## 40.5. Planner/Optimizer

The task of the planner/optimizer is to create an optimal execution plan. A given SQL query (and hence, a query tree) can be actually executed in a wide variety of different ways, each of which will produce the same set of results. If it is computationally feasible, the query optimizer will examine each of these possible execution plans, ultimately selecting the execution plan that will run the fastest.

### Note

In some situations, examining each possible way in which a query may be executed would take an excessive amount of time and memory space. In particular, this occurs when executing queries involving large numbers of join operations. In order to determine a reasonable (not optimal) query plan in a reasonable amount of time, PostgreSQL uses a Genetic Query Optimizer.

After the cheapest path is determined, a plan tree is built to pass to the executor. This represents the desired execution plan in sufficient detail for the executor to run it.

### 40.5.1. Generating Possible Plans

The planner/optimizer decides which plans should be generated based upon the types of indexes defined on the relations appearing in a query. There is always the possibility of performing a sequential scan on a relation, so a plan using only sequential scans is always created. Assume an index is defined on a relation (for example a B-tree index) and a query contains the restriction `relation.attribute OPR constant`. If `relation.attribute` happens to match the key of the B-tree index and `OPR` is one of the operators listed in the index's operator class, another plan is created using the B-tree index to scan the relation. If there are further indexes present and the restrictions in the query happen to match a key of an index further plans will be considered.

After all feasible plans have been found for scanning single relations, plans for joining relations are created. The planner/optimizer preferentially considers joins between any two relations for which there exist a corresponding join clause in the `WHERE` qualification (i.e. for which a restriction like `where rel1.attr1=rel2.attr2` exists). Join pairs with no join clause are considered only when there is no other choice, that is, a particular relation has no available join clauses to any other relation. All possible plans are generated for every join pair considered by the planner/optimizer. The three possible join strategies are:

- nested loop join: The right relation is scanned once for every row found in the left relation. This strategy is easy to implement but can be very time consuming. (However, if the right relation can be scanned with an index scan, this can be a good strategy. It is possible to use values from the current row of the left relation as keys for the index scan of the right.)

- merge sort join: Each relation is sorted on the join attributes before the join starts. Then the two relations are merged together taking into account that both relations are ordered on the join attributes. This kind of join is more attractive because each relation has to be scanned only once.

- hash join: the right relation is first scanned and loaded into a hash table, using its join attributes as hash keys. Next the left relation is scanned and the appropriate values of every row found are used as hash keys to locate the matching rows in the table.

The finished plan tree consists of sequential or index scans of the base relations, plus nested-loop, merge, or hash join nodes as needed, plus any auxiliary steps needed, such as sort nodes or aggregate-function calculation nodes. Most of these plan node types have the additional ability to do selection (discarding rows that do not meet a specified boolean condition) and projection (computation of a derived column set based on given column values, that is, evaluation of scalar expressions where needed). One of the responsibilities of the planner is to attach selection conditions from the `WHERE` clause and computation of required output expressions to the most appropriate nodes of the plan tree.