# Chapter 1
Introduction

CGAL, the Computational Geometry Algorithms Library, is written in C++ and consists of three major parts. The first part is the kernel, which consists of constant-size non-modifiable geometric primitive objects and operations on these objects. The objects are represented both as stand-alone classes that are parameterized by a representation class, which specifies the underlying number types used for calculations and as members of the kernel classes, which allows for more flexibility and adaptability of the kernel. The second part is a collection of basic geometric data structures and algorithms, which are parameterized by traits classes that define the interface between the data structure or algorithm and the primitives they use. In many cases, the kernel classes provided in CGAL can be used as traits classes for these data structures and algorithms. The third part of the library consists of non-geometric support facilities, such as circulators, random sources, I/O support for debugging and for interfacing CGAL to various visualization tools.

This part of the reference manual covers the kernel. The kernel contains objects of constant size, such as point, vector, direction, line, ray, segment, triangle, iso-oriented rectangle and tetrahedron. With each type comes a set of functions which can be applied to an object of this type. You will typically find access functions (e.g. to the coordinates of a point), tests of the position of a point relative to the object, a function returning the bounding box, the length, or the area of an object, and so on. The CGAL kernel further contains basic operations such as affine transformations, detection and computation of intersections, and distance computations.

## 1.1 Robustness

The correctness proof of nearly all geometric algorithms presented in theory papers assumes exact computation with real numbers. This leads to a fundamental problem with the implementation of geometric algorithms. Naively, often the exact real arithmetic is replaced by inexact floating-point arithmetic in the implementation. This often leads to acceptable results for many input data. However, even for the implementation of the simplest geometric algorithms this simplification occasionally does not work. Rounding errors introduced by an inaccurate arithmetic may lead to inconsistent decisions, causing unexpected failures for some correct input data. There are many approaches to this problem, one of them is to compute exactly (compute so accurate that all decisions made by the algorithm are exact) which is possible in many cases but more expensive than standard floating-point arithmetic. C. M. Hoffmann [Hof89a, Hof89b] illustrates some of the problems arising in the implementation of geometric algorithms and discusses some approaches to solve them. A more recent overview is given in [Sch00]. The exact computation paradigm is discussed by Yap and Dubé [YD95] and Yap [Yap97].

In CGAL you can choose the underlying number types and arithmetic. You can use different types of arithmetic simultaneously and the choice can be easily changed, e.g. for testing. So you can choose between implementations with fast but occasionally inexact arithmetic and implementations guaranteeing exact computation and exact results. Of course you have to pay for the exactness in terms of execution time and storage space. See the section on number types in the Support Library for more details on number types and their capabilities and performance.

## 1.2 CGAL and LEDA

LEDA is a Library of Efficient Data types and Algorithms partially developed at the Max-Planck Institut für Informatik, Saarbrücken, and the University of Trier, Germany. CGAL is independent of LEDA, but the two work well together. In particular the exact number types provided by LEDA are a way to deal with the robustness issues of the geometric algorithms of CGAL.