par {base} | R Documentation

## Set or Query Graphical Parameters

### Description

`par` can be used to set or query graphical parameters. Parameters can be set by specifying them as arguments to `par` in `tag = value` form, or by passing them as a list of tagged values.

### Usage

    par(..., no.readonly = FALSE)

    <highlevel plot> (..., <tag> = <value>)

### Arguments

`...` | arguments in `tag = value` form, or a list of tagged values. The tags must come from the graphical parameters described below.
`no.readonly` | logical; if `TRUE` and there are no other arguments, only parameters are returned which can be set by a subsequent `par()` call.

### Details

Parameters are queried by giving one or more character vectors to `par`.

`par()` (no arguments) or `par(no.readonly=TRUE)` is used to get all the graphical parameters (as a named list). Their names are currently taken from the variable `.Pars`. `.Pars.readonly` contains the names of the `par` arguments which are readonly.

R.O. indicates read-only arguments: These may only be used in queries, i.e., they do not set anything.

All but these R.O. and the following low-level arguments can be set as well in high-level and mid-level plot functions, such as `plot`, `points`, `lines`, `axis`, `title`, `text`, `mtext`:

- `"ask"`
- `"fig"`, `"fin"`
- `"mai"`, `"mar"`, `"mex"`
- `"mfrow"`, `"mfcol"`, `"mfg"`
- `"new"`
- `"oma"`, `"omd"`, `"omi"`
- `"pin"`, `"plt"`, `"ps"`, `"pty"`
- `"usr"`
- `"xlog"`, `"ylog"`

### Value

When parameters are set, their former values are returned in an invisible named list. Such a list can be passed as an argument to `par` to restore the parameter values. Use `par(no.readonly = TRUE)` for the full list of parameters that can be restored.
When just one parameter is queried, the value is a character string. When two or more parameters are queried, the result is a list of character strings, with the list names giving the parameters.
Note the inconsistency: setting one parameter returns a list, but querying one parameter returns a vector.

### Graphical Parameters

`adj`
  The value of `adj` determines the way in which text strings are justified. A value of `0` produces left-justified text, `0.5` centered text and `1` right-justified text. (Any value in [0, 1] is allowed, and on most devices values outside that interval will also work.) Note that the `adj` argument of `text` also allows `adj = c(x, y)` for different adjustment in x- and y- direction.
`ann`
  If set to `FALSE`, high-level plotting functions do not annotate the plots they produce with axis and overall titles. The default is to do annotation.
`ask`
  logical. If `TRUE`, the user is asked for input, before a new figure is drawn.
`bg`
  The color to be used for the background of plots. A description of how colors are specified is given below.
`bty`
  A character string which determined the type of box which is drawn about plots. If `bty` is one of `"o"`, `"l"`, `"7"`, `"c"`, `"u"`, or `"]"` the resulting box resembles the corresponding upper case letter. A value of `"n"` suppresses the box.
`cex`
  A numerical value giving the amount by which plotting text and symbols should be scaled relative to the default.
`cex.axis`
  The magnification to be used for axis annotation relative to the current.
`cex.lab`
  The magnification to be used for x and y labels relative to the current.
`cex.main`
  The magnification to be used for main titles relative to the current.
`cex.sub`
  The magnification to be used for sub-titles relative to the current.
`cin`
  R.O.; character size `(width,height)` in inches.
`col`
  A specification for the default plotting color. A description of how colors are specified is given below.
`col.axis`
  The color to be used for axis annotation.
`col.lab`
  The color to be used for x and y labels.
`col.main`
  The color to be used for plot main titles.
`col.sub`
  The color to be used for plot sub-titles.
`cra`
  R.O.; size of default character `(width,height)` in “rasters” (pixels).
`crt`
  A numerical value specifying (in degrees) how single characters should be rotated. It is unwise to expect values other than multiples of 90 to work. Compare with `srt` which does string rotation.
`csi`
  R.O.; height of (default sized) characters in inches.
`cxy`
  R.O.; size of default character `(width,height)` in user coordinate units. `par("cxy")` is `par("cin")/par("pin")` scaled to user coordinates. Note that `c(strwidth(ch), strheight(ch))` for a given string `ch` is usually much more precise.
`din`
  R.O.; the device dimensions in inches.
`err`
  (Unimplemented; R is silent when points outside the plot region are not plotted.) The degree of error reporting desired.
`fg`
  The color to be used for the foreground of plots. This is the default color is used for things like axes and boxes around plots. A description of how colors are specified is given below.
`fig`
  A numerical vector of the form `c(x1, x2, y1, y2)` which gives the (NDC) coordinates of the figure region in the display region of the device.
`fin`
  A numerical vector of the form `c(x, y)` which gives the size of the figure region in inches.
`font`
  An integer which specifies which font to use for text. If possible, device drivers arrange so that 1 corresponds to plain text, 2 to bold face, 3 to italic and 4 to bold italic.
`font.axis`
  The font to be used for axis annotation.
`font.lab`
  The font to be used for x and y labels.
`font.main`
  The font to be used for plot main titles.
`font.sub`
  The font to be used for plot sub-titles.
`gamma`
  the gamma correction, see argument `gamma` to `hsv`.
`lab`
  A numerical vector of the form `c(x, y, len)` which modifies the way that axes are annotated. The values of `x` and `y` give the (approximate) number of tickmarks on the x and y axes and `len` specifies the label size. The default is `c(5, 5, 7)`. Currently, `len` is unimplemented.
`las`
  numeric in {0,1,2,3}; the style of axis labels.
  0:
    always parallel to the axis [default],
  1:
    always horizontal,
  2:
    always perpendicular to the axis,
  3:
    always vertical.

  Note that other string/character rotation (via argument `srt` to `par`) does not affect the axis labels.

`lty`
  The line type. Line types can either be specified as an integer (0=blank, 1=solid, 2=dashed, 3=dotted, 4=dotdash, 5=longdash, 6=twodash) or as one of the character strings `"blank"`, `"solid"`, `"dashed"`, `"dotted"`, `"dotdash"`, `"longdash"`, or `"twodash"`, where `"blank"` uses ‘invisible lines’ (i.e., doesn't draw them).

  Alternatively, a string of up to 8 characters (from `c(1:9, "A":"F")`) may be given, giving the length of line segments which are alternatively drawn and skipped. See section ‘Line Type Specification’ below.

`lwd`
  The line width, a positive number, defaulting to `1`.
`mai`
  A numerical vector of the form `c(bottom, left, top, right)` which gives the margin size specified in inches.
`mar`
  A numerical vector of the form `c(bottom, left, top, right)` which gives the lines of margin to be specified on the four sides of the plot. The default is `c(5, 4, 4, 2) + 0.1`.
`mex`
  `mex` is a character size expansion factor which is used to describe coordinates in the margins of plots.
`mfcol, mfrow`
  A vector of the form `c(nr, nc)`. Subsequent figures will be drawn in an `nr`-by-`nc` array on the device by columns (`mfcol`), or rows (`mfrow`), respectively.

  Consider the alternatives, `layout` and `split.screen`.

`mfg`
  A numerical vector of the form `c(i, j)` where `i` and `j` indicate which figure in an array of figures is to be drawn next (if setting) or is being drawn (if enquiring). The array must already have been set by `mfcol` or `mfrow`.

  For compatibility with S, the form `c(i, j, nr, nc)` is also accepted, when `nr` and `nc` should be the current number of rows and number of columns. Mismatches will be ignored, with a warning.

`mgp`
  The margin line (in `mex` units) for the axis title, axis labels and axis line. The default is `c(3, 1, 0)`.
`mkh`
  The height in inches of symbols to be drawn when the value of `pch` is an integer. Completely ignored currently.
`new`
  logical, defaulting to `FALSE`. If set to `TRUE`, the next high-level plotting command (actually `plot.new`) should not clean the frame before drawing “as if it was on a new device”.
`oma`
  A vector of the form `c(bottom, left, top, right)` giving the size of the outer margins in lines of text.
`omd`
  A vector of the form `c(x1, x2, y1, y2)` giving the outer margin region in NDC (= normalized device coordinates), i.e., as fraction (in [0,1]) of the device region.
`omi`
  A vector of the form `c(bottom, left, top, right)` giving the size of the outer margins in inches.
`pch`
  Either an integer specifying a symbol or a single character to be used as the default in plotting points.
`pin`
  The width and height of the current plot in inches.
`plt`
  A vector of the form `c(x1, x2, y1, y2)` giving the coordinates of the plot region as fractions of the current figure region.
`ps`
  integer; the pointsize of text and symbols.
`pty`
  A character specifying the type of plot region to be used; `"s"` generates a square plotting region and `"m"` generates the maximal plotting region.
`smo`
  (Unimplemented) a value which indicates how smooth circles and circular arcs should be.
`srt`
  The string rotation in degrees. See the comment about `crt`.
`tck`
  The length of tick marks as a fraction of the smaller of the width or height of the plotting region. If `tck >= 0.5` it is interpreted as a fraction of the relevant side, so if `tck=1` grid lines are drawn. The default setting (`tck = NA`) is to use `tcl = -0.5` (see below).
`tcl`
  The length of tick marks as a fraction of the height of a line of text. The default value is `-0.5`; setting `tcl = NA` sets `tck = -0.01` which is S' default.
`tmag`
  A number specifying the enlargement of text of the main title relative to the other annotating text of the plot.
`type`
  character; the default plot type desired, see `plot.default(type=...)`, defaulting to `"p"`.
`usr`
  A vector of the form `c(x1, x2, y1, y2)` giving the extremes of the user coordinates of the plotting region. When a logarithmic scale is in use (i.e., `par("xlog")` is true, see below), then the x-limits will be `10 ^ par("usr")[1:2]`. Similarly for the y-axis.
`xaxp`
  A vector of the form `c(x1, x2, n)` giving the coordinates of the extreme tick marks and the number of intervals between tick-marks when `par("xlog")` is false. Otherwise, when log coordinates are active, the three values have a different meaning: For a small range, `n` is negative, and the ticks are as in the linear case, otherwise, `n` is in `1:3`, specifying a case number, and `x1` and `x2` are the lowest and highest power of 10 inside the user coordinates, `par("usr")[1:2]`. See `axTicks()` for more details.
`xaxs`
  The style of axis interval calculation to be used for the x-axis. Possible values are `"r"`, `"i"`, `"e"`, `"s"`, `"d"`. The styles are generally controlled by the range of data or `xlim`, if given. Style `"r"` (regular) first extends the data range by 4 percent and then finds an axis with pretty labels that fits within the range. Style `"i"` (internal) just finds an axis with pretty labels that fits within the original data range. Style `"s"` (standard) finds an axis with pretty labels within which the original data range fits. Style `"e"` (extended) is like style `"s"`, except that it is also ensured that there is room for plotting symbols within the bounding box. Style `"d"` (direct) specifies that the current axis should be used on subsequent plots. (Only `"r"` and `"i"` styles are currently implemented)
`xaxt`
  A character which specifies the axis type. Specifying `"n"` causes an axis to be set up, but not plotted. The standard value is `"s"`: for compatibility with S values `"l"` and `"e"` are accepted but are equivalent to `"s"`.
`xlog`
  logical value (see `log` in `plot.default`). If `TRUE`, a logarithmic scale is in use (e.g., after `plot(*, log = "x")`). For a new device, it defaults to `FALSE`, i.e., linear scale.
`xpd`
  A logical value or `NA`. If `FALSE`, all plotting is clipped to the plot region, if `TRUE`, all plotting is clipped to the figure region, and if `NA`, all plotting is clipped to the device region.
`yaxp`
  A vector of the form `c(y1, y2, n)` giving the coordinates of the extreme tick marks and the number of intervals between tick-marks unless for log coordinates, see `xaxp` above.
`yaxs`
  The style of axis interval calculation to be used for the y-axis. See `xaxs` above.
`yaxt`
  A character which specifies the axis type. Specifying `"n"` causes an axis to be set up, but not plotted.
`ylog`
  a logical value; see `xlog` above.

### Color Specification

Colors can be specified in several different ways. The simplest way is with a character string giving the color name (e.g., `"red"`). A list of the possible colors can be obtained with the function `colors`. Alternatively, colors can be specified directly in terms of their RGB components with a string of the form `"#RRGGBB"` where each of the pairs `RR`, `GG`, `BB` consist of two hexadecimal digits giving a value in the range `00` to `FF`. Colors can also be specified by giving an index into a small table of colors, the `palette`. This provides compatibility with S. Index `0` corresponds to the background color.

Additionally, `"transparent"` or (integer) `NA` is transparent, useful for filled areas (such as the background!), and just invisible for things like lines or text.

The functions `rgb`, `hsv`, `gray` and `rainbow` provide additional ways of generating colors.

### Line Type Specification

Line types can either be specified by giving an index into a small built in table of line types (1 = solid, 2 = dashed, etc, see `lty` above) or directly as the lengths of on/off stretches of line. This is done with a string of an even number (up to eight) of characters, namely non-zero (hexadecimal) digits which give the lengths in consecutive positions in the string. For example, the string `"33"` specifies three units on followed by three off and `"3313"` specifies three units on followed by three off followed by one on and finally three off. The ‘units’ here are (on most devices) proportional to `lwd`, and with `lwd = 1` are in pixels or points.

The five standard dash-dot line types (`lty = 2:6`) correspond to `c("44", "13", "1343", "73", "2262")`.

Note that `NA` is not a valid value for `lty`.

### Note

The effect of restoring all the (settable) graphics parameters as in the examples is hard to predict if the device has been resized. Several of them are attempting to set the same things in different ways, and those last in the alphabet will win. In particular, the settings of `mai`, `mar`, `pin`, `plt` and `pty` interact, as do the outer margin settings, the figure layout and figure region size.

### References

Becker, R. A., Chambers, J. M. and Wilks, A. R. (1988) The New S Language. Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole.

### See Also

`plot.default` for some high-level plotting parameters; `colors`, `gray`, `rainbow`, `rgb`; `options` for other setup parameters; graphic devices `x11`, `postscript` and setting up device regions by `layout` and `split.screen`.

### Examples

    op <- par(mfrow = c(2, 2), # 2 x 2 pictures on one plot
              pty = "s")       # square plotting region,
                               # independent of device size

    ## At end of plotting, reset to previous settings:
    par(op)

    ## Alternatively,
    op <- par(no.readonly = TRUE) # the whole list of settable par's.
    ## do lots of plotting and par(.) calls, then reset:
    par(op)

    par("ylog") # FALSE
    plot(1 : 12, log = "y")
    par("ylog") # TRUE

    plot(1:2, xaxs = "i") # 'inner axis' w/o extra space
    stopifnot(par("xaxp")[1:2] == 1:2 &&
              par("usr") [1:2] == 1:2)

    ( nr.prof <-
      c(prof.pilots=16,lawyers=11,farmers=10,salesmen=9,physicians=9,
        mechanics=6,policemen=6,managers=6,engineers=5,teachers=4,
        housewives=3,students=3,armed.forces=1))
    par(las = 3)
    barplot(rbind(nr.prof)) # R 0.63.2: shows alignment problem
    par(las = 0)# reset to default

    ## 'fg' use:
    plot(1:12, type = "b", main="'fg' : axes, ticks and box in gray",
         fg = gray(0.7), bty="7" , sub=R.version.string)

    ex <- function() {
       old.par <- par(no.readonly = TRUE) # all par settings which
                                          # could be changed.
       on.exit(par(old.par))
       ## ...
       ## ... do lots of par() settings and plots
       ## ...
       invisible() #-- now,  par(old.par)  will be executed
    }
    ex()

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