\HeaderA{assignOps}{Assignment Operators}{assignOps}
\aliasA{->}{assignOps}{.Rdash.>}
\aliasA{->{}>}{assignOps}{.Rdash.>{}>}
\aliasA{<\Rdash}{assignOps}{<.Rdash.}
\aliasA{<{}<\Rdash}{assignOps}{<{}<.Rdash.}
\aliasA{=}{assignOps}{=}
\keyword{data}{assignOps}
\begin{Description}\relax
Assign a value to a name.
\end{Description}
\begin{Usage}
\begin{verbatim}
x <- value
x <<- value
value -> x
value ->> x

x = value
\end{verbatim}
\end{Usage}
\begin{Arguments}
\begin{ldescription}
\item[\code{x}] a variable name (possibly quoted).
\item[\code{value}] a value to be assigned to \code{x}.
\end{ldescription}
\end{Arguments}
\begin{Details}\relax
There are three different assignment operators: two of them
have leftwards and rightwards forms.

The operators \code{<-} and \code{=} assign into the
environment in which they are evaluated.  The \code{<-} can be used
anywhere, but the \code{=} is only allowed at the top level (that
is, in the complete expression typed by the user) or as one of the
subexpressions in a braced list of expressions.

The operators \code{<{}<-} and \code{->{}>} cause a search to made through
the environment for an existing definition of the variable being
assigned.  If such a variable is found then its value is redefined,
otherwise assignment takes place globally.  Note that their semantics
differ from that in the S language, but are useful in conjunction with
the scoping rules of \R.  See \sQuote{The R Language Definition}
manual for further details and examples.

In all the assignment operator expressions, \code{x} can be a name
or an expression defining a part of an object to be replaced (e.g.,
\code{z[[1]]}).  The name does not need to be quoted, though it can
be.

The leftwards forms of assignment \code{<- = <{}<-} group right to left,
the other from left to right.
\end{Details}
\begin{Value}
\code{value}.  Thus one can use \code{a <- b <- c <- 6}.
\end{Value}
\begin{References}\relax
Becker, R. A., Chambers, J. M. and Wilks, A. R. (1988)
\emph{The New S Language}.
Wadsworth \& Brooks/Cole.

Chamber, J. M. (1998)
\emph{Programming with Data. A Guide to the S Language}.
Springer (for \code{=}).
\end{References}
\begin{SeeAlso}\relax
\code{\LinkA{assign}{assign}},
\code{\LinkA{environment}{environment}}.
\end{SeeAlso}

