convert(1)

NAME
convert - convert an image or sequence of images

SYNOPSIS
convert [ options ... ] input_file output_file

DESCRIPTION
Convert converts an input file using one image format to an output file with a differing image format. In addition, various types of image processing can be performed on the converted image during the conversion process. Convert recognizes the image formats listed in ImageMagick(1).

EXAMPLES
To make a thumbnail of a JPEG image, use:
    convert -size 120x120 cockatoo.jpg -resize 120x120
            +profile "*" thumbnail.jpg In this example, '-size 120x120' gives a hint to the JPEG decoder that the image is going to be downscaled to 120x120, allowing it to run faster by avoiding returning full-resolution images to ImageMagick for the subsequent resizing operation. The output image. It will be scaled so its largest dimension is 120 pixels. The that might be present in the input and aren't needed in the thumbnail. To convert a MIFF image of a cockatoo to a SUN raster image, use:
    convert cockatoo.miff sun:cockatoo.ras To convert a multi-page PostScript document to individual FAX pages, use:
    convert -monochrome document.ps fax:page To convert a TIFF image to a PostScript A4 page with the image in the lower left-hand corner, use:
    convert -page A4+0+0 image.tiff document.ps To convert a raw Gray image with a 128 byte header to a portable graymap, use:
    convert -depth 8 -size 768x512+128 gray:raw
            image.pgm In this example, "raw" is the input file. Its format is "gray" and it has the dimensions and number of header bytes specified by the -size option and the sample depth specified by the -depth option. The output file is "image.pgm". The suffix ".pgm" specifies its format. To convert a Photo CD image to a TIFF image, use:
    convert -size 1536x1024 img0009.pcd image.tiff
    convert img0009.pcd[4] image.tiff To create a visual image directory of all your JPEG images, use:
    convert 'vid:*.jpg' directory.miff To annotate an image with blue text using font 12x24 at position (100,100), use:
    convert -font helvetica -fill blue
            -draw "text 100,100 Cockatoo"
            bird.jpg bird.miff To tile a 640x480 image with a JPEG texture with bumps use:
    convert -size 640x480 tile:bumps.jpg tiled.png To surround an icon with an ornamental border to use with Mosaic(1), use:
    convert -mattecolor "#697B8F" -frame 6x6 bird.jpg
            icon.png To create a MNG animation from a DNA molecule sequence, use:
    convert -delay 20 dna.* dna.mng

OPTIONS
Options are processed in command line order. Any option you specify on the command line remains in effect for the set of images that follows, until the set is terminated by the appearance of any option or -noop. Some options only affect the decoding of images and others only the encoding. The latter can appear after the final group of input images. For a more detailed description of each option, see ImageMagick(1).

-adjoin
    join images into a single multi-image file

-affine <matrix>
    drawing transformation matrix

-antialias
    remove pixel aliasing

-append
    append a set of images

-authenticate <string>
    decrypt image with this password

-average
    average a set of images

-background <color>
    the background color

-blue-primary <x>,<y>
    blue chromaticity primary point

-blur <radius>{x<sigma>}
    blur the image with a Gaussian operator

-border <width>x<height>
    surround the image with a border of color

-bordercolor <color>
    the border color

-box <color>
    set the color of the annotation bounding box

-cache <threshold>
    (This option has been replaced by the -limit option)

-channel <type>
    the type of channel

-charcoal <factor>
    simulate a charcoal drawing

-chop <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}
    remove pixels from the interior of an image

-clip
    apply the clipping path, if one is present

-coalesce
    merge a sequence of images

-colorize <value>
    colorize the image with the pen color

-colors <value>
    preferred number of colors in the image

-colorspace <value>
    the type of colorspace

-comment <string>
    annotate an image with a comment

-compose <operator>
    the type of image composition

-compress <type>
    the type of image compression

-contrast
    enhance or reduce the image contrast

-convolve <kernel>
    convolve image with the specified convolution kernel

-crop <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}
    preferred size and location of the cropped image

-cycle <amount>
    displace image colormap by amount

-debug <events>
    enable debug printout

-deconstruct
    break down an image sequence into constituent parts

-delay <1/100ths of a second>
    display the next image after pausing

-density <width>x<height>
    vertical and horizontal resolution in pixels of the image

-depth <value>
    depth of the image

-despeckle
    reduce the speckles within an image

-display <host:display[.screen]>
    specifies the X server to contact

-dispose <method>
    GIF disposal method

-dither
    apply Floyd/Steinberg error diffusion to the image

-draw <string>
    annotate an image with one or more graphic primitives

-edge <radius>
    detect edges within an image

-emboss <radius>
    emboss an image

-encoding <type>
    specify the text encoding

-endian <type>
    specify endianness (MSB or LSB) of output image

-enhance
    apply a digital filter to enhance a noisy image

-equalize
    perform histogram equalization to the image

-extract <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}{@} {!}{<}{>}
    extract an area from the image while decoding

-fill <color>
    color to use when filling a graphic primitive

-filter <type>
    use this type of filter when resizing an image

-flatten
    flatten a sequence of images

-flip
    create a "mirror image"

-flop
    create a "mirror image"

-font <name>
    use this font when annotating the image with text

-frame <width>x<height>+<outer bevel width>+<inner bevel width>
    surround the image with an ornamental border

-fuzz <distance>{%}
    colors within this distance are considered equal

-gamma <value>
    level of gamma correction

-Gaussian <radius>{x<sigma>}
    blur the image with a Gaussian operator

-geometry <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}{@} {!}{<}{>}
    preferred size and location of the Image window.

-gravity <type>
    direction primitive gravitates to when annotating the image.

-green-primary <x>,<y>
    green chromaticity primary point

-help
    print usage instructions

-implode <factor>
    implode image pixels about the center

-intent <type>
    use this type of rendering intent when managing the image color

-interlace <type>
    the type of interlacing scheme

-label <name>
    assign a label to an image

-lat <width>x<height>{+-}<offset>{%}
    perform local adaptive thresholding

-level <black_point>{,<white_point>}{%}{,<gamma>}
    adjust the level of image contrast

-limit <type> <value>
    Disk, File, Map, or Memory resource limit

-list <type>
    the type of list

-log <string>

-loop <iterations>
    add Netscape loop extension to your GIF animation

-map <filename>
    choose a particular set of colors from this image

-mask <filename>
    Specify a clipping mask

-matte
    store matte channel if the image has one

-mattecolor <color>
    specify the color to be used with the -frame option

-median <radius>
    apply a median filter to the image

-modulate <value>
    vary the brightness, saturation, and hue of an image

-monochrome
    transform the image to black and white

-morph <frames>
    morphs an image sequence

-mosaic
    create a mosaic from an image or an image sequence

-negate
    replace every pixel with its complementary color

-noise <radius|type>
    add or reduce noise in an image

-noop
    NOOP (no option)

-normalize
    transform image to span the full range of color values

-opaque <color>
    change this color to the pen color within the image

-page <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}{!}{<}{>}
    size and location of an image canvas

-paint <radius>
    simulate an oil painting

-pen <color>
    (This option has been replaced by the -fill option)

-ping
    efficiently determine image characteristics

-pointsize <value>
    pointsize of the PostScript, OPTION1, or TrueType font

-preview <type>
    image preview type

-process <command>
    process a sequence of images

-profile <filename>
    add ICM, IPTC, or generic profile to image

-quality <value>
    JPEG/MIFF/PNG compression level

-raise <width>x<height>
    lighten or darken image edges

-red-primary <x>,<y>
    red chromaticity primary point

-region <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>
    apply options to a portion of the image

-render
    render vector operations

-resize <width>x<height>{%}{@}{!}{<}{>}
    resize an image

-roll {+-}<x>{+-}<y>
    roll an image vertically or horizontally

-rotate <degrees>{<}{>}
    apply Paeth image rotation to the image

-sample <geometry>
    scale image with pixel sampling

-sampling-factor <horizontal_factor>x<vertical_factor>
    sampling factors used by JPEG or MPEG-2 encoder and YUV decoder/encoder.

-scale <geometry>
    scale the image.

-scene <value>
    set scene number

-seed <value>
    pseudo-random number generator seed value

-segment <cluster threshold>x<smoothing threshold>
    segment an image

-shade <azimuth>x<elevation>
    shade the image using a distant light source

-sharpen <radius>{x<sigma>}
    sharpen the image

-shave <width>x<height>{%}
    shave pixels from the image edges

-shear <x degrees>x<y degrees>
    shear the image along the X or Y axis

-size <width>x<height>{+offset}
    width and height of the image

-solarize <factor>
    negate all pixels above the threshold level

-spread <amount>
    displace image pixels by a random amount

-stroke <color>
    color to use when stroking a graphic primitive

-strokewidth <value>
    set the stroke width

-swirl <degrees>
    swirl image pixels about the center

-texture <filename>
    name of texture to tile onto the image background

-threshold <value>{<green>,<blue>,<opacity>}{%}
    threshold the image

-tile <filename>
    tile image when filling a graphic primitive

-transform
    transform the image

-transparent <color>
    make this color transparent within the image

-treedepth <value>
    tree depth for the color reduction algorithm

-trim
    trim an image

-type <type>
    the image type

-units <type>
    the type of image resolution

-unsharp <radius>{x<sigma>}{+<amount>}{+<threshold>}
    sharpen the image with an unsharp mask operator

-use-pixmap
    use the pixmap

-verbose
    print detailed information about the image

-version
    print ImageMagick version string

-view <string>
    FlashPix viewing parameters

-virtual-pixel <method>
    specify contents of "virtual pixels"

-wave <amplitude>x<wavelength>
    alter an image along a sine wave

-white-point <x>,<y>
    chromaticity white point

-write <filename>
    write an image sequence [convert, composite] For a more detailed description of each option, see ImageMagick(1).

SEGMENTATION
Use -segment to segment an image by analyzing the histograms of the color components and identifying units that are homogeneous with the fuzzy c-means technique. The scale-space filter analyzes the histograms of the three color components of the image and identifies a set of classes. The extents of each class is used to coarsely segment the image with thresholding. The color associated with each class is determined by the mean color of all pixels within the extents of a particular class. Finally, any unclassified pixels are assigned to the closest class with the fuzzy c-means technique. The fuzzy c-Means algorithm can be summarized as follows:

Build a histogram, one for each color component of the image.

For each histogram, successively apply the scale-space filter and build an interval tree of zero crossings in the second derivative at each scale. Analyze this scale-space "fingerprint" to determine which peaks or valleys in the histogram are most predominant.

The fingerprint defines intervals on the axis of the histogram. Each interval contains either a minima or a maxima in the original signal. If each color component lies within the maxima interval, that pixel is considered "classified" and is assigned an unique class number.

Any pixel that fails to be classified in the above thresholding pass is classified using the fuzzy c-Means technique. It is assigned to one of the classes discovered in the histogram analysis phase. The fuzzy c-Means technique attempts to cluster a pixel by finding the local minima of the generalized within group sum of squared error objective function. A pixel is assigned to the closest class of which the fuzzy membership has a maximum value. For additional information see: <bq>Young Won Lim, Sang Uk Lee, ``On The Color Image Segmentation Algorithm Based on the Thresholding and the Fuzzy c-Means Techniques'', Pattern Recognition, Volume 23, Number 9, pages 935-952, 1990.</bq>

ENVIRONMENT

DISPLAY
    To get the default host, display number, and screen.

SEE ALSO
display(1), animate(1), identify(1), ImageMagick(1), montage(1), mogrify(1), composite(1)

COPYRIGHT
Copyright (C) 2003 ImageMagick Studio Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ("ImageMagick"), to deal in ImageMagick without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of ImageMagick, and to permit persons to whom the ImageMagick is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of ImageMagick. The software is provided "as is", without warranty of any kind, express or implied, including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement.In no event shall ImageMagick Studio be liable for any claim, damages or other liability, whether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise, arising from, out of or in connection with ImageMagick or the use or other dealings in ImageMagick. Except as contained in this notice, the name of the ImageMagick Studio LLC shall not be used in advertising or otherwise to promote the sale, use or other dealings in ImageMagick without prior written authorization from the ImageMagick Studio.

AUTHORS
John Cristy, ImageMagick Studio LLC,
Glenn Randers-Pehrson, ImageMagick Studio LLC.