note some vestiges of csh, Pascal, and even BASIC-PLUS.) Expression syntax corresponds closely to C expression syntax. Unlike most Unix utilities, Perl does not arbitrarily limit the size of your data--if you've got the memory, Perl can slurp in your whole file as a single string. Recursion is of unlimited depth. And the tables used by hashes (sometimes called "associative arrays") grow as necessary to prevent degraded performance. Perl can use sophisticated pattern matching techniques to scan large amounts of data quickly. Although optimized for scanning text, Perl can also deal with binary data, and can make dbm files look like hashes. Setuid Perl scripts are safer than C programs through a dataflow tracing mechanism that prevents many stupid security holes.

If you have a problem that would ordinarily use sed or awk or sh, but it exceeds their capabilities or must run a little faster, and you don't want to write the silly thing in C, then Perl may be for you. There are also translators to turn your sed and awk scripts into Perl scripts.

But wait, there's more...

Begun in 1993 (see the perlhist manpage), Perl version 5 is nearly a complete rewrite that provides the following additional benefits:

•   modularity and reusability using innumerable modules

    Described in the perlmod manpage, the perlmodlib manpage, and the perlmodinstall manpage.

•   embeddable and extensible

    Described in the perlembed manpage, the perlxstut manpage, the perlxs manpage, the perlcall manpage, the perlguts manpage, and the xsubpp manpage.

•   roll-your-own magic variables (including multiple simultaneous DBM implementations)

    Described in the perltie manpage and the AnyDBM_File manpage.

•   subroutines can now be overridden, autoloaded, and prototyped

    Described in the perlsub manpage.

•   arbitrarily nested data structures and anonymous functions

    Described in the perlreftut manpage, the perlref manpage, the perldsc manpage, and the perllol manpage.

•   object-oriented programming

    Described in the perlobj manpage, the perltoot manpage, and the perlbot manpage.

•   compilability into C code or Perl bytecode

    Described in the B manpage and the B::Bytecode manpage.

•   support for light-weight processes (threads)

    Described in the perlthrtut manpage and the Thread manpage.

•   support for internationalization, localization, and Unicode

    Described in the perllocale manpage and the utf8 manpage.

•   lexical scoping

    Described in the perlsub manpage.

•   regular expression enhancements

    Described in the perlre manpage, with additional examples in the perlop manpage.

•   enhanced debugger and interactive Perl environment, with integrated editor support

    Described in the perldebug manpage.

•   POSIX 1003.1 compliant library

    Described in the POSIX manpage.

Okay, that's definitely enough hype.

AVAILABILITY
Perl is available for most operating systems, including virtually all Unix-like platforms. See the Supported Platforms entry in the perlport manpage for a listing.

ENVIRONMENT
See the perlrun manpage.

AUTHOR
Larry Wall <larry@wall.org>, with the help of oodles of other folks.

If your Perl success stories and testimonials may be of help to others who wish to advocate the use of Perl in their applications, or if you wish to simply express your gratitude to Larry and the Perl developers, please write to perl-thanks@perl.org .

FILES
 "@INC"                 locations of perl libraries

SEE ALSO
 a2p    awk to perl translator
 s2p    sed to perl translator
 http://www.perl.com/       the Perl Home Page
 http://www.perl.com/CPAN   the Comprehensive Perl Archive

DIAGNOSTICS
The "use warnings" pragma (and the -w switch) produces some lovely diagnostics.

See the perldiag manpage for explanations of all Perl's diagnostics. The "use diagnostics" pragma automatically turns Perl's normally terse warnings and errors into these longer forms.

Compilation errors will tell you the line number of the error, with an indication of the next token or token type that was to be examined. (In a script passed to Perl via -e switches, each -e is counted as one line.)

Setuid scripts have additional constraints that can produce error messages such as "Insecure dependency". See the perlsec manpage.

Did we mention that you should definitely consider using the -w switch?

BUGS
The -w switch is not mandatory.

Perl is at the mercy of your machine's definitions of various operations such as type casting, atof(), and floating-point output with sprintf().

If your stdio requires a seek or eof between reads and writes on a particular stream, so does Perl. (This doesn't apply to sysread() and syswrite().)

While none of the built-in data types have any arbitrary size limits (apart from memory size), there are still a few arbitrary limits: a given variable name may not be longer than 251 characters. Line numbers displayed by diagnostics are internally stored as short integers, so they are limited to a maximum of 65535 (higher numbers usually being affected by wraparound).

You may mail your bug reports (be sure to include full configuration information as output by the myconfig program in the perl source tree, or by "perl -V") to perlbug@perl.org . If you've succeeded in compiling perl, the perlbug script in the utils/ subdirectory can be used to help mail in a bug report.

Perl actually stands for Pathologically Eclectic Rubbish Lister, but don't tell anyone I said that.

NOTES
The Perl motto is "There's more than one way to do it." Divining how many more is left as an exercise to the reader.

The three principal virtues of a programmer are Laziness, Impatience, and Hubris. See the Camel Book for why.