This is the `GetDP Reference Manual' for GetDP 1.2 (10 November 2006).
Copyright (C) 1997-2006 Patrick Dular, Christophe Geuzaine.

Short Contents
**************

GetDP
Copying conditions
Introduction
1 Overview
2 Expressions
3 Objects
4 Types for objects
5 Short examples
6 Complete examples
7 Running GetDP
8 File formats
9 Bugs, versions and credits
Appendix A Tips and tricks
Appendix B Frequently asked questions
Appendix C Gmsh examples
Appendix D License
Concept index
Metasyntactic variable index
Syntax index


Table of Contents
*****************

GetDP
Copying conditions
Introduction
1 Overview
  1.1 Numerical tools as objects
  1.2 Syntactic rules used in this document
  1.3 Comments
  1.4 Includes
  1.5 Which problems can GetDP actually solve?
2 Expressions
  2.1 Definition
  2.2 Constants
  2.3 Operators
    2.3.1 Operator types
    2.3.2 Evaluation order
  2.4 Functions
  2.5 Current values
  2.6 Arguments
  2.7 Registers
  2.8 Fields
  2.9 Loops and conditionals
3 Objects
  3.1 `Group': defining topological entities
  3.2 `Function': defining global and piecewise expressions
  3.3 `Constraint': specifying constraints on function spaces and formulations
  3.4 `FunctionSpace': building function spaces
  3.5 `Jacobian': defining jacobian methods
  3.6 `Integration': defining integration methods
  3.7 `Formulation': building equations
  3.8 `Resolution': solving systems of equations
  3.9 `PostProcessing': exploiting computational results
  3.10 `PostOperation': exporting results
4 Types for objects
  4.1 Types for `Group'
  4.2 Types for `Function'
    4.2.1 Math functions
    4.2.2 Extended math functions
    4.2.3 Green functions
    4.2.4 Type manipulation functions
    4.2.5 Coordinate functions
    4.2.6 Miscellaneous functions
  4.3 Types for `Constraint'
  4.4 Types for `FunctionSpace'
  4.5 Types for `Jacobian'
  4.6 Types for `Integration'
  4.7 Types for `Formulation'
  4.8 Types for `Resolution'
  4.9 Types for `PostProcessing'
  4.10 Types for `PostOperation'
5 Short examples
  5.1 Constant expression examples
  5.2 `Group' examples
  5.3 `Function' examples
  5.4 `Constraint' examples
  5.5 `FunctionSpace' examples
    5.5.1 Nodal finite element spaces
    5.5.2 High order nodal finite element space
    5.5.3 Nodal finite element space with floating potentials
    5.5.4 Edge finite element space
    5.5.5 Edge finite element space with gauge condition
    5.5.6 Coupled edge and nodal finite element spaces
    5.5.7 Coupled edge and nodal finite element spaces for multiply connected domains
  5.6 `Jacobian' examples
  5.7 `Integration' examples
  5.8 `Formulation' examples
    5.8.1 Electrostatic scalar potential formulation
    5.8.2 Electrostatic scalar potential formulation with floating potentials and electric charges
    5.8.3 Magnetostatic 3D vector potential formulation
    5.8.4 Magnetodynamic 3D or 2D magnetic field and magnetic scalar potential formulation
    5.8.5 Nonlinearities, Mixed formulations, ...
  5.9 `Resolution' examples
    5.9.1 Static resolution (electrostatic problem)
    5.9.2 Frequency domain resolution (magnetodynamic problem)
    5.9.3 Time domain resolution (magnetodynamic problem)
    5.9.4 Nonlinear time domain resolution (magnetodynamic problem)
    5.9.5 Coupled formulations
  5.10 `PostProcessing' examples
  5.11 `PostOperation' examples
6 Complete examples
  6.1 Electrostatic problem
  6.2 Magnetostatic problem
  6.3 Magnetodynamic problem
7 Running GetDP
8 File formats
  8.1 Input file format
  8.2 Output file format
    8.2.1 File `.pre'
    8.2.2 File `.res'
9 Bugs, versions and credits
  9.1 Bugs
  9.2 Versions
  9.3 Credits
Appendix A Tips and tricks
Appendix B Frequently asked questions
Appendix C Gmsh examples
Appendix D License
Concept index
Metasyntactic variable index
Syntax index


GetDP
*****

Patrick Dular and Christophe Geuzaine

GetDP is a scientific computation software for the numerical solution of
integro-differential equations, using finite element and integral type
methods. This is the `GetDP Reference Manual' for GetDP 1.2 (10
November 2006).

Copying conditions
******************

GetDP is "free software"; this means that everyone is free to use it and
to redistribute it on a free basis. GetDP is not in the public domain;
it is copyrighted and there are restrictions on its distribution, but
these restrictions are designed to permit everything that a good
cooperating citizen would want to do.  What is not allowed is to try to
prevent others from further sharing any version of GetDP that they
might get from you.

Specifically, we want to make sure that you have the right to give away
copies of GetDP, that you receive source code or else can get it if you
want it, that you can change GetDP or use pieces of GetDP in new free
programs, and that you know you can do these things.

To make sure that everyone has such rights, we have to forbid you to
deprive anyone else of these rights.  For example, if you distribute
copies of GetDP, you must give the recipients all the rights that you
have.  You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the source
code.  And you must tell them their rights.

Also, for our own protection, we must make certain that everyone finds
out that there is no warranty for GetDP.  If GetDP is modified by
someone else and passed on, we want their recipients to know that what
they have is not what we distributed, so that any problems introduced
by others will not reflect on our reputation.

The precise conditions of the license for GetDP are found in the General
Public License that accompanies the source code (*note License::).
Further information about this license is available from the GNU
Project webpage `http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl-faq.html'.  Detailed
copyright information can be found in *Note Credits::.

The source code and various pre-compiled versions of GetDP (for Unix,
Windows and Mac OS) can be downloaded from the web site
`http://www.geuz.org/getdp/'.

If you use GetDP, we would appreciate that you mention it in your work.
References and the latest news about GetDP are always available on
`http://www.geuz.org/getdp/'. Please send all GetDP-related questions
to the public GetDP mailing list at <getdp@geuz.org>.



If you want to integrate GetDP into a closed-source software, or want to
sell a modified closed-source version of GetDP, please contact one of
the authors. You can purchase a version of GetDP under a different
license, with "no strings attached" (for example allowing you to take
parts of GetDP and integrate them into your own proprietary code).

Introduction
************

GetDP (a "General environment for the treatment of Discrete Problems")
is a scientific software environment for the numerical solution of
integro-differential equations, open to the coupling of physical
problems (electromagnetic, thermal, etc.) as well as of numerical
methods (finite element method, integral methods, etc.). It can deal
with such problems of various dimensions (1D, 2D or 3D) and time states
(static, transient or harmonic).

The main feature of GetDP is the closeness between its internal
structure (written in C), the organization of data defining discrete
problems (written by the user in ASCII data files) and the symbolic
mathematical expressions of these problems. Its aim is to be welcoming
and of easy use for both development and application levels: it consists
of a working environment in which the definition of any problem makes
use of a limited number of objects, which makes the environment
structured and concise. It therefore gives researchers advanced
developing tools and a large freedom in adding new functionalities.

The modeling tools provided by GetDP can be tackled at various levels of
complexity: this opens the software to a wide range of activities, such
as research, collaboration, education, training and industrial studies.

Research and collaboration activities
=====================================

The internal structure of the software is very close to the structure
used to define discrete problems in the input data files. As a result, a
unicity and conciseness of both development and application levels is
obtained without any interface between them, which facilitates work of
any kind--particularly validations.  GetDP permits to rapidly develop
tools for the comparison of methods and the exchange of solutions
between research teams, which is one of the main aims of collaboration.
Moreover, after a short training, GetDP could be used by teams as a
basis for their own developments, while allowing a large freedom in the
latter.

Education and training activities
=================================

The software environment consists of modeling tools applicable to
various physical problems. Education and training can therefore be
offered in various domains and at different levels.  The closeness
between the definition of discrete problems and their symbolic
mathematical expressions entails that the theory and mathematical bases
of numerical methods, which are essential to anyone who wants to tackle
the solving of discrete problems, can be directly followed by their
practical applications. These applications can be evolutionary, in the
sense that the offered tools are of various levels of complexity.
Everyone can tackle, step by step, according to his apprenticeship
level, the tools adapted to the solving of more and more complex
problems, as well as various methods for the solving of the same
problem.

Industrial studies
==================

The treatment of industrial problems can also be facilitated because
GetDP is adapted to the study of a wide range of physical problems using
various numerical methods. In particular, adapted made to measure and
ready-to-use software could be rapidly developed for given problems.

How to read this manual
=======================

After reading *Note Overview::, which depicts the general philosophy of
GetDP, you might want to skip *Note Expressions::, *Note Objects:: and
*Note Types for objects:: and directly run the demo files bundled in the
distribution on your computer (*note Running GetDP::). You should then
open these examples with a text editor and compare their structure with
the examples given in *Note Short examples:: and *Note Complete
examples::. For each new syntax element that you fall onto, you can then
go back to *Note Expressions::, *Note Objects::, and *Note Types for
objects::, and find in these chapters the detailed description of the
syntactic rules as well as all the available options.

Indexes for many concepts (*note Concept index::) and for all the syntax
elements (*note Syntax index::) are available at the end of this manual.

1 Overview
**********

1.1 Numerical tools as objects
==============================

An assembly of computational tools (or objects) in GetDP leads to a
problem definition structure, which is a transcription of the
mathematical expression of the problem, and forms a text data file: the
equations describing a phenomenon, written in a mathematical form
adapted to a chosen numerical method, directly constitute data for
GetDP.

The resolution of a discrete problem with GetDP requires the
definition, in a text data file, of the GetDP objects listed (together
with their dependencies) in the following figure and table.


        ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
       |                                                                            |
       |             --------------                                                 |
       |   -------->|   Function   |--------------------------------                |
       |  |          -------------- \                               \               |
       |  |                 |     |  ---------------------------     \              |
       |  |                 |      \                            |     \             |
       |  |                \|/      ------------                |      \           \|/
  --------------     --------------             |               |       \     --------------
 |    Group     |-->|  Constraint  |--------    |               |        \   |PostOperation |
  --------------     --------------          |  |               |         \   --------------
    |  |  |  ||             |                |  |               |          \       /||\
***********************************************************************************************
*   |  |  |  ||            \|/              \|/\|/             \|/          _\|     ||        *
*   |  |  |  ||      --------------     --------------     --------------     --------------  *
*   |  |  |   =====>|FunctionSpace |==>| Formulation  |==>|  Resolution  |==>|PostProcessing| *
*   |  |  |          --------------     --------------     --------------     --------------  *
*   |  |  |                               /|\/|\/|\ |                          /|\/|\/|\/|\   *
*   |  |   --------------------------------   |  |  |                           |  |  |  |    *
*   |  |                     -----------------   |   ---------------------------   |  |  |    *
*   |  |                    |           --------------                             |  |  |    *
*   |  |                    |          | Integration  |----------------------------   |  |    *
*   |  |                    |           --------------                                |  |    *
*   |  |                    |                                                         |  |    *
*   |  |             --------------                                                   |  |    *
*   |   ----------->|   Jacobian   |--------------------------------------------------   |    *
*   |                --------------                                                      |    *
*   |                                                                                    |    *
*    ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------     *
*                                                                                             *
***********************************************************************************************


     Group           --
     Function        Group
     Constraint      Group, Function, (Resolution)
     FunctionSpace   Group, Constraint, (Formulation), (Resolution)
     Jacobian        Group
     Integration     --
     Formulation     Group, Function, (Constraint), FunctionSpace,
                     Jacobian, Integration
     Resolution      Function, Formulation
     PostProcessing  Group, Function, Jacobian, Integration,
                     Formulation, Resolution
     PostOperation   Group, PostProcessing


The gathering of all these objects constitutes the problem definition
structure, which is a copy of the formal mathematical formulation of the
problem. Reading the first column of the table from top to bottom
pictures the working philosophy and the linking of operations peculiar
to GetDP, from group definition to results visualization.  The
decomposition highlighted in the figure points out the separation
between the objects defining the method of resolution, which may be
isolated in a "black box" (bottom) and those defining the data peculiar
to a given problem (top).

The computational tools which are in the center of a problem definition
structure are formulations (`Formulation') and function spaces
(`FunctionSpace'). Formulations define systems of equations that have
to be built and solved, while function spaces contain all the
quantities, i.e., functions, fields of vectors or covectors, known or
not, involved in formulations.

Each object of a problem definition structure must be defined before
being referred to by others. A linking which always respects this
property is the following: it first contains the objects defining
particular data of a problem, such as geometry, physical characteristics
and boundary conditions (i.e., `Group', `Function' and `Constraint')
followed by those defining a resolution method, such as unknowns,
equations and related objects (i.e., `Jacobian', `Integration',
`FunctionSpace', `Formulation', `Resolution' and `PostProcessing').
The processing cycle ends with the presentation of the results (i.e.,
lists of numbers in various formats), defined in `PostOperation'
fields.  This decomposition points out the possibility of building
black boxes, containing objects of the second group, adapted to
treatment of general classes of problems that share the same resolution
methods.

1.2 Syntactic rules used in this document
=========================================

Here are the rules we tried to follow when writing this user's guide.
Note that metasyntactic variable definitions stay valid throughout all
the manual (and not only in the sections where the definitions appear).
See *Note Metasyntactic variable index::, for an index of all
metasyntactic variables.

  1. Keywords and literal symbols are printed like `this'.

  2. Metasyntactic variables (i.e., text bits that are not part of the
     syntax, but stand for other text bits) are printed like THIS.

  3. A colon (`:') after a metasyntactic variable separates the variable
     from its definition.

  4. Optional rules are enclosed in `<' `>' pairs.

  5. Multiple choices are separated by `|'.

  6. Three dots (...) indicate a possible repetition of the preceding
     rule.

  7. For conciseness, the notation `RULE <, RULE > ...' is replaced by
     `RULE <,...>'.

  8. The ETC symbol replaces nonlisted rules.

1.3 Comments
============

Both C and C++ style comments are supported and can be used in the input
data files to comment selected text regions:

  1. the text region comprised between `/*' and `*/' pairs is ignored;

  2. the rest of a line after a double slash `//' is ignored.

Comments cannot be used inside double quotes or inside GetDP keywords.

1.4 Includes
============

An input data file can be included in another input data file by placing
one of the following commands (EXPRESSION-CHAR represents a file name)
on a separate line, outside the GetDP objects.  Any text placed after
an include command on the same line is ignored.

     `Include EXPRESSION-CHAR'
     `#include EXPRESSION-CHAR'

See *Note Constants::, for the definition of the character expression
EXPRESSION-CHAR.

1.5 Which problems can GetDP actually solve?
============================================

The preceding explanations may seem very (too) general.  Which are the
problems that GetDP can actually solve? To answer this question, here
is a list of methods that we have considered and coupled until now:

Numerical methods
     finite element method
     boundary element method (experimental, undocumented)
     volume integral methods (experimental, undocumented)

Geometrical models
     one-dimensional models (1D)
     two-dimensional models (2D), plane and axisymmetric
     three-dimensional models (3D)

Time states
     static states
     sinusoidal and harmonic states
     transient states
     eigenvalue problems

These methods have been successfully applied to build coupled physical
models involving electromagnetic phenomena (magnetostatics,
magnetodynamics, electrostatics, electrokinetics, electrodynamics, wave
propagation, lumped electric circuits), acoustic phenomena, thermal
phenomena and mechanical phenomena (elasticity, rigid body movement).

As can be guessed from the preceding list, GetDP has been initially
developed in the field of computational electromagnetics, which fully
uses all the offered coupling features. We believe that this does not
interfere with the expected generality of the software because a
particular modeling forms a problem definition structure which is
totally external to the software: GetDP offers computational tools; the
user freely applies them to define and solve his problem.

Nevertheless, specific numerical tools will _always_ need to be
implemented to solve specific problems in areas other than those
mentionned above. If you think the general phisosophy of GetDP is right
for you and your problem, but you discover that GetDP lacks the tools
necessary to handle it, let us know: we would love to discuss it with
you. For example, at the time of this writing, many areas of GetDP would
need to be improved to make GetDP as useful for computational mechanics
or computational fluid dynamics as it is for computational
electromagnetics... So if you have the skills and some free time, feel
free to join the project: we gladly accept all code contributions!

2 Expressions
*************

This chapter and the next two describe in a rather formal way all the
commands that can be used in the ASCII text input files.  If you are
just beginning to use GetDP, or just want to see what GetDP is all
about, you should skip this chapter and the next two for now, have a
quick look at *Note Running GetDP::, and run the demo problems bundled
in the distribution on your computer. You should then open the `.pro'
files in a text editor and compare their structure with the examples
given in *Note Short examples:: and *Note Complete examples::. Once you
have a general idea of how the files are organized, you might want to
come back here to learn more about the specific syntax of all the
objects, and all the available options.

2.1 Definition
==============

Expressions are the basic tool of GetDP. They cover a wide range of
functional expressions, from constants to formal expressions containing
functions (built-in or user-defined, depending on space and time, etc.),
arguments, discrete quantities and their associated differential
operators, etc. Note that `white space' (spaces, tabs, new line
characters) is ignored inside expressions (as well as inside all GetDP
objects).

Expressions are denoted by the metasyntactic variable EXPRESSION
(remember the definition of the syntactic rules in *Note Syntactic
rules::):

     EXPRESSION:
       ( EXPRESSION ) |
       INTEGER |
       REAL |
       CONSTANT-ID |
       QUANTITY |
       ARGUMENT |
       CURRENT-VALUE |
       REGISTER-VALUE-SET |
       REGISTER-VALUE-GET |
       OPERATOR-UNARY EXPRESSION |
       EXPRESSION OPERATOR-BINARY EXPRESSION |
       EXPRESSION OPERATOR-TERNARY-LEFT EXPRESSION OPERATOR-TERNARY-RIGHT EXPRESSION |
       BUILT-IN-FUNCTION-ID [ < EXPRESSION-LIST > ] < { EXPRESSION-CST-LIST } > |
       FUNCTION-ID [ < EXPRESSION-LIST > ] |
       < Real | Complex > [ EXPRESSION ] |
       Dt [ EXPRESSION ] |
       AtAnteriorTimeStep [ EXPRESSION, INTEGER ] |
       Order [ QUANTITY ] |
       Trace [ EXPRESSION, GROUP-ID ] |
       EXPRESSION ##INTEGER

The following sections introduce the quantities that can appear in
expressions, i.e., constant terminals (INTEGER, REAL) and constant
expression identifiers (CONSTANT-ID, EXPRESSION-CST-LIST), discretized
fields (QUANTITY), arguments (ARGUMENT), current values
(CURRENT-VALUE), register values (REGISTER-VALUE-SET,
REGISTER-VALUE-GET), operators (OPERATOR-UNARY, OPERATOR-BINARY,
OPERATOR-TERNARY-LEFT, OPERATOR-TERNARY-RIGHT) and built-in or
user-defined functions (BUILT-IN-FUNCTION-ID, FUNCTION-ID). The last
seven cases in this definition permit to cast an expression as real or
complex, get the time derivative or evaluate an expression at an
anterior time step, retrieve the interpolation order of a discretized
quantity, evaluate the trace of an expression, and print the value of
an expression for debugging purposes.

List of expressions are defined as:

     EXPRESSION-LIST:
       EXPRESSION <,...>

2.2 Constants
=============

The three constant types used in GetDP are INTEGER, REAL and STRING.
These types have the same meaning and syntax as in the C or C++
programming languages. Besides general expressions (EXPRESSION), purely
constant expressions, denoted by the metasyntactic variable
EXPRESSION-CST, are also used:

     EXPRESSION-CST:
       ( EXPRESSION-CST ) |
       INTEGER |
       REAL |
       CONSTANT-ID |
       OPERATOR-UNARY EXPRESSION-CST |
       EXPRESSION-CST OPERATOR-BINARY EXPRESSION-CST |
       EXPRESSION-CST OPERATOR-TERNARY-LEFT EXPRESSION-CST OPERATOR-TERNARY-RIGHT
           EXPRESSION-CST |
       MATH-FUNCTION-ID [ < EXPRESSION-CST-LIST > ]

List of constant expressions are defined as:

     EXPRESSION-CST-LIST:
       EXPRESSION-CST-LIST-ITEM <,...>

with

     EXPRESSION-CST-LIST-ITEM:
       EXPRESSION-CST |
       EXPRESSION-CST : EXPRESSION-CST |
       EXPRESSION-CST : EXPRESSION-CST : EXPRESSION-CST |
       CONSTANT-ID {} |
       CONSTANT-ID { EXPRESSION-CST-LIST } |
       List[ CONSTANT-ID ] |
       ListAlt[ CONSTANT-ID, CONSTANT-ID ] |
       LinSpace[ EXPRESSION-CST, EXPRESSION-CST, EXPRESSION-CST ] |
       LogSpace[ EXPRESSION-CST, EXPRESSION-CST, EXPRESSION-CST ]

The second case in this last definition permits to create a list
containing the range of numbers comprised between the two
EXPRESSION-CST, with a unit incrementation step. The third case also
permits to create a list containing the range of numbers comprised
between the two EXPRESSION-CST, but with a positive or negative
incrementation step equal to the third EXPRESSION-CST. The fourth and
fifth cases permit to reference constant identifiers (CONSTANT-IDs) of
lists of constants and constant identifiers of sublists of constants
(see below for the definition of constant identifiers) . The sixth case
is a synonym for the fourth. The seventh case permits to create
alternate lists: the arguments of `ListAlt' must be CONSTANT-IDs of
lists of constants of the same dimension. The result is an alternate
list of these constants: first constant of argument 1, first constant
of argument 2, second constant of argument 1, etc. These kinds of lists
of constants are for example often used for function parameters (*note
Functions::). The last two cases permit to create linear and
logarithmic lists of numbers, respectively.

Contrary to a general EXPRESSION which is evaluated at runtime (thanks
to an internal stack mechanism), an EXPRESSION-CST is completely
evaluated during the syntactic analysis of the problem (when GetDP
reads the `.pro' file). The definition of such constants or lists of
constants with identifiers can be made outside or inside any GetDP
object. The syntax for the definition of constants is:

     AFFECTATION:
       DefineConstant [ CONSTANT-ID < = EXPRESSION-CST >
                        STRING-ID < = "STRING" > <,...> ]; |
       CONSTANT-ID = CONSTANT-DEF; |
       STRING-ID = STRING-DEF; |
       Printf("STRING"); |
       Printf("STRING", EXPRESSION-CST-LIST); |
       Read(CONSTANT-ID); |
       Read(CONSTANT-ID)[EXPRESSION-CST];

with

     CONSTANT-ID:
       STRING |
       STRING ~ { EXPRESSION-CST }

     CONSTANT-DEF:
       EXPRESSION-CST-LIST-ITEM |
       { EXPRESSION-CST-LIST } |
       ListFromFile [ EXPRESSION-CHAR ]

     STRING-ID:
       STRING |
       STRING ~ { EXPRESSION-CST }

     STRING-DEF:
       "STRING" |
       Str[ EXPRESSION-CHAR ] |
       StrCat[ EXPRESSION-CHAR, EXPRESSION-CHAR ]

Notes:
  1. Five constants are predefined in GetDP: `Pi' (3.1415926535897932),
     `0D' (0), `1D' (1), `2D' (2) and `3D' (3).

  2. When `~{EXPRESSION-CST}' is appended to a string STRING, the
     result is a new string formed by the concatenation of STRING, `_'
     (an underscore) and the value of the EXPRESSION-CST. This is most
     useful in loops (*note Loops and conditionals::), where it permits
     to define unique strings automatically. For example,
          For i In {1:3}
            x~{i} = i;
          EndFor
     is the same as
          x_1 = 1;
          x_2 = 2;
          x_3 = 3;

  3. The assignment in `DefineConstant' (zero if no EXPRESSION-CST is
     given) is performed only if CONSTANT-ID has not yet been defined.
     This kind of explicit default definition mechanism is most useful
     in general problem definition structures making use of a large
     number of generic constants, functions or groups. When exploiting
     only a part of a complex problem definition structure, the default
     definition mechanism allows to define the quantities of interest
     only, the others being assigned a default value (that will not be
     used during the processing but that avoids the error messages
     produced when references to undefined quantities are made).

See *Note Constant expression examples::, as well as *Note Function
examples::, for some examples.

Character expressions are defined as follows:

     EXPRESSION-CHAR:
       "STRING" |
       STRING-ID |
       StrCat[ EXPRESSION-CHAR , EXPRESSION-CHAR ] |
       Sprintf( EXPRESSION-CHAR ) |
       Sprintf( EXPRESSION-CHAR, EXPRESSION-CST-LIST ) |
       Date

The third case in this definition permits to concatenate two character
expressions; the next two cases permit to print the value of variables
using standard C formatting; the last case permits to access the
current date.

2.3 Operators
=============

2.3.1 Operator types
--------------------

The operators in GetDP are similar to the corresponding operators in
the C or C++ programming languages.

OPERATOR-UNARY:
`-'
     Unary minus.

`!'
     Logical not.

OPERATOR-BINARY:
`^'
     Exponentiation. The evaluation of the both arguments must result
     in a scalar value.

`*'
     Multiplication or scalar product, depending on the type of the
     arguments.

`/\'
     Cross product. The evaluation of both arguments must result in
     vectors.

`/'
     Division.

`%'
     Modulo. The evaluation of the second argument must result in a
     scalar value.

`+'
     Addition.

`-'
     Subtraction.

`=='
     Equality.

`!='
     Inequality.

`>'
     Greater. The evaluation of both arguments must result in scalar
     values.

`>='
     Greater or equality. The evaluation of both arguments must result
     in scalar values.

`<'
     Less. The evaluation of both arguments must result in scalar
     values.

`<='
     Less or equality. The evaluation of both arguments must result in
     scalar values.

`&&'
     Logical `and'. The evaluation of both arguments must result in
     scalar values.

`||'
     Logical `or'. The evaluation of both arguments must result in
     floating point values. Warning: the logical `or' always (unlike in
     C or C++) implies the evaluation of both arguments.  That is, the
     second operand of `||' is evaluated even if the first one is true.

OPERATOR-TERNARY-LEFT:
`?'
OPERATOR-TERNARY-RIGHT:
`:'
     The only ternary operator, formed by OPERATOR-TERNARY-LEFT and
     OPERATOR-TERNARY-RIGHT is defined as in the C or C++ programming
     languages. The ternary operator first evaluates its first argument
     (the EXPRESSION-CST located before the `?'), which must result in a
     scalar value. If it is true (non-zero) the second argument
     (located between `?' and `:') is evaluated and returned; otherwise
     the third argument (located after `:') is evaluated and returned.

2.3.2 Evaluation order
----------------------

The evaluation priorities are summarized below (from stronger to weaker,
i.e., `^' has the highest evaluation priority). Parentheses `()' may be
used anywhere to change the order of evaluation.

`^'

`- (unary), !'

`/\'

`*, /, %'

`+, -'

`<, >, <=, >='

`!=, =='

`&&, ||'

`?:'

2.4 Functions
=============

Two types of functions coexist in GetDP: user-defined functions
(FUNCTION-ID, see *Note Function::) and built-in functions
(BUILT-IN-FUNCTION-ID, defined in this section).

Both types of functions are always followed by a pair of brackets `[]'
that can possibly contain arguments (*note Arguments::). This makes it
simple to distinguish a FUNCTION-ID or a BUILT-IN-FUNCTION-ID from a
CONSTANT-ID. As shown below, built-in functions might also have
parameters, given between braces `{}', and which are completely
evaluated during the analysis of the syntax (since they are of
EXPRESSION-CST-LIST type):

     BUILT-IN-FUNCTION-ID [ < EXPRESSION-LIST > ] < { EXPRESSION-CST-LIST } >

with

     BUILT-IN-FUNCTION-ID:
       MATH-FUNCTION-ID |
       EXTENDED-MATH-FUNCTION-ID |
       GREEN-FUNCTION-ID |
       TYPE-FUNCTION-ID |
       COORD-FUNCTION-ID |
       MISC-FUNCTION-ID

Notes:
  1. All possible values for BUILT-IN-FUNCTION-ID are listed in *Note
     Types for Function::.

  2. Classical mathematical functions (*note Math functions::) are the
     only functions allowed in a constant definition (see the
     definition of EXPRESSION-CST in *Note Constants::).

2.5 Current values
==================

Current values are a special kind of arguments (*note Arguments::) which
return the current integer or floating point value of an internal GetDP
variable:

`$Time'
     Value of the current time. This value is set to zero for non time
     dependent analyses.

`$DTime'
     Value of the current time increment used in a time stepping
     algorithm.

`$Theta'
     Current theta value in a theta time stepping algorithm.

`$TimeStep'
     Number of the current time step in a time stepping algorithm.

`$Iteration'
     Number of the current iteration in a nonlinear loop.

`$EigenvalueReal'
     Real part of the current eigenvalue.

`$EigenvalueImag'
     Imaginary part of the current eigenvalue.

`$X, $XS'
     Value of the current (destination or source) X-coordinate.

`$Y, $YS'
     Value of the current (destination or source) Y-coordinate.

`$Z, $ZS'
     Value of the current (destination or source) Z-coordinate.

`$A, $B, $C'
     Value of the current parametric coordinates used in the parametric
     `OnGrid' `PostOperation' (*note Types for PostOperation::).

Note:
  1. The current X, Y and Z coordinates refer to the `physical world'
     coordinates, i.e., coordinates in which the mesh is expressed.

2.6 Arguments
=============

Function arguments can be used in expressions and have the following
syntax (INTEGER indicates the position of the argument in the
EXPRESSION-LIST of the function, starting from 1):

     ARGUMENT:
       $INTEGER

See *Note Function::, and *Note Function examples::, for more details.

2.7 Registers
=============

In many situations, identical parts of expressions are used more than
once. If this is not a problem with constant expressions (since
EXPRESSION-CSTs are evaluated only once during the analysis of the
problem definition structure, cf. *Note Constants::), it may introduce
some important overhead while evaluating complex EXPRESSIONs (which are
evaluated at runtime, thanks to an internal stack mechanism). In order
to circumvent this problem, the evaluation result of any part of an
EXPRESSION can be saved in a register: a memory location where this
partial result will be accessible without any costly reevaluation of the
partial expression.

Registers have the following syntax:
     REGISTER-VALUE-SET:
       EXPRESSION#INTEGER

     REGISTER-VALUE-GET:
       #INTEGER

Thus, to store any part of an expression in the register 5, one should
add `#5' directly after the expression. To reuse the value stored in
this register, one simply uses `#5' instead of the expression it should
replace.

See *Note Function examples::, for an example.

2.8 Fields
==========

A discretized quantity (defined in a function space, cf.  *Note
FunctionSpace::) is represented between braces `{}', and can only
appear in well-defined expressions in `Formulation' (*note
Formulation::) and `PostProcessing' (*note PostProcessing::) objects:

     QUANTITY:
       < QUANTITY-DOF > { < QUANTITY-OPERATOR > QUANTITY-ID } |
       { < QUANTITY-OPERATOR > QUANTITY-ID } [ EXPRESSION-CST-LIST ]

with

     QUANTITY-ID:
       STRING |
       STRING ~ { EXPRESSION-CST }

and

QUANTITY-DOF:
`Dof'
     Defines a vector of discrete quantities (vector of `D'egrees `o'f
     `f'reedom), to be used only in `Equation' terms of formulations to
     define (elementary) matrices.  Roughly said, the `Dof' symbol in
     front of a discrete quantity indicates that this quantity is an
     unknown quantity, and should therefore not be considered as
     already computed.

`BF'
     Indicates that only a basis function will be used (only valid with
     basis functions associated with regions).


QUANTITY-OPERATOR:
`d'
     Exterior derivative (d): applied to a P-form, gives a (P+1)-form.

`Grad'
     Gradient: applied to a scalar field, gives a vector.

`Curl'
`Rot'
     Curl: applied to a vector field, gives a vector.

`Div'
     Divergence (div): applied to a vector field, gives a scalar.

`dInv'
     d^(-1): applied to a p-form, gives a (p-1)-form.

`GradInv'
     Inverse grad: applied to a gradient field, gives a scalar.

`CurlInv'
`RotInv'
     Inverse curl: applied to a curl field, gives a vector.

`DivInv'
     Inverse div: applied to a divergence field.


Notes:
  1. While the operators `Grad', `Curl' and `Div' can be applied to 0,
     1 and 2-forms respectively, the exterior derivative operator `d'
     is usually preferred with such fields.

  2. The second case permits to evaluate a discretized quantity at a
     certain position X, Y, Z (when EXPRESSION-CST-LIST contains three
     items) or at a specific time, N time steps ago (when
     EXPRESSION-CST-LIST contains a single item).

2.9 Loops and conditionals
==========================

Loops and conditionals are defined as follows, and can be imbricated:

LOOP:

`For ( EXPRESSION-CST : EXPRESSION-CST )'
     Iterates from the value of the first EXPRESSION-CST to the value of
     the second EXPRESSION-CST, with a unit incrementation step. At each
     iteration, the commands comprised between ``For ( EXPRESSION-CST :
     EXPRESSION-CST )'' and the matching `EndFor' are executed.

`For ( EXPRESSION-CST : EXPRESSION-CST : EXPRESSION-CST )'
     Iterates from the value of the first EXPRESSION-CST to the value
     of the second EXPRESSION-CST, with a positive or negative
     incrementation step equal to the third EXPRESSION-CST. At each
     iteration, the commands comprised between ``For ( EXPRESSION-CST :
     EXPRESSION-CST : EXPRESSION-CST )'' and the matching `EndFor' are
     executed.

`For STRING In { EXPRESSION-CST : EXPRESSION-CST }'
     Iterates from the value of the first EXPRESSION-CST to the value
     of the second EXPRESSION-CST, with a unit incrementation step. At
     each iteration, the value of the iterate is affected to an
     expression named STRING, and the commands comprised between ``For
     STRING In { EXPRESSION-CST : EXPRESSION-CST }'' and the matching
     `EndFor' are executed.

`For STRING In { EXPRESSION-CST : EXPRESSION-CST : EXPRESSION-CST }'
     Iterates from the value of the first EXPRESSION-CST to the value
     of the second EXPRESSION-CST, with a positive or negative
     incrementation step equal to the third EXPRESSION-CST. At each
     iteration, the value of the iterate is affected to an expression
     named STRING, and the commands comprised between ``For STRING In {
     EXPRESSION-CST : EXPRESSION-CST : EXPRESSION-CST }'' and the
     matching `EndFor' are executed.

`EndFor'
     Ends a matching `For' command.

`If ( EXPRESSION-CST )'
     The body enclosed between ``If ( EXPRESSION-CST )'' and the
     matching `Endif' is evaluated if EXPRESSION-CST is non-zero.

`EndIf'
     Ends a matching `If' command.

Loops and conditionals can be used in any of the following objects:
Group, Function, Constraint (as well as in a contraint-case),
FunctionSpace, Formulation (as well as in the quantity and equation
defintions), Resolution (as well as resolution-term, system defintion
and operations), PostProcessing (in the definition of the
PostQuantities) and PostOperation (as well as in the operation list).

3 Objects
*********

This chapter presents the formal definition of the ten GetDP objects
mentioned in *Note Overview::. To be concise, all the possible
parameters for these objects are not given here (cf. the ETC syntactic
rule defined in *Note Syntactic rules::). Please refer to *Note Types
for objects::, for the list of all available options.

3.1 `Group': defining topological entities
==========================================

Meshes (grids) constitute the input data of GetDP. All that is needed by
GetDP as a mesh is a file containing a list of nodes (with their
coordinates) and a list of geometrical elements with, for each one, a
number characterizing its geometrical type (i.e., line, triangle,
quadrangle, tetrahedron, hexahedron, prism, etc.), a number
characterizing the physical region to which it belongs and the list of
its nodes. This minimal input set should be easy to extract from most
of the classical mesh file formats (*note Input file format::, for a
complete description of the mesh file format read by GetDP).

Groups of geometrical entities of various types can be considered and
are used in many objects. There are region groups, of which the
entities are regions, and function groups, with nodes, edges, facets,
volumes, groups of nodes, edges of tree, facets of tree, ... of regions.

Amongst region groups, elementary and global groups can be
distinguished: elementary groups are relative to single regions (e.g.,
physical regions in which piecewise defined functions or constraints
can be defined) while global groups are relative to sets of regions for
which given treatments have to be performed (e.g., domain of
integration, support of a function space, etc.).

Groups of function type contain lists of entities built on some region
groups (e.g., nodes for nodal elements, edges for edge elements, edges
of tree for gauge conditions, groups of nodes for floating potentials,
elements on one side of a surface for cuts, etc.).

A definition of initially empty groups can be obtained thanks to a
`DefineGroup' command, so that their identifiers exist and can be
referred to in other objects, even if these groups are not explicitly
defined. This procedure is similar to the `DefineConstant' procedure
introduced for constants in *Note Constants::.

The syntax for the definition of groups is:

     Group {
       < DefineGroup [ GROUP-ID <{INTEGER}> <,...> ]; > ...
       < GROUP-ID = GROUP-DEF; > ...
       < GROUP-ID += GROUP-DEF; > ...
       < AFFECTATION > ...
       < LOOP > ...
     }

with

     GROUP-ID:
       STRING |
       STRING ~ { EXPRESSION-CST }

     GROUP-DEF:
       GROUP-TYPE [ GROUP-LIST <, GROUP-SUB-TYPE GROUP-LIST > ] |
       GROUP-ID <{<INTEGER>}> |
       #GROUP-LIST

     GROUP-TYPE:
       Region | Global | NodesOf | EdgesOf | ETC

     GROUP-LIST:
       All | GROUP-LIST-ITEM | { GROUP-LIST-ITEM <,...> }

     GROUP-LIST-ITEM:
       INTEGER |
       INTEGER : INTEGER |
       INTEGER : INTEGER : INTEGER |
       GROUP-ID <{<INTEGER>}>

     GROUP-SUB-TYPE:
       Not | StartingOn | OnOneSideOf | ETC

Notes:
  1. INTEGER as a GROUP-LIST-ITEM is the only interface with the mesh;
     with each element is associated a region number, being this
     INTEGER, and a geometrical type (*note Input file format::).
     Ranges of integers can be specified in the same way as ranges of
     constant expressions in an EXPRESSION-CST-LIST-ITEM (*note
     Constants::). For example, `I:J' replaces the list of consecutive
     integers I, I+1, ..., J-1, J.

  2. Array of groups: `DefineGroup[GROUP-ID{N}]' defines the empty
     groups `GROUP-ID{I}', I=1, ..., n.  Such a definition is optional,
     i.e., each `GROUP-ID{I}' can be separately defined, in any order.

  3. `#GROUP-LIST' is an abbreviation of `Region[GROUP-LIST]'.

See *Note Types for Group::, for the complete list of options and *Note
Group examples::, for some examples.

3.2 `Function': defining global and piecewise expressions
=========================================================

A user-defined function can be global in space or piecewise defined in
region groups. A physical characteristic is an example of a piecewise
defined function (e.g., magnetic permeability, electric conductivity,
etc.)  and can be simply a constant, for linear materials, or a
function of one or several arguments for nonlinear materials. Such
functions can of course depend on space coordinates or time, which can
be needed to express complex constraints.

A definition of initially empty functions can be made thanks to the
`DefineFunction' command so that their identifiers exist and can be
referred to (but cannot be used) in other objects. The syntax for the
definition of functions is:

     Function {
       < DefineFunction [ FUNCTION-ID <,...> ]; > ...
       < FUNCTION-ID [ < GROUP-DEF > ] = EXPRESSION; > ...
       < AFFECTATION > ...
       < LOOP > ...
     }

with

     FUNCTION-ID:
       STRING

Note:
  1. The optional GROUP-DEF in brackets must be of `Region' type, and
     indicates on which region the (piecewise) function is defined.
     Warning: it is incorrect to write `f[reg1]=1; g[reg2]=f[]+1;'
     since the domains of definition of `f[]' and `g[]' don't match.

See *Note Types for Function::, for the complete list of built-in
functions and *Note Function examples::, for some examples.

3.3 `Constraint': specifying constraints on function spaces and formulations
============================================================================

Constraints can be referred to in `FunctionSpace' objects to be used
for boundary conditions, to impose global quantities or to initialize
quantities.  These constraints can be expressed with functions or be
imposed by the pre-resolution of another discrete problem. Other
constraints can also be defined, e.g., constraints of network type for
the definition of circuit connections, to be used in `Formulation'
objects.

The syntax for the definition of constraints is:

     Constraint {
       { Name CONSTRAINT-ID; Type CONSTRAINT-TYPE;
         Case {
           { Region GROUP-DEF; < Type CONSTRAINT-TYPE; >
             < SubRegion GROUP-DEF; > < TimeFunction EXPRESSION; >
             < RegionRef GROUP-DEF; > < SubRegionRef GROUP-DEF; >
             < Coefficient EXPRESSION; > < Function EXPRESSION; >
             < Filter EXPRESSION; >
             CONSTRAINT-VAL; } ...
           < LOOP > ...
         }
       | Case CONSTRAINT-CASE-ID {
           { Region GROUP-DEF; < Type CONSTRAINT-TYPE; >
             CONSTRAINT-CASE-VAL; } ...
           < LOOP > ...
         } ...
       } ...
       < AFFECTATION > ...
       < LOOP > ...
     }

with

     CONSTRAINT-ID:
     CONSTRAINT-CASE-ID:
       STRING |
       STRING ~ { EXPRESSION-CST }

     CONSTRAINT-TYPE:
       Assign | Init | Network | Link | ETC

     CONSTRAINT-VAL:
       Value EXPRESSION | NameOfResolution RESOLUTION-ID | ETC

     CONSTRAINT-CASE-VAL:
       Branch { INTEGER, INTEGER } | ETC

Notes:
  1. The constraint type CONSTRAINT-TYPE defined outside the `Case'
     fields is applied to all the cases of the constraint, unless other
     types are explicitly given in these cases.  The default type is
     `Assign'.

  2. The region type `Region GROUP-DEF' will be the main GROUP-LIST
     argument of the GROUP-DEF to be built for the constraints of
     `FunctionSpace's. The optional region type `SubRegion GROUP-DEF'
     will be the argument of the associated GROUP-SUB-TYPE.

  3. EXPRESSION in `Value' of CONSTRAINT-VAL cannot be time dependent
     (`$Time') because it is evaluated only once during the
     pre-processing (for efficiency reasons).  Time dependences must be
     defined in `TimeFunction EXPRESSION'.

See *Note Types for Constraint::, for the complete list of options and
*Note Constraint examples::, for some examples.

3.4 `FunctionSpace': building function spaces
=============================================

A `FunctionSpace' is characterized by the type of its interpolated
fields, one or several basis functions and optional constraints (in
space and time). Subspaces of a function space can be defined (e.g.,
for the use with hierarchical elements), as well as direct associations
of global quantities (e.g., floating potential, electric charge,
current, voltage, magnetomotive force, etc.).

A key point is that basis functions are defined by any number of
subsets of functions, being added. Each subset is characterized by
associated built-in functions for evaluation, a support of definition
and a set of associated supporting geometrical entities (e.g., nodes,
edges, facets, volumes, groups of nodes, edges incident to a node,
etc.). The freedom in defining various kinds of basis functions
associated with different geometrical entities to interpolate a field
permits to build made-to-measure function spaces adapted to a wide
variety of field approximations (*note FunctionSpace examples::).

The syntax for the definition of function spaces is:

     FunctionSpace {
       { Name FUNCTION-SPACE-ID;
         Type FUNCTION-SPACE-TYPE;
         BasisFunction {
          { Name BASIS-FUNCTION-ID; NameOfCoef COEF-ID;
            Function BASIS-FUNCTION-TYPE
              < { Quantity QUANTITY-ID;
                  Formulation FORMULATION-ID {#INTEGER};
                  Group GROUP-DEF; Resolution RESOLUTION-ID {} } >;
            Support GROUP-DEF; Entity GROUP-DEF; } ...
         }
       < SubSpace {
          { Name SUB-SPACE-ID;
            NameOfBasisFunction BASIS-FUNCTION-LIST; } ...
         } >
       < GlobalQuantity {
          { Name GLOBAL-QUANTITY-ID; Type GLOBAL-QUANTITY-TYPE;
            NameOfCoef COEF-ID; } ...
         } >
       < Constraint {
          { NameOfCoef COEF-ID;
            EntityType GROUP-TYPE; < EntitySubType GROUP-SUB-TYPE; >
            NameOfConstraint CONSTRAINT-ID <{}>; } ...
         } >
       } ...
       < AFFECTATION > ...
       < LOOP > ...
     }

with

     FUNCTION-SPACE-ID:
     FORMULATION-ID:
     RESOLUTION-ID:
       STRING |
       STRING ~ { EXPRESSION-CST }

     BASIS-FUNCTION-ID:
     COEF-ID:
     SUB-SPACE-ID:
     GLOBAL-QUANTITY-ID:
       STRING

     FUNCTION-SPACE-TYPE:
       Scalar | Vector | Form0 | Form1 | ETC

     BASIS-FUNCTION-TYPE:
       BF_Node | BF_Edge | ETC

     BASIS-FUNCTION-LIST:
       BASIS-FUNCTION-ID | { BASIS-FUNCTION-ID <,...> }

     GLOBAL-QUANTITY-TYPE:
       AliasOf | AssociatedWith

Notes:
  1. When the definition region of a function type group used as an
     `Entity' of a `BasisFunction' is the same as that of the
     associated `Support', it is replaced by `All' for more efficient
     treatments during the computation process (this prevents the
     construction and the analysis of a list of geometrical entities).

  2. Piecewise defined basis functions: the same `Name' for several
     `BasisFunction' fields permits to define piecewise basis functions;
     separate `NameOfCoef's must be defined for those fields.

  3. Constraint: a constraint is associated with geometrical entities
     defined by an automatically created `Group' of type GROUP-TYPE,
     using the `Region' defined in a `Constraint' object as its main
     argument, and the optional `SubRegion' in the same object as a
     GROUP-SUB-TYPE argument.

  4. Function: a global basis function (`BF_Global' or `BF_dGlobal')
     needs parameters, i.e., it is given by the quantity (QUANTITY-ID)
     pre-computed from multiresolutions performed on multiformulations.

See *Note Types for FunctionSpace::, for the complete list of options
and *Note FunctionSpace examples::, for some examples.

3.5 `Jacobian': defining jacobian methods
=========================================

Jacobian methods can be referred to in `Formulation' and
`PostProcessing' objects to be used in the computation of integral
terms and for changes of coordinates. They are based on `Group' objects
and define the geometrical transformations applied to the reference
elements (i.e., lines, triangles, quadrangles, tetrahedra, prisms,
hexahedra, etc.). Besides the classical lineic, surfacic and volume
Jacobians, the `Jacobian' object allows the construction of various
transformation methods (e.g., infinite transformations for unbounded
domains) thanks to dedicated jacobian methods.

The syntax for the definition of Jacobian methods is:

     Jacobian {
       { Name JACOBIAN-ID;
         Case {
           { Region GROUP-DEF | All;
             Jacobian JACOBIAN-TYPE < { EXPRESSION-CST-LIST } >; } ...
         }
       } ...
     }

with

     JACOBIAN-ID:
       STRING

     JACOBIAN-TYPE:
       Vol | Sur | VolAxi | ETC

Note:
  1. The default case of a `Jacobian' object is defined by `Region All'
     and must follow all the other cases.

See *Note Types for Jacobian::, for the complete list of options and
*Note Jacobian examples::, for some examples.

3.6 `Integration': defining integration methods
===============================================

Various numerical or analytical integration methods can be referred to
in `Formulation' and `PostProcessing' objects to be used in the
computation of integral terms, each with a set of particular options
(number of integration points for quadrature methods--which can be
linked to an error criterion for adaptative methods, definition of
transformations for singular integrations, etc.). Moreover, a choice
can be made between several integration methods according to a
criterion (e.g., on the proximity between the source and computation
points in integral formulations).

The syntax for the definition of integration methods is:

     Integration {
       { Name INTEGRATION-ID; < Criterion EXPRESSION; >
         Case {
         < { Type INTEGRATION-TYPE;
             Case {
               { GeoElement ELEMENT-TYPE; NumberOfPoints EXPRESSION-CST } ...
             }
           } ... >
         < { Type Analytic; } ... >
         }
       } ...
     }

with

     INTEGRATION-ID:
       STRING

     INTEGRATION-TYPE:
       Gauss | ETC

     ELEMENT-TYPE:
       Line | Triangle | Tetrahedron ETC

See *Note Types for Integration::, for the complete list of options and
*Note Integration examples::, for some examples.

3.7 `Formulation': building equations
=====================================

The `Formulation' tool permits to deal with volume, surface and line
integrals with many kinds of densities to integrate, written in a form
that is similar to their symbolic expressions (it uses the same
EXPRESSION syntax as elsewhere in GetDP), which therefore permits to
directly take into account various kinds of elementary matrices (e.g.,
with scalar or cross products, anisotropies, nonlinearities, time
derivatives, various test functions, etc.). In case nonlinear physical
characteristics are considered, arguments are used for associated
functions. In that way, many formulations can be directly written in the
data file, as they are written symbolically. Fields involved in each
formulation are declared as belonging to beforehand defined function
spaces. The uncoupling between formulations and function spaces allows
to maintain a generality in both their definitions.

A `Formulation' is characterized by its type, the involved quantities
(of local, global or integral type) and a list of equation terms.
Global equations can also be considered, e.g., for the coupling with
network relations.

The syntax for the definition of formulations is:

     Formulation {
       { Name FORMULATION-ID; Type FORMULATION-TYPE;
         Quantity {
           { Name QUANTITY-ID; Type QUANTITY-TYPE;
             NameOfSpace FUNCTION-SPACE-ID <{}>
                       < [ SUB-SPACE-ID | GLOBAL-QUANTITY-ID ] >;
             < Symmetry EXPRESSION-CST; >
             < [ EXPRESSION ]; In GROUP-DEF;
               Jacobian JACOBIAN-ID; Integration INTEGRATION-ID; >
             < IndexOfSystem INTEGER; >  } ...
         }
         Equation {
          < LOCAL-TERM-TYPE
              { < TERM-OP-TYPE > [ EXPRESSION, EXPRESSION ];
                In GROUP-DEF; Jacobian JACOBIAN-ID;
                Integration INTEGRATION-ID; } > ...
          < GlobalTerm
              { < TERM-OP-TYPE > [ EXPRESSION, EXPRESSION ];
                In GROUP-DEF; } > ...
          < GlobalEquation
              { Type Network; NameOfConstraint CONSTRAINT-ID;
                { Node EXPRESSION; Loop EXPRESSION; Equation EXPRESSION;
                  In GROUP-DEF; } ...
              } > ...
          < AFFECTATION > ...
          < LOOP > ...
         }
       } ...
       < AFFECTATION > ...
       < LOOP > ...
     }

with

     FORMULATION-ID:
       STRING |
       STRING ~ { EXPRESSION-CST }

     FORMULATION-TYPE:
       FemEquation | ETC

     LOCAL-TERM-TYPE:
       Galerkin | deRham

     QUANTITY-TYPE:
       Local | Global | Integral

     TERM-OP-TYPE:
       Dt | DtDt | JacNL | ETC

Note:
  1. `IndexOfSystem' permits to resolve ambiguous cases when several
     quantities belong to the same function space, but to different
     systems of equations. The INTEGER parameter then specifies the
     index in the list of an `OriginSystem' command (*note
     Resolution::).

  2. A `GlobalTerm' defines a term to be assembled in an equation
     associated with a global quantity.  This equation is a finite
     element equation if that global quantity is linked with local
     quantities.

  3. A `GlobalEquation' defines a global equation to be assembled in the
     matrix of the system.

See *Note Types for Formulation::, for the complete list of options and
*Note Formulation examples::, for some examples.

3.8 `Resolution': solving systems of equations
==============================================

The operations available in a `Resolution' include: the generation of a
linear system, its solving with various kinds of linear solvers, the
saving of the solution or its transfer to another system, the
definition of various time stepping methods, the construction of
iterative loops for nonlinear problems (Newton-Raphson and fixed point
methods), etc.  Multi-harmonic resolutions, coupled problems (e.g.,
magneto-thermal) or linked problems (e.g., pre-computations of source
fields) are thus easily defined in GetDP.

The `Resolution' object is characterized by a list of systems to build
and their associated formulations, using time or frequency domain, and
a list of elementary operations:

     Resolution {
       { Name RESOLUTION-ID;
         System {
           { Name SYSTEM-ID; NameOfFormulation FORMULATION-LIST;
             < Type SYSTEM-TYPE; >
             < Frequency EXPRESSION-CST-LIST-ITEM |
               Frequency { EXPRESSION-CST-LIST }; >
             < DestinationSystem SYSTEM-ID; >
             < OriginSystem SYSTEM-ID; | OriginSystem { SYSTEM-ID <,...> }; >
             < NameOfMesh EXPRESSION-CHAR > < Solver EXPRESSION-CHAR >
             < LOOP > } ...
           < LOOP > ...
         }
         Operation {
           < RESOLUTION-OP; > ...
           < LOOP > ...
         }
       } ...
       < AFFECTATION > ...
       < LOOP > ...
     }

with

     RESOLUTION-ID:
     SYSTEM-ID:
       STRING |
       STRING ~ { EXPRESSION-CST }

     FORMULATION-LIST:
       FORMULATION-ID <{}> | { FORMULATION-ID <{}> <,...> }

     SYSTEM-TYPE:
       Real | Complex

     RESOLUTION-OP:
       Generate[SYSTEM-ID] | Solve[SYSTEM-ID] | ETC

Notes:
  1. The default type for a system of equations is `Real'. A frequency
     domain analysis is defined through the definition of one or several
     frequencies (`Frequency EXPRESSION-CST-LIST-ITEM | Frequency {
     EXPRESSION-CST-LIST }'). Complex systems of equations with no
     predefined list of frequencies (e.g., in modal analyses) can be
     explicitely defined with `Type Complex'.

  2. `NameOfMesh' permits to explicitely specify the mesh to be used
     for the construction of the system of equations.

  3. `Solver' permits to explicitely specify the name of the solver
     parameter file to use for the solving of the system of equations.
     This is ony valid if GetDP was compiled against the default solver
     library (it is the case if you downloaded a pre-compiled copy of
     GetDP from the internet).

  4. `DestinationSystem' permits to specify the destination system of a
     `TransferSolution' operation (*note Types for Resolution::).

  5. `OriginSystem' permits to specify the systems from which ambiguous
     quantity definitions can be solved (*note Formulation::).

See *Note Types for Resolution::, for the complete list of options and
*Note Resolution examples::, for some examples.

3.9 `PostProcessing': exploiting computational results
======================================================

The `PostProcessing' object is based on the quantities defined in a
`Formulation' and permits the construction (thanks to the EXPRESSION
syntax) of any useful piecewise defined quantity of interest:

     PostProcessing {
       { Name POST-PROCESSING-ID;
         NameOfFormulation FORMULATION-ID <{}>; < NameOfSystem SYSTEM-ID; >
         Quantity {
           { Name POST-QUANTITY-ID; Value { POST-VALUE ... } } ...
           < LOOP > ...
         }
       } ...
       < AFFECTATION > ...
       < LOOP > ...
     }

with

     POST-PROCESSING-ID:
     POST-QUANTITY-ID:
       STRING |
       STRING ~ { EXPRESSION-CST }

     POST-VALUE:
       Local { LOCAL-VALUE } | Integral { INTEGRAL-VALUE }

     LOCAL-VALUE:
       [ EXPRESSION ]; In GROUP-DEF; Jacobian JACOBIAN-ID;

     INTEGRAL-VALUE:
       [ EXPRESSION ]; In GROUP-DEF;
       Integration INTEGRATION-ID; Jacobian JACOBIAN-ID;

Notes:
  1. The quantity defined with INTEGRAL-VALUE is piecewise defined over
     the elements of the mesh of GROUP-DEF, and takes, in each element,
     the value of the integration of EXPRESSION over this element. The
     global integral of EXPRESSION over a whole region (being either
     GROUP-DEF or a subset of GROUP-DEF) has to be defined in the
     `PostOperation' with the `POST-QUANTITY-ID[GROUP-DEF]' command
     (*note PostOperation::).

  2. If `NameOfSystem SYSTEM-ID' is not given, the system is
     automatically selected as the one to which the first quantity
     listed in the `Quantity' field of FORMULATION-ID is associated.

See *Note Types for PostProcessing::, for the complete list of options
and *Note PostProcessing examples::, for some examples.

3.10 `PostOperation': exporting results
=======================================

The `PostOperation' is the bridge between results obtained with GetDP
and the external world. It defines several elementary operations on
`PostProcessing' quantities (e.g., plot on a region, section on a
user-defined plane, etc.), and outputs the results in several file
formats.

     PostOperation {
       { Name POST-OPERATION-ID; NameOfPostProcessing POST-PROCESSING-ID;
         < Format POST-OPERATION-FMT; > < Append EXPRESSION-CHAR; >
         Operation {
           < POST-OPERATION-OP; > ...
         }
       } ...
       < AFFECTATION > ...
       < LOOP > ...
     } |
     PostOperation POST-OPERATION-ID UsingPost POST-PROCESSING-ID {
       < POST-OPERATION-OP; > ...
     } ...

with

     POST-OPERATION-ID:
       STRING |
       STRING ~ { EXPRESSION-CST }

     POST-OPERATION-OP:
       Print[ POST-QUANTITY-TERM, PRINT-SUPPORT <,PRINT-OPTION> ... ] |
       Print[ "STRING", EXPRESSION <,PRINT-OPTION> ... ] |
       Print[ "STRING", Str[ EXPRESSION-CHAR ] <,PRINT-OPTION> ... ] |
       Echo[ "STRING" <,PRINT-OPTION> ... ] |
       PrintGroup[ GROUP-ID, PRINT-SUPPORT <,PRINT-OPTION> ... ] |
       < LOOP > ...
       ETC

     POST-QUANTITY-TERM:
       POST-QUANTITY-ID <[GROUP-DEF]> |
       POST-QUANTITY-ID POST-QUANTITY-OP POST-QUANTITY-ID[GROUP-DEF] |
       POST-QUANTITY-ID[GROUP-DEF] POST-QUANTITY-OP POST-QUANTITY-ID

     POST-QUANTITY-OP:
       + | - | * | /

     PRINT-SUPPORT:
       OnElementsOf GROUP-DEF | OnRegion GROUP-DEF | OnGlobal | ETC

     PRINT-OPTION:
       File EXPRESSION-CHAR | Format POST-OPERATION-FMT | ETC

     POST-OPERATION-FMT:
       Table | TimeTable | ETC

Notes:
  1. Both `PostOperation' syntaxes are equivalent.  The first one
     conforms to the overall interface, but the second one is more
     concise.

  2. The format POST-OPERATION-FMT defined outside the `Operation'
     field is applied to all the post-processing operations, unless
     other formats are explicitly given in these operations with the
     `Format' option (*note Types for PostOperation::). The default
     format is `Gmsh'.

  3. The optional argument `[GROUP-DEF]' of the POST-QUANTITY-ID can
     only be used when this quantity has been defined as an
     INTEGRAL-VALUE (*note PostProcessing::). In this case, the sum of
     all elementary integrals is performed over the region GROUP-DEF.

  4. The POST-QUANTITY-OP allows the simple combination of
     space-dependent quantities (POST-QUANTITY-ID) with global integral
     quantities (`POST-QUANTITY-ID[GROUP-DEF]').

See *Note Types for PostOperation::, for the complete list of options
and *Note PostOperation examples::, for some examples.

4 Types for objects
*******************

This chapter presents the complete list of choices associated with
metasyntactic variables introduced for the ten GetDP objects.

4.1 Types for `Group'
=====================

Types in

     GROUP-TYPE [ R1 <, GROUP-SUB-TYPE R2 > ]

`GROUP-TYPE < GROUP-SUB-TYPE >':
`Region'
     Regions in R1.

`Global'
     Regions in R1 (variant of `Region' used with global
     `BasisFunction's `BF_Global' and `BF_dGlobal').

`NodesOf'
     Nodes of elements of R1

     < `Not': but not those of R2 >.

`EdgesOf'
     Edges of elements of R1

     < `Not': but not those of R2 >.

`FacetsOf'
     Facets of elements of R1

     < `Not': but not those of R2 >.

`VolumesOf'
     Volumes of elements of R1

     < `Not': but not those of R2 >.

`ElementsOf'
     Elements of regions in R1

     < `OnOneSideOf': only elements on one side of R2) >.

`GroupsOfNodesOf'
     Groups of nodes of elements of R1 (a group is associated with each
     region).

`GroupsOfEdgesOf'
     Groups of edges of elements of R1 (a group is associated with each
     region).

     < `InSupport': in a support R2 being a group of type `ElementOf',
     i.e., containing elements >.

`GroupsOfEdgesOnNodesOf'
     Groups of edges incident to nodes of elements of R1 (a group is
     associated with each node).

     < `Not': but not those of R2) >.

`EdgesOfTreeIn'
     Edges of a tree of edges of R1

     < `StartingOn': a complete tree is first built on R2 >.

`FacetsOfTreeIn'
     Facets of a tree of facets of R1

     < `StartingOn': a complete tree is first built on R2 >.

`DualNodesOf'
     Dual nodes of elements of R1.

`DualEdgesOf'
     Dual edges of elements of R1.

`DualFacetsOf'
     Dual facets of elements of R1.

`DualVolumesOf'
     Dual volumes of elements of R1.


4.2 Types for `Function'
========================

4.2.1 Math functions
--------------------

The following functions are the equivalent of the functions of the C
math library, and always return real-valued expressions. These are the
only functions allowed in constant expressions (EXPRESSION-CST, see
*Note Constants::).

MATH-FUNCTION-ID:
`Exp'
     `[EXPRESSION]'

     Exponential function: e^EXPRESSION.

`Log'
     `[EXPRESSION]'

     Natural logarithm: ln(EXPRESSION), EXPRESSION>0.

`Log10'
     `[EXPRESSION]'

     Base 10 logarithm: log10(EXPRESSION), EXPRESSION>0.

`Sqrt'
     `[EXPRESSION]'

     Square root, EXPRESSION>=0.

`Sin'
     `[EXPRESSION]'

     Sine of EXPRESSION.

`Asin'
     `[EXPRESSION]'

     Arc sine (inverse sine) of EXPRESSION in [-Pi/2,Pi/2], EXPRESSION
     in [-1,1].

`Cos'
     `[EXPRESSION]'

     Cosine of EXPRESSION.

`Acos'
     `[EXPRESSION]'

     Arc cosine (inverse cosine) of EXPRESSION in [0,Pi], EXPRESSION in
     [-1,1].

`Tan'
     `[EXPRESSION]'

     Tangent of EXPRESSION.

`Atan'
     `[EXPRESSION]'

     Arc tangent (inverse tangent) of EXPRESSION in [-Pi/2,Pi/2].

`Atan2'
     `[EXPRESSION,EXPRESSION]'

     Arc tangent (inverse tangent) of the first EXPRESSION divided by
     the second, in [-Pi,Pi].

`Sinh'
     `[EXPRESSION]'

     Hyperbolic sine of EXPRESSION.

`Cosh'
     `[EXPRESSION]'

     Hyperbolic cosine of EXPRESSION.

`Tanh'
     `[EXPRESSION]'

     Hyperbolic tangent of EXPRESSION.

`Fabs'
     `[EXPRESSION]'

     Absolute value of EXPRESSION.

`Fmod'
     `[EXPRESSION,EXPRESSION]'

     Remainder of the division of the first EXPRESSION by the second,
     with the sign of the first.


4.2.2 Extended math functions
-----------------------------

EXTENDED-MATH-FUNCTION-ID:
`Cross'
     `[EXPRESSION,EXPRESSION]'

     Cross product of the two arguments; EXPRESSION must be a vector.

`Hypot'
     `[EXPRESSION,EXPRESSION]'

     Square root of the sum of the squares of its arguments.

`Norm'
     `[EXPRESSION]'

     Absolute value if EXPRESSION is a scalar; euclidian norm if
     EXPRESSION is a vector.

`SquNorm'
     `[EXPRESSION]'

     Square norm: `Norm[EXPRESSION]^2'.

`Unit'
     `[EXPRESSION]'

     Normalization: `EXPRESSION/Norm[EXPRESSION]'. Returns 0 if the
     norm is smaller than 1.e-30.

`Transpose'
     `[EXPRESSION]'

     Transposition; EXPRESSION must be a tensor.

`TTrace'
     `[EXPRESSION]'

     Trace; EXPRESSION must be a tensor.

`F_Cos_wt_p'
     `[]{EXPRESSION-CST,EXPRESSION-CST}'

     The first parameter represents the angular frequency and the second
     represents the phase. If the type of the current system is `Real',
     `F_Cos_wt_p[]{w,p}' is identical to `Cos[w*$Time+p]'. If the type
     of the current system is `Complex', it is identical to
     `Complex[Cos[w],Sin[w]]'.

`F_Sin_wt_p'
     `[]{EXPRESSION-CST,EXPRESSION-CST}'

     The first parameter represents the angular frequency and the second
     represents the phase. If the type of the current system is `Real',
     `F_Sin_wt_p[]{w,p}' is identical to `Sin[w*$Time+p]'. If the type
     of the current system is `Complex', it is identical to
     `Complex[Sin[w],-Cos[w]]'.

`F_Period'
     `[EXPRESSION]{EXPRESSION-CST}'

     `Fmod[EXPRESSION,EXPRESSION-CST]' `+' `(EXPRESSION<0 ?
     EXPRESSION-CST : 0)'; the result is always in [0,EXPRESSION-CST[.


4.2.3 Green functions
---------------------

The Green functions are only used in integral quantities (*note
Formulation::). The first parameter represents the dimension of the
problem:
   * `1D': `r = Fabs[$X-$XS]'

   * `2D': `r = Sqrt[($X-$XS)^2+($Y-$YS)^2]'

   * `3D': `r = Sqrt[($X-$XS)^2+($Y-$YS)^2+($Z-$ZS)^2]'
The triplets of values given in the definitions below correspond to the
`1D', `2D' and `3D' cases.

GREEN-FUNCTION-ID:
`Laplace'
     `[]{EXPRESSION-CST}'

     `r/2', `1/(2*Pi)*ln(1/r)', `1/(4*Pi*r)'.

`GradLaplace'
     `[]{EXPRESSION-CST}'

     Gradient of `Laplace' relative to the destination point (`$X',
     `$Y', `$Z').

`Helmholtz'
     `[]{EXPRESSION-CST, EXPRESSION-CST}'

     `exp(j*k0*r)/(4*Pi*r)', where `k0' is given by the second
     parameter.

`GradHelmholtz'
     `[]{EXPRESSION-CST, EXPRESSION-CST}'

     Gradient of `Helmholtz' relative to the destination point (`$X',
     `$Y', `$Z').


4.2.4 Type manipulation functions
---------------------------------

TYPE-FUNCTION-ID:
`Complex'
     `[EXPRESSION-LIST]'

     Creates a (multi-harmonic) complex expression from an number of
     real-valued expressions. The number of expressions in
     EXPRESSION-LIST must be even.

`Re'
     `[EXPRESSION]'

     Takes the real part of a complex-valued expression.

`Im'
     `[EXPRESSION]'

     Takes the imaginary part of a complex-valued expression.

`Vector'
     `[EXPRESSION,EXPRESSION,EXPRESSION]'

     Creates a vector from 3 scalars.

`Tensor'
     `[EXPRESSION,EXPRESSION,EXPRESSION,EXPRESSION,EXPRESSION,EXPRESSION,'

     `EXPRESSION,EXPRESSION,EXPRESSION]'

     Creates a second-rank tensor of order 3 from 9 scalars.

`TensorV'
     `[EXPRESSION,EXPRESSION,EXPRESSION]'

     Creates a second-rank tensor of order 3 from 3 vectors.

`TensorSym'
     `[EXPRESSION,EXPRESSION,EXPRESSION,EXPRESSION,EXPRESSION,EXPRESSION]'

     Creates a symmetrical second-rank tensor of order 3 from 6 scalars.

`TensorDiag'
     `[EXPRESSION,EXPRESSION,EXPRESSION]'

     Creates a diagonal second-rank tensor of order 3 from 3 scalars.

`CompX'
     `[EXPRESSION]'

     Gets the X component of a vector.

`CompY'
     `[EXPRESSION]'

     Gets the Y component of a vector.

`CompZ'
     `[EXPRESSION]'

     Gets the Z component of a vector.

`CompXX'
     `[EXPRESSION]'

     Gets the XX component of a tensor.

`CompXY'
     `[EXPRESSION]'

     Gets the XY component of a tensor.

`CompXZ'
     `[EXPRESSION]'

     Gets the XZ component of a tensor.

`CompYX'
     `[EXPRESSION]'

     Gets the YX component of a tensor.

`CompYY'
     `[EXPRESSION]'

     Gets the YY component of a tensor.

`CompYZ'
     `[EXPRESSION]'

     Gets the YZ component of a tensor.

`CompZX'
     `[EXPRESSION]'

     Gets the ZX component of a tensor.

`CompZY'
     `[EXPRESSION]'

     Gets the ZY component of a tensor.

`CompZZ'
     `[EXPRESSION]'

     Gets the ZZ component of a tensor.


4.2.5 Coordinate functions
--------------------------

COORD-FUNCTION-ID:
`X'
     `[]'

     Gets the X coordinate.

`Y'
     `[]'

     Gets the Y coordinate.

`Z'
     `[]'

     Gets the Z coordinate.

`XYZ'
     `[]'

     Gets X, Y and Z in a vector.


4.2.6 Miscellaneous functions
-----------------------------

MISC-FUNCTION-ID:
`Printf'
     `[EXPRESSION]'

     Prints the value of EXPRESSION when evaluated.

`Normal'
     `[]'

     Computes the normal to the element.

`NormalSource'
     `[]'

     Computes the normal to the source element (only valid in a
     quantity of Integral type).

`F_CompElementNum'
     `[]'

     Returns 0 if the current element and the current source element are
     identical.

`InterpolationLinear'
     `[]{EXPRESSION-CST-LIST}'

     Linear interpolation of points. The number of constant expressions
     in EXPRESSION-CST-LIST must be even.

`dInterpolationLinear'
     `[]{EXPRESSION-CST-LIST}'

     Derivative of linear interpolation of points. The number of
     constant expressions in EXPRESSION-CST-LIST must be even.

`InterpolationAkima'
     `[]{EXPRESSION-CST-LIST}'

     Akima interpolation of points. The number of constant expressions
     in EXPRESSION-CST-LIST must be even.

`dInterpolationAkima'
     `[]{EXPRESSION-CST-LIST}'

     Derivative of Akima interpolation of points. The number of constant
     expressions in EXPRESSION-CST-LIST must be even.

`Order'
     `[QUANTITY]'

     Returns the interpolation order of the QUANTITY.


4.3 Types for `Constraint'
==========================

CONSTRAINT-TYPE:
`Assign'
     To assign a value (e.g., for boundary condition).

`Init'
     To give an initial value (e.g., initial value in a time analysis).

`AssignFromResolution'
     To assign a value to be computed by a pre-resolution.

`InitFromResolution'
     To give an initial value to be computed by a pre-resolution.

`Network'
     To describe the node connections of branches in a network.

`Link'
     To define links between degrees of freedom in the constrained
     region with degrees of freedom in a "reference" region, with some
     coefficient. For example, to link the degrees of freedom in the
     contrained region `Left' with the degrees of freedom in the
     reference region `Right', located 1 unit to the right of the
     region `Left' along the X-axis, with the coeficient `-1', one
     could write:

          { Name periodic;
            Case {
              { Region Left; Type Link ; RegionRef Right;
                Coefficient -1; Function Vector[$X+Pi,$Y,$Z] ;
              }
            }
          }

     In this example, `Function' defines the mapping that translates the
     geometrical elements in the region `Left' by 1 along the X-axis, so
     that they correspond with the elements in the region `Right'. For
     this mapping to work, the meshes of `Left' and `Right' must be
     identical.

`LinkCplx'
     To define complex-valued links between degrees of freedom. The
     syntax is the same as for constraints of type `Link', but
     `Coeficient' can be complex.


4.4 Types for `FunctionSpace'
=============================

FUNCTION-SPACE-TYPE:
`Form0'
     0-form, i.e., scalar field of potential type.

`Form1'
     1-form, i.e., curl-conform field (associated with a curl).

`Form2'
     2-form, i.e., div-conform field (associated with a divergence).

`Form3'
     3-form, i.e., scalar field of density type.

`Form1P'
     1-form perpendicular to the Z=0 plane, i.e., perpendicular
     curl-conform field (associated with a curl).

`Form2P'
     2-form in the Z=0 plane, i.e., parallel div-conform field
     (associated with a divergence).

`Scalar'
     Scalar field.

`Vector'
     Vector field.


BASIS-FUNCTION-TYPE:
`BF_Node'
     Nodal function (on `NodesOf', value `Form0').

`BF_Edge'
     Edge function (on `EdgesOf', value `Form1').

`BF_Facet'
     Facet function (on `FacetsOf', value `Form2').

`BF_Volume'
     Volume function (on `VolumesOf', value `Form3').

`BF_GradNode'
     Gradient of nodal function (on `NodesOf', value `Form1').

`BF_CurlEdge'
     Curl of edge function (on `EdgesOf', value `Form2').

`BF_DivFacet'
     Divergence of facet function (on `FacetsOf', value `Form3').

`BF_GroupOfNodes'
     Sum of nodal functions (on `GroupsOfNodesOf', value `Form0').

`BF_GradGroupOfNodes'
     Gradient of sum of nodal functions (on `GroupsOfNodesOf', value
     `Form1').

`BF_GroupOfEdges'
     Sum of edge functions (on `GroupsOfEdgesOf', value `Form1').

`BF_CurlGroupOfEdges'
     Curl of sum of edge functions (on `GroupsOfEdgesOf', value
     `Form2').

`BF_PerpendicularEdge'
     1-form (0, 0, `BF_Node') (on `NodesOf', value `Form1P').

`BF_CurlPerpendicularEdge'
     Curl of 1-form (0, 0, `BF_Node') (on `NodesOf', value `Form2P').

`BF_GroupOfPerpendicularEdge'
     Sum of 1-forms (0, 0, `BF_Node') (on `NodesOf', value `Form1P').

`BF_CurlGroupOfPerpendicularEdge'
     Curl of sum of 1-forms (0, 0, `BF_Node') (on `NodesOf', value
     `Form2P').

`BF_PerpendicularFacet'
     2-form (90 degree rotation of `BF_Edge') (on `EdgesOf', value
     `Form2P').

`BF_DivPerpendicularFacet'
     Div of 2-form (90 degree rotation of `BF_Edge') (on `EdgesOf',
     value `Form3').

`BF_Region'
     Unit value 1 (on `Region', value `Scalar').

`BF_RegionX'
     Unit vector (1, 0, 0) (on `Region', value `Vector').

`BF_RegionY'
     Unit vector (0, 1, 0) (on `Region', value `Vector').

`BF_RegionZ'
     Unit vector (0, 0, 1) (on `Region', value `Vector').

`BF_Global'
     Global pre-computed quantity (on `Global', value depends on
     parameters).

`BF_dGlobal'
     Exterior derivative of global pre-computed quantity (on `Global',
     value depends on parameters).

`BF_NodeX'
     Vector (`BF_Node', 0, 0) (on `NodesOf', value `Vector').

`BF_NodeY'
     Vector (0, `BF_Node', 0) (on `NodesOf', value `Vector').

`BF_NodeZ'
     Vector (0, 0, `BF_Node') (on `NodesOf', value `Vector').

`BF_Zero'
     Zero value 0 (on all regions, value `Scalar').

`BF_One'
     Unit value 1 (on all regions, value `Scalar').


GLOBAL-QUANTITY-TYPE:
`AliasOf'
     Another name for a name of coefficient of basis function.

`AssociatedWith'
     A global quantity associated with a name of coefficient of basis
     function, and therefore with this basis function.


4.5 Types for `Jacobian'
========================

JACOBIAN-TYPE:
`Vol'
     Volume Jacobian, for N-D regions in N-D geometries, N = 1, 2 or 3.

`Sur'
     Surface Jacobian, for (N-1)-D regions in N-D geometries, N = 1, 2
     or 3.

`Lin'
     Line Jacobian, for (N-2)-D regions in N-D geometries, N = 2 or 3.

`VolAxi'
     Axisymmetrical volume Jacobian (1st type: r), for 2-D regions in
     axisymmetrical geometries.

`SurAxi'
     Axisymmetrical surface Jacobian (1st type: r), for 1-D regions in
     axisymmetrical geometries.

`VolAxiSqu'
     Axisymmetrical volume Jacobian (2nd type: r^2), for 2-D regions in
     axisymmetrical geometries.

`VolSphShell'
     Volume Jacobian with spherical shell transformation, for N-D
     regions in N-D geometries, N = 2 or 3.

     Parameters: RADIUS-INTERNAL, RADIUS-EXTERNAL                <,
     CENTER-X, CENTER-Y, CENTER-Z,                   POWER, 1/INFINITY
     >.

`VolAxiSphShell'
     Same as `VolAxi', but with spherical shell transformation.

     Parameters: RADIUS-INTERNAL, RADIUS-EXTERNAL                <,
     CENTER-X, CENTER-Y, CENTER-Z,                   POWER, 1/INFINITY
     >.

`VolAxiSquSphShell'
     Same as `VolAxiSqu', but with spherical shell transformation.

     Parameters: RADIUS-INTERNAL, RADIUS-EXTERNAL                <,
     CENTER-X, CENTER-Y, CENTER-Z,                   POWER, 1/INFINITY
     >.

`VolRectShell'
     Volume Jacobian with rectangular shell transformation, for N-D
     regions in N-D geometries, N = 2 or 3.

     Parameters: RADIUS-INTERNAL, RADIUS-EXTERNAL                <,
     DIRECTION,                   CENTER-X, CENTER-Y, CENTER-Z,
              POWER, 1/INFINITY >.

`VolAxiRectShell'
     Same as `VolAxi', but with rectangular shell transformation.

     Parameters: RADIUS-INTERNAL, RADIUS-EXTERNAL                <,
     DIRECTION,                   CENTER-X, CENTER-Y, CENTER-Z,
              POWER, 1/INFINITY >.

`VolAxiSquRectShell'
     Same as `VolAxiSqu', but with rectangular shell transformation.

     Parameters: RADIUS-INTERNAL, RADIUS-EXTERNAL                <,
     DIRECTION,                   CENTER-X, CENTER-Y, CENTER-Z,
              POWER, 1/INFINITY >.


4.6 Types for `Integration'
===========================

INTEGRATION-TYPE:
`Gauss'
     Numerical Gauss integration.

`GaussLegendre'
     Numerical Gauss integration obtained by application of a
     multiplicative rule on the one-dimensional Gauss integration.


ELEMENT-TYPE:
`Line'
     Line (2 nodes, 1 edge, 1 volume) (#1).

`Triangle'
     Triangle (3 nodes, 3 edges, 1 facet, 1 volume) (#2).

`Quadrangle'
     Quadrangle (4 nodes, 4 edges, 1 facet, 1 volume) (#3).

`Tetrahedron'
     Tetrahedron (4 nodes, 6 edges, 4 facets, 1 volume) (#4).

`Hexahedron'
     Hexahedron (8 nodes, 12 edges, 6 facets, 1 volume) (#5).

`Prism'
     Prism (6 nodes, 9 edges, 5 facets, 1 volume) (#6).

`Pyramid'
     Pyramid (5 nodes, 8 edges, 5 facets, 1 volume) (#7).

`Point'
     Point (1 node) (#15).


Note:
  1. N in (#N) is the type number of the element (*note Input file
     format::).

4.7 Types for `Formulation'
===========================

FORMULATION-TYPE:
`FemEquation'
     Finite element method formulation (all methods of moments,
     integral methods).


LOCAL-TERM-TYPE:
`Galerkin'
     Integral of Galerkin type.

`deRham'
     deRham projection (collocation).


QUANTITY-TYPE:
`Local'
     Local quantity defining a field in a function space.  In case a
     subspace is considered, its identifier has to be given between the
     brackets following the `NameOfSpace FUNCTION-SPACE-ID'.

`Global'
     Global quantity defining a global quantity from a function space.
     The identifier of this quantity has to be given between the
     brackets following the `NameOfSpace FUNCTION-SPACE-ID'.

`Integral'
     Integral quantity obtained by the integration of a `LocalQuantity'
     before its use in an `Equation' term.


TERM-OP-TYPE:
`Dt'
     Time derivative applied to the whole term of the equation.

`DtDof'
     Time derivative applied only to the `Dof{}' term of the equation.

`DtDt'
     Time derivative of 2nd order applied to the whole term of the
     equation.

`DtDtDof'
     Time derivative of 2nd order applied only to the `Dof{}' term of
     the equation.

`JacNL'
     Jacobian term to be assembled in the Jacobian matrix for nonlinear
     analysis.

`NeverDt'
     No time scheme applied to the term (e.g., Theta is always 1 even
     if a theta scheme is applied).


4.8 Types for `Resolution'
==========================

RESOLUTION-OP:
`Generate'
     `[SYSTEM-ID]'

     Generate the system of equations SYSTEM-ID.

`Solve'
     `[SYSTEM-ID]'

     Solve the system of equations SYSTEM-ID.

`GenerateJac'
     `[SYSTEM-ID]'

     Generate the system of equations SYSTEM-ID using a jacobian matrix
     (of which the unknowns are corrections DX of the current solution
     X).

`SolveJac'
     `[SYSTEM-ID]'

     Solve the system of equations SYSTEM-ID using a jacobian matrix (of
     which the unknowns are corrections DX of the current solution X).
     Then, Increment the solution (X=X+DX) and compute the relative
     error DX/X.

`GenerateSeparate'
     `[SYSTEM-ID]'

     Generate iteration matrices separately for system SYSTEM-ID. It is
     destined to be used with `Update' in order to create more
     efficiently the actual system to solve (this is only useful in
     linear transient problems with one single excitation) or with
     `EigenSolve' in order to generate the matrices of a (generalized)
     eigenvalue problem.

`GenerateOnly'
     `[SYSTEM-ID, EXPRESSION-CST-LIST]'

     Not documented yet.

`GenerateOnlyJac'
     `[SYSTEM-ID, EXPRESSION-CST-LIST]'

     Not documented yet.

`Update'
     `[SYSTEM-ID, EXPRESSION]'

     Update the system of equations SYSTEM-ID (built from iteration
     matrices generated separately with `GenerateSeparate') with
     EXPRESSION

`UpdateConstraint'
     `[SYSTEM-ID, GROUP-ID, CONSTRAINT-TYPE]'

     Not documented yet.

`InitSolution'
     `[SYSTEM-ID]'

     Initialize the solution of SYSTEM-ID to zero (default) or to the
     values given in a `Constraint' of `Init' type.

`SaveSolution'
     `[SYSTEM-ID]'

     Save the solution of the system of equations SYSTEM-ID.

`SaveSolutions'
     `[SYSTEM-ID]'

     Save all the solutions available for the system of equations
     SYSTEM-ID. This should be used with algorithms that generate more
     than one solution at once, e.g., `EigenSolve' or
     `FourierTransform'.

`TransferSolution'
     `[SYSTEM-ID]'

     Transfer the solution of system SYSTEM-ID, as an `Assign'
     constraint, to the system of equations defined with a
     `DestinationSystem' command. This is used with the
     `AssignFromResolution' constraint type (*note Types for
     Constraint::).

`TransferInitSolution'
     `[SYSTEM-ID]'

     Transfer the solution of system SYSTEM-ID, as an `Init'
     constraint, to the system of equations defined with a
     `DestinationSystem' command. This is used with the
     `InitFromResolution' constraint type (*note Types for
     Constraint::).

`Evaluate'
     `[EXPRESSION]'

     Evaluate EXPRESSION.

`SetTime'
     `[EXPRESSION]'

     Change the current time.

`SetFrequency'
     `[SYSTEM-ID, EXPRESSION]'

     Change the frequency of system SYSTEM-ID.

`SystemCommand'
     `[EXPRESSION-CHAR]'

     Execute the system command given by EXPRESSION-CHAR.

`If'
     `[EXPRESSION] { RESOLUTION-OP }'

     If EXPRESSION is true (nonzero), perform the operations in
     RESOLUTION-OP.

`If'
     `[EXPRESSION] { RESOLUTION-OP }'

`Else'
     `{ RESOLUTION-OP }'

     If EXPRESSION is true (nonzero), perform the operations in the
     first RESOLUTION-OP, else perform the operations in the second
     RESOLUTION-OP.

`Break'
     Not implemented yet.

`Print'
     `[ { EXPRESSION-LIST }, < File EXPRESSION-CHAR > ]'

     Print the expressions listed in EXPRESSION-LIST.

`Print'
     `[ SYSTEM-ID <, File EXPRESSION-CHAR > <, { EXPRESSION-CST-LIST }
     >'
     `<, TimeStep { EXPRESSION-CST-LIST } >]'

     Print the system SYSTEM-ID. If the EXPRESSION-CST-LIST is given,
     print only the values of the degrees of freedom given in that list.
     If the `TimeStep' option is present, limit the printing to the
     selected time steps.

`EigenSolve'
     `[SYSTEM-ID, EXPRESSION-CST, EXPRESSION-CST, EXPRESSION-CST]'

     Eigenvalue/eigenvector computation using Arpack. The parameters
     are: the system (which has to be generated with
     `GenerateSeparate[]'), the number of eigenvalues/eigenvectors to
     compute and the real and imaginary spectral shift (around which to
     look for eigenvalues).

`Lanczos'
     `[SYSTEM-ID, EXPRESSION-CST, { EXPRESSION-CST-LIST } ,
     EXPRESSION-CST]'

     Eigenvalue/eigenvector computation using the Lanczos algorithm. The
     parameters are: the system (which has to be generated with
     `GenerateSeparate[]'), the size of the Lanczos space, the indices
     of the eigenvalues/eigenvectors to store, the spectral shift. This
     routine is deprecated: use `EigenSolve' instead.

`FourierTransform'
     `[SYSTEM-ID, SYSTEM-ID, { EXPRESSION-CST-LIST }]'

     On-the-fly computation of a discrete Fourier transform. The
     parameters are: the (time domain) system, the destination system
     in which the result of the Fourier tranform is to be saved (it
     should be declared with `Type Complex'), the list of frequencies
     to consider in the discrete Fourier transform.

`TimeLoopTheta'
     `[EXPRESSION-CST,EXPRESSION-CST,EXPRESSION,EXPRESSION-CST]' `{
     RESOLUTION-OP }'

     Time loop of a theta scheme. The parameters are: the initial time,
     the end time, the time step and the theta parameter (e.g., 1 for
     implicit Euler, 0.5 for Crank-Nicholson).

`TimeLoopNewmark'
     `[EXPRESSION-CST,EXPRESSION-CST,EXPRESSION,EXPRESSION-CST,EXPRESSION-CST]'
     { RESOLUTION-OP }

     Time loop of a Newmark scheme. The parameters are: the initial
     time, the end time, the time step, the beta and the gamma
     parameter.

`IterativeLoop'
     `[EXPRESSION-CST,EXPRESSION,EXPRESSION-CST<,EXPRESSION-CST>]' {
     RESOLUTION-OP }

     Iterative loop for nonlinear analysis. The parameters are: the
     maximum number of iterations (if no convergence), the relaxation
     factor (multiplies the iterative correction DX) and the relative
     error to achieve. The optional parameter is a flag for testing
     purposes.

`PostOperation'
     `[POST-OPERATION-ID]'

     Perform the specified `PostOperation'.


4.9 Types for `PostProcessing'
==============================

POST-VALUE:
`Local'
     { LOCAL-VALUE }

     To compute a local quantity.

`Integral'
     { INTEGRAL-VALUE }

     To integrate the expression over each element.


4.10 Types for `PostOperation'
==============================

PRINT-SUPPORT:
`OnElementsOf'
     GROUP-DEF

     To compute a quantity on the elements belonging to the region
     GROUP-DEF, where the solution was computed during the processing
     stage.

`OnRegion'
     GROUP-DEF

     To compute a global quantity associated with the region GROUP-DEF.

`OnGlobal'
     To compute a global integral quantity, with no associated region.

`OnSection'
     { { EXPRESSION-CST-LIST } { EXPRESSION-CST-LIST } {
     EXPRESSION-CST-LIST } }

     To compute a quantity on a section of the mesh defined by three
     points (i.e., on the intersection of the mesh with a cutting a
     plane, specified by three points). Each EXPRESSION-CST-LIST must
     contain exactly three elements (the coordinates of the points).

`OnGrid'
     GROUP-DEF

     To compute a quantity in elements of a mesh which differs from the
     real support of the solution. `OnGrid GROUP-DEF' differs from
     `OnElementsOf GROUP-DEF' by the reinterpolation that must be
     performed.

`OnGrid'
     `{ EXPRESSION,  EXPRESSION,  EXPRESSION }'
     `{    EXPRESSION-CST-LIST-ITEM | { EXPRESSION-CST-LIST } ,'
     `  EXPRESSION-CST-LIST-ITEM | { EXPRESSION-CST-LIST } ,'
     `  EXPRESSION-CST-LIST-ITEM | { EXPRESSION-CST-LIST } }'

     To compute a quantity on a parametric grid. The three EXPRESSIONs
     represent the three cartesian coordinates X, Y and Z, and can be
     functions of the current values `$A', `$B' and `$C'. The values
     for `$A', `$B' and `$C' are specified by each
     EXPRESSION-CST-LIST-ITEM or EXPRESSION-CST-LIST. For example,
     `OnGrid {Cos[$A], Sin[$A], 0} { 0:2*Pi:Pi/180, 0, 0 }' will
     compute the quantity on 360 points equally distributed on a circle
     in the z=0 plane, and centered on the origin.

`OnPoint'
     { EXPRESSION-CST-LIST }

     To compute a quantity at a point. The EXPRESSION-CST-LIST must
     contain exactly three elements (the coordinates of the point).

`OnLine'
     { { EXPRESSION-CST-LIST } { EXPRESSION-CST-LIST } } {
     EXPRESSION-CST }

     To compute a quantity along a line (given by its two end points),
     with an associated number of divisions equal to EXPRESSION-CST. The
     interpolation points on the line are equidistant. Each
     EXPRESSION-CST-LIST must contain exactly three elements (the
     coordinates of the points).

`OnPlane'
     { { EXPRESSION-CST-LIST } { EXPRESSION-CST-LIST } {
     EXPRESSION-CST-LIST } }
     `{ EXPRESSION-CST, EXPRESSION-CST }'

     To compute a quantity on a plane (specified by three points), with
     an associated number of divisions equal to each EXPRESSION-CST
     along both generating directions. Each EXPRESSION-CST-LIST must
     contain exactly three elements (the coordinates of the points).

`OnBox'
     { { EXPRESSION-CST-LIST } { EXPRESSION-CST-LIST } {
     EXPRESSION-CST-LIST }
     `  { EXPRESSION-CST-LIST } } { EXPRESSION-CST, EXPRESSION-CST,
     EXPRESSION-CST }'

     To compute a quantity in a box (specified by four points), with an
     associated number of divisions equal to each EXPRESSION-CST along
     the three generating directions. Each EXPRESSION-CST-LIST must
     contain exactly three elements (the coordinates of the points).


PRINT-OPTION:
`File'
     `EXPRESSION-CHAR'

     Outputs the result in a file named EXPRESSION-CHAR.

`File'
     `> EXPRESSION-CHAR'

     Same as `File EXPRESSION-CHAR', except that, if several `File >
     EXPRESSION-CHAR' options appear in the same `PostOperation', the
     results are concatenated in the file EXPRESSION-CHAR.

`File'
     `>> EXPRESSION-CHAR'

     Appends the result to a file named EXPRESSION-CHAR.

`Depth'
     EXPRESSION-CST

     Recursive division of the elements if EXPRESSION-CST is greater
     than zero, derefinement if EXPRESSION-CST is smaller than zero. If
     EXPRESSION-CST is equal to zero, evaluation at the barycenter of
     the elements.

`Skin'
     Computes the result on the boundary of the region.

`Smoothing'
     Smoothes the solution at the nodes.

`HarmonicToTime'
     EXPRESSION-CST

     Converts a harmonic solution into a time-dependent one (with
     EXPRESSION-CST steps).

`Dimension'
     EXPRESSION-CST

     Forces the dimension of the elements to consider in an element
     search. Specifies the problem dimension during an adaptation (h- or
     p-refinement).

`TimeStep'
     `EXPRESSION-CST-LIST-ITEM | { EXPRESSION-CST-LIST }'

     Outputs results for the specified time steps only.

`LastTimeStepOnly'
     Outputs results for the last time step only (useful when calling a
     `PostOperation' directly in a `Resolution', for example).

`Frequency'
     `EXPRESSION-CST-LIST-ITEM | { EXPRESSION-CST-LIST }'

     Outputs results for the specified frequencies only.

`Format'
     POST-OPERATION-FMT

     Outputs results in the specified format.

`Adapt'
     `P1 | H1 | H2'

     Performs p- or h-refinement on the post-processing result,
     considered as an error map.

`Target'
     EXPRESSION-CST

     Specifies the target for the optimizer during adaptation (error for
     `P1|H1', number of elements for `H2').

`Value'
     `EXPRESSION-CST-LIST-ITEM | { EXPRESSION-CST-LIST }'

     Specifies acceptable output values for discrete optimization (e.g.
     the available interpolation orders with `Adapt P1').

`Sort'
     `Position | Connection'

     Sorts the output by position (x, y, z) or by connection (for `LINE'
     elements only).

`Iso'
     EXPRESSION-CST

     Outputs directly contour prints (with EXPRESSION-CST values)
     instead of elementary values.

`Iso'
     `{ EXPRESSION-CST-LIST }'

     Outputs directly contour prints for the values specified in the
     EXPRESSION-CST-LIST instead of elementary values.

`NoNewLine'
     Suppresses the new lines in the output when printing global
     quantities (i.e., with `Print OnRegion' or `Print OnGlobal').

`ChangeOfCoordinates'
     `{ EXPRESSION, EXPRESSION, EXPRESSION }'

     Changes the coordinates of the results according to the three
     expressions given in argument. The three EXPRESSIONs represent the
     three new cartesian coordinates X, Y and Z, and can be functions of
     the current values of the cartesian coordinates `$X', `$Y' and
     `$Z'.

`ChangeOfValues'
     `{ EXPRESSION-LIST }'

     Changes the values of the results according to the expressions
     given in argument. The EXPRESSIONs represent the new values
     (X-compoment, Y-component, etc.), and can be functions of the
     current values of the solution ($VAL0, $VAL1, etc.).

`DecomposeInSimplex'
     Decomposes all output elements in simplices (points, lines,
     triangles or tetrahedra).

`Store'
     `EXPRESSION-CST'

     Stores the result of an `OnRegion' post-processing operation in the
     register EXPRESSION-CST.

`TimeLegend'
     `< { EXPRESSION, EXPRESSION, EXPRESSION } >'

     Includes a time legend in Gmsh plots. If the three optional
     expressions giving the position of the legend are not specified,
     the legend is centered on top of the plot.

`FrequencyLegend'
     `< { EXPRESSION, EXPRESSION, EXPRESSION } >'

     Includes a frequency legend in Gmsh plots. If the three optional
     expressions giving the position of the legend are not specified,
     the legend is centered on top of the plot.

`EigenvalueLegend'
     `< { EXPRESSION, EXPRESSION, EXPRESSION } >'

     Includes an eigenvalue legend in Gmsh plots. If the three optional
     expressions giving the position of the legend are not specified,
     the legend is centered on top of the plot.


POST-OPERATION-FMT:
`Gmsh'
`GmshParsed'
     Gmsh output. See the documentation of Gmsh
     (`http://www.geuz.org/gmsh/') for a description of the file
     formats.

`Table'
     Space oriented column output, e.g., suitable for Gnuplot, Excel,
     Caleida Graph, etc. The columns are: ELEMENT-TYPE ELEMENT-INDEX
     X-COORD Y-COORD Z-COORD <X-COORD Y-COORD Z-COORD> ... REAL REAL
     REAL VALUES. The three REAL numbers preceding the VALUES contain
     context-dependent information, depending on the type of plot:
     curvilinear abscissa for `OnLine' plots, normal to the plane for
     `OnPlane' plots, parametric coordinates for parametric `OnGrid'
     plots, etc.

`TimeTable'
     Time oriented column output, e.g., suitable for Gnuplot, Excel,
     Caleida Graph, etc. The columns are: TIME-STEP TIME X-COORD
     Y-COORD Z-COORD <X-COORD Y-COORD Z-COORD> ... VALUE.

`Gnuplot'
     Space oriented column output similar to the `Table' format, except
     that a new line is created for each node of each element, with a
     repetition of the first node if the number of nodes in the element
     is greater than 2. This permits to draw unstructured meshes and
     nice three-dimensional elevation plots in Gnuplot. The columns
     are: ELEMENT-TYPE ELEMENT-INDEX X-COORD Y-COORD Z-COORD REAL REAL
     REAL VALUES. The three REAL numbers preceding the VALUES contain
     context-dependent information, depending on the type of plot:
     curvilinear abscissa for `OnLine' plots, normal to the plane for
     `OnPlane' plots, parametric coordinates for parametric `OnGrid'
     plots, etc.

`Adaptation'
     Adaptation map, suitable for the GetDP `-adapt' command line
     option.


5 Short examples
****************

5.1 Constant expression examples
================================

The simplest constant expression consists of an INTEGER or a REAL
number as in

     21
     -3

or

     -3.1415
     27e3
     -290.53e-12

Using operators and the classic math functions, CONSTANT-IDs can be
defined:

     c1 = Sin[2/3*3.1415] * 5000^2;
     c2 = -1/c1;

5.2 `Group' examples
====================

Let us assume that some elements in the input mesh have the region
numbers 1000, 2000 and 3000. In the definitions

     Group {
       Air = Region[1000]; Core = Region[2000]; Inductor = Region[3000];
       NonConductingDomain = Region[{Air, Core}];
       ConductingDomain    = Region[{Inductor}];
     }

`Air', `Core', `Inductor' are identifiers of elementary region groups
while `NonConductingDomain' and `ConductingDomain' are global region
groups.

Groups of function type contain lists of entities built on the region
groups appearing in their arguments. For example,

     NodesOf[NonConductingDomain]

represents the group of nodes of geometrical elements belonging to the
regions in `NonConductingDomain' and

     EdgesOf[DomainC, Not SkinDomainC]

represents the group of edges of geometrical elements belonging to the
regions in `DomainC' but not to those of `SkinDomainC'.

5.3 `Function' examples
=======================

A physical characteristic is a piecewise defined function. The magnetic
permeability `mu[]' can for example be defined in the considered
regions by

     Function {
       mu[Air] = 4.e-7*Pi;
       mu[Core] = 1000.*4.e-7*Pi;
     }

A nonlinear characteristic can be defined through an EXPRESSION with
arguments, e.g.,

     Function {
       mu0 = 4.e-7*Pi;
       a1 = 1000.; b1 = 100.; // Constants
       mu[NonlinearCore] = mu0 + 1./(a1+b1*Norm[$1]^6);
     }

where function `mu[]' in region `NonLinearCore' has one argument `$1'
which has to be the magnetic flux density.  This function is actually
called when writing the equations of a formulation, which permits to
directly extend it to a nonlinear form by adding only the necessary
arguments. For example, in a magnetic vector potential formulation, one
may write `mu[{Curl a}]' instead of `mu[]' in `Equation' terms (*note
Formulation examples::). Multiple arguments can be specified in a
similar way: writing `mu[{Curl a},{T}]' in an `Equation' term will
provide the function `mu[]' with two usable arguments, `$1' (the
magnetic flux density) and `$2' (the temperature).

It is also possible to directly interpolate one-dimensional functions
from tabulated data. In the following example, the function F(X) as
well as its derivative F'(X) are interpolated from the (X,F(X)) couples
(0,0.65), (1,0.72), (2,0.98) and (3,1.12):

     Function {
       couples = {0, 0.65 , 1, 0.72 , 2, 0.98 , 3, 1.12};
       f[] = InterpolationLinear[$1]{List[couples]};
       dfdx[] = dInterpolationLinear[$1]{List[couples]};
     }

The function `f[]' may then be called in an `Equation' term of a
`Formulation' with one argument, X. Notice how the list of constants
`List[couples]' is supplied as a list of parameters to the built-in
function `InterpolationLinear' (*note Constants::, as well as *Note
Functions::). In order to facilitate the construction of such
interpolations, the couples can also be specified in two separate lists,
merged with the alternate list `ListAlt' command (*note Constants::):

     Function {
       data_x = {0, 1, 2, 3};
       data_f = {0.65, 0.72, 0.98, 1.12};
       f[] = InterpolationLinear[$1]{ListAlt[data_x, data_f]};
       dfdx[] = dInterpolationLinear[$1]{ListAlt[data_x, data_f]};
     }

In order to optimize the evaluation time of complex expressions,
registers may be used (*note Registers::). For example, the evaluation
of `g[] = f[$1]*Sin[f[$1]^2]' would require two (costly) linear
interpolations. But the result of the evaluation of `f[]' may be stored
in a register (for example the register 0) with

     g[] = f[$1]#0 * Sin[#0^2];

thus reducing the number of evaluations of `f[]' (and of the argument
`$1') to one.

A function can also be time dependent, e.g.,

     Function {
       Freq = 50.; Phase = 30./180.*Pi; // Constants
       TimeFct_Sin[] = Sin [ 2.*Pi*Freq * $Time + Phase ];
       TimeFct_Exp[] = Exp [ - $Time / 0.0119 ];
       TimeFct_ExtSin[] = F_Sin_wt_p [] {2.*Pi*Freq, Phase};
     }

Note that `TimeFct_ExtSin[]' is identical to `TimeFct_Sin[]' in a time
domain analysis, but also permits to define phasors implicitely in the
case of harmonic analyses.

5.4 `Constraint' examples
=========================

Constraints are referred to in `FunctionSpace's and are usually used
for boundary conditions (`Assign' type).  For example, essential
conditions on two surface regions, `Surf0' and `Surf1', will be first
defined by

     Constraint {
       { Name DirichletBoundaryCondition1; Type Assign;
         Case {
           { Region Surf0; Value 0.; }
           { Region Surf1; Value 1.; }
         }
       }
     }

The way the `Value's are associated with `Region's (with their nodes,
their edges, their global regions, ...) is defined in the
`FunctionSpace's which use the `Constraint'.  In other words, a
`Constraint' defines data but does not define the method to process
them. A time dependent essential boundary condition on `Surf1' would be
introduced as (cf. *Note Function examples:: for the definition of
`TimeFct_Exp[]'):

           { Region Surf1; Value 1.; TimeFunction 3*TimeFct_Exp[] }

It is important to notice that the time dependence cannot be introduced
in the `Value' field, since the `Value' is only evaluated once during
the pre-processing.

Other constraints can be referred to in `Formulation's. It is the case
of those defining electrical circuit connections (`Network' type), e.g.,

     Constraint {
       { Name ElectricalCircuit; Type Network;
         Case Circuit1 {
           { Region VoltageSource; Branch {1,2}; }
           { Region PrimaryCoil; Branch {1,2}; }
         }
         Case Circuit2 {
           { Region SecondaryCoil; Branch {1,2}; }
           { Region Charge; Branch {1,2}; }
         }
       }
     }

which defines two non-connected circuits (`Circuit1' and `Circuit2'),
with an independent numbering of nodes: region `VoltageSource' is
connected in parallel with region `PrimaryCoil', and region
`SecondaryCoil' is connected in parallel with region `Charge'.

5.5 `FunctionSpace' examples
============================

Various discrete function spaces can be defined in the frame of the
finite element method.

5.5.1 Nodal finite element spaces
---------------------------------

The most elementary function space is the nodal finite element space,
defined on a mesh of a domain W and denoted S0(W) (associated finite
elements can be of various geometries), and associated with essential
boundary conditions (Dirichlet conditions).  It contains 0-forms, i.e.,
scalar fields of potential type:

V = Sum [ VN * SN,  for all N in N ], V in S0(W)

where N is the set of nodes of W, SN is the nodal basis function
associated with node N and VN is the value of V at node N.  It is
defined by

     FunctionSpace {
       { Name Hgrad_v; Type Form0;
         BasisFunction {
           { Name sn; NameOfCoef vn; Function BF_Node;
             Support Domain; Entity NodesOf[All]; }
         }
         Constraint {
           { NameOfCoef vn; EntityType NodesOf;
             NameOfConstraint DirichletBoundaryCondition1; }
         }
       }
     }

Function `sn' is the built-in basis function BF_Node associated with
all nodes (`NodesOf') in the mesh of W (`Domain'). Previously defined
`Constraint DirichletBoundaryCondition1' (*note Constraint examples::)
is used as boundary condition.

In the example above, `Entity NodesOf[All]' is preferred to `Entity
NodesOf[Domain]'.  In this way, the list of all the nodes of `Domain'
will not have to be generated. All the nodes of each geometrical
element in `Support Domain' will be directly taken into account.

5.5.2 High order nodal finite element space
-------------------------------------------

Higher order finite elements can be directly taken into account by
`BF_Node'.  Hierarchical finite elements for 0-forms can be used by
simply adding other basis functions (associated with other geometrical
entities, e.g., edges and facets) to `BasisFunction', e.g.,

         ...
         BasisFunction {
           { Name sn; NameOfCoef vn; Function BF_Node;
             Support Domain; Entity NodesOf[All]; }
           { Name s2; NameOfCoef v2; Function BF_Node_2E;
             Support Domain; Entity EdgesOf[All]; }
         }
         ...

5.5.3 Nodal finite element space with floating potentials
---------------------------------------------------------

A scalar potential with floating values VF on certain boundaries GF, F
in CF, e.g., for electrostatic problems, can be expressed as

V = Sum [ VN * SN,  for all N in NV ] + Sum [ VF * SF,  for all F in CF
], V in S0(W)

where NV is the set of inner nodes of W and each function SF is
associated with the group of nodes of boundary GF, F in CF
(`SkinDomainC'); SF is the sum of the nodal basis functions of all the
nodes of CF. Its function space is defined by

     FunctionSpace {
       { Name Hgrad_v_floating; Type Form0;
         BasisFunction {
           { Name sn; NameOfCoef vn; Function BF_Node;
             Support Domain; Entity NodesOf[All, Not SkinDomainC]; }
           { Name sf; NameOfCoef vf; Function BF_GroupOfNodes;
             Support Domain; Entity GroupsOfNodesOf[SkinDomainC]; }
         }
         GlobalQuantity {
           { Name GlobalElectricPotential; Type AliasOf; NameOfCoef vf; }
           { Name GlobalElectricCharge; Type AssociatedWith;
             NameOfCoef vf; }
         }
         Constraint { ... }
       }
     }

Two global quantities have been associated with this space: the electric
potential `GlobalElectricPotential', being an alias of coefficient
`vf', and the electric charge `GlobalElectricCharge', being associated
with coefficient `vf'.

5.5.4 Edge finite element space
-------------------------------

Another space is the edge finite element space, denoted S1(W),
containing 1-forms, i.e., curl-conform fields:

H = Sum [ HE * SE,  for all E in E ], H in S1(W)

where E is the set of edges of W, SE is the edge basis function for
edge E and HE is the circulation of H along edge E. It is defined by

     FunctionSpace {
       { Name Hcurl_h; Type Form1;
         BasisFunction {
           { Name se; NameOfCoef he; Function BF_Edge;
             Support Domain; Entity EdgesOf[All]; }
         }
         Constraint { ... }
       }
     }

5.5.5 Edge finite element space with gauge condition
----------------------------------------------------

A 1-form function space containing vector potentials can be associated
with a gauge condition, which can be defined as a constraint, e.g., a
zero value is fixed for all circulations along edges of a tree
(`EdgesOfTreeIn') built in the mesh (`Domain'), having to be complete
on certain boundaries (`StartingOn Surf'):

     Constraint {
       { Name GaugeCondition_a_Mag_3D; Type Assign;
         Case {
           { Region Domain; SubRegion Surf; Value 0.; }
         }
       }
     }

     FunctionSpace {
       { Name Hcurl_a_Gauge; Type Form1;
         BasisFunction {
           { Name se; NameOfCoef ae; Function BF_Edge;
             Support Domain; Entity EdgesOf[All]; }
         }
         Constraint {
           { NameOfCoef ae;
             EntityType EdgesOfTreeIn; EntitySubType StartingOn;
             NameOfConstraint GaugeCondition_a_Mag_3D; }
           ...
         }
       }
     }

5.5.6 Coupled edge and nodal finite element spaces
--------------------------------------------------

A 1-form function space, containing curl free fields in certain regions
WCC (`DomainCC') of W, which are the complementary part of WC
(`DomainC') in W, can be explicitly characterized by

H = Sum [ HK * SK,  for all E in EC ] + Sum [ PHIN * VN,  for all N in
NCC ], H in S1(W)

where EC is the set of inner edges of W, NCC is the set of nodes inside
WCC and on its boundary DWCC, SK is an edge basis function and VN is a
vector nodal function. Such a space, coupling a vector field with a
scalar potential, can be defined by

     FunctionSpace {
       { Name Hcurl_hphi; Type Form1;
         BasisFunction {
           { Name sk; NameOfCoef hk; Function BF_Edge;
             Support DomainC; Entity EdgesOf[All, Not SkinDomainC]; }
           { Name vn; NameOfCoef phin; Function BF_GradNode;
             Support DomainCC; Entity NodesOf[All]; }
           { Name vn; NameOfCoef phic; Function BF_GroupOfEdges;
             Support DomainC; Entity GroupsOfEdgesOnNodesOf[SkinDomainC];}
         }
         Constraint {
           { NameOfCoef hk;
             EntityType EdgesOf; NameOfConstraint MagneticField; }
           { NameOfCoef phin;
             EntityType NodesOf; NameOfConstraint MagneticScalarPotential; }
           { NameOfCoef phic;
             EntityType NodesOf; NameOfConstraint MagneticScalarPotential; }
         }
       }
     }

This example points out the definition of a piecewise defined basis
function, e.g., function `vn' being defined with `BF_GradNode' in
`DomainCC' and `BF_GroupOfEdges' in `DomainC'. This leads to an easy
coupling between these regions.

5.5.7 Coupled edge and nodal finite element spaces for multiply connected domains
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

In case a multiply connected domain WCC is considered, basis functions
associated with cuts (`SurfaceCut') have to be added to the previous
basis functions, which gives the function space below:

     Group {
       _TransitionLayer_SkinDomainC_ =
         ElementsOf[SkinDomainC, OnOneSideOf SurfaceCut];
     }

     FunctionSpace {
       { Name Hcurl_hphi; Type Form1;
         BasisFunction {

           ... SAME AS ABOVE ...

           { Name sc; NameOfCoef Ic; Function BF_GradGroupOfNodes;
             Support ElementsOf[DomainCC, OnOneSideOf SurfaceCut];
             Entity GroupsOfNodesOf[SurfaceCut]; }
           { Name sc; NameOfCoef Icc; Function BF_GroupOfEdges;
             Support DomainC;
             Entity GroupsOfEdgesOf
                      [SurfaceCut,
                       InSupport _TransitionLayer_SkinDomainC_]; }
         }
         GlobalQuantity {
           { Name I; Type AliasOf       ; NameOfCoef Ic; }
           { Name U; Type AssociatedWith; NameOfCoef Ic; }
         }
         Constraint {

           ... SAME AS ABOVE ...

           { NameOfCoef Ic;
             EntityType GroupsOfNodesOf; NameOfConstraint Current; }
           { NameOfCoef Icc;
             EntityType GroupsOfNodesOf; NameOfConstraint Current; }
           { NameOfCoef U;
             EntityType GroupsOfNodesOf; NameOfConstraint Voltage; }
         }
       }
     }

Global quantities associated with the cuts, i.e., currents and voltages
if H is the magnetic field, have also been defined.

5.6 `Jacobian' examples
=======================

A simple Jacobian method is for volume transformations (of N-D regions
in N-D geometries; N = 1, 2 or 3), e.g., in region `Domain',

     Jacobian {
       { Name Vol;
         Case {
           { Region Domain; Jacobian Vol; }
         }
       }
     }

`Jacobian VolAxi' would define a volume Jacobian for axisymmetrical
problems.

A Jacobian method can also be piecewise defined, in `DomainInf', where
an infinite geometrical transformation has to be made using two constant
parameters (inner and outer radius of a spherical shell), and in all the
other regions (`All', being the default); in each case, a volume
Jacobian is used.  This method is defined by:

     Jacobian {
       { Name Vol;
         Case {
           { Region DomainInf; Jacobian VolSphShell {Val_Rint, Val_Rext}; }
           { Region All; Jacobian Vol; }
         }
       }
     }

5.7 `Integration' examples
==========================

A commonly used numerical integration method is the `Gauss' integration,
with a number of integration points (`NumberOfPoints') depending on
geometrical element types (`GeoElement'), i.e.

     Integration {
       { Name Int_1;
         Case { {Type Gauss;
                 Case { { GeoElement Triangle   ; NumberOfPoints 4; }
                        { GeoElement Quadrangle ; NumberOfPoints 4; }
                        { GeoElement Tetrahedron; NumberOfPoints 4; }
                        { GeoElement Hexahedron ; NumberOfPoints 6; }
                        { GeoElement Prism      ; NumberOfPoints 9; } }
                }
              }
       }
     }

The method above is valid for both 2D and 3D problems, for different
kinds of elements.

5.8 `Formulation' examples
==========================

5.8.1 Electrostatic scalar potential formulation
------------------------------------------------

An electrostatic formulation using an electric scalar potential V, i.e.

( epsr grad V, grad VP ) W = 0,  for all VP in S0(W),

is expressed by

     Formulation {
       { Name Electrostatics_v; Type FemEquation;
         Quantity {
           { Name v; Type Local; NameOfSpace Hgrad_v; }
         }
         Equation {
           Galerkin { [ epsr[] * Dof{Grad v} , {Grad v} ];
                      In Domain; Jacobian Vol; Integration Int_1; }
         }
       }
     }

The density of the `Galerkin' term is a copy of the symbolic form of
the formulation, i.e., the product of a relative permittivity function
`epsr[]' by a vector of degrees of freedom (`Dof{.}'); the scalar
product of this with the gradient of test function `v' results in a
symmetrical matrix.

Note that another `Quantity' could be defined for test functions, e.g.,
`vp' defined by `{ Name vp; Type Local; NameOfSpace Hgrad_v; }'.
However, its use would result in the computation of a full matrix and
consequently in a loss of efficiency.

5.8.2 Electrostatic scalar potential formulation with floating potentials and electric charges
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

An extension of the formulation above can be made to take floating
potentials and electrical charges into account (the latter being
defined in `FunctionSpace Hgrad_v_floating'), i.e.

     Formulation {
       { Name Electrostatics_v_floating; Type FemEquation;
         Quantity {
           { Name v; Type Local; NameOfSpace Hgrad_v_floating; }
           { Name V; Type Global;
             NameOfSpace Hgrad_v_floating [GlobalElectricPotential]; }
           { Name Q; Type Global;
             NameOfSpace Hgrad_v_floating [GlobalElectricCharge]; }
         }
         Equation {
           Galerkin { [ epsr[] * Dof{Grad v} , {Grad v} ];
                      In Domain; Jacobian Vol; Integration Int_1; }
           GlobalTerm { [ - Dof{Q}/eps0 , {V} ]; In SkinDomainC; }
         }
       }
     }

with the predefinition `Function { eps0 = 8.854187818e-12; }'.

5.8.3 Magnetostatic 3D vector potential formulation
---------------------------------------------------

A magnetostatic 3D vector potential formulation

( NU curl A , curl AP ) W - ( JS , AP ) WS = 0, for all AP in S1(W)
with gauge condition,

with a source current density JS in inductors WS, is expressed by

     Formulation {
       { Name Magnetostatics_a_3D; Type FemEquation;
         Quantity {
           { Name a; Type Local; NameOfSpace Hcurl_a_Gauge; }
         }
         Equation {
           Galerkin { [ nu[] * Dof{Curl a} , {Curl a} ];
                      In Domain; Jacobian Vol; Integration Int_1; }
           Galerkin { [ - SourceCurrentDensity[] , {a} ];
                      In DomainWithSourceCurrentDensity;
                      Jacobian Vol; Integration Int_1; }
         }
       }
     }

Note that JS is here given by a function `SourceCurrentDensity[]', but
could also be given by data computed from another problem, e.g., from
an electrokinetic problem (coupling of formulations) or from a fully
fixed function space (constraints fixing the density, which is usually
more efficient in time domain analyses).

5.8.4 Magnetodynamic 3D or 2D magnetic field and magnetic scalar potential formulation
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

A magnetodynamic 3D or 2D H-PHI formulation, i.e., coupling the magnetic
field H with a magnetic scalar potential PHI,

Dt ( MU H , HP ) W + ( RO curl H , curl HP ) WC = 0, for all HP in
S1(W),

can be expressed by

     Formulation {
       { Name Magnetodynamics_hphi; Type FemEquation;
         Quantity {
           { Name h; Type Local; NameOfSpace Hcurl_hphi; }
         }
         Equation {
           Galerkin { Dt [ mu[] * Dof{h} , {h} ];
                      In Domain; Jacobian Vol; Integration Int_1; }
           Galerkin { [ rho[] * Dof{Curl h} , {Curl h} ];
                      In DomainC; Jacobian Vol; Integration Int_1; }
         }
       }
     }

5.8.5 Nonlinearities, Mixed formulations, ...
---------------------------------------------

In case nonlinear physical characteristics are considered, arguments are
used for associated functions, e.g., `mu[{h}]'. Several test functions
can be considered in an `Equation' field.  Consequently, mixed
formulations can be defined.

5.9 `Resolution' examples
=========================

5.9.1 Static resolution (electrostatic problem)
-----------------------------------------------

A static resolution, e.g., for the electrostatic formulation (*note
Formulation examples::), can be defined by

     Resolution {
       { Name Electrostatics_v;
         System {
           { Name Sys_Ele; NameOfFormulation Electrostatics_v; }
         }
         Operation {
           Generate[Sys_Ele]; Solve[Sys_Ele]; SaveSolution[Sys_Ele];
         }
       }
     }

The generation (`Generate') of the matrix of the system `Sys_Ele' will
be made with the formulation `Electrostatics_v', followed by its
solving (`Solve') and the saving of the solution (`SaveSolution').

5.9.2 Frequency domain resolution (magnetodynamic problem)
----------------------------------------------------------

A frequency domain resolution, e.g., for the magnetodynamic H-PHI
formulation (*note Formulation examples::), is given by

     Resolution {
       { Name Magnetodynamics_hphi;
         System {
           { Name Sys_Mag; NameOfFormulation Magnetodynamics_hphi;
             Frequency Freq; }
         }
         Operation {
           Generate[Sys_Mag]; Solve[Sys_Mag]; SaveSolution[Sys_Mag];
         }
       }
     }

preceded by the definition of constant `Freq', e.g.,

     Function {
       Freq = 50.;
     }

5.9.3 Time domain resolution (magnetodynamic problem)
-----------------------------------------------------

A time domain resolution, e.g., for the same magnetodynamic H-PHI
formulation (*note Formulation examples::), is given by

     Resolution {
       { Name Magnetodynamics_hphi_Time;
         System {
           { Name Sys_Mag; NameOfFormulation Magnetodynamics_hphi; }
         }
         Operation {
           InitSolution[Sys_Mag]; SaveSolution[Sys_Mag];
           TimeLoopTheta[Mag_Time0, Mag_TimeMax, Mag_DTime[], Mag_Theta[]] {
             Generate[Sys_Mag]; Solve[Sys_Mag]; SaveSolution[Sys_Mag];
           }
         }
       }
     }

If, e.g., the `Resolution' above is preceded by the constant and
function definitions below

     Function {
       Tc = 10.e-3;
       Mag_Time0 = 0.; Mag_TimeMax = 2.*Tc; Mag_DTime[] = Tc/20.;
       Mag_Theta[] = 1./2.;
     }

the performed time analysis will be a Crank-Nicolson scheme
(theta-scheme with `Theta = 0.5') with initial time 0 ms, end time 20
ms and time step 1 ms.

5.9.4 Nonlinear time domain resolution (magnetodynamic problem)
---------------------------------------------------------------

In case a nonlinear problem is solved, an iterative loop has to be
defined in an appropriate level of the recursive resolution operations,
e.g., for the magnetodynamic problem above,

     ...
         Operation {
           InitSolution[Sys_Mag]; SaveSolution[Sys_Mag];
           TimeLoopTheta[Mag_Time0, Mag_TimeMax, Mag_DTime[], Mag_Theta[]] {
             IterativeLoop[NL_NbrMax, NL_Eps, NL_Relax] {
               GenerateJac[Sys_Mag]; SolveJac[Sys_Mag];
             }
             SaveSolution[Sys_Mag];
           }
         }
     ...

preceded by constant definitions, e.g.,

     Function {
       NL_Eps = 1.e-4; NL_Relax = 1.; NL_NbrMax = 80;
     }

5.9.5 Coupled formulations
--------------------------

A coupled problem, e.g., magnetodynamic (in frequency domain;
`Frequency Freq') - thermal (in time domain) coupling, with temperature
dependent characteristics (e.g., `rho[{T}]', ...), can be defined by:

     Resolution {
       { Name MagnetoThermalCoupling_hphi_T;
         System {
           { Name Sys_Mag; NameOfFormulation Magnetodynamics_hphi;
             Frequency Freq; }
           { Name Sys_The; NameOfFormulation Thermal_T; }
         }
         Operation {
           InitSolution[Sys_Mag]; InitSolution[Sys_The];
           IterativeLoop[NL_NbrMax, NL_Eps, NL_Relax] {
             GenerateJac[Sys_Mag]; SolveJac[Sys_Mag];
             GenerateJac[Sys_The]; SolveJac[Sys_The];
           }
           SaveSolution[Sys_Mag]; SaveSolution[Sys_The];
         }
       }
     }

Two systems of equations, `Sys_Mag' and `Sys_The', will be solved
iteratively until convergence (`Criterion'), using a relaxation factor
(`RelaxationFactor').

It can be seen through these examples that many resolutions can be
linked or nested directly by the user, which gives a great freedom for
coupled problems.

5.10 `PostProcessing' examples
==============================

The quantities to be post-computed based on a solution of a resolution
are defined, e.g., for the electrostatic problem (*note Formulation
examples::; *note Resolution examples::), for the solution associated
with the formulation `Electrostatics_v', by

     PostProcessing {
       { Name EleSta_v; NameOfFormulation Electrostatics_v;
         Quantity {
           { Name v; Value { Local { [ {v} ]; In Domain; } } }
           { Name e; Value { Local { [ -{Grad v} ]; In Domain; } } }
           { Name d; Value { Local { [ -eps0*epsr[] *{Grad v} ];
                                       In Domain; } } }
         }
       }
     }

The electric scalar potential V (`v'), the electric field E (`e') and
the electric flux density D (`d') can all be computed from the
solution. They are all defined in the region `Domain'.

The quantities for the solution associated with the formulation
`Electrostatics_v_floating' are defined by

     PostProcessing {
       { Name EleSta_vf; NameOfFormulation Electrostatics_v_floating;
         Quantity {

           ... SAME AS ABOVE ...

           { Name Q; Value { Local { [ {Q} ]; In SkinDomainC; } } }
           { Name V; Value { Local { [ {V} ]; In SkinDomainC; } } }
         }
       }
     }

which points out the way to define post-quantities based on global
quantities.

5.11 `PostOperation' examples
=============================

The simplest post-processing operation is the generation of maps of
local quantities, i.e., the display of the computed fields on the mesh.
For example, using the `PostProcessing' defined in *Note PostProcessing
examples::, the maps of the electric scalar potential and of the
electric field on the elements of the region `Domain' are defined as:

     PostOperation {
       { Name Map_v_e; NameOfPostProcessing EleSta_v ;
          Operation {
            Print [ v, OnElementsOf Domain, File "map_v.pos" ];
            Print [ e, OnElementsOf Domain, File "map_e.pos" ];
          }
       }
     }

It is also possible to display local quantities on sections of the mesh,
here for example on the plane containing the points (0,0,1), (1,0,1) and
(0,1,1):

     Print [ v, OnSection { {0,0,1} {1,0,1} {0,1,1} }, File "sec_v.pos" ];

Finally, local quantities can also be interpolated on another mesh than
the one on which they have been computed. Six types of grids can be
specified for this interpolation: a single point, a set of points
evenly distributed on a line, a set of points evenly distributed on a
plane, a set of points evenly distributed in a box, a set of points
defined by a parametric equation, and a set of elements belonging to a
different mesh than the original one:

     Print [ e, OnPoint {0,0,1} ];
     Print [ e, OnLine { {0,0,1} {1,0,1} } {125} ];
     Print [ e, OnPlane { {0,0,1} {1,0,1} {0,1,1} } {125, 75} ];
     Print [ e, OnBox { {0,0,1} {1,0,1} {0,1,1} {0,0,2} } {125, 75, 85} ];
     Print [ e, OnGrid {$A, $B, 1} { 0:1:1/125, 0:1:1/75, 0 } ];
     Print [ e, OnGrid Domain2 ];

Many options can be used to modify the aspect of all these maps, as
well as the default behaviour of the `Print' commands. See *Note Types
for PostOperation::, to get the list of all these options. For example,
to obtain a map of the scalar potential at the barycenters of the
elements on the boundary of the region `Domain', in a table oriented
format appended to an already existing file `out.txt', the operation
would be:

     Print [ v, OnElementsOf Domain, Depth 0, Skin, Format Table,
             File >> "out.txt" ];

Global quantities, which are associated with regions (and not with the
elements of the mesh of these regions), are displayed thanks to the
`OnRegion' operation. For example, the global potential and charge on
the region `SkinDomainC' can be displayed with:

     PostOperation {
       { Name Val_V_Q; NameOfPostProcessing EleSta_vf ;
          Operation {
            Print [ V, OnRegion SkinDomainC ];
            Print [ Q, OnRegion SkinDomainC ];
          }
       }
     }

6 Complete examples
*******************

This chapter presents complete examples that can be run "as is" with
GetDP (*note Running GetDP::).

Many other ready-to-use examples are available in the GetDP wiki at the
following address: `http://www.geuz.org/getdp/wiki/FrontPage'
(username=getdp; password=wiki).

6.1 Electrostatic problem
=========================

Let us first consider a simple electrostatic problem.  The formulation
used is an electric scalar potential formulation (file `EleSta_v.pro',
including files `Jacobian_Lib.pro' and `Integration_Lib.pro').  It is
applied to a microstrip line (file `mStrip.pro'), whose geometry is
defined in the file `mStrip.geo' (*note Gmsh examples::). The geometry
is two-dimensional and by symmetry only one half of the structure is
modeled.


                                        SurfInf
                                      /     /
   +------------------------------------+  /
   |                                    | /
   |                      Air           |/
   |                                    |
   |          Line                      |
   |        /  /  /                     |   2D elements in:
   +-------/---+ /                      |     Air, Diel1
          /    |-                       |
   +-----------+------------------------+   1D elements in:
   |                      Diel1         |     Line, Ground, SurfInf
   |                                    |
   +------------------------------------+
                               \
                                 Ground

Note that the structure of the following files points out the separation
of the data describing the particular problem and the method used to
solve it (*note Numerical tools as objects::), and therefore how it is
possible to build black boxes adapted to well defined categories of
problems. The files are commented (*note Comments::) and can be run
without any modification.


/* -------------------------------------------------------------------
   File "mStrip.pro"

   This file defines the problem dependent data structures for the
   microstrip problem.

   To compute the solution:
       getdp mStrip -solve EleSta_v

   To compute post-results:
       getdp mStrip -pos Map
    or getdp mStrip -pos Cut
   ------------------------------------------------------------------- */

Group {

  /* Let's start by defining the interface (i.e. elementary groups)
     between the mesh file and GetDP (no mesh object is defined, so
     the default mesh will be assumed to be in GMSH format and located
     in "mStrip.msh") */

  Air = Region[101]; Diel1 = Region[111];
  Ground = Region[120]; Line = Region[121];
  SurfInf = Region[130];

  /* We can then define a global group (used in "EleSta_v.pro",
     the file containing the function spaces and formulations) */

  DomainCC_Ele = Region[{Air, Diel1}];

}

Function {

  /* The relative permittivity (needed in the formulation) is piecewise
     defined in elementary groups */

  epsr[Air] = 1.;
  epsr[Diel1] = 9.8;

}

Constraint {

  /* Now, some Dirichlet conditions are defined. The name
     'ElectricScalarPotential' refers to the constraint name given in
     the function space */

  { Name ElectricScalarPotential; Type Assign;
    Case {
      { Region Region[{Ground, SurfInf}]; Value 0.; }
      { Region Line; Value 1.e-3; }
    }
  }

}

/* The formulation used and its tools, considered as being
   in a black box, can now be included */

Include "Jacobian_Lib.pro"
Include "Integration_Lib.pro"
Include "EleSta_v.pro"

/* Finally, we can define some operations to output results */

e = 1.e-7;

PostOperation {
  { Name Map; NameOfPostProcessing EleSta_v;
     Operation {
       Print [ v, OnElementsOf DomainCC_Ele, File "mStrip_v.pos" ];
       Print [ e, OnElementsOf DomainCC_Ele, File "mStrip_e.pos" ];
     }
  }
  { Name Cut; NameOfPostProcessing EleSta_v;
     Operation {
       Print [ e, OnLine {{e,e,0}{10.e-3,e,0}} {500}, File "Cut_e" ];
     }
  }

}

/* -------------------------------------------------------------------
   File "EleSta_v.pro"

   Electrostatics - Electric scalar potential v formulation
   -------------------------------------------------------------------

   I N P U T
   ---------

   Global Groups :  (Extension '_Ele' is for Electric problem)
   -------------
   Domain_Ele               Whole electric domain (not used)
   DomainCC_Ele             Nonconducting regions
   DomainC_Ele              Conducting regions (not used)

   Function :
   --------
   epsr[]                   Relative permittivity

   Constraint :
   ----------
   ElectricScalarPotential  Fixed electric scalar potential
                            (classical boundary condition)

   Physical constants :
   ------------------                                               */

   eps0 = 8.854187818e-12;

Group {
  DefineGroup[ Domain_Ele, DomainCC_Ele, DomainC_Ele ];
}

Function {
  DefineFunction[ epsr ];
}

FunctionSpace {
  { Name Hgrad_v_Ele; Type Form0;
    BasisFunction {
      // v = v  s   ,  for all nodes
      //      n  n
      { Name sn; NameOfCoef vn; Function BF_Node;
        Support DomainCC_Ele; Entity NodesOf[ All ]; }
    }
    Constraint {
      { NameOfCoef vn; EntityType NodesOf;
        NameOfConstraint ElectricScalarPotential; }
    }
  }
}


Formulation {
  { Name Electrostatics_v; Type FemEquation;
    Quantity {
      { Name v; Type Local; NameOfSpace Hgrad_v_Ele; }
    }
    Equation {
      Galerkin { [ epsr[] * Dof{d v} , {d v} ]; In DomainCC_Ele;
                 Jacobian Vol; Integration GradGrad; }
    }
  }
}


Resolution {
  { Name EleSta_v;
    System {
      { Name Sys_Ele; NameOfFormulation Electrostatics_v; }
    }
    Operation {
      Generate[Sys_Ele]; Solve[Sys_Ele]; SaveSolution[Sys_Ele];
    }
  }
}


PostProcessing {
  { Name EleSta_v; NameOfFormulation Electrostatics_v;
    Quantity {
      { Name v;
        Value {
          Local { [ {v} ]; In DomainCC_Ele; Jacobian Vol; }
        }
      }
      { Name e;
        Value {
          Local { [ -{d v} ]; In DomainCC_Ele; Jacobian Vol; }
        }
      }
      { Name d;
        Value {
          Local { [ -eps0*epsr[] * {d v} ]; In DomainCC_Ele;
                                             Jacobian Vol; }
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

/* -------------------------------------------------------------------
   File "Jacobian_Lib.pro"

   Definition of a jacobian method
   -------------------------------------------------------------------

   I N P U T
   ---------

   GlobalGroup :
   -----------
   DomainInf                Regions with Spherical Shell Transformation

   Parameters :
   ----------
   Val_Rint, Val_Rext       Inner and outer radius of the Spherical Shell
                            of DomainInf
*/

Group {
  DefineGroup[ DomainInf ] ;
  DefineVariable[ Val_Rint, Val_Rext ] ;
}

Jacobian {
  { Name Vol ;
    Case { { Region DomainInf ;
             Jacobian VolSphShell {Val_Rint, Val_Rext} ; }
           { Region All ; Jacobian Vol ; }
    }
  }
}

/* -------------------------------------------------------------------
   File "Integration_Lib.pro"

   Definition of integration methods
   ------------------------------------------------------------------- */

Integration {
  { Name GradGrad ;
    Case { {Type Gauss ;
            Case { { GeoElement Triangle    ; NumberOfPoints  4 ; }
                   { GeoElement Quadrangle  ; NumberOfPoints  4 ; }
                   { GeoElement Tetrahedron ; NumberOfPoints  4 ; }
                   { GeoElement Hexahedron  ; NumberOfPoints  6 ; }
                   { GeoElement Prism       ; NumberOfPoints  9 ; } }
           }
         }
  }
  { Name CurlCurl ;
    Case { {Type Gauss ;
            Case { { GeoElement Triangle    ; NumberOfPoints  4 ; }
                   { GeoElement Quadrangle  ; NumberOfPoints  4 ; }
                   { GeoElement Tetrahedron ; NumberOfPoints  4 ; }
                   { GeoElement Hexahedron  ; NumberOfPoints  6 ; }
                   { GeoElement Prism       ; NumberOfPoints  9 ; } }
           }
         }
  }
}

6.2 Magnetostatic problem
=========================

We now consider a magnetostatic problem.  The formulation used is a 2D
magnetic vector potential formulation (see file `MagSta_a_2D.pro').  It
is applied to a core-inductor system (file `CoreSta.pro'), whose
geometry is defined in theh file `Core.geo' (*note Gmsh examples::).
The geometry is two-dimensional and, by symmetry, one fourth of the
structure is modeled.


                        SurfaceGInf
         ______          /
         |     -----____/
         |              \___
         |____    AirInf    \__
     S   |    ------_          \
     u   |            \          \
     r   |     Air       \         \
     f   |                 \        \
     a   |                   \       |
     c   |                     |      |
     e   +------+               |      |
     G   |      |                |      |
     e   | Core |   +---+        |      |
     0   |      |   |Ind|         |      |
         |      |   |   |         |      |
         +------+---+---+---------+------+
                              \
                              SurfaceGh0

  2D elements in: Air, AirInf, Core, Ind
  1D elements in: SurfaceGh0, SurfaceGe0, SurfaceGInf

  (AirInf is a spherical shell corresponding to an infinite region)

The jacobian and integration methods used are the same as for the
electrostatic problem presented in *Note Electrostatic problem::.


/* -------------------------------------------------------------------
   File "CoreSta.pro"

   This file defines the problem dependent data structures for the
   static core-inductor problem.

   To compute the solution:
       getdp CoreSta -msh Core.msh -solve MagSta_a_2D

   To compute post-results:
       getdp CoreSta -msh Core.msh -pos Map_a
   ------------------------------------------------------------------- */

Group {

  Air    = Region[ 101 ];   Core   = Region[ 102 ];
  Ind    = Region[ 103 ];   AirInf = Region[ 111 ];

  SurfaceGh0  = Region[ 1100 ];  SurfaceGe0 = Region[ 1101 ];
  SurfaceGInf = Region[ 1102 ];

  Val_Rint = 200.e-3;
  Val_Rext = 250.e-3;

  DomainCC_Mag = Region[ {Air, AirInf, Core, Ind} ];
  DomainC_Mag  = Region[ {} ];
  DomainS_Mag  = Region[ {Ind} ]; // Stranded inductor
  DomainInf    = Region[ {AirInf} ];
  Domain_Mag   = Region[ {DomainCC_Mag, DomainC_Mag} ];

}

Function {

  mu0 = 4.e-7 * Pi;
  murCore = 100.;

  nu [ Region[{Air, Ind, AirInf}] ]  = 1. / mu0;
  nu [ Core ]  = 1. / (murCore * mu0);

  Sc[ Ind ] = 2.5e-2 * 5.e-2;

}

Constraint {

  { Name MagneticVectorPotential_2D;
    Case {
      { Region SurfaceGe0 ; Value 0.; }
      { Region SurfaceGInf; Value 0.; }
    }
  }

  Val_I_1_ = 0.01 * 1000.;

  { Name SourceCurrentDensityZ;
    Case {
      { Region Ind; Value Val_I_1_/Sc[]; }
    }
  }

}

Include "Jacobian_Lib.pro"
Include "Integration_Lib.pro"
Include "MagSta_a_2D.pro"

e = 1.e-5;
p1 = {e,e,0};
p2 = {0.12,e,0};

PostOperation {

  { Name Map_a; NameOfPostProcessing MagSta_a_2D;
    Operation {
      Print[ az, OnElementsOf Domain_Mag, File "CoreSta_a.pos" ];
      Print[ b, OnLine{{List[p1]}{List[p2]}} {1000}, File "k_a" ];
    }
  }

}

/* -------------------------------------------------------------------
   File "MagSta_a_2D.pro"

    Magnetostatics - Magnetic vector potential a formulation (2D)
   -------------------------------------------------------------------

   I N P U T
   ---------

   GlobalGroup :  (Extension '_Mag' is for Magnetic problem)
   -----------
   Domain_Mag               Whole magnetic domain
   DomainS_Mag              Inductor regions (Source)

   Function :
   --------
   nu[]                     Magnetic reluctivity

   Constraint :
   ----------
   MagneticVectorPotential_2D
                            Fixed magnetic vector potential (2D)
                            (classical boundary condition)
   SourceCurrentDensityZ    Fixed source current density (in Z direction)
*/

Group {
  DefineGroup[ Domain_Mag, DomainS_Mag ];
}

Function {
  DefineFunction[ nu ];
}

FunctionSpace {

  // Magnetic vector potential a (b = curl a)
  { Name Hcurl_a_Mag_2D; Type Form1P;
    BasisFunction {
      // a = a  s
      //      e  e
      { Name se; NameOfCoef ae; Function BF_PerpendicularEdge;
        Support Domain_Mag; Entity NodesOf[ All ]; }
    }
    Constraint {
      { NameOfCoef ae; EntityType NodesOf;
        NameOfConstraint MagneticVectorPotential_2D; }
    }
  }

  // Source current density js (fully fixed space)
  { Name Hregion_j_Mag_2D; Type Vector;
    BasisFunction {
      { Name sr; NameOfCoef jsr; Function BF_RegionZ;
        Support DomainS_Mag; Entity DomainS_Mag; }
    }
    Constraint {
      { NameOfCoef jsr; EntityType Region;
        NameOfConstraint SourceCurrentDensityZ; }
    }
  }

}

Formulation {
  { Name Magnetostatics_a_2D; Type FemEquation;
    Quantity {
      { Name a ; Type Local; NameOfSpace Hcurl_a_Mag_2D; }
      { Name js; Type Local; NameOfSpace Hregion_j_Mag_2D; }
    }
    Equation {
      Galerkin { [ nu[] * Dof{d a} , {d a} ]; In Domain_Mag;
                 Jacobian Vol; Integration CurlCurl; }
      Galerkin { [ - Dof{js} , {a} ]; In DomainS_Mag;
                 Jacobian Vol; Integration CurlCurl; }
    }
  }
}

Resolution {
  { Name MagSta_a_2D;
    System {
      { Name Sys_Mag; NameOfFormulation Magnetostatics_a_2D; }
    }
    Operation {
      Generate[Sys_Mag]; Solve[Sys_Mag]; SaveSolution[Sys_Mag];
    }
  }
}

PostProcessing {
  { Name MagSta_a_2D; NameOfFormulation Magnetostatics_a_2D;
    Quantity {
      { Name a;
        Value {
          Local { [ {a} ]; In Domain_Mag; Jacobian Vol; }
        }
      }
      { Name az;
        Value {
          Local { [ CompZ[{a}] ]; In Domain_Mag; Jacobian Vol; }
        }
      }
      { Name b;
        Value {
          Local { [ {d a} ]; In Domain_Mag; Jacobian Vol; }
        }
      }
      { Name h;
        Value {
          Local { [ nu[] * {d a} ]; In Domain_Mag; Jacobian Vol; }
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

6.3 Magnetodynamic problem
==========================

As a third example we consider a magnetodynamic problem.  The
formulation is a two-dimensional a-v formulation (see file
`MagDyn_av_2D.pro', which includes the same jacobian and integration
library files as in *Note Electrostatic problem::).  It is applied to a
core-inductor system (defined in file `CoreMassive.pro'), whose
geometry has already been defined in file `Core.geo'.


/* -------------------------------------------------------------------
   File "CoreMassive.pro"

   This file defines the problem dependent data structures for the
   dynamic core-inductor problem.

   To compute the solution:
        getdp CoreMassive -msh Core.msh -solve MagDyn_av_2D

   To compute post-results:
        getdp CoreMassive -msh Core.msh -pos Map_a
        getdp CoreMassive -msh Core.msh -pos U_av
   ------------------------------------------------------------------- */

Group {

  Air    = Region[ 101 ];   Core   = Region[ 102 ];
  Ind    = Region[ 103 ];   AirInf = Region[ 111 ];

  SurfaceGh0  = Region[ 1100 ];  SurfaceGe0 = Region[ 1101 ];
  SurfaceGInf = Region[ 1102 ];

  Val_Rint = 200.e-3;
  Val_Rext = 250.e-3;

  DomainCC_Mag = Region[ {Air, AirInf} ];
  DomainC_Mag  = Region[ {Ind, Core} ]; // Massive inductor + conducting core
  DomainB_Mag  = Region[ {} ];
  DomainS_Mag  = Region[ {} ];
  DomainInf    = Region[ {AirInf} ];
  Domain_Mag   = Region[ {DomainCC_Mag, DomainC_Mag} ];

}

Function {

  mu0 = 4.e-7 * Pi;

  murCore = 100.;

  nu [ #{Air, Ind, AirInf} ]  = 1. / mu0;
  nu [ Core ]  = 1. / (murCore * mu0);
  sigma [ Ind ] = 5.9e7;
  sigma [ Core ] = 2.5e7;

  Freq = 1.;

}

Constraint {

  { Name MagneticVectorPotential_2D;
    Case {
      { Region SurfaceGe0 ; Value 0.; }
      { Region SurfaceGInf; Value 0.; }
    }
  }

  { Name SourceCurrentDensityZ;
    Case {
    }
  }

  Val_I_ = 0.01 * 1000.;

  { Name Current_2D;
    Case {
      { Region Ind; Value Val_I_; }
    }
  }

  { Name Voltage_2D;
    Case {
      { Region Core; Value 0.; }
    }
  }

}

Include "Jacobian_Lib.pro"
Include "Integration_Lib.pro"
Include "MagDyn_av_2D.pro"

PostOperation {
  { Name Map_a; NameOfPostProcessing MagDyn_av_2D;
    Operation {
      Print[ az, OnElementsOf Domain_Mag, File "Core_m_a.pos" ];
      Print[ j, OnElementsOf Domain_Mag, File "Core_m_j.pos" ];
    }
  }
  { Name U_av;  NameOfPostProcessing MagDyn_av_2D;
    Operation {
      Print[ U, OnRegion Ind ];
      Print[ I, OnRegion Ind ];
    }
  }
}

/* -------------------------------------------------------------------
   File "MagDyn_av_2D.pro"

    Magnetodynamics - Magnetic vector potential and electric scalar
                      potential a-v formulation (2D)
   -------------------------------------------------------------------

   I N P U T
   ---------

   GlobalGroup :  (Extension '_Mag' is for Magnetic problem)
   -----------
   Domain_Mag               Whole magnetic domain
   DomainCC_Mag             Nonconducting regions (not used)
   DomainC_Mag              Conducting regions
   DomainS_Mag              Inductor regions (Source)
   DomainV_Mag              All regions in movement (for speed term)

   Function :
   --------
   nu[]                     Magnetic reluctivity
   sigma[]                  Electric conductivity

   Velocity[]               Velocity of regions

   Constraint :
   ----------
   MagneticVectorPotential_2D
                            Fixed magnetic vector potential (2D)
                            (classical boundary condition)
   SourceCurrentDensityZ    Fixed source current density (in Z direction)

   Voltage_2D               Fixed voltage
   Current_2D               Fixed Current

   Parameters :
   ----------

   Freq                     Frequency (Hz)

   Parameters for time loop with theta scheme :
   Mag_Time0, Mag_TimeMax, Mag_DTime
                            Initial time, Maximum time, Time step  (s)
   Mag_Theta                Theta  (e.g. 1.  : Implicit Euler,
                                         0.5 : Cranck Nicholson)
*/

Group {
  DefineGroup[ Domain_Mag, DomainCC_Mag, DomainC_Mag,
               DomainS_Mag, DomainV_Mag ];
}

Function {
  DefineFunction[ nu, sigma ];
  DefineFunction[ Velocity ];
  DefineVariable[ Freq ];
  DefineVariable[ Mag_Time0, Mag_TimeMax, Mag_DTime, Mag_Theta ];
}

FunctionSpace {

  // Magnetic vector potential a (b = curl a)
  { Name Hcurl_a_Mag_2D; Type Form1P;
    BasisFunction {
      // a = a  s
      //      e  e
      { Name se; NameOfCoef ae; Function BF_PerpendicularEdge;
        Support Domain_Mag; Entity NodesOf[ All ]; }
    }
    Constraint {
      { NameOfCoef ae; EntityType NodesOf;
        NameOfConstraint MagneticVectorPotential_2D; }
    }
  }

  // Gradient of Electric scalar potential (2D)
  { Name Hregion_u_Mag_2D; Type Form1P;
    BasisFunction {
      { Name sr; NameOfCoef ur; Function BF_RegionZ;
        Support DomainC_Mag; Entity DomainC_Mag; }
    }
    GlobalQuantity {
      { Name U; Type AliasOf       ; NameOfCoef ur; }
      { Name I; Type AssociatedWith; NameOfCoef ur; }
    }
    Constraint {
      { NameOfCoef U; EntityType Region;
        NameOfConstraint Voltage_2D; }
      { NameOfCoef I; EntityType Region;
        NameOfConstraint Current_2D; }
    }
  }

  // Source current density js (fully fixed space)
  { Name Hregion_j_Mag_2D; Type Vector;
    BasisFunction {
      { Name sr; NameOfCoef jsr; Function BF_RegionZ;
        Support DomainS_Mag; Entity DomainS_Mag; }
    }
    Constraint {
      { NameOfCoef jsr; EntityType Region;
        NameOfConstraint SourceCurrentDensityZ; }
    }
  }

}


Formulation {
  { Name Magnetodynamics_av_2D; Type FemEquation;
    Quantity {
      { Name a ; Type Local ; NameOfSpace Hcurl_a_Mag_2D; }
      { Name ur; Type Local ; NameOfSpace Hregion_u_Mag_2D; }
      { Name I ; Type Global; NameOfSpace Hregion_u_Mag_2D [I]; }
      { Name U ; Type Global; NameOfSpace Hregion_u_Mag_2D [U]; }
      { Name js; Type Local ; NameOfSpace Hregion_j_Mag_2D; }
    }
    Equation {
      Galerkin { [ nu[] * Dof{d a} , {d a} ]; In Domain_Mag;
                 Jacobian Vol; Integration CurlCurl; }

      Galerkin { DtDof [ sigma[] * Dof{a} , {a} ]; In DomainC_Mag;
                 Jacobian Vol; Integration CurlCurl; }
      Galerkin { [ sigma[] * Dof{ur} , {a} ]; In DomainC_Mag;
                 Jacobian Vol; Integration CurlCurl; }

      Galerkin { [ - sigma[] * (Velocity[] *^ Dof{d a}) , {a} ];
                 In DomainV_Mag;
                 Jacobian Vol; Integration CurlCurl; }

      Galerkin { [ - Dof{js} , {a} ]; In DomainS_Mag;
                 Jacobian Vol;
                 Integration CurlCurl; }

      Galerkin { DtDof [ sigma[] * Dof{a} , {ur} ]; In DomainC_Mag;
                 Jacobian Vol; Integration CurlCurl; }
      Galerkin { [ sigma[] * Dof{ur} , {ur} ]; In DomainC_Mag;
                 Jacobian Vol; Integration CurlCurl; }
      GlobalTerm { [ Dof{I} , {U} ]; In DomainC_Mag; }
    }
  }
}


Resolution {
  { Name MagDyn_av_2D;
    System {
      { Name Sys_Mag; NameOfFormulation Magnetodynamics_av_2D;
        Type ComplexValue; Frequency Freq; }
    }
    Operation {
      Generate[Sys_Mag]; Solve[Sys_Mag]; SaveSolution[Sys_Mag];
    }
  }

  { Name MagDyn_t_av_2D;
    System {
      { Name Sys_Mag; NameOfFormulation Magnetodynamics_av_2D; }
    }
    Operation {
      InitSolution[Sys_Mag]; SaveSolution[Sys_Mag];
      TimeLoopTheta[Mag_Time0, Mag_TimeMax, Mag_DTime, Mag_Theta] {
        Generate[Sys_Mag]; Solve[Sys_Mag]; SaveSolution[Sys_Mag];
      }
    }
  }

}


PostProcessing {
  { Name MagDyn_av_2D; NameOfFormulation Magnetodynamics_av_2D;
    Quantity {
      { Name a;
        Value {
          Local { [ {a} ]; In Domain_Mag; Jacobian Vol; }
        }
      }
      { Name az;
        Value {
          Local { [ CompZ[{a}] ]; In Domain_Mag; Jacobian Vol; }
        }
      }
      { Name b;
        Value {
          Local { [ {d a} ]; In Domain_Mag; Jacobian Vol; }
        }
      }
      { Name h;
        Value {
          Local { [ nu[] * {d a} ]; In Domain_Mag; Jacobian Vol; }
        }
      }
      { Name j;
        Value {
          Local { [ - sigma[]*(Dt[{a}]+{ur}) ]; In DomainC_Mag;
                  Jacobian Vol; }
        }
      }
      { Name jz;
        Value {
          Local { [ - sigma[]*CompZ[Dt[{a}]+{ur}] ]; In DomainC_Mag;
                  Jacobian Vol; }
        }
      }
      { Name roj2;
        Value {
          Local { [ sigma[]*SquNorm[Dt[{a}]+{ur}] ]; In DomainC_Mag;
                  Jacobian Vol; }
        }
      }
      { Name U; Value { Local { [ {U} ]; In DomainC_Mag; } } }
      { Name I; Value { Local { [ {I} ]; In DomainC_Mag; } } }
    }
  }
}

7 Running GetDP
***************

GetDP has no graphical interface(1) (*note Running GetDP-Footnote-1::).
It is a command-line driven program that reads a problem definition
file once at the beginning of the processing. This problem definition
file is a regular ASCII text file (*note Numerical tools as objects::),
hence created with whatever text editor you like.

If you just type the program name at your shell prompt (without any
argument), you will get a short help on how to run GetDP. All GetDP
calls look like

     getdp FILENAME OPTIONS

where FILENAME is the ASCII file containing the problem definition,
i.e., the structures this user's guide has taught you to create. This
file can include other files (*note Includes::), so that only one
problem definition file should always be given on the command line. The
input files containing the problem definition structure are usually
given the `.pro' extension (if so, there is no need to specify the
extension on the command line). The name of this file (without the
extension) is used as a basis for the creation of intermediate files
during the pre-processing and the processing stages.

The OPTIONS are a combination of the following commands (in any order):

`-pre'
     RESOLUTION-ID

     Performs the pre-processing associated with the resolution
     RESOLUTION-ID. In the pre-processing stage, GetDP creates the
     geometric database (from the mesh file), identifies the degrees of
     freedom (the unknowns) of the problem and sets up the constraints
     on these degrees of freedom. The pre-processing creates a file
     with a `.pre' extension. If RESOLUTION-ID is omitted, the list of
     available choices is displayed.

`-cal'
     Performs the processing. This requires that a pre-processing has
     been performed previously, or that a `-pre' option is given on the
     same command line. The performed resolution is the one given as an
     argument to the `-pre' option. In the processing stage, GetDP
     executes all the commands given in the `Operation' field of the
     selected `Resolution' object (such as matrix assemblies, system
     resolutions, ...).

`-pos'
     POST-OPERATION-ID ...

     Performs the operations in the `PostOperation'(s) selected by the
     POST-OPERATION-ID(s). This requires that a processing has been
     performed previously, or that a `-cal' option is given on the same
     command line. If POST-OPERATION-ID is omitted, the list of
     available choices is displayed.

`-ipos'
     POST-PROCESSING-ID ...

     Enters an interactive post-processing mode, permetting to manually
     type `PostOperation'-like commands. These commands are based on the
     `PostProcessing' object(s) selected by the POST-PROCESSING-ID(s).
     If POST-PROCESSING-ID is omitted, the list of available choices is
     displayed.

`-msh'
     FILENAME

     Reads the mesh (in `.msh' format) from FILENAME (*note File
     formats::) rather than from the default problem file name (with the
     `.msh' extension appended).

`-split'
     Saves processing results in separate files (one for each timestep).

`-res'
     FILENAME ...

     Loads processing results from file(s).

`-name'
     STRING

     Uses STRING as the default generic file name for input or output
     of mesh, pre-processing and processing files.

`-restart'
     Restarts processing of a time stepping resolution interrupted
     before being complete.

`-solve'
     RESOLUTION-ID

     Same as `-pre RESOLUTION-ID -cal'.

`-adapt'
     FILE

     Reads adaptation constraints from file.

`-order'
     REAL

     Specifies the maximum interpolation order.

`-bin'
     Selects binary format for output files.

`-log'
     Saves all processing history in a log file (the input file name
     with an appended `.log' extension).

`-socket'
     STRING

     Communicates through socket STRING.

`-check'
     Lets you check the problem structure interactively.

`-v'
`-verbose'
     INTEGER

     Sets the verbosity level. A value of 0 means that no information
     will be displayed during the processing.

`-p'
`-progress'
     INTEGER

     Sets the progress update rate. This controls the refreshment rate
     of the counter indicating the progress of the current computation
     (in %).

`-info'
     Displays the version information.

`-version'
     Displays the version number.

`-help'
     Displays a message listing basic usage and available options.


(1) If you are looking for a graphical front-end to GetDP, you may
consider using Gmsh (available at `http://www.geuz.org/gmsh/'). Gmsh
permits to construct geometries, generate meshes, launch computations
and visualize results directly from within a user-friendly graphical
interface. The file formats used by Gmsh for mesh generation and
post-processing are the default file formats accepted by GetDP (see
*Note Input file format::, and *Note Types for PostOperation::).

8 File formats
**************

This chapter describes the file formats that cannot be modified by the
user. The format of the problem definition structure is explained in
*Note Objects::, and *Note Types for objects::. The format of the
post-processing files is explained in *Note Types for PostOperation::.

8.1 Input file format
=====================

The native mesh format read by GetDP is the mesh file format produced by
Gmsh (`http://www.geuz.org/gmsh/'). The file is divided into two
sections, defining the nodes and the elements in the mesh.

     $NOD
     NUMBER-OF-NODES
     NODE-NUMBER X-COORD Y-COORD Z-COORD
     ...
     $ENDNOD
     $ELM
     NUMBER-OF-ELEMENTS
     ELM-NUMBER ELM-TYPE ELM-REGION UNUSED NUMBER-OF-NODES NODE-NUMBERS
     ...
     $ENDELM

All the syntactic variables stand for integers except X-COORD, Y-COORD
and Z-COORD which stand for floating point values.  The ELM-TYPE value
defines the geometrical type for the element:

ELM-TYPE:

`1'
     Line (2 nodes, 1 edge).

`2'
     Triangle (3 nodes, 3 edges).

`3'
     Quadrangle (4 nodes, 4 edges).

`4'
     Tetrahedron (4 nodes, 6 edges, 4 facets).

`5'
     Hexahedron (8 nodes, 12 edges, 6 facets).

`6'
     Prism (6 nodes, 9 edges, 5 facets).

`7'
     Pyramid (5 nodes, 8 edges, 5 facets).

`15'
     Point (1 node).

8.2 Output file format
======================

8.2.1 File `.pre'
-----------------

The `.pre' file is generated by the pre-processing stage. It contains
all the information about the degrees of freedom to be considered
during the processing stage for a given resolution (i.e., unknowns,
fixed values, initial values, etc.).

     $Resolution /* 'RESOLUTION-ID' */
     MAIN-RESOLUTION-NUMBER NUMBER-OF-DOFDATA
     $EndResolution
     $DofData /* #DOFDATA-NUMBER */
     RESOLUTION-NUMBER SYSTEM-NUMBER
     NUMBER-OF-FUNCTION-SPACES FUNCTION-SPACE-NUMBER ...
     NUMBER-OF-TIME-FUNCTIONS TIME-FUNCTION-NUMBER ...
     NUMBER-OF-PARTITIONS PARTITION-INDEX ...
     NUMBER-OF-ANY-DOF NUMBER-OF-DOF
     DOF-BASIS-FUNCTION-NUMBER DOF-ENTITY DOF-HARMONIC DOF-TYPE DOF-DATA
     ...
     $EndDofData
     ...

with

     DOF-DATA:
       EQUATION-NUMBER NNZ
         (DOF-TYPE: 1; UNKNOWN) |
       DOF-VALUE DOF-TIME-FUNCTION-NUMBER
         (DOF-TYPE: 2; FIXED VALUE) |
       DOF-ASSOCIATE-DOF-NUMBER DOF-VALUE DOF-TIME-FUNCTION-NUMBER
         (DOF-TYPE: 3; ASSOCIATED DEGREE OF FREEDOM) |
       EQUATION-NUMBER DOF-VALUE
         (DOF-TYPE: 5; INITIAL VALUE FOR AN UNKNOWN)

Notes:
  1. There is one `$DofData' field for each system of equations
     considered in the resolution (including those considered in
     pre-resolutions).

  2. The DOFDATA-NUMBER of a `$DofData' field is determined by the order
     of this field in the `.pre' file.

  3. NUMBER-OF-DOF is the dimension of the considered system of
     equations, while NUMBER-OF-ANY-DOF is the total number of degrees
     of freedom before the application of constraints.

  4. Each degree of freedom is coded with three integer values, which
     are the associated basis function, entity and harmonic numbers,
     i.e., DOF-BASIS-FUNCTION-NUMBER, DOF-ENTITY and DOF-HARMONIC.

  5. NNZ is not used at the moment.

8.2.2 File `.res'
-----------------

The `.res' file is generated by the processing stage. It contains the
solution of the problem (or a part of it in case of program
interruption).

     $ResFormat /* GetDP vGETDP-VERSION-NUMBER, STRING-FOR-FORMAT */
     1.1 FILE-RES-FORMAT
     $EndResFormat
     $Solution  /* DofData #DOFDATA-NUMBER */
     DOFDATA-NUMBER TIME-VALUE TIME-IMAG-VALUE TIME-STEP-NUMBER
     SOLUTION-VALUE
     ...
     $EndSolution
     ...

Notes:
  1. A `$Solution' field contains the solution associated with a
     `$DofData' field.

  2. There is one `$Solution' field for each time step, of which the
     time is TIME-VALUE (0 for non time dependent or non modal
     analyses) and the imaginary time is TIME-IMAG-VALUE (0 for non
     time dependent or non modal analyses).

  3. The order of the SOLUTION-VALUEs in a `$Solution' field follows
     the numbering of the equations given in the `.pre' file (one
     floating point value for each degree of freedom).

9 Bugs, versions and credits
****************************

9.1 Bugs
========

If you think you have found a bug in GetDP, you can report it by
electronic mail to the GetDP mailing list at <getdp@geuz.org>.  Please
send as precise a description of the problem as you can, including
sample input files that produce the bug (problem definition and mesh
files). Don't forget to mention both the version of GetDP and the
version of your operation system (*note Running GetDP:: to see how to
get this information).

See the `TODO' file in the distribution to check the problems we
already know about.

9.2 Versions
============

$Id: VERSIONS,v 1.58 2006/03/18 05:05:59 geuzaine Exp $

New since 1.2: small bug fixes (binary .res read, Newmark -restart).

New in 1.2: Windows versions do not depend on Cygwin anymore; major
parser cleanup (loops & co).

New in 1.1: New eigensolver based on Arpack (EigenSolve); generalized
old Lanczos solver to work with GSL+lapack; reworked PETSc interface,
which now requires PETSc 2.3; documented many previously undocumented
features (loops, conditionals, strings, link constraints, etc.);
various improvements and bug fixes.

New in 1.0: New license (GNU GPL); added support for latest Gmsh mesh
file format; more code cleanups.

New in 0.91: Merged moving band and multi-harmonic code; new loops and
conditionals in the parser; removed old readline code (just use GNU
readline if available); upgraded to latest Gmsh post-processing
format; various small enhancements and bug fixes.

New in 0.89: Code cleanup.

New in 0.88: Integrated FMM code.

New in 0.87: Fixed major performance problem on Windows (matrix
assembly and post-processing can be up to 3-4 times faster with 0.87
compared to 0.86, bringing performance much closer to Unix versions);
fixed stack overflow on Mac OS X; Re-introduced face basis functions
mistakenly removed in 0.86; fixed post-processing bug with pyramidal
basis functions; new build system based on autoconf.

New in 0.86: Updated Gmsh output format; many small bug fixes.

New in 0.85: Upgraded communication interface with Gmsh; new
ChangeOfValues option in PostOperation; many internal changes.

New in 0.84: New ChangeOfCoordinate option in PostOperation; fixed
crash in InterpolationAkima; improved interactive postprocessing
(-ipos); changed syntax of parametric OnGrid ($S, $T -> $A, $B, $C);
corrected Skin for non simplicial meshes; fixed floating point
exception in diagonal matrix scaling; many other small fixes and
cleanups.

New in 0.83: Fixed bugs in SaveSolutions[] and InitSolution[]; fixed
corrupted binary post-processing files in the harmonic case for the
Gmsh format; output files are now created relatively to the input file
directory; made solver options available on the command line; added
optional matrix scaling and changed default parameter file name to
'solver.par' (Warning: please check the scaling definition in your old
SOLVER.PAR files); generalized syntax for lists (start:[incr]end ->
start:end:incr); updated reference guide; added a new short
presentation on the web site; OnCut -> OnSection; new functional
syntax for resolution operations (e.g. Generate X -> Generate[X]);
many other small fixes and cleanups.

New in 0.82: Added communication socket for interactive use with Gmsh;
corrected (again) memory problem (leak + seg. fault) in time stepping
schemes; corrected bug in Update[].

New in 0.81: Generalization of transformation jacobians (spherical and
rectangular, with optional parameters); changed handling of missing
command line arguments; enhanced Print OnCut; fixed memory leak for
time domain analysis of coupled problems; -name option; fixed
seg. fault in ILUK.

New in 0.80: Fixed computation of time derivatives on first time step
(in post-processing); added tolerance in transformation jacobians;
fixed parsing of DOS files (carriage return problems); automatic
memory reallocation in ILUD/ILUK.

New in 0.79: Various bug fixes (mainly for the post-processing of
intergal quantities); automatic treatment of degenerated cases in
axisymmetrical problems.

New in 0.78: Various bug fixes.

New in 0.77: Changed syntax for PostOperations (Plot suppressed in
favour of Print; Plot OnRegion becomes Print OnElementsOf); changed
table oriented post-processing formats; new binary formats; new error
diagnostics.

New in 0.76: Reorganized high order shape functions; optimization of
the post-processing (faster and less bloated); lots of internal
cleanups.

New in 0.74: High order shape functions; lots of small bug fixes.

New in 0.73: Eigen value problems (Lanczos); minor corrections.

New in 0.7: constraint syntax; fourier transform; unary minus
correction; complex integral quantity correction; separate iteration
matrix generation.

New in 0.6: Second order time derivatives; Newton nonlinear scheme;
Newmark time stepping scheme; global quantity syntax; interactive
post-processing; tensors; integral quantities; post-processing
facilities.

New in 0.3: First distributed version.

9.3 Credits
===========

$Id: CREDITS,v 1.17 2006/03/13 20:49:51 geuzaine Exp $

             GetDP is copyright (C) 1997-2006

                      Patrick Dular
              <patrick.dular at ulg.ac.be>

                           and

                   Christophe Geuzaine
             <christophe.geuzaine at case.edu>

Major code contributions to GetDP have been provided by Johan
Gyselinck <johan.gyselinck at ulb.ac.be> and Ruth Sabariego
<r.sabariego at ulg.ac.be>.

Other code contributors include: David Colignon <david.colignon at
ulg.ac.be>, Tuan Ledinh <tuan.ledinh at student.ulg.ac.be>, Patrick
Lefevre <patrick.lefevre at umh.ac.be>, Andre Nicolet <andre.nicolet
at fresnel.fr>, <ohyeahq at yahoo.co.jp>, Jean-Francois Remacle
<remacle at gce.ucl.ac.be>, Timo Tarhasaari <timo.tarhasaari at
tut.fi>, Christophe Trophime <trophime at labs.polycnrs-gre.fr> and
Marc Ume <Marc.Ume at digitalgraphics.be>. See the source code for
more details.

The AVL tree code (DataStr/avl.*) is copyright (C) 1988-1993, 1995 The
Regents of the University of California. Permission to use, copy,
modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any
purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright
notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation,
and that the name of the University of California not be used in
advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software
without specific, written prior permission.  The University of
California makes no representations about the suitability of this
software for any purpose.  It is provided "as is" without express or
implied warranty.

The Arpack code (in the Arpack subdirectory) was written by Danny
Sorensen, Richard Lehoucq, Chao Yang and Kristi Maschhoff from the
Dept. of Computational & Applied Mathematics at Rice University,
Houston, Texas, USA. See http://www.caam.rice.edu/software/ARPACK/ for
more info.

This version of GetDP may contain code (in the Sparskit subdirectory)
copyright (C) 1990 Yousef Saad: check the configuration options.

Thanks to the following folks who have contributed by providing fresh
ideas on theoretical or programming topics, who have sent patches,
requests for changes or improvements, or who gave us access to exotic
machines for testing GetDP: Olivier Adam <o.adam at ulg.ac.be>,
Alejandro Angulo <aacusm at yahoo.com>, Geoffrey Deliege <deliege at
mailserv.esat.kuleuven.ac.be>, Mark Evans <evans at gte.net>, Philippe
Geuzaine <geuzaine at gnat.colorado.edu>, Eric Godard <godard at
montefiore.ulg.ac.be>, Sebastien Guenneau <guenneau at
liverpool.ac.uk>, Francois Henrotte <fhenrott at esat.kuleuven.ac.be>,
Daniel Kedzierski <kedzierski at uol.com.br>, Samuel Kvasnica
<kvasnica at iaee.tuwien.ac.at>, Benoit Meys <bmeys at
techspace-aero.be>, Uwe Pahner <uwe.pahner at esat.kuleuven.ac.be>,
Georgia Psoni and Robert Struijs <gpsoni at free.fr>, Ahmed Rassili
<a.rassili at ulg.ac.be>, Thierry Scordilis <t.scordilis at atral.fr>,
Herve Tortel <tortel at loe.u-3mrs.fr>, Jose Geraldo A. Brito Neto
<jgabrito at terra.com.br>, Matthias Fenner <m.fenner at gmx.net>,
Daryl Van Vorst <dvpub@telus.net>.

Appendix A Tips and tricks
**************************

   * Install the 'info' version of this user's guide! On your (Unix)
     system, this can be achieved by 1) copying all getdp.info* files
     to the place where your info files live (usually /usr/info), and
     2) issuing the command 'install-info /usr/info/getdp.info
     /usr/info/dir'. You will then be able to access the documentation
     with the command 'info getdp'. Note that particular sections
     ("nodes") can be accessed directly. For example, 'info getdp
     functionspace' will take you directly to the definition of the
     FunctionSpace object.

   * Use emacs to edit your files, and load the C++ mode! This permits
     automatic syntax highlighting and easy indentation. Automatic
     loading of the C++ mode for `.pro' files can be achieved by adding
     the following command in your `.emacs' file: `(setq
     auto-mode-alist (append '(("\\.pro$" . c++-mode))
     auto-mode-alist))'.

   * Define integration and Jacobian method in separate files, reusable
     in all your problem definition structures (*note Includes::).
     Define meshes, groups, functions and constraints in one file
     dependent of the geometrical model, and function spaces,
     formulations, resolutions and post-processings in files
     independent of the geometrical model.

   * Use `All' as soon as possible in the definition of topological
     entities used as `Entity' of `BasisFunction's.  This will prevent
     GetDP from constructing unnecessary lists of entities.

   * Intentionally misspelling an object type in the problem definition
     structure will produce an error message listing all available
     types in the particular context.

   * If you don't specify the mandatory arguments on the command line,
     GetDP will give you the available choices. For example, 'getdp
     test -pos' (the name of the PostOperation is missing) will produce
     an error message listing all available PostOperations.

Appendix B Frequently asked questions
*************************************

$Id: FAQ,v 1.11 2006/02/25 08:02:58 geuzaine Exp $

This is the GetDP FAQ

********************************************************************

Section 1: The basics

* 1.1 What is GetDP?

GetDP is a scientific software environment for the numerical solution
of integro-differential equations, open to the coupling of physical
problems (electromagnetic, thermal, mechanical, etc) as well as of
numerical methods (finite element method, integral methods, etc). It
can deal with such problems of various dimensions (1D, 2D, 2D
axisymmetric or 3D) and time states (static, transient or
harmonic). The main feature of GetDP is the closeness between the
organization of data defining discrete problems (written by the user
in ASCII data files) and the symbolic mathematical expressions of
these problems.

* 1.2 What are the terms and conditions of use?

GetDP is distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public
License. See the file doc/LICENSE for more information, or go to the
GNU foundation's web site at http://www.gnu.org.

* 1.3 What does 'GetDP' mean?

It's an acronym for a "General environment for the treatment of
Discrete Problems".

* 1.4 Where can I find more information?

<http://www.geuz.org/getdp/> is the primary site to obtain information
about GetDP. You will find a short presentation, a complete reference
guide as well as a searchable archive of the GetDP mailing list
(<getdp@geuz.org>) on this site.

********************************************************************

Section 2: Installation

* 2.1 Which OSes does GetDP run on?

GetDP is known to run on Windows 95/98/NT/2000/XP, Linux, Mac OS X,
Compaq Tru64 Unix (aka OSF1, aka Digital Unix), Sun OS, IBM AIX, SGI
IRIX, FreeBSD and HP-UX. It should compile on any Unix-like operating
system, provided that you have access to a recent C and Fortran 77
compiler.

* 2.2 What do I need to compile GetDP from the sources?

You need a C and a Fortran 77 compiler (e.g. the GNU compilers gcc and
g77) as well as the GSL (version 1.2 or higher; freely available from
http://sources.redhat.com/gsl/).

* 2.3 How to I compile GetDP?

Just type

./configure; make; make install

If you change some configuration options (type ./configure --help to
get the list of all available choices), don't forget to do 'make
clean' before rebuilding GetDP.

* 2.4 GetDP [from a binary distribution] complains about missing
libraries.

Try 'ldd getdp' (or 'otool -L getdp' on Mac OS X) to check if all the
required shared libraries are installed on your system. If not,
install them. If it still doesn't work, recompile GetDP from the
sources.

********************************************************************

Section 3: Usage

* 3.1 How can I provide a mesh to GetDP?

The only meshing format accepted by this version of GetDP is the 'msh'
format created by Gmsh (<http://www.geuz.org/gmsh>). This format being
very simple (see the reference GetDP manual for more details), it
should be straightforward to write a converter from your mesh format
to the 'msh' format.

* 3.2 How can I visualize the results produced by GetDP?

You can specify a format in all post-processing operations. Available
formats include 'Table', 'TimeTable' and 'Gmsh'. 'Table' and
'TimeTable' output lists of numbers easily readable by
Excel/gnuplot/Caleida Graph/etc. 'Gmsh' outputs post-processing views
directly loadable by Gmsh.

* 3.3 How do I change the linear solver used by GetDP?

Edit the 'solver.par' file in the current working directory. You can
also remove the file: GetDP will give you the opportunity to create it
dynamically next time you perform a linear system solving.

If you don't like the default linear solvers (based on Yousef Saad's
Sparskit 2.0), you can configure and compile GetDP to use PETSc
(http://www.mcs.anl.gov/petsc) instead: run ./configure --help for
more info.

Appendix C Gmsh examples
************************

Gmsh is a three-dimensional finite element mesh generator with simple
CAD and post-processing capabilities that can be used as a graphical
front-end for GetDP. Gmsh can be downloaded from
`http://www.geuz.org/gmsh/'.

This appendix reproduces verbatim the input files needed by Gmsh to
produce the mesh files `mStrip.msh' and `Core.msh' used in the examples
of *Note Complete examples::.


/* -------------------------------------------------------------------
   File "mStrip.geo"

   This file is the geometrical description used by GMSH to produce
   the file "mStrip.msh".
   ------------------------------------------------------------------- */

/* Definition of some parameters for geometrical dimensions, i.e.
   h (height of 'Diel1'), w (width of 'Line'), t (thickness of 'Line')
   xBox (width of the air box) and yBox (height of the air box) */

h = 1.e-3 ; w = 4.72e-3 ;  t = 0.035e-3 ;
xBox = w/2. * 6. ;  yBox = h * 12. ;

/* Definition of parameters for local mesh dimensions */

s = 1. ;
p0 = h / 10. * s ;
pLine0 = w/2. / 10. * s ;  pLine1 = w/2. / 50. * s ;
pxBox = xBox / 10. * s ;  pyBox = yBox / 8. * s ;

/* Definition of gemetrical points */

Point(1) = { 0   , 0, 0, p0} ;
Point(2) = { xBox, 0, 0, pxBox} ;
Point(3) = { xBox, h, 0, pxBox} ;
Point(4) = { 0   , h, 0, pLine0} ;
Point(5) = { w/2., h, 0, pLine1} ;
Point(6) = { 0   , h+t, 0, pLine0} ;
Point(7) = { w/2., h+t, 0, pLine1} ;
Point(8) = { 0   , yBox, 0, pyBox} ;
Point(9) = { xBox, yBox, 0, pyBox} ;

/* Definition of gemetrical lines */

Line(1) = {1,2};   Line(2) = {2,3};  Line(3) = {3,9};
Line(4) = {9,8};   Line(5) = {8,6};  Line(7) = {4,1};
Line(8) = {5,3};   Line(9) = {4,5};  Line(10) = {6,7};
Line(11) = {5,7};

/* Definition of geometrical surfaces */

Line Loop(12) = {8,-2,-1,-7,9};   Plane Surface(13) = {12};
Line Loop(14) = {10,-11,8,3,4,5}; Plane Surface(15) = {14};

/* Definition of Physical entities (surfaces, lines). The Physical
   entities tell GMSH the elements and their associated region numbers
   to save in the file 'mStrip.msh'. For example, the Region
   111 is made of elements of surface 13, while the Region 121 is
   made of elements of lines 9, 10 and 11 */

Physical Surface (101) = {15} ;   /* Air */
Physical Surface (111) = {13} ;   /* Diel1 */

Physical Line (120) = {1} ;       /* Ground */
Physical Line (121) = {9,10,11} ; /* Line */
Physical Line (130) = {2,3,4} ;   /* SurfInf */

/* -------------------------------------------------------------------
   File "Core.geo"

   This file is the geometrical description used by GMSH to produce
   the file "Core.msh".
   ------------------------------------------------------------------- */

dxCore =  50.e-3; dyCore = 100.e-3;
xInd   =  75.e-3; dxInd  =  25.e-3; dyInd  =  50.e-3;
rInt   = 200.e-3; rExt   = 250.e-3;

s       =  1.;
p0      = 12.e-3 *s;
pCorex  =  4.e-3 *s; pCorey0 =  8.e-3 *s; pCorey  =  4.e-3 *s;
pIndx   =  5.e-3 *s; pIndy   =  5.e-3 *s;
pInt    = 12.5e-3*s; pExt    = 12.5e-3*s;

Point(1) = {0,0,0,p0};
Point(2) = {dxCore,0,0,pCorex};
Point(3) = {dxCore,dyCore,0,pCorey};
Point(4) = {0,dyCore,0,pCorey0};
Point(5) = {xInd,0,0,pIndx};
Point(6) = {xInd+dxInd,0,0,pIndx};
Point(7) = {xInd+dxInd,dyInd,0,pIndy};
Point(8) = {xInd,dyInd,0,pIndy};
Point(9) = {rInt,0,0,pInt};
Point(10) = {rExt,0,0,pExt};
Point(11) = {0,rInt,0,pInt};
Point(12) = {0,rExt,0,pExt};

Line(1) = {1,2};  Line(2) = {2,5};   Line(3) = {5,6};
Line(4) = {6,9};  Line(5) = {9,10};  Line(6) = {1,4};
Line(7) = {4,11}; Line(8) = {11,12}; Line(9) = {2,3};
Line(10) = {3,4}; Line(11) = {6,7};  Line(12) = {7,8};
Line(13) = {8,5};

Circle(14) = {9,1,11};  Circle(15) = {10,1,12};

Line Loop(16) = {-6,1,9,10};                 Plane Surface(17) = {16};
Line Loop(18) = {11,12,13,3};                Plane Surface(19) = {18};
Line Loop(20) = {7,-14,-4,11,12,13,-2,9,10}; Plane Surface(21) = {20};
Line Loop(22) = {8,-15,-5,14};               Plane Surface(23) = {22};

Physical Surface(101) = {21};  /* Air */
Physical Surface(102) = {17};  /* Core */
Physical Surface(103) = {19};  /* Ind */
Physical Surface(111) = {23};  /* AirInf */

Physical Line(1000) = {1,2};       /* Cut */
Physical Line(1001) = {2};         /* CutAir */
Physical Line(202)  = {9,10};      /* SkinCore */
Physical Line(203)  = {11,12,13};  /* SkinInd */
Physical Line(1100) = {1,2,3,4,5}; /* SurfaceGh0 */
Physical Line(1101) = {6,7,8};     /* SurfaceGe0 */
Physical Line(1102) = {15};        /* SurfaceGInf */

Appendix D License
******************

                      GNU General Public License


                         Version 2, June 1991


     Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
     59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307, USA

     Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
     of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.

Preamble
========

The licenses for most software are designed to take away your freedom
to share and change it.  By contrast, the GNU General Public License is
intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free
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General Public License applies to most of the Free Software
Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to
using it.  (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by
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When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not price.
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     any version ever published by the Free Software Foundation.

 10. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free
     programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the
     author to ask for permission.  For software which is copyrighted
     by the Free Software Foundation, write to the Free Software
     Foundation; we sometimes make exceptions for this.  Our decision
     will be guided by the two goals of preserving the free status of
     all derivatives of our free software and of promoting the sharing
     and reuse of software generally.

NO WARRANTY
===========

 11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO
     WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE
     LAW.  EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT
     HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT
     WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT
     NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND
     FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE
     QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU.  SHOULD THE
     PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY
     SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.

 12. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN
     WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY
     MODIFY AND/OR REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE
     LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL,
     INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR
     INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF
     DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU
     OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY
     OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN
     ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.

END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
===========================



How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
=============================================

If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these
terms.

To do so, attach the following notices to the program.  It is safest to
attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively convey
the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the
"copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.

     ONE LINE TO GIVE THE PROGRAM'S NAME AND A BRIEF IDEA OF WHAT IT DOES.
     Copyright (C) YYYY  NAME OF AUTHOR

     This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
     it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
     the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
     (at your option) any later version.

     This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
     but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
     MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
     GNU General Public License for more details.

     You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
     along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
     Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston,
     MA  02111-1307, USA.

Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.

If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this
when it starts in an interactive mode:

     Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) 19YY NAME OF AUTHOR
     Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type
     `show w'.
     This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
     under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.

The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the
appropriate parts of the General Public License.  Of course, the
commands you use may be called something other than `show w' and `show
c'; they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items--whatever suits your
program.

You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your
school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if
necessary.  Here is a sample; alter the names:

     Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program
     `Gnomovision' (which makes passes at compilers) written by James Hacker.

     SIGNATURE OF TY COON, 1 April 1989
     Ty Coon, President of Vice

This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program
into proprietary programs.  If your program is a subroutine library,
you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary
applications with the library.  If this is what you want to do, use the
GNU Library General Public License instead of this License.

Concept index
*************

.msh file:                                     See 8.1.      (line 4943)
.pre file:                                     See 8.2.1.    (line 4994)
.res file:                                     See 8.2.2.    (line 5046)
Acknowledgments:                               See 9.3.      (line 5197)
Analytical integration:                        See 3.6.      (line 1392)
Approximation spaces:                          See 3.4.      (line 1252)
Arguments:                                     See 2.4.      (line  798)
Arguments, definition:                         See 2.6.      (line  880)
Authors, e-mail:                               See 9.1.      (line 5079)
Axisymmetric, transformation:                  See 3.5.      (line 1353)
Basis Functions:                               See 3.4.      (line 1252)
Binary operators:                              See 2.3.1.    (line  693)
Boundary conditions:                           See 3.3.      (line 1183)
Boundary Element Method:                       See 1.5.      (line  429)
Bugs, known:                                   See 9.1.      (line 5079)
Bugs, reporting:                               See 9.1.      (line 5079)
Built-in functions:                            See 2.4.      (line  798)
Change of coordinates:                         See 3.5.      (line 1353)
Changelog:                                     See 9.2.      (line 5093)
Circuit equations:                             See 3.3.      (line 1183)
Command line options:                          See 7.        (line 4782)
Comments:                                      See 1.3.      (line  403)
Complete examples:                             See 6.        (line 3924)
Complex-valued, system:                        See 3.8.      (line 1526)
Concepts, index:
          See ``Concept index''.                             (line 5908)
Conditionals:                                  See 2.9.      (line  992)
Constant, definition:                          See 2.2.      (line  548)
Constant, evaluation:                          See 2.2.      (line  548)
Constraint, definition:                        See 3.3.      (line 1183)
Constraint, examples:                          See 5.4.      (line 3209)
Constraint, types:                             See 4.3.      (line 2214)
Contributors, list:                            See 9.3.      (line 5197)
Coordinate change:                             See 3.5.      (line 1353)
Copyright:
          See ``Copying conditions''.                        (line  145)
Credits:                                       See 9.3.      (line 5197)
Curl:                                          See 2.8.      (line  920)
Current values:                                See 2.5.      (line  833)
Dependences, objects:                          See 1.1.      (line  280)
Derivative, exterior:                          See 2.8.      (line  920)
Derivative, time:                              See 3.7.      (line 1434)
Developments, future:                          See 1.5.      (line  429)
Differential operators:                        See 2.8.      (line  920)
Discrete function spaces:                      See 3.4.      (line 1252)
Discrete quantities:                           See 2.8.      (line  920)
Discretized Geometry:                          See 3.1.      (line 1056)
Divergence:                                    See 2.8.      (line  920)
Document syntax:                               See 1.2.      (line  374)
Download:
          See ``Copying conditions''.                        (line  145)
E-mail, authors:                               See 9.1.      (line 5079)
Edge element space, example:                   See 5.8.3.    (line 3616)
Efficiency, tips:                              See Appendix A.
                                                             (line 5265)
Electromagnetism:                              See 1.5.      (line  429)
Electrostatic formulation:                     See 5.8.1.    (line 3558)
Elementary matrices:                           See 3.7.      (line 1434)
Entities, topological:                         See 3.1.      (line 1056)
Equations:                                     See 3.7.      (line 1434)
Evaluation mechanism:                          See 2.2.      (line  548)
Evaluation, order:                             See 2.3.2.    (line  773)
Examples, complete:                            See 6.        (line 3924)
Examples, short:                               See 5.        (line 3074)
Exporting results:                             See 3.10.     (line 1658)
Expression, definition:                        See 2.1.      (line  492)
Exterior derivative:                           See 2.8.      (line  920)
FAQ:                                           See Appendix B.
                                                             (line 5305)
Fields:                                        See 2.8.      (line  920)
File, .msh:                                    See 8.1.      (line 4943)
File, .pre:                                    See 8.2.1.    (line 4994)
File, .res:                                    See 8.2.2.    (line 5046)
File, comment:                                 See 1.3.      (line  403)
File, include:                                 See 1.4.      (line  415)
File, mesh:                                    See 8.1.      (line 4943)
File, pre-processing:                          See 8.2.1.    (line 4994)
File, result:                                  See 8.2.2.    (line 5046)
Finite Difference Method:                      See 1.5.      (line  429)
Finite Element Method:                         See 1.5.      (line  429)
Finite Volume Method:                          See 1.5.      (line  429)
Floating point numbers:                        See 2.2.      (line  548)
Floating potential, example:                   See 5.8.2.    (line 3590)
Format, output:                                See 3.10.     (line 1658)
Formulation, definition:                       See 3.7.      (line 1434)
Formulation, electrostatics:                   See 5.8.1.    (line 3558)
Formulation, examples:                         See 5.8.      (line 3555)
Formulation, types:                            See 4.7.      (line 2508)
Frequency:                                     See 3.8.      (line 1526)
Frequently asked questions:                    See Appendix B.
                                                             (line 5305)
Function groups:                               See 3.1.      (line 1056)
Function space, definition:                    See 3.4.      (line 1252)
Function space, examples:                      See 5.5.      (line 3261)
Function space, types:                         See 4.4.      (line 2262)
Function, definition <1>:                      See 2.4.      (line  798)
Function, definition:                          See 3.2.      (line 1146)
Function, examples:                            See 5.3.      (line 3127)
Future developments:                           See 1.5.      (line  429)
Gauss, integration:                            See 3.6.      (line 1392)
Geometric transformations:                     See 3.5.      (line 1353)
Global quantity:                               See 3.7.      (line 1434)
Global quantity, example:                      See 5.8.2.    (line 3590)
Gmsh, examples:                                See Appendix C.
                                                             (line 5414)
Gmsh, file format:                             See 8.1.      (line 4943)
GNU General Public License:                    See Appendix D.
                                                             (line 5541)
Gradient:                                      See 2.8.      (line  920)
Grid:                                          See 3.1.      (line 1056)
Group, definition:                             See 3.1.      (line 1056)
Group, examples:                               See 5.2.      (line 3098)
Group, types:                                  See 4.1.      (line 1742)
Hierarchical basis functions:                  See 3.4.      (line 1252)
History, versions:                             See 9.2.      (line 5093)
Includes:                                      See 1.4.      (line  415)
Index, concepts:
          See ``Concept index''.                             (line 5908)
Index, metasyntactic variables:
          See ``Metasyntactic variable index''.              (line 5911)
Index, syntax:
          See ``Syntax index''.                              (line 5914)
Input file format:                             See 8.1.      (line 4943)
Integer numbers:                               See 2.2.      (line  548)
Integral Equation Method:                      See 1.5.      (line  429)
Integral quantity:                             See 3.7.      (line 1434)
Integration, definition:                       See 3.6.      (line 1392)
Integration, examples:                         See 5.7.      (line 3532)
Integration, types:                            See 4.6.      (line 2466)
Internet address:
          See ``Copying conditions''.                        (line  145)
Interpolation <1>:                             See 2.8.      (line  920)
Interpolation:                                 See 3.4.      (line 1252)
Introduction:
          See ``Introduction''.                              (line  196)
Iterative loop:                                See 3.8.      (line 1526)
Jacobian, definition:                          See 3.5.      (line 1353)
Jacobian, examples:                            See 5.6.      (line 3500)
Jacobian, types:                               See 4.5.      (line 2395)
Keywords, index:
          See ``Syntax index''.                              (line 5914)
Known bugs:                                    See 9.1.      (line 5079)
License <1>:
          See ``Copying conditions''.                        (line  145)
License:                                       See Appendix D.
                                                             (line 5541)
Linear system solving:                         See 3.8.      (line 1526)
Linking, objects:                              See 1.1.      (line  280)
Local quantity:                                See 3.7.      (line 1434)
Loops:                                         See 2.9.      (line  992)
Mailing list:
          See ``Copying conditions''.                        (line  145)
Maps:                                          See 3.10.     (line 1658)
Matrices, elementary:                          See 3.7.      (line 1434)
Mechanics:                                     See 1.5.      (line  429)
Mesh:                                          See 3.1.      (line 1056)
Mesh, examples:                                See Appendix C.
                                                             (line 5414)
Mesh, file format:                             See 8.1.      (line 4943)
Metasyntactic variables, index:
          See ``Metasyntactic variable index''.              (line 5911)
Method of Moments:                             See 1.5.      (line  429)
Networks:                                      See 3.3.      (line 1183)
Newmark, time scheme:                          See 3.8.      (line 1526)
Newton, nonlinear scheme:                      See 3.8.      (line 1526)
Nodal function space, example:                 See 5.8.1.    (line 3558)
Nonlinear system solving:                      See 3.8.      (line 1526)
Numbers, integer:                              See 2.2.      (line  548)
Numbers, real:                                 See 2.2.      (line  548)
Numerical integration:                         See 3.6.      (line 1392)
Numerical tools, overview:                     See 1.        (line  277)
Objects, definition:                           See 3.        (line 1047)
Objects, dependences:                          See 1.1.      (line  280)
Objects, overview:                             See 1.        (line  277)
Objects, types:                                See 4.        (line 1739)
Operating system:                              See 7.        (line 4782)
Operation, priorities:                         See 2.3.2.    (line  773)
Operators, definition:                         See 2.3.1.    (line  693)
Operators, differential:                       See 2.8.      (line  920)
Options, command line:                         See 7.        (line 4782)
Order of evaluation:                           See 2.3.2.    (line  773)
Output file format:                            See 8.2.      (line 4991)
Overview:                                      See 1.        (line  277)
Parameters:                                    See 2.4.      (line  798)
Philosophy, general:                           See 1.1.      (line  280)
Physical problems:                             See 1.5.      (line  429)
Picard, nonlinear scheme:                      See 3.8.      (line 1526)
Piecewise functions <1>:                       See 2.4.      (line  798)
Piecewise functions:                           See 3.2.      (line 1146)
Platforms:                                     See 7.        (line 4782)
Post-operation, definition:                    See 3.10.     (line 1658)
Post-operation, examples:                      See 5.11.     (line 3860)
Post-operation, types:                         See 4.10.     (line 2792)
Post-processing, definition:                   See 3.9.      (line 1606)
Post-processing, examples:                     See 5.10.     (line 3819)
Post-processing, types:                        See 4.9.      (line 2777)
Priorities, operations:                        See 2.3.2.    (line  773)
Processing cycle:                              See 1.1.      (line  280)
Quantities, discrete:                          See 2.8.      (line  920)
Quantity, global:                              See 3.7.      (line 1434)
Quantity, integral:                            See 3.7.      (line 1434)
Quantity, local:                               See 3.7.      (line 1434)
Quantity, post-processing:                     See 3.9.      (line 1606)
Questions, frequently asked:                   See Appendix B.
                                                             (line 5305)
Reading, guidelines:
          See ``How to read this manual''.                   (line  260)
Real numbers:                                  See 2.2.      (line  548)
Region groups:                                 See 3.1.      (line 1056)
Registers, definition:                         See 2.7.      (line  892)
Relaxation factor:                             See 3.8.      (line 1526)
Reporting bugs:                                See 9.1.      (line 5079)
Resolution, definition:                        See 3.8.      (line 1526)
Resolution, examples:                          See 5.9.      (line 3680)
Resolution, types:                             See 4.8.      (line 2565)
Results, exploitation:                         See 3.9.      (line 1606)
Results, export:                               See 3.10.     (line 1658)
Rules, syntactic:                              See 1.2.      (line  374)
Running GetDP:                                 See 7.        (line 4782)
Scope of GetDP:                                See 1.5.      (line  429)
Sections:                                      See 3.10.     (line 1658)
Short examples:                                See 5.        (line 3074)
Solving, system:                               See 3.8.      (line 1526)
Spaces, discrete:                              See 3.4.      (line 1252)
String:                                        See 2.2.      (line  548)
Symmetry, integral kernel:                     See 3.7.      (line 1434)
Syntax, index:
          See ``Syntax index''.                              (line 5914)
Syntax, rules:                                 See 1.2.      (line  374)
System, definition:                            See 3.8.      (line 1526)
Ternary operators:                             See 2.3.1.    (line  693)
Thermics:                                      See 1.5.      (line  429)
Theta, time scheme:                            See 3.8.      (line 1526)
Time derivative:                               See 3.7.      (line 1434)
Time stepping:                                 See 3.8.      (line 1526)
Time, discretization:                          See 3.8.      (line 1526)
Tips:                                          See Appendix A.
                                                             (line 5265)
Tools, order of definition:                    See 1.1.      (line  280)
Tools, overview:                               See 1.        (line  277)
Topology:                                      See 3.1.      (line 1056)
Transformations, geometric:                    See 3.5.      (line 1353)
Tree:                                          See 3.1.      (line 1056)
Tricks:                                        See Appendix A.
                                                             (line 5265)
Types, definition:                             See 4.        (line 1739)
Unary operators:                               See 2.3.1.    (line  693)
User-defined functions:                        See 3.2.      (line 1146)
Values, current:                               See 2.5.      (line  833)
Variables, index:
          See ``Metasyntactic variable index''.              (line 5911)
Versions:                                      See 9.2.      (line 5093)
Web site:
          See ``Copying conditions''.                        (line  145)
Wiki:                                          See 6.        (line 3924)
Metasyntactic variable index
****************************

...:                                           See 1.2.      (line  374)
::                                             See 1.2.      (line  374)
<, >:                                          See 1.2.      (line  374)
AFFECTATION:                                   See 2.2.      (line  548)
ARGUMENT:                                      See 2.6.      (line  880)
BASIS-FUNCTION-ID:                             See 3.4.      (line 1252)
BASIS-FUNCTION-LIST:                           See 3.4.      (line 1252)
BASIS-FUNCTION-TYPE <1>:                       See 3.4.      (line 1252)
BASIS-FUNCTION-TYPE:                           See 4.4.      (line 2262)
BUILT-IN-FUNCTION-ID:                          See 2.4.      (line  798)
COEF-ID:                                       See 3.4.      (line 1252)
CONSTANT-DEF:                                  See 2.2.      (line  548)
CONSTANT-ID:                                   See 2.2.      (line  548)
CONSTRAINT-CASE-ID:                            See 3.3.      (line 1183)
CONSTRAINT-CASE-VAL:                           See 3.3.      (line 1183)
CONSTRAINT-ID:                                 See 3.3.      (line 1183)
CONSTRAINT-TYPE <1>:                           See 4.3.      (line 2214)
CONSTRAINT-TYPE:                               See 3.3.      (line 1183)
CONSTRAINT-VAL:                                See 3.3.      (line 1183)
COORD-FUNCTION-ID:                             See 4.2.5.    (line 2133)
ELEMENT-TYPE <1>:                              See 4.6.      (line 2466)
ELEMENT-TYPE:                                  See 3.6.      (line 1392)
ETC:                                           See 1.2.      (line  374)
EXPRESSION:                                    See 2.1.      (line  492)
EXPRESSION-CHAR:                               See 2.2.      (line  548)
EXPRESSION-CST:                                See 2.2.      (line  548)
EXPRESSION-CST-LIST:                           See 2.2.      (line  548)
EXPRESSION-CST-LIST-ITEM:                      See 2.2.      (line  548)
EXPRESSION-LIST:                               See 2.1.      (line  492)
EXTENDED-MATH-FUNCTION-ID:                     See 4.2.2.    (line 1919)
FORMULATION-ID:                                See 3.7.      (line 1434)
FORMULATION-LIST:                              See 3.8.      (line 1526)
FORMULATION-TYPE <1>:                          See 4.7.      (line 2508)
FORMULATION-TYPE:                              See 3.7.      (line 1434)
FUNCTION-ID:                                   See 3.2.      (line 1146)
FUNCTION-SPACE-ID:                             See 3.4.      (line 1252)
FUNCTION-SPACE-TYPE <1>:                       See 4.4.      (line 2262)
FUNCTION-SPACE-TYPE:                           See 3.4.      (line 1252)
GLOBAL-QUANTITY-ID:                            See 3.4.      (line 1252)
GLOBAL-QUANTITY-TYPE <1>:                      See 3.4.      (line 1252)
GLOBAL-QUANTITY-TYPE:                          See 4.4.      (line 2262)
GREEN-FUNCTION-ID:                             See 4.2.3.    (line 1985)
GROUP-DEF:                                     See 3.1.      (line 1056)
GROUP-ID:                                      See 3.1.      (line 1056)
GROUP-LIST:                                    See 3.1.      (line 1056)
GROUP-LIST-ITEM:                               See 3.1.      (line 1056)
GROUP-SUB-TYPE:                                See 3.1.      (line 1056)
GROUP-TYPE <1>:                                See 4.1.      (line 1742)
GROUP-TYPE:                                    See 3.1.      (line 1056)
INTEGER:                                       See 2.2.      (line  548)
INTEGRAL-VALUE:                                See 3.9.      (line 1606)
INTEGRATION-ID:                                See 3.6.      (line 1392)
INTEGRATION-TYPE <1>:                          See 3.6.      (line 1392)
INTEGRATION-TYPE:                              See 4.6.      (line 2466)
JACOBIAN-ID:                                   See 3.5.      (line 1353)
JACOBIAN-TYPE <1>:                             See 3.5.      (line 1353)
JACOBIAN-TYPE:                                 See 4.5.      (line 2395)
LOCAL-TERM-TYPE <1>:                           See 4.7.      (line 2508)
LOCAL-TERM-TYPE:                               See 3.7.      (line 1434)
LOCAL-VALUE:                                   See 3.9.      (line 1606)
LOOP:                                          See 2.9.      (line  992)
MATH-FUNCTION-ID:                              See 4.2.1.    (line 1825)
MISC-FUNCTION-ID:                              See 4.2.6.    (line 2158)
OPERATOR-BINARY:                               See 2.3.1.    (line  693)
OPERATOR-TERNARY-LEFT:                         See 2.3.1.    (line  693)
OPERATOR-TERNARY-RIGHT:                        See 2.3.1.    (line  693)
OPERATOR-UNARY:                                See 2.3.1.    (line  693)
POST-OPERATION-FMT <1>:                        See 4.10.     (line 3031)
POST-OPERATION-FMT:                            See 3.10.     (line 1658)
POST-OPERATION-ID:                             See 3.10.     (line 1658)
POST-OPERATION-OP:                             See 3.10.     (line 1658)
POST-PROCESSING-ID:                            See 3.9.      (line 1606)
POST-QUANTITY-ID:                              See 3.9.      (line 1606)
POST-QUANTITY-TYPE:                            See 3.9.      (line 1606)
POST-VALUE <1>:                                See 3.9.      (line 1606)
POST-VALUE:                                    See 4.9.      (line 2777)
PRINT-OPTION <1>:                              See 4.10.     (line 2878)
PRINT-OPTION:                                  See 3.10.     (line 1658)
PRINT-SUPPORT <1>:                             See 4.10.     (line 2792)
PRINT-SUPPORT:                                 See 3.10.     (line 1658)
QUANTITY:                                      See 2.8.      (line  920)
QUANTITY-DOF:                                  See 2.8.      (line  920)
QUANTITY-ID:                                   See 2.8.      (line  920)
QUANTITY-OPERATOR:                             See 2.8.      (line  920)
QUANTITY-TYPE <1>:                             See 3.7.      (line 1434)
QUANTITY-TYPE:                                 See 4.7.      (line 2508)
REAL:                                          See 2.2.      (line  548)
REGISTER-VALUE-GET:                            See 2.7.      (line  892)
REGISTER-VALUE-SET:                            See 2.7.      (line  892)
RESOLUTION-ID:                                 See 3.8.      (line 1526)
RESOLUTION-OP <1>:                             See 4.8.      (line 2565)
RESOLUTION-OP:                                 See 3.8.      (line 1526)
STRING:                                        See 2.2.      (line  548)
STRING-ID:                                     See 2.2.      (line  548)
SUB-SPACE-ID:                                  See 3.4.      (line 1252)
SYSTEM-ID:                                     See 3.8.      (line 1526)
SYSTEM-TYPE:                                   See 3.8.      (line 1526)
TERM-OP-TYPE <1>:                              See 4.7.      (line 2508)
TERM-OP-TYPE:                                  See 3.7.      (line 1434)
TYPE-FUNCTION-ID:                              See 4.2.4.    (line 2024)
|:                                             See 1.2.      (line  374)
Syntax index
************

!:                                             See 2.3.1.    (line  693)
!=:                                            See 2.3.1.    (line  693)
#include:                                      See 1.4.      (line  415)
#INTEGER:                                      See 2.7.      (line  892)
$A:                                            See 2.5.      (line  833)
$B:                                            See 2.5.      (line  833)
$C:                                            See 2.5.      (line  833)
$DTime:                                        See 2.5.      (line  833)
$EigenvalueImag:                               See 2.5.      (line  833)
$EigenvalueReal:                               See 2.5.      (line  833)
$INTEGER:                                      See 2.6.      (line  880)
$Iteration:                                    See 2.5.      (line  833)
$Theta:                                        See 2.5.      (line  833)
$Time:                                         See 2.5.      (line  833)
$TimeStep:                                     See 2.5.      (line  833)
$X:                                            See 2.5.      (line  833)
$XS:                                           See 2.5.      (line  833)
$Y:                                            See 2.5.      (line  833)
$YS:                                           See 2.5.      (line  833)
$Z:                                            See 2.5.      (line  833)
$ZS:                                           See 2.5.      (line  833)
%:                                             See 2.3.1.    (line  693)
&&:                                            See 2.3.1.    (line  693)
():                                            See 2.3.2.    (line  773)
*:                                             See 2.3.1.    (line  693)
+:                                             See 2.3.1.    (line  693)
-:                                             See 2.3.1.    (line  693)
-adapt:                                        See 7.        (line 4874)
-bin:                                          See 7.        (line 4884)
-cal:                                          See 7.        (line 4817)
-check:                                        See 7.        (line 4896)
-help:                                         See 7.        (line 4920)
-info:                                         See 7.        (line 4914)
-ipos:                                         See 7.        (line 4835)
-log:                                          See 7.        (line 4887)
-msh:                                          See 7.        (line 4844)
-name:                                         See 7.        (line 4859)
-order:                                        See 7.        (line 4879)
-p:                                            See 7.        (line 4906)
-pos:                                          See 7.        (line 4826)
-pre:                                          See 7.        (line 4806)
-progress:                                     See 7.        (line 4907)
-res:                                          See 7.        (line 4854)
-restart:                                      See 7.        (line 4865)
-socket:                                       See 7.        (line 4891)
-solve:                                        See 7.        (line 4869)
-split:                                        See 7.        (line 4851)
-v:                                            See 7.        (line 4899)
-verbose:                                      See 7.        (line 4900)
-version:                                      See 7.        (line 4917)
/:                                             See 2.3.1.    (line  693)
/*, */:                                        See 1.3.      (line  403)
//:                                            See 1.3.      (line  403)
/\:                                            See 2.3.1.    (line  693)
0D:                                            See 2.2.      (line  548)
1D:                                            See 2.2.      (line  548)
2D:                                            See 2.2.      (line  548)
3D:                                            See 2.2.      (line  548)
<:                                             See 2.3.1.    (line  693)
<=:                                            See 2.3.1.    (line  693)
= <1>:                                         See 3.1.      (line 1056)
= <2>:                                         See 3.2.      (line 1146)
=:                                             See 2.2.      (line  548)
==:                                            See 2.3.1.    (line  693)
>:                                             See 2.3.1.    (line  693)
>=:                                            See 2.3.1.    (line  693)
?::                                            See 2.3.1.    (line  693)
^:                                             See 2.3.1.    (line  693)
Acos:                                          See 4.2.1.    (line 1867)
Adapt:                                         See 4.10.     (line 2942)
Adaptation:                                    See 4.10.     (line 3066)
AliasOf:                                       See 4.4.      (line 2384)
All:                                           See 3.5.      (line 1353)
Analytic:                                      See 3.6.      (line 1392)
Asin:                                          See 4.2.1.    (line 1856)
Assign:                                        See 4.3.      (line 2215)
AssignFromResolution:                          See 4.3.      (line 2221)
AssociatedWith:                                See 4.4.      (line 2387)
Atan:                                          See 4.2.1.    (line 1878)
Atan2:                                         See 4.2.1.    (line 1883)
BasisFunction:                                 See 3.4.      (line 1252)
BF:                                            See 2.8.      (line  946)
BF_CurlEdge:                                   See 4.4.      (line 2306)
BF_CurlGroupOfEdges:                           See 4.4.      (line 2322)
BF_CurlGroupOfPerpendicularEdge:               See 4.4.      (line 2335)
BF_CurlPerpendicularEdge:                      See 4.4.      (line 2329)
BF_dGlobal:                                    See 4.4.      (line 2363)
BF_DivFacet:                                   See 4.4.      (line 2309)
BF_DivPerpendicularFacet:                      See 4.4.      (line 2343)
BF_Edge:                                       See 4.4.      (line 2294)
BF_Facet:                                      See 4.4.      (line 2297)
BF_Global:                                     See 4.4.      (line 2359)
BF_GradGroupOfNodes:                           See 4.4.      (line 2315)
BF_GradNode:                                   See 4.4.      (line 2303)
BF_GroupOfEdges:                               See 4.4.      (line 2319)
BF_GroupOfNodes:                               See 4.4.      (line 2312)
BF_GroupOfPerpendicularEdge:                   See 4.4.      (line 2332)
BF_Node:                                       See 4.4.      (line 2291)
BF_NodeX:                                      See 4.4.      (line 2367)
BF_NodeY:                                      See 4.4.      (line 2370)
BF_NodeZ:                                      See 4.4.      (line 2373)
BF_One:                                        See 4.4.      (line 2379)
BF_PerpendicularEdge:                          See 4.4.      (line 2326)
BF_PerpendicularFacet:                         See 4.4.      (line 2339)
BF_Region:                                     See 4.4.      (line 2347)
BF_RegionX:                                    See 4.4.      (line 2350)
BF_RegionY:                                    See 4.4.      (line 2353)
BF_RegionZ:                                    See 4.4.      (line 2356)
BF_Volume:                                     See 4.4.      (line 2300)
BF_Zero:                                       See 4.4.      (line 2376)
Break:                                         See 4.8.      (line 2696)
Case <1>:                                      See 3.5.      (line 1353)
Case <2>:                                      See 3.6.      (line 1392)
Case:                                          See 3.3.      (line 1183)
ChangeOfCoordinates:                           See 4.10.     (line 2982)
ChangeOfValues:                                See 4.10.     (line 2991)
Complex:                                       See 4.2.4.    (line 2025)
CompX:                                         See 4.2.4.    (line 2069)
CompXX:                                        See 4.2.4.    (line 2084)
CompXY:                                        See 4.2.4.    (line 2089)
CompXZ:                                        See 4.2.4.    (line 2094)
CompY:                                         See 4.2.4.    (line 2074)
CompYX:                                        See 4.2.4.    (line 2099)
CompYY:                                        See 4.2.4.    (line 2104)
CompYZ:                                        See 4.2.4.    (line 2109)
CompZ:                                         See 4.2.4.    (line 2079)
CompZX:                                        See 4.2.4.    (line 2114)
CompZY:                                        See 4.2.4.    (line 2119)
CompZZ:                                        See 4.2.4.    (line 2124)
Constraint <1>:                                See 3.3.      (line 1183)
Constraint:                                    See 3.4.      (line 1252)
Cos:                                           See 4.2.1.    (line 1862)
Cosh:                                          See 4.2.1.    (line 1894)
Criterion:                                     See 3.6.      (line 1392)
Cross:                                         See 4.2.2.    (line 1920)
Curl:                                          See 2.8.      (line  958)
CurlInv:                                       See 2.8.      (line  971)
d:                                             See 2.8.      (line  952)
DecomposeInSimplex:                            See 4.10.     (line 2999)
DefineConstant:                                See 2.2.      (line  548)
DefineFunction:                                See 3.2.      (line 1146)
DefineGroup:                                   See 3.1.      (line 1056)
Depth:                                         See 4.10.     (line 2896)
deRham:                                        See 4.7.      (line 2518)
DestinationSystem:                             See 3.8.      (line 1526)
Dimension:                                     See 4.10.     (line 2916)
dInterpolationAkima:                           See 4.2.6.    (line 2199)
dInterpolationLinear:                          See 4.2.6.    (line 2187)
dInv:                                          See 2.8.      (line  965)
Div:                                           See 2.8.      (line  962)
DivInv:                                        See 2.8.      (line  975)
Dof:                                           See 2.8.      (line  938)
Dt:                                            See 4.7.      (line 2539)
DtDof:                                         See 4.7.      (line 2542)
DtDt:                                          See 4.7.      (line 2545)
DtDtDof:                                       See 4.7.      (line 2549)
DualEdgesOf:                                   See 4.1.      (line 1809)
DualFacetsOf:                                  See 4.1.      (line 1812)
DualNodesOf:                                   See 4.1.      (line 1806)
DualVolumesOf:                                 See 4.1.      (line 1815)
EdgesOf:                                       See 4.1.      (line 1759)
EdgesOfTreeIn:                                 See 4.1.      (line 1796)
EigenSolve:                                    See 4.8.      (line 2714)
EigenvalueLegend:                              See 4.10.     (line 3023)
ElementsOf:                                    See 4.1.      (line 1774)
Else:                                          See 4.8.      (line 2689)
EndFor:                                        See 2.9.      (line 1027)
EndIf:                                         See 2.9.      (line 1034)
Entity:                                        See 3.4.      (line 1252)
EntitySubType:                                 See 3.4.      (line 1252)
EntityType:                                    See 3.4.      (line 1252)
Equation:                                      See 3.7.      (line 1434)
Evaluate:                                      See 4.8.      (line 2660)
Exp:                                           See 4.2.1.    (line 1831)
F_CompElementNum:                              See 4.2.6.    (line 2175)
F_Cos_wt_p:                                    See 4.2.2.    (line 1957)
F_Period:                                      See 4.2.2.    (line 1975)
F_Sin_wt_p:                                    See 4.2.2.    (line 1966)
Fabs:                                          See 4.2.1.    (line 1904)
FacetsOf:                                      See 4.1.      (line 1764)
FacetsOfTreeIn:                                See 4.1.      (line 1801)
FemEquation:                                   See 4.7.      (line 2509)
File:                                          See 4.10.     (line 2879)
Fmod:                                          See 4.2.1.    (line 1909)
For ( EXPRESSION-CST : EXPRESSION-CST ):       See 2.9.      (line  996)
For ( EXPRESSION-CST : EXPRESSION-CST : EXPRESSION-CST ):See 2.9.
                                                             (line 1002)
For STRING In { EXPRESSION-CST : EXPRESSION-CST : EXPRESSION-CST }:See 2.9.
                                                             (line 1018)
For STRING In { EXPRESSION-CST : EXPRESSION-CST }:See 2.9.   (line 1010)
Form0:                                         See 4.4.      (line 2263)
Form1:                                         See 4.4.      (line 2266)
Form1P:                                        See 4.4.      (line 2275)
Form2:                                         See 4.4.      (line 2269)
Form2P:                                        See 4.4.      (line 2279)
Form3:                                         See 4.4.      (line 2272)
Format <1>:                                    See 3.10.     (line 1658)
Format:                                        See 4.10.     (line 2937)
Formulation <1>:                               See 3.7.      (line 1434)
Formulation:                                   See 3.4.      (line 1252)
FourierTransform:                              See 4.8.      (line 2733)
Frequency <1>:                                 See 4.10.     (line 2932)
Frequency:                                     See 3.8.      (line 1526)
FrequencyLegend:                               See 4.10.     (line 3016)
Function <1>:                                  See 3.2.      (line 1146)
Function:                                      See 3.4.      (line 1252)
FunctionSpace:                                 See 3.4.      (line 1252)
Galerkin:                                      See 4.7.      (line 2515)
Gauss:                                         See 4.6.      (line 2467)
GaussLegendre:                                 See 4.6.      (line 2470)
Generate:                                      See 4.8.      (line 2566)
GenerateJac:                                   See 4.8.      (line 2576)
GenerateOnly:                                  See 4.8.      (line 2601)
GenerateOnlyJac:                               See 4.8.      (line 2606)
GenerateSeparate:                              See 4.8.      (line 2591)
GeoElement:                                    See 3.6.      (line 1392)
Global <1>:                                    See 4.1.      (line 1750)
Global:                                        See 4.7.      (line 2528)
GlobalEquation:                                See 3.7.      (line 1434)
GlobalQuantity:                                See 3.4.      (line 1252)
GlobalTerm:                                    See 3.7.      (line 1434)
Gmsh:                                          See 4.10.     (line 3032)
GmshParsed:                                    See 4.10.     (line 3033)
Gnuplot:                                       See 4.10.     (line 3053)
Grad:                                          See 2.8.      (line  955)
GradHelmholtz:                                 See 4.2.3.    (line 2014)
GradInv:                                       See 2.8.      (line  968)
GradLaplace:                                   See 4.2.3.    (line 2002)
Group <1>:                                     See 3.1.      (line 1056)
Group:                                         See 3.4.      (line 1252)
GroupsOfEdgesOf:                               See 4.1.      (line 1783)
GroupsOfEdgesOnNodesOf:                        See 4.1.      (line 1790)
GroupsOfNodesOf:                               See 4.1.      (line 1779)
HarmonicToTime:                                See 4.10.     (line 2910)
Helmholtz:                                     See 4.2.3.    (line 2008)
Hexahedron:                                    See 4.6.      (line 2488)
Hypot:                                         See 4.2.2.    (line 1925)
If:                                            See 4.8.      (line 2680)
If ( EXPRESSION-CST ):                         See 2.9.      (line 1030)
Im:                                            See 4.2.4.    (line 2037)
In <1>:                                        See 3.7.      (line 1434)
In:                                            See 3.9.      (line 1606)
Include:                                       See 1.4.      (line  415)
IndexOfSystem:                                 See 3.7.      (line 1434)
Init:                                          See 4.3.      (line 2218)
InitFromResolution:                            See 4.3.      (line 2224)
InitSolution:                                  See 4.8.      (line 2623)
Integral <1>:                                  See 3.9.      (line 1606)
Integral <2>:                                  See 4.9.      (line 2783)
Integral:                                      See 4.7.      (line 2533)
Integration <1>:                               See 3.9.      (line 1606)
Integration <2>:                               See 3.7.      (line 1434)
Integration:                                   See 3.6.      (line 1392)
InterpolationAkima:                            See 4.2.6.    (line 2193)
InterpolationLinear:                           See 4.2.6.    (line 2181)
Iso:                                           See 4.10.     (line 2972)
IterativeLoop:                                 See 4.8.      (line 2758)
JacNL:                                         See 4.7.      (line 2553)
Jacobian <1>:                                  See 3.9.      (line 1606)
Jacobian <2>:                                  See 3.5.      (line 1353)
Jacobian:                                      See 3.7.      (line 1434)
Lanczos:                                       See 4.8.      (line 2723)
Laplace:                                       See 4.2.3.    (line 1997)
LastTimeStepOnly:                              See 4.10.     (line 2928)
Lin:                                           See 4.5.      (line 2403)
Line:                                          See 4.6.      (line 2476)
Link:                                          See 4.3.      (line 2230)
LinkCplx:                                      See 4.3.      (line 2253)
List:                                          See 2.2.      (line  548)
ListAlt:                                       See 2.2.      (line  548)
Local <1>:                                     See 4.9.      (line 2778)
Local <2>:                                     See 3.9.      (line 1606)
Local:                                         See 4.7.      (line 2523)
Log:                                           See 4.2.1.    (line 1836)
Log10:                                         See 4.2.1.    (line 1841)
Loop:                                          See 3.7.      (line 1434)
Name <1>:                                      See 3.8.      (line 1526)
Name <2>:                                      See 3.10.     (line 1658)
Name <3>:                                      See 3.5.      (line 1353)
Name <4>:                                      See 3.9.      (line 1606)
Name <5>:                                      See 3.3.      (line 1183)
Name <6>:                                      See 3.4.      (line 1252)
Name <7>:                                      See 3.7.      (line 1434)
Name:                                          See 3.6.      (line 1392)
NameOfBasisFunction:                           See 3.4.      (line 1252)
NameOfCoef:                                    See 3.4.      (line 1252)
NameOfConstraint <1>:                          See 3.4.      (line 1252)
NameOfConstraint:                              See 3.7.      (line 1434)
NameOfFormulation <1>:                         See 3.9.      (line 1606)
NameOfFormulation:                             See 3.8.      (line 1526)
NameOfMesh:                                    See 3.8.      (line 1526)
NameOfPostProcessing:                          See 3.10.     (line 1658)
NameOfSpace:                                   See 3.7.      (line 1434)
NameOfSystem:                                  See 3.9.      (line 1606)
Network <1>:                                   See 4.3.      (line 2227)
Network:                                       See 3.7.      (line 1434)
NeverDt:                                       See 4.7.      (line 2557)
Node:                                          See 3.7.      (line 1434)
NodesOf:                                       See 4.1.      (line 1754)
NoNewLine:                                     See 4.10.     (line 2978)
Norm:                                          See 4.2.2.    (line 1930)
Normal:                                        See 4.2.6.    (line 2164)
NormalSource:                                  See 4.2.6.    (line 2169)
NumberOfPoints:                                See 3.6.      (line 1392)
OnBox:                                         See 4.10.     (line 2866)
OnElementsOf:                                  See 4.10.     (line 2793)
OnGlobal:                                      See 4.10.     (line 2805)
OnGrid:                                        See 4.10.     (line 2817)
OnLine:                                        See 4.10.     (line 2846)
OnPlane:                                       See 4.10.     (line 2856)
OnPoint:                                       See 4.10.     (line 2840)
OnRegion:                                      See 4.10.     (line 2800)
OnSection:                                     See 4.10.     (line 2808)
Operation <1>:                                 See 3.10.     (line 1658)
Operation:                                     See 3.8.      (line 1526)
Order:                                         See 4.2.6.    (line 2205)
OriginSystem:                                  See 3.8.      (line 1526)
Pi:                                            See 2.2.      (line  548)
Point:                                         See 4.6.      (line 2497)
PostOperation <1>:                             See 3.10.     (line 1658)
PostOperation:                                 See 4.8.      (line 2768)
PostProcessing:                                See 3.9.      (line 1606)
Print <1>:                                     See 4.8.      (line 2699)
Print <2>:                                     See 3.10.     (line 1658)
Print:                                         See 4.8.      (line 2704)
Printf:                                        See 4.2.6.    (line 2159)
Prism:                                         See 4.6.      (line 2491)
Pyramid:                                       See 4.6.      (line 2494)
Quadrangle:                                    See 4.6.      (line 2482)
Quantity <1>:                                  See 3.7.      (line 1434)
Quantity <2>:                                  See 3.4.      (line 1252)
Quantity:                                      See 3.9.      (line 1606)
Re:                                            See 4.2.4.    (line 2032)
Region <1>:                                    See 3.3.      (line 1183)
Region <2>:                                    See 4.1.      (line 1747)
Region:                                        See 3.5.      (line 1353)
Resolution <1>:                                See 3.8.      (line 1526)
Resolution:                                    See 3.4.      (line 1252)
Rot:                                           See 2.8.      (line  959)
RotInv:                                        See 2.8.      (line  972)
SaveSolution:                                  See 4.8.      (line 2629)
SaveSolutions:                                 See 4.8.      (line 2634)
Scalar:                                        See 4.4.      (line 2283)
SetFrequency:                                  See 4.8.      (line 2670)
SetTime:                                       See 4.8.      (line 2665)
Sin:                                           See 4.2.1.    (line 1851)
Sinh:                                          See 4.2.1.    (line 1889)
Skin:                                          See 4.10.     (line 2904)
Smoothing:                                     See 4.10.     (line 2907)
Solve:                                         See 4.8.      (line 2571)
SolveJac:                                      See 4.8.      (line 2583)
Solver:                                        See 3.8.      (line 1526)
Sort:                                          See 4.10.     (line 2960)
Sqrt:                                          See 4.2.1.    (line 1846)
SquNorm:                                       See 4.2.2.    (line 1936)
Store:                                         See 4.10.     (line 3003)
SubRegion:                                     See 3.3.      (line 1183)
SubSpace:                                      See 3.4.      (line 1252)
Support:                                       See 3.4.      (line 1252)
Sur:                                           See 4.5.      (line 2399)
SurAxi:                                        See 4.5.      (line 2410)
Symmetry:                                      See 3.7.      (line 1434)
System:                                        See 3.8.      (line 1526)
SystemCommand:                                 See 4.8.      (line 2675)
Table:                                         See 4.10.     (line 3038)
Tan:                                           See 4.2.1.    (line 1873)
Tanh:                                          See 4.2.1.    (line 1899)
Target:                                        See 4.10.     (line 2948)
Tensor:                                        See 4.2.4.    (line 2047)
TensorDiag:                                    See 4.2.4.    (line 2064)
TensorSym:                                     See 4.2.4.    (line 2059)
TensorV:                                       See 4.2.4.    (line 2054)
Tetrahedron:                                   See 4.6.      (line 2485)
TimeFunction:                                  See 3.3.      (line 1183)
TimeLegend:                                    See 4.10.     (line 3009)
TimeLoopNewmark:                               See 4.8.      (line 2750)
TimeLoopTheta:                                 See 4.8.      (line 2742)
TimeStep:                                      See 4.10.     (line 2923)
TimeTable:                                     See 4.10.     (line 3048)
TransferInitSolution:                          See 4.8.      (line 2651)
TransferSolution:                              See 4.8.      (line 2642)
Transpose:                                     See 4.2.2.    (line 1947)
Triangle:                                      See 4.6.      (line 2479)
TTrace:                                        See 4.2.2.    (line 1952)
Type <1>:                                      See 3.6.      (line 1392)
Type <2>:                                      See 3.3.      (line 1183)
Type <3>:                                      See 3.8.      (line 1526)
Type <4>:                                      See 3.4.      (line 1252)
Type:                                          See 3.7.      (line 1434)
Unit:                                          See 4.2.2.    (line 1941)
Update:                                        See 4.8.      (line 2611)
UpdateConstraint:                              See 4.8.      (line 2618)
UsingPost:                                     See 3.10.     (line 1658)
Value <1>:                                     See 4.10.     (line 2954)
Value:                                         See 3.9.      (line 1606)
Vector <1>:                                    See 4.2.4.    (line 2042)
Vector:                                        See 4.4.      (line 2286)
Vol:                                           See 4.5.      (line 2396)
VolAxi:                                        See 4.5.      (line 2406)
VolAxiRectShell:                               See 4.5.      (line 2448)
VolAxiSphShell:                                See 4.5.      (line 2426)
VolAxiSqu:                                     See 4.5.      (line 2414)
VolAxiSquRectShell:                            See 4.5.      (line 2455)
VolAxiSquSphShell:                             See 4.5.      (line 2433)
VolRectShell:                                  See 4.5.      (line 2440)
VolSphShell:                                   See 4.5.      (line 2418)
VolumesOf:                                     See 4.1.      (line 1769)
X:                                             See 4.2.5.    (line 2134)
XYZ:                                           See 4.2.5.    (line 2149)
Y:                                             See 4.2.5.    (line 2139)
Z:                                             See 4.2.5.    (line 2144)
||:                                            See 2.3.1.    (line  693)
~:                                             See 2.2.      (line  548)
