sort {base} | R Documentation

## Sorting or Ordering Vectors

### Description

Sort (or order) a numeric or complex vector (partially) into ascending (or descending) order.

### Usage

    sort(x, partial = NULL, na.last = NA, decreasing = FALSE,
         method = c("shell", "quick"), index.return = FALSE)
    is.unsorted(x, na.rm = FALSE)

### Arguments

`x` | a numeric or complex vector.
`partial` | a vector of indices for partial sorting.
`na.last` | for controlling the treatment of `NA`s. If `TRUE`, missing values in the data are put last; if `FALSE`, they are put first; if `NA`, they are removed.
`decreasing` | logical. Should the sort be increasing or decreasing?
`method` | character specifying the algorithm used.
`index.return` | logical indicating if the ordering index vector should be returned as well; this is only available for the default `na.last = NA`.
`na.rm` | logical. Should missing values be removed?

### Details

If `partial` is not `NULL`, it is taken to contain indices of elements of `x` which are to be placed in their correct positions by partial sorting. After the sort, the values specified in `partial` are in their correct position in the sorted array. Any values smaller than these values are guaranteed to have a smaller index in the sorted array and any values which are greater are guaranteed to have a bigger index in the sorted array.

The sort order for character vectors will depend on the collating sequence of the locale in use: see `Comparison`.

`is.unsorted` returns a logical indicating if `x` is sorted increasingly, i.e., `is.unsorted(x)` is true if `any(x != sort(x))` (and there are no `NA`s).

`method = "shell"` uses Shellsort (an O(n^{4/3}) variant from Sedgewick (1996)). If `x` has names a stable sort is used, so ties are not reordered. (This only matters if names are present.)

Method `"quick"` uses Singleton's Quicksort implementation and is only available when `x` is numeric (double or integer) and `partial` is `NULL`. It is normally somewhat faster than Shellsort (perhaps twice as fast on vectors of length a million) but has poor performance in the rare worst case. (Peto's modification using a pseudo-random midpoint is used to make the worst case rarer.) This is not a stable sort, and ties may be reordered.

### Value

For `sort` the sorted vector unless `index.return` is true, when the result is a list with components named `x` and `ix` containing the sorted numbers and the ordering index vector. In the latter case, if `method == "quick"` ties may be reversed in the ordering, unlike `sort.list`, as quicksort is not stable.

### References

Becker, R. A., Chambers, J. M. and Wilks, A. R. (1988) The New S Language. Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole.

Sedgewick, R. (1986) A new upper bound for Shell sort. J. Algorithms 7, 159–173.

Singleton, R. C. (1969) An efficient algorithm for sorting with minimal storage: Algorithm 347. Communications of the ACM 12, 185–187.

### See Also

`order`, `rank`.

### Examples

    data(swiss)
    x <- swiss$Education[1:25]
    x; sort(x); sort(x, partial = c(10, 15))
    median # shows you another example for 'partial'

    ## illustrate 'stable' sorting (of ties):
    sort(c(10:3,2:12), method = "sh", index=TRUE) # is stable
    ## $x : 2  3  3  4  4  5  5  6  6  7  7  8  8  9  9 10 10 11 12
    ## $ix: 9  8 10  7 11  6 12  5 13  4 14  3 15  2 16  1 17 18 19
    sort(c(10:3,2:12), method = "qu", index=TRUE) # is not
    ## $x : 2  3  3  4  4  5  5  6  6  7  7  8  8  9  9 10 10 11 12
    ## $ix: 9 10  8  7 11  6 12  5 13  4 14  3 15 16  2 17  1 18 19
    ##        ^^^^^

    ## Don't run: ## Small speed comparison simulation:
    N <- 2000
    Sim <- 20
    rep <- 50 # << adjust to your CPU
    c1 <- c2 <- numeric(Sim)
    for(is in 1:Sim){
      x <- rnorm(N)
      gc()  ## sort should not have to pay for gc
      c1[is] <- system.time(for(i in 1:rep) sort(x, method = "shell"))[1]
      c2[is] <- system.time(for(i in 1:rep) sort(x, method = "quick"))[1]
      stopifnot(sort(x, meth = "s") == sort(x, meth = "q"))
    }
    100 * rbind(ShellSort = c1, QuickSort = c2)
    cat("Speedup factor of quick sort():\n")
    summary({qq <- c1 / c2; qq[is.finite(qq)]})

    ## A larger test
    x <- rnorm(1e6)
    gc()
    system.time(x1 <- sort(x, method = "shell"))
    gc()
    system.time(x2 <- sort(x, method = "quick"))
    stopifnot(identical(x1, x2))
    ## End Don't run

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