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# CXX. Program Execution Functions

# Introduction

Those functions provide means to execute commands on the system itself, and means to secure such commands.

# Requirements

No external libraries are needed to build this extension.

# Installation

There is no installation needed to use these functions; they are part of the PHP core.

# Runtime Configuration

This extension has no configuration directives defined in `php.ini`.

# Resource Types

This extension has no resource types defined.

# Predefined Constants

This extension has no constants defined.

# See Also

These functions are also closely related to the backtick operator. Also, while in safe mode you must consider the safe_mode_exec_dir directive.

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