PERLTODO(1)

NAME
perltodo - Perl TO-DO List

DESCRIPTION
This is a list of wishes for Perl. Send updates to perl5-porters@perl.org. If you want to work on any of these projects, be sure to check the perl5-porters archives for past ideas, flames, and propaganda. This will save you time and also prevent you from implementing something that Larry has already vetoed. One set of archives may be found at:

    http://www.xray.mpe.mpg.de/mailing-lists/perl5-porters/

To do during 5.6.x

  Support for I/O disciplines
"perlio" provides this, but the interface could be a lot more straightforward.

  Autoload bytes.pm
When the lexer sees, for instance, "bytes::length", it should automatically load the "bytes" pragma.

  Make "\u{XXXX}" et al work
Danger, Will Robinson! Discussing the semantics of "\x{F00}", "\xF00" and "\U{F00}" on P5P will lead to a long and boring flamewar.

  Create a char *sv_pvprintify(sv, STRLEN *lenp, UV flags)
For displaying PVs with control characters, embedded nulls, and Unicode. This would be useful for printing warnings, or data and regex dumping, not_a_number(), and so on.

Requirements: should handle both byte and UTF8 strings. isPRINT() characters printed as-is, character less than 256 as \xHH, Unicode characters as \x{HHH}. Don't assume ASCII-like, either, get somebody on EBCDIC to test the output.

Possible options, controlled by the flags: - whitespace (other than ' ' of isPRINT()) printed as-is - use isPRINT_LC() instead of isPRINT() - print control characters like this: "\cA" - print control characters like this: "^A" - non-PRINTables printed as '.' instead of \xHH - use \OOO instead of \xHH - use the C/Perl-metacharacters like \n, \t - have a maximum length for the produced string (read it from *lenp) - append a "..." to the produced string if the maximum length is exceeded - really fancy: print unicode characters as \N{...}

NOTE: pv_display(), pv_uni_display(), sv_uni_display() are already doing something like the above.

  Overloadable regex assertions
This may or may not be possible with the current regular expression engine. The idea is that, for instance, "\b" needs to be algorithmically computed if you're dealing with Thai text. Hence, the \b assertion wants to be overloaded by a function.

  Unicode

•   Allow for long form of the General Category Properties, e.g "\p{IsOpenPunctuation}", not just the abbreviated form, e.g. "\p{IsPs}".

•   Allow for the metaproperties: "XID Start", "XID Continue", "NF*_NO", "NF*_MAYBE" (require the DerivedCoreProperties and DerviceNormalizationProperties files).

    There are also multiple value properties still unimplemented: "Numeric Type", "East Asian Width".

•
        Case Mappings? http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr21/

    Mostly implemented (all of 1:1, 1:N, N:1), only the "final sigma" and locale-specific rules of SpecCase are not implemented.

•   UTF-8 identifier names should probably be canonicalized: NFC?

•   UTF-8 in package names and sub names? The first is problematic because of the mapping to pathnames, ditto for the second one if one does autosplitting, for example. Some of this works already in 5.8.0, but essentially it is unsupported. Constructs to consider, at the very least:

            use utf8;
            package UnicodePackage;
            sub new { bless {}, shift };
            sub UnicodeMethod1 { ... $_[0]->UnicodeMethod2(...) ... }
            sub UnicodeMethod2 { ... } # in here caller(0) should contain Unicode
            ...
            package main;
            my $x = UnicodePackage->new;
            print ref $x, "\n";  # should be Unicode
            $x->UnicodeMethod1(...);
            my $y = UnicodeMethod3 UnicodePackage ...;

    In the above all UnicodeXxx contain (identifier-worthy) characters beyond the code point 255, for example 256. Wherever package/class or subroutine names can be returned needs to be checked for Unicodeness.

See "UNICODE REGULAR EXPRESSION SUPPORT LEVEL" in perlunicode for what's there and what's missing. Almost all of Levels 2 and 3 is missing, and as of 5.8.0 not even all of Level 1 is there. They have some tricks Perl doesn't yet implement, such as character class subtraction.

        http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr18/

  Work out exit/die semantics for threads
There are some suggestions to use for example something like this: default to "(thread exiting first will) wait for the other threads until up to 60 seconds". Other possibilities:

    use threads wait => 0;

Do not wait.

    use threads wait_for => 10;

Wait up to 10 seconds.

    use threads wait_for => -1;

Wait for ever.

http://archive.develooper.com/perl5-porters@perl.org/msg79618.html

  Better support for nonpreemptive threading systems like GNU pth
To better support nonpreemptive threading systems, perhaps some of the blocking functions internally in Perl should do a yield() before a blocking call. (Now certain threads tests ({basic,list,thread.t}) simply do a yield() before they sleep() to give nonpreemptive thread implementations a chance).

In some cases, like the GNU pth, which has replacement functions that are nonblocking (pth_select instead of select), maybe Perl should be using them instead when built for threading.

  Typed lexicals for compiler

  Compiler workarounds for Win32

  AUTOLOADing in the compiler

  Fixing comppadlist when compiling

  Cleaning up exported namespace

  Complete signal handling
Add "PERL_ASYNC_CHECK" to opcodes which loop; replace "sigsetjmp" with "sigjmp"; check "wait" for signal safety.

  Out-of-source builds
This was done for 5.6.0, but needs reworking for 5.7.x

  POSIX realtime support
POSIX 1003.1 1996 Edition support--realtime stuff: POSIX semaphores, message queues, shared memory, realtime clocks, timers, signals (the metaconfig units mostly already exist for these)

  UNIX98 support
Reader-writer locks, realtime/asynchronous IO

  IPv6 Support
There are non-core modules, such as "Socket6", but these will need integrating when IPv6 actually starts to really happen. See RFC 2292 and RFC 2553.

  Long double conversion
Floating point formatting is still causing some weird test failures.

  Locales
Locales and Unicode interact with each other in unpleasant ways. One possible solution would be to adopt/support ICU:

        http://oss.software.ibm.com/developerworks/opensource/icu/project/

  Arithmetic on non-Arabic numerals
"[1234567890]" aren't the only numerals any more.

  POSIX Unicode character classes
("[=a=]" for equivalence classes, "[.ch.]" for collation.) These are dependent on Unicode normalization and collation.

  Factoring out common suffices/prefices in regexps (trie optimization)
Currently, the user has to optimize "foo|far" and "foo|goo" into "f(?:oo|ar)" and "[fg]oo" by hand; this could be done automatically.

  Security audit shipped utilities
All the code we ship with Perl needs to be sensible about temporary file handling, locking, input validation, and so on.

  Sort out the uid-setting mess
Currently there are several problems with the setting of uids ($<, $> for the real and effective uids). Firstly, what exactly setuid() call gets invoked in which platform is simply a big mess that needs to be untangled. Secondly, the effects are apparently not standard across platforms, (if you first set $< and then $>, or vice versa, being uid == euid == zero, or just euid == zero, or as a normal user, what are the results?). The test suite not (usually) being run as root means that these things do not get much testing. Thirdly, there's quite often a third uid called saved uid, and Perl has no knowledge of that feature in any way. (If one has the saved uid of zero, one can get back any real and effective uids.) As an example, to change also the saved uid, one needs to set the real and effective uids twice-- in most systems, that is: in HP-UX that doesn't seem to work.

  Custom opcodes
Have a way to introduce user-defined opcodes without the subroutine call overhead of an XSUB; the user should be able to create PP code. Simon Cozens has some ideas on this.

  DLL Versioning
Windows needs a way to know what version of an XS or "libperl" DLL it's loading.

  Introduce @( and @)
$( may return "foo bar baz". Unfortunately, since groups can theoretically have spaces in their names, this could be one, two or three groups.

  Floating point handling
"NaN" and "inf" support is particularly troublesome. (fp_classify(), fp_class(), fp_class_d(), class(), isinf(), isfinite(), finite(), isnormal(), unordered(), <ieeefp.h>, <fp_class.h> (there are metaconfig units for all these) (I think), fp_setmask(), fp_getmask(), fp_setround(), fp_getround() (no metaconfig units yet for these). Don't forget finitel(), fp_classl(), fp_class_l(), (yes, both do, unfortunately, exist), and unorderedl().)

As of Perl 5.6.1, there is a Perl macro, Perl_isnan().

  IV/UV preservation
Nicholas Clark has done a lot of work on this, but work is continuing. "+", "-" and "*" work, but guards need to be in place for "%", "/", "&", "oct", "hex" and "pack".

  Replace pod2html with something using Pod::Parser
The CPAN module "Marek::Pod::Html" may be a more suitable basis for a "pod2html" converter; the current one duplicates the functionality abstracted in "Pod::Parser", which makes updating the POD language difficult.

  Automate module testing on CPAN
When a new Perl is being beta tested, porters have to manually grab their favourite CPAN modules and test them - this should be done automatically.

  sendmsg and recvmsg
We have all the other BSD socket functions but these. There are metaconfig units for these functions which can be added. To avoid these being new opcodes, a solution similar to the way "sockatmark" was added would be preferable. (Autoload the "IO::whatever" module.)

  Rewrite perlre documentation
The new-style patterns need full documentation, and the whole document needs to be a lot clearer.

  Convert example code to IO::Handle filehandles

  Document Win32 choices

  Check new modules

  Make roffitall find pods and libs itself
Simon Cozens has done some work on this but it needs a rethink.

To do at some point
These are ideas that have been regularly tossed around, that most people believe should be done maybe during 5.8.x

  Remove regular expression recursion
Because the regular expression engine is recursive, badly designed expressions can lead to lots of recursion filling up the stack. Ilya claims that it is easy to convert the engine to being iterative, but this has still not yet been done. There may be a regular expression engine hit squad meeting at TPC5.

  Memory leaks after failed eval
Perl will leak memory if you "eval "hlagh hlagh hlagh hlagh"". This is partially because it attempts to build up an op tree for that code and doesn't properly free it. The same goes for non-syntactically-correct regular expressions. Hugo looked into this, but decided it needed a mark-and-sweep GC implementation.

Alan notes that: The basic idea was to extend the parser token stack ("YYSTYPE") to include a type field so we knew what sort of thing each element of the stack was. The perly.c code would then have to be postprocessed to record the type of each entry on the stack as it was created, and the parser patched so that it could unroll the stack properly on error.

This is possible to do, but would be pretty messy to implement, as it would rely on even more sed hackery in perly.fixer.

  bitfields in pack

  Cross compilation
Make Perl buildable with a cross-compiler. This will play havoc with Configure, which needs to know how the target system will respond to its tests; maybe "microperl" will be a good starting point here. (Indeed, Bart Schuller reports that he compiled up "microperl" for the Agenda PDA and it works fine.) A really big spanner in the works is the bootstrapping build process of Perl: if the filesystem the target systems sees is not the same what the build host sees, various input, output, and (Perl) library files need to be copied back and forth.

As of 5.8.0 Configure mostly works for cross-compilation (used successfully for iPAQ Linux), miniperl gets built, but then building DynaLoader (and other extensions) fails since MakeMaker knows nothing of cross-compilation. (See INSTALL/Cross-compilation for the state of things.)

  Perl preprocessor / macros
Source filters help with this, but do not get us all the way. For instance, it should be possible to implement the "??" operator somehow; source filters don't (quite) cut it.

  Perl lexer in Perl
Damian Conway is planning to work on this, but it hasn't happened yet.

  Using POSIX calls internally
When faced with a BSD vs. SysV -style interface to some library or system function, perl's roots show in that it typically prefers the BSD interface (but falls back to the SysV one). One example is getpgrp(). Other examples include "memcpy" vs. "bcopy". There are others, mostly in pp_sys.c.

Mostly, this item is a suggestion for which way to start a journey into an "#ifdef" forest. It is not primarily a suggestion to eliminate any of the "#ifdef" forests.

POSIX calls are perhaps more likely to be portable to unexpected architectures. They are also perhaps more likely to be actively maintained by a current vendor. They are also perhaps more likely to be available in thread-safe versions, if appropriate.

  -i rename file when changed
It's only necessary to rename a file when inplace editing when the file has changed. Detecting a change is perhaps the difficult bit.

  All ARGV input should act like <>
eg "read(ARGV, ...)" doesn't currently read across multiple files.

  Support for rerunning debugger
There should be a way of restarting the debugger on demand.

  Test Suite for the Debugger
The debugger is a complex piece of software and fixing something here may inadvertently break something else over there. To tame this chaotic behaviour, a test suite is necessary.

  my sub foo { }
The basic principle is sound, but there are problems with the semantics of self-referential and mutually referential lexical subs: how to declare the subs?

  One-pass global destruction
Sweeping away all the allocated memory in one go is a laudable goal, but it's difficult and in most cases, it's easier to let the memory get freed by exiting.

  Rewrite regexp parser
There has been talk recently of rewriting the regular expression parser to produce an optree instead of a chain of opcodes; it's unclear whether or not this would be a win.

  Cache recently used regexps
This is to speed up

    for my $re (@regexps) {
        $matched++ if /$re/
    }

"qr//" already gives us a way of saving compiled regexps, but it should be done automatically.

  Cross-compilation support
Bart Schuller reports that using "microperl" and a cross-compiler, he got Perl working on the Agenda PDA. However, one cannot build a full Perl because Configure needs to get the results for the target platform, for the host.

  Bit-shifting bitvectors
Given:

    vec($v, 1000, 1) = 1;

One should be able to do

    $v <<= 1;

and have the 999'th bit set.

Currently if you try with shift bitvectors you shift the NV/UV, instead of the bits in the PV. Not very logical.

  debugger pragma
The debugger is implemented in Perl in perl5db.pl; turning it into a pragma should be easy, but making it work lexically might be more difficult. Fiddling with $^P would be necessary.

  use less pragma
Identify areas where speed/memory tradeoffs can be made and have a hint to switch between them.

  switch structures
Although we have "Switch.pm" in core, Larry points to the dormant "nswitch" and "cswitch" ops in pp.c; using these opcodes would be much faster.

  Cache eval tree

  rcatmaybe

  Shrink opcode tables

  Optimize away @_
Look at the "reification" code in "av.c"

  Prototypes versus indirect objects
Currently, indirect object syntax bypasses prototype checks.

  Install HTML
HTML versions of the documentation need to be installed by default; a call to "installhtml" from "installperl" may be all that's necessary.

  Prototype method calls

  Return context prototype declarations

  magic_setisa

  Garbage collection
There have been persistent mumblings about putting a mark-and-sweep garbage detector into Perl; Alan Burlison has some ideas about this.

  IO tutorial
Mark-Jason Dominus has the beginnings of one of these.

  Rewrite perldoc
There are a few suggestions for what to do with "perldoc": maybe a full-text search, an index function, locating pages on a particular high-level subject, and so on.

  Install .3p manpages
This is a bone of contention; we can create ".3p" manpages for each built-in function, but should we install them by default? Tcl does this, and it clutters up "apropos".

  Unicode tutorial
Simon Cozens promises to do this before he gets old.

  Update POSIX.pm for 1003.1-2

  Retargetable installation
Allow @INC to be changed after Perl is built.

  POSIX emulation on non-POSIX systems
Make "POSIX.pm" behave as POSIXly as possible everywhere, meaning we have to implement POSIX equivalents for some functions if necessary.

  Rename Win32 headers

  Finish off lvalue functions
They don't work in the debugger, and they don't work for list or hash slices.

  Update sprintf documentation
Hugo van der Sanden plans to look at this.

  Use fchown/fchmod internally
This has been done in places, but needs a thorough code review. Also fchdir is available in some platforms.

  Make v-strings overloaded objects
Instead of having to guess whether a string is a v-string and thus needs to be displayed with %vd, make v-strings (readonly) objects (class "vstring"?) with a stringify overload.

  Allow restricted hash assignment
Currently you're not allowed to assign to a restricted hash at all, even with the same keys.

    %restricted = (foo => 42);  # error

This should be allowed if the new keyset is a subset of the old keyset. May require more extra code than we'd like in pp_aassign.

  Should overload be inheritable?
Should overload be 'contagious' through @ISA so that derived classes would inherit their base classes' overload definitions? What to do in case of overload conflicts?

  Taint rethink
Should taint be stopped from affecting control flow, if ($tainted)? Should tainted symbolic method calls and subref calls be stopped? (Look at Ruby's $SAFE levels for inspiration?)

Vague ideas
Ideas which have been discussed, and which may or may not happen.

  ref() in list context
It's unclear what this should do or how to do it without breaking old code.

  Make tr/// return histogram of characters in list context
There is a patch for this, but it may require Unicodification.

  Compile to real threaded code

  Structured types

  Modifiable $1 et al.
    ($x = "elephant") =~ /e(ph)/;
    $1 = "g"; # $x = "elegant"

What happens if there are multiple (nested?) brackets? What if the string changes between the match and the assignment?

  Procedural interfaces for IO::*, etc.
Some core modules have been accused of being overly-OO. Adding procedural interfaces could demystify them.

  RPC modules

  Attach/detach debugger from running program
With "gdb", you can attach the debugger to a running program if you pass the process ID. It would be good to do this with the Perl debugger on a running Perl program, although I'm not sure how it would be done.

  GUI::Native
A non-core module that would use "native" GUI to create graphical applications.

  foreach(reverse ...)
Currently

    foreach (reverse @_) { ... }

puts @_ on the stack, reverses it putting the reversed version on the stack, then iterates forwards. Instead, it could be special-cased to put @_ on the stack then iterate backwards.

  Constant function cache

  Approximate regular expression matching

Ongoing
These items always need doing:

  Update guts documentation
Simon Cozens tries to do this when possible, and contributions to the "perlapi" documentation is welcome.

  Add more tests
Michael Schwern will donate $500 to Yet Another Society when all core modules have tests.

  Update auxiliary tools
The code we ship with Perl should look like good Perl 5.

  Create debugging macros
Debugging macros (like printsv, dump) can make debugging perl inside a C debugger much easier. A good set for gdb comes with mod_perl. Something similar should be distributed with perl.

The proper way to do this is to use and extend Devel::DebugInit. Devel::DebugInit also needs to be extended to support threads.

See p5p archives for late May/early June 2001 for a recent discussion on this topic.

  truncate to the people
One can emulate ftruncate() using F_FREESP and F_CHSIZ fcntls (see the UNIX FAQ for details). This needs to go somewhere near pp_sys.c:pp_truncate().

One can emulate truncate() easily if one has ftruncate(). This emulation should also go near pp_sys.pp_truncate().

  Unicode in Filenames
chdir, chmod, chown, chroot, exec, glob, link, lstat, mkdir, open, opendir, qx, readdir, readlink, rename, rmdir, stat, symlink, sysopen, system, truncate, unlink, utime. All these could potentially accept Unicode filenames either as input or output (and in the case of system and qx Unicode in general, as input or output to/from the shell). Whether a filesystem - an operating system pair understands Unicode in filenames varies.

Known combinations that have some level of understanding include Microsoft NTFS, Apple HFS+ (In Mac OS 9 and X) and Apple UFS (in Mac OS X), NFS v4 is rumored to be Unicode, and of course Plan 9. How to create Unicode filenames, what forms of Unicode are accepted and used (UCS-2, UTF-16, UTF-8), what (if any) is the normalization form used, and so on, varies. Finding the right level of interfacing to Perl requires some thought. Remember that an OS does not implicate a filesystem.

Note that in Windows the -C command line flag already does quite a bit of the above (but even there the support is not complete: for example the exec/spawn are not Unicode-aware) by turning on the so-called "wide API support".

Recently done things
These are things which have been on the todo lists in previous releases but have recently been completed.

  Alternative RE syntax module
The "Regexp::English" module, available from the CPAN, provides this:

    my $re = Regexp::English
    -> start_of_line
    -> literal('Flippers')
    -> literal(':')
    -> optional
        -> whitespace_char
    -> end
    -> remember
        -> multiple
            -> digit;

    /$re/;

  Safe signal handling
A new signal model went into 5.7.1 without much fanfare. Operations and "malloc"s are no longer interrupted by signals, which are handled between opcodes. This means that "PERL_ASYNC_CHECK" now actually does something. However, there are still a few things that need to be done.

  Tie Modules
Modules which implement arrays in terms of strings, substrings or files can be found on the CPAN.

  gettimeofday
"Time::HiRes" has been integrated into the core.

  setitimer and getimiter
Adding "Time::HiRes" got us this too.

  Testing __DIE__ hook
Tests have been added.

  CPP equivalent in Perl
A C Yardley will probably have done this by the time you can read this. This allows for a generalization of the C constant detection used in building "Errno.pm".

  Explicit switch statements
"Switch.pm" has been integrated into the core to give you all manner of "switch...case" semantics.

  autocroak
This is "Fatal.pm".

  UTF/EBCDIC
Nick Ing-Simmons has made UTF-EBCDIC (UTR13) work with Perl.

    EBCDIC?        http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr16/

  UTF Regexes
Although there are probably some small bugs to be rooted out, Jarkko Hietaniemi has made regular expressions polymorphic between bytes and characters.

  perlcc to produce executable
"perlcc" was recently rewritten, and can now produce standalone executables.

  END blocks saved in compiled output

  Secure temporary file module
Tim Jenness' "File::Temp" is now in core.

  Integrate Time::HiRes
This module is now part of core.

  Turn Cwd into XS
Benjamin Sugars has done this.

  Mmap for input
Nick Ing-Simmons' "perlio" supports an "mmap" IO method.

  Byte to/from UTF8 and UTF8 to/from local conversion
"Encode" provides this.

  Add sockatmark support
Added in 5.7.1

  Mailing list archives
http://lists.perl.org/ , http://archive.develooper.com/

  Bug tracking
Richard Foley has written the bug tracking system at http://bugs.perl.org/

  Integrate MacPerl
Chris Nandor and Matthias Neeracher have integrated the MacPerl changes into 5.6.0.

  Web "nerve center" for Perl
http://use.perl.org/ is what you're looking for.

  Regular expression tutorial
"perlretut", provided by Mark Kvale.

  Debugging Tutorial
"perldebtut", written by Richard Foley.

  Integrate new modules
Jarkko has been integrating madly into 5.7.x

  Integrate profiler
"Devel::DProf" is now a core module.

  Y2K error detection
There's a configure option to detect unsafe concatenation with "19", and a CPAN module. ("D'oh::Year")

  Regular expression debugger
While not part of core, Mark-Jason Dominus has written "Rx" and has also come up with a generalised strategy for regular expression debugging.

  POD checker
That's, uh, podchecker

  "Dynamic" lexicals

  Cache precompiled modules

Deprecated Wishes
These are items which used to be in the todo file, but have been deprecated for some reason.

  Loop control on do{}
This would break old code; use "do{{ }}" instead.

  Lexically scoped typeglobs
Not needed now we have lexical IO handles.

  format BOTTOM

  report HANDLE
Damian Conway's text formatting modules seem to be the Way To Go.

  Generalised want()/caller())
Robin Houston's "Want" module does this.

  Named prototypes
This seems to be delayed until Perl 6.

  Built-in globbing
The "File::Glob" module has been used to replace the "glob" function.

  Regression tests for suidperl
"suidperl" is deprecated in favour of common sense.

  Cached hash values
We have shared hash keys, which perform the same job.

  Add compression modules
The compression modules are a little heavy; meanwhile, Nick Clark is working on experimental pragmata to do transparent decompression on input.

  Reorganise documentation into tutorials/references
Could not get consensus on P5P about this.

  Remove distinction between functions and operators
Caution: highly flammable.

  Make XS easier to use
Use "Inline" instead, or SWIG.

  Make embedding easier to use
Use "Inline::CPR".

  man for perl
See the Perl Power Tools. ( http://language.perl.com/ppt/ )

  my $Package::variable
Use "our" instead.

  "or" tests defined, not truth
Suggesting this on P5P will cause a boring and interminable flamewar.

  "class"-based lexicals
Use flyweight objects, secure hashes or, dare I say it, pseudo-hashes instead. (Or whatever will replace pseudohashes in 5.10.)

  byteperl
"ByteLoader" covers this.

  Lazy evaluation / tail recursion removal
"List::Util" gives first() (a short-circuiting grep); tail recursion removal is done manually, with "goto &whoami;". (However, MJD has found that "goto &whoami" introduces a performance penalty, so maybe there should be a way to do this after all: "sub foo {START: ... goto START;" is better.)

  Make "use utf8" the default
Because of backward compatibility this is difficult: scripts could not contain any legacy eight-bit data (like Latin-1) anymore, even in string literals or pod. Also would introduce a measurable slowdown of at least few percentages since all regular expression operations would be done in full UTF-8. But if you want to try this, add -DUSE_UTF8_SCRIPTS to your compilation flags.

  Unicode collation and normalization
The Unicode::Collate and Unicode::Normalize modules by SADAHIRO Tomoyuki have been included since 5.8.0.

    Collation?     http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr10/
    Normalization? http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr15/

  pack/unpack tutorial
Wolfgang Laun finished what Simon Cozens started.