m.ll2u(1)		      Grass User's Manual		     m.ll2u(1)



NNAAMMEE
       mm..llll22uu	- Converts geographic coordinates to Universal Transverse Mer-
       cator (UTM) coordinates.
       (GRASS Data Import/Processing Program)

SSYYNNOOPPSSIISS
       mm..llll22uu
       mm..llll22uu hheellpp
       mm..llll22uu [--rrwwoozz] sspphheerrooiidd==_n_a_m_e [zzoonnee==_v_a_l_u_e] [iinnppuutt==_n_a_m_e] [oouuttppuutt==_n_a_m_e]

DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN
       _m_._l_l_2_u converts geographic coordinates (i.e., latitudes and longitudes)
       to Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) eastings and northings.

OOPPTTIIOONNSS
       The user must specify the spheroid on which to base the UTM conversion.
       The user may optionally specify the UTM zone; however, the program  can
       determine this from the geographic coordinates submitted.


       The  list  of  spheroids available is somewhat dynamic.	At the time of
       this release, available spheroids included: airy,  australian,  bessel,
       clark66,  everest,  grs80,  hayford,  international,  krasovsky, wgs66,
       wgs72, and wgs84 (see table below).


       This command can be run either non-interactively or interactively.  The
       user  can  run  the  program non-interactively by entering desired flag
       settings and parameter values on the command line using	the  following
       format:	mm..llll22uu	[--rrwwoozz]  sspphheerrooiidd==_n_a_m_e [zzoonnee==_v_a_l_u_e] [iinnppuutt==_n_a_m_e] [oouutt--
       ppuutt==_n_a_m_e]

       Alternately, the user can simply type: mm..llll22uu

       on the command line.  In this case,  the  user  will  be  prompted  for
       parameter  values  and  flag  settings  through	the standard interface
       described in the manual entry for _p_a_r_s_e_r.


       Input can be entered from the keyboard  or  from  an  input  file.   In
       either  case,  input  should be entered with one longitude and latitude
       pair per line, in  either  of  the  below  forms:  degrees:minutes:sec-
       onds{E|W} degrees:minutes:seconds{N|S}

       degrees:minutes:seconds{E|W} degrees:minutes:seconds{N|S}

       degrees:minutes:seconds{E|W} degrees:minutes:seconds{N|S}

       degrees:minutes:seconds{E|W} degrees:minutes:seconds{N|S}



       end

       degrees.decimal{E|W} degrees.decimal{N|S}

       degrees.decimal{E|W} degrees.decimal{N|S}

       degrees.decimal{E|W} degrees.decimal{N|S}

       degrees.decimal{E|W} degrees.decimal{N|S}



       end

       If the user sets the --rr flag, _m_._l_l_2_u will expect the order of the coor-
       dinates to be reversed, and stated as latitude, longitude pairs, rather
       than as longitude, latitude pairs.


       Similarly,  the	user can elect to send output to an output file or (by
       default) to standard output (the user's terminal screen).  If the  user
       sets the --ww flag, output will be printed in a format suitable for input
       to programs like _d_._p_o_i_n_t_s.  Example input and output  are  shown  below
       (see EXAMPLE).


       Program flag settings and parameters have the following meanings.

   FFllaaggss::
       --rr     The  order  of coordinates is reversed in the input, and entered
	      as:  _l_a_t _l_o_n

       --ww     Do not flag invalid lon,lat input lines as errors.

       --oo     Flag other invalid input lines as errors.

       --zz     Suppress printing of the UTM zone in the output.	 (Note.   This
	      will  produce  output  in  a format suitable for direct input to
	      programs like _d_._p_o_i_n_t_s.)


   PPaarraammeetteerrss::
       sspphheerrooiidd==_n_a_m_e
	      Reference spheroid (ellipsoid).

	      Options:	airy, australian,  bessel,  clark66,  everest,	grs80,
	      hayford, international, krasovsky, wgs66, wgs72, wgs84

       zzoonnee==_v_a_l_u_e
	      UTM zone number (results will be forced into this UTM zone).

	      Options:	1-60

       iinnppuutt==_n_a_m_e
	      Name  of	an  existing input file containing longitude, latitude
	      coordinates to be converted.  Input lines may either be input in
	      the  form of degrees:minutes:seconds, or as decimal degrees.  If
	      input as decimal degrees, _m_._l_l_2_u recognizes negative numbers.

       oouuttppuutt==_n_a_m_e
	      Name to be assigned to the output file  containing  UTM  coordi-
	      nates and zone designations.


   AAVVAAIILLAABBLLEE SSPPHHEERROOIIDDSS
       (_T_h_e _o_n_-_l_i_n_e _l_i_s_t_i_n_g _i_n_c_l_u_d_e_s _o_n_l_y _t_h_e _s_p_h_e_r_o_i_d _n_a_m_e_s)

       Spheroid:    |Semi-major axis| Eccentricity     |  Commonly
		    | Equatorial    | sqrd (e),        |  used for:
		    | Radius (a):   | Flattening (f) or|
		    |		    | Polar Radius (b):|
       _____________|_______________|__________________|______________
       airy	    | a=6377563.396 | e=.006670540     |
       australian   | a=6378160     | f=1/298.25       | Australia
       bessel	    | a=6377397.155 | e=.006674372     | Japan
       clark66	    | a=6378206.4   | b=6356583.8      | N. America
       everest	    | a=6377276.345 | e=.0066378466    | India, Burma
       grs80	    | a=6378137     | f=1/298.257      |
       hayford	    | a=6378388     | f=1/297	       |
       international| a=6378388     | f=1/297	       | Europe
       krasovsky    | a=6378245     | f=1/298.3        |
       wgs66	    | a=6378145     | f=1/298.25       | worldwide cov
       wgs72	    | a=6378135     | f=1/298.26       | worldwide cov
       wgs84	    | a=6378137     | f=1/298.257223563| worldwide cov


EEXXAAMMPPLLEE
       Assume	the   user  has  input	the  command:  mm..llll22uu	sspphheerrooiidd==_w_g_s_7_2
       iinnppuutt==_l_l_._i_n_f_i_l_e	oouuttppuutt==_u_t_m_._o_u_t_f_i_l_e

       where the input file _l_l_._i_n_f_i_l_e contains the following longitude,  lati-
       tude values:

	    155:30:00W 19:35:00N<
	    165:30:00W 19:35:00N<
	    145:30:00W 20:00:00N<
	    135:30:00W 21:00:00N<

       Output  would  then  be sent to the output file _u_t_m_._o_u_t_f_i_l_e, containing
       the below Easting and Northing coordinate values and UTM zone  designa-
       tions:

	    237740.85270818 2167292.1076231  5
	    447560.64349407 2165450.19058336 3
	    656921.61734802 2212183.40032627 6
	    448035.11644906 2322228.3038167  8
	    end


NNOOTTEESS
       Spheroids,  the	solids	associated  with an ellipse, are also known as
       ellipsoids.  They are used as the best possible model to  simulate  the
       shape  of the earth with its flattened poles and bulging equator.  They
       are the mathematical means for establishing control points to use as  a
       reference  when	determining  exact locations on the earth.  A cohesive
       set of these control points is called a ddaattuumm.


       The spheroids listed above have been used as the basis for a number  of
       different  datums.  The North American Datum of 1927 (NAD 27) was based
       on the Clark 1866 ("clark66") spheroid.	 This  was  a  recent  current
       standard datum for North America.  Be aware, however, that a new datum,
       NAD 83, has been developed using the  Geodetic  Reference  System  1980
       spheroid; this is now available in _m_._l_l_2_u as the "grs80" spheroid.  The
       "wgs66", "wgs72", and "wgs84" spheroids are  for  worldwide  use.   The
       "wgs72"	spheroid  has  been  used  fairly  widely by the Department of
       Defense (DOD) and is the basis  for  the  World	Geodetic  System  1972
       datum.	This  datum has also been recently replaced; the new DOD datum
       is WGS 84 (wgs84).  Both datums are available within _m_._l_l_2_u.


       To use spheroids other than those listed here, the user can  add  lines
       to  the ellipsoid parameter definition file in $GISBASE/etc/ellipse.ta-
       ble.


       Read the marginalia of your source map to determine which spheroid  was
       used to produce the map on which you are working.


       This  program  recognizes  negative numbers if coordinates are input in
       decimal degrees rather than in the form of degrees:minutes:seconds.


       This program has received only limited testing.	It should be used with
       some caution.

FFIILLEESS
       See  ellipsoid parameter definition file in $GISBASE/etc/ellipse.table.

SSEEEE AALLSSOO
       For australian, clark66, grs80, hayford, international, krasovsky,  and
       wgs72 ellipsoid parameters, see:
       John  P.  Snyder, _M_a_p _P_r_o_j_e_c_t_i_o_n_s _- _A  _W_o_r_k_i_n_g  _M_a_n_u_a_l, U.S. Government
       Printing Office, Washington DC, 1989.  U.S. Geological  Survey  Profes-
       sional Paper 1395;  from Table 1, p.12.


       For bessel, airy, everest, and wgs66 ellipsoid parameter values, see:
       Thomas  O.  Seppelin, _T_h_e  _D_e_p_a_r_t_m_e_n_t  _o_f _D_e_f_e_n_s_e _W_o_r_l_d _G_e_o_d_e_t_i_c _S_y_s_t_e_m
       _1_9_7_2, presented at the International Symposium on Problems  Related  to
       the  Redefinition of North American Geodetic Networks, Fredericton, New
       Brunswick, Canada in May, 1974;	see Table 9, p.35.


       For wgs84 parameter values, see:
       U.S. Naval Oceanographic Labs.


       Also read GRASS User's Reference Manual entries for:
       _d_._l_a_b_e_l

       _d_._p_o_i_n_t_s

       _d_._s_i_t_e_s

       _d_._w_h_e_r_e

       _m_._d_a_t_u_m_._s_h_i_f_t

       _m_._g_c_2_l_l

       _m_._l_l_2_g_c

       _m_._u_2_l_l

       _p_a_r_s_e_r

AAUUTTHHOORR
       Michael Shapiro, U.S.Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratory

       _L_a_s_t _c_h_a_n_g_e_d_: _$_D_a_t_e_: _2_0_0_2_/_0_1_/_2_5 _0_5_:_4_5_:_3_3 _$



GRASS 5.0							     m.ll2u(1)
