## 17.4. Privileges

When a database object is created, it is assigned an owner. The owner is the user that executed the creation statement. To change the owner of a table, index, sequence, or view, use the `ALTER TABLE` command. By default, only an owner (or a superuser) can do anything with the object. In order to allow other users to use it, privileges must be granted.

There are several different privileges: `SELECT`, `INSERT`, `UPDATE`, `DELETE`, `RULE`, `REFERENCES`, `TRIGGER`, `CREATE`, `TEMPORARY`, `EXECUTE`, `USAGE`, and `ALL PRIVILEGES`. For more information on the different types of privileges support by PostgreSQL, see the GRANT reference page. The right to modify or destroy an object is always the privilege of the owner only. To assign privileges, the `GRANT` command is used. So, if `joe` is an existing user, and `accounts` is an existing table, the privilege to update the table can be granted with

    GRANT UPDATE ON accounts TO joe;

The user executing this command must be the owner of the table. To grant a privilege to a group, use

    GRANT SELECT ON accounts TO GROUP staff;

The special “user” name `PUBLIC` can be used to grant a privilege to every user on the system. Writing `ALL` in place of a specific privilege specifies that all privileges will be granted.

To revoke a privilege, use the fittingly named `REVOKE` command:

    REVOKE ALL ON accounts FROM PUBLIC;

The special privileges of the table owner (i.e., the right to do `DROP`, `GRANT`, `REVOKE`, etc) are always implicit in being the owner, and cannot be granted or revoked. But the table owner can choose to revoke his own ordinary privileges, for example to make a table read-only for himself as well as others.