\Header{Round}{Rounding of Numbers}
\alias{ceiling}{Round}
\alias{floor}{Round}
\alias{round}{Round}
\alias{signif}{Round}
\alias{trunc}{Round}
\alias{zapsmall}{Round}
\keyword{arith}{Round}
\begin{Description}\relax
\code{ceiling} takes a single numeric argument \code{x} and returns a
numeric vector containing the smallest integers not less than the
corresponding elements of \code{x}.

\code{floor} takes a single numeric argument \code{x} and returns a
numeric vector containing the largest integers not greater than the
corresponding elements of \code{x}.

\code{round} rounds the values in its first argument to the specified
number of decimal places (default 0).
Note that for rounding off a 5, the IEEE standard is used,
\dQuote{\emph{go to the even digit}}.
Therefore \code{round(0.5)} is \code{0} and \code{round(-1.5)} is \code{-2}.

\code{signif} rounds the values in its first argument to the specified
number of significant digits.

\code{trunc} takes a single numeric argument \code{x} and returns a
numeric vector containing the integers by truncating the values in
\code{x} toward \code{0}.

\code{zapsmall} determines a \code{digits} argument \code{dr} for
calling \code{round(x, digits = dr)} such that values \dQuote{close to
zero} values are \dQuote{zapped}, i.e., treated as \code{0}.\end{Description}
\begin{Usage}
\begin{verbatim}
ceiling(x)
floor(x)
round(x, digits = 0)
signif(x, digits = 6)
trunc(x)
zapsmall(x, digits= getOption("digits"))
\end{verbatim}
\end{Usage}
\begin{Arguments}
\begin{ldescription}
\item[\code{x}] a numeric vector.
\item[\code{digits}] integer indicating the precision to be used.
\end{ldescription}
\end{Arguments}
\begin{References}\relax
Becker, R. A., Chambers, J. M. and Wilks, A. R. (1988)
\emph{The New S Language}.
Wadsworth \& Brooks/Cole. (except \code{zapsmall}.)

Chambers, J. M. (1998)
\emph{Programming with Data. A Guide to the S Language}.
Springer. (\code{zapsmall}.)\end{References}
\begin{SeeAlso}\relax
\code{\Link{as.integer}}.\end{SeeAlso}
\begin{Examples}
\begin{ExampleCode}
round(.5 + -2:4) # IEEE rounding: -2  0  0  2  2  4  4
( x1 <- seq(-2, 4, by = .5) )
round(x1)#-- IEEE rounding !
x1[trunc(x1) != floor(x1)]
x1[round(x1) != floor(x1 + .5)]
(non.int <- ceiling(x1) != floor(x1))

x2 <- pi * 100^(-1:3)
round(x2, 3)
signif(x2, 3)

print   (x2 / 1000, digits=4)
zapsmall(x2 / 1000, digits=4)
zapsmall(exp(1i*0:4*pi/2))
\end{ExampleCode}
\end{Examples}

