# Ghostscript and the PostScript language

## Table of contents

> - Ghostscript's capabilities in relation to PostScript
> - Implementation limits
>   - Architectural limits
>   - Typical memory limits in LanguageLevel 1
>   - Other differences in VM consumption
> - Additional operators in Ghostscript
>   - Graphics and text operators
>     - Transparency
>       - Graphics state operators
>       - Rendering stack operators
>       - New ImageType
>     - Other graphics state operators
>     - Path operators
>     - Painting operators
>     - Character operators
>   - Other operators
>     - Mathematical operators
>     - Dictionary operators
>     - String and name operators
>     - Relational operators
>     - File operators
>     - Virtual memory operators
>     - Miscellaneous operators
>     - Device operators
> - Filters
>   - Standard filters
>   - Non-standard filters
>   - Unstable filters
> - Device parameters
> - User parameters
> - Miscellaneous additions
>   - Extended semantics of 'run'
>   - Decoding resources
>   - CIDDecoding resources
>   - GlyphNames2Unicode
>   - Multiple Resource directories

For other information, see the Ghostscript overview.

## Ghostscript's capabilities in relation to PostScript

The Ghostscript interpreter, except as noted below, is intended to execute properly any source program written in the (LanguageLevel 3) PostScript language as defined in the PostScript Language Reference, Third Edition (ISBN 0-201-37922-8) published by Addison-Wesley in mid-1999. However, the interpreter is configurable in ways that can restrict it to various subsets of this language. Specifically, the base interpreter accepts the Level 1 subset of the PostScript language, as defined in the first edition of the PostScript Language Reference Manual (ISBN 0-201-10174-2) Addison-Wesley 1985, plus the file system, version 25.0 language, and miscellaneous additions listed in sections A.1.6, A.1.7, and A.1.8 of the Second Edition respectively, including allowing a string operand for the "`status`" operator. The base interpreter may be configured (see the documentation on building Ghostscript for how to configure it) by adding any combination of the following:

- The ability to process PostScript Type 1 fonts. This facility is normally included in the interpreter.
- The CMYK color extensions listed in section A.1.4 of the Second Edition (including `colorimage`). These facilities are available only if the `color`, `dps`, or `level2` feature was selected when Ghostscript was built.
- The Display PostScript extensions listed in section A.1.3 of the Second Edition, but excluding the operators listed in section A.1.2. These facilities are available only if the `dps` feature or the `level2` feature was selected when Ghostscript was built.
- The composite font extensions listed in section A.1.5 of the Second Edition, and the ability to handle Type 0 fonts. These facilities are available only if the `compfont` feature or the `level2` feature was selected when Ghostscript was built.
- The ability to load TrueType fonts and to handle PostScript Type 42 (encapsulated TrueType) fonts. These facilities are available only if the `ttfont` feature was selected when Ghostscript was built.
- The PostScript Level 2 "filter" facilities except the `DCTEncode` and `DCTDecode` filters. These facilities are available only if the `filter`, `dps`, or `level2` feature was selected when Ghostscript was built.
- The PostScript Level 2 `DCTEncode` and `DCTDecode` filters. These facilities are available only if the `dct` or `level2` feature was selected when Ghostscript was built.
- All the other PostScript Level 2 operators and facilities listed in section A.1.1 of the Second Edition and not listed in any of the other A.1.n sections. These facilities are available only if the `level2` feature was selected when Ghostscript was built.
- All PostScript LanguageLevel 3 operators and facilities listed in the Third Edition, except as noted below. These facilities are available only if the `psl3` feature was selected when Ghostscript was built.
- The ability to recognize DOS EPSF files and process only the PostScript part, ignoring bitmap previews or other information. This facility is available only if the `epsf` feature was selected when Ghostscript was built.

Ghostscript currently does not implement the following PostScript LanguageLevel 3 facilities:

- Native `Separation` and `DeviceN` color spaces -- the alternate space is always used.
- Settable `ProcessColorModel` for page devices, except for a very few special devices.
- `IODevice`s other than `%stdin`, `%stdout`, `%stderr`, `%lineedit`, `%statementedit`, `%os%`, and (if configured) `%pipe%` and `%disk0%` through `%disk0%`.

Ghostscript can also interpret files in the Portable Document Format (PDF) 1.6 format defined in the Portable Document Format Reference Manual Version 1.6 of November, 2004, distributed by Adobe Systems Incorporated, except as noted below. This facility can be disabled by deselecting the `pdf` feature was selected when Ghostscript is built.

Ghostscript currently implements the majority of non-interactive features defined in the PDF reference.

Ghostscript also includes a number of additional operators defined below that are not in the PostScript language defined by Adobe.

## Implementation limits

The implementation limits show here correspond to those in Tables B.1 and B.2 of the Second and Third Editions, which describe the quantities fully. Where Ghostscript's limits are different from those of Adobe's implementations (as shown in the Third Edition), Adobe's limits are also shown.

### Architectural limits

> Architectural limits (corresponds to Adobe table B.1)

> Quantity |  | Limit |  | Type |  | Adobe

> integer |  | 32-bit |  | twos complement integer |  |
> real |  | single-precision |  | IEEE float |  |
> array |  | 65535 |  | elements |  |
> dictionary |  | 65534 |  | elements |  | 65535
> string |  | 65535 |  | characters |  |
> name |  | 16383 |  | characters |  | 127
> filename |  | 128* |  | characters |  |
> `save` level |  | none |  | (capacity of memory) |  | 15
> `gsave` level |  | none |  | (capacity of memory) |  | 13

* The limit on the length of a file name is 128 characters if the name starts with a %...% IODevice designation, or 124 characters if it does not.

### Typical memory limits in LanguageLevel 1

> Memory limits (corresponds to Adobe table B.2)

> Quantity |  | Limit |  | Type |  | Adobe

> `userdict` |  | 200 |  |  |  |
> `FontDirectory` |  | 100 |  |  |  |
> operand stack |  | 800 |  |  |  | 500
> dictionary stack |  | 20 |  |
> execution stack |  | 250 |  |
> interpreter level |  | none |  | (capacity of memory) |  | 10
> path |  | none |  | (capacity of memory) |  | 1500
> dash |  | 11 |  |
> VM |  | none |  | (capacity of memory) |  | 240000
> file |  | none |  | (determined by operating system) |  | 6
> image |  | 65535 |  | values (samples × components) for1-, 2-, 4-, or 8-bit samples |  | 3300
> |  | 32767 |  | values for 12-bit samples |  | 3300

### Other differences in VM consumption

Packed array elements occupy either 2 bytes or 8 bytes. The average element size is probably about 5 bytes. Names occupy 12 bytes plus the space for the string.

The garbage collector doesn't reclaim portions of arrays obtained with `getinterval`, rather it collects entire arrays.

## Additional operators in Ghostscript

### Graphics and text operators

#### Transparency

Ghostscript provides a set of operators for implementing the transparency and compositing facilities of PDF 1.4. These are defined only if the `transpar` option was selected when Ghostscript was built. We do not attempt to explain the underlying graphics model here: for details, see Adobe Technical Note #5407, "Transparency in PDF". Note, however, that Ghostscript's model generalizes that of PDF 1.4 in that Ghostscript maintains separate alpha and mask values for opacity and shape, rather than a single value with a Boolean that says whether it represents opacity or shape.

##### Graphics state operators

`<modename> .setblendmode -`
  Sets the blending mode in the graphics state. If the mode name is not recognized, causes a `rangecheck` error. The initial value of the blending mode is `/Compatible`.

`- .currentblendmode <modename>`
  Returns the current blending mode.

`<0..1> .setopacityalpha -`
  Sets the opacity alpha value in the graphics state. The initial opacity alpha value is 1.

`- .currentopacityalpha <0..1>`
  Returns the current opacity alpha value.

`<0..1> .setshapealpha -`
  Sets the shape alpha value in the graphics state. The initial shape alpha value is 1.

`- .currentshapealpha <0..1>`
  Returns the current shape alpha value.

`<bool> .settextknockout -`
  Sets the text knockout flag in the graphics state. The initial value of the text knockout flag is `true`.

`- .currenttextknockout <bool>`
  Returns the current text knockout flag.

##### Rendering stack operators

The interpreter state is extended to include a (per-context) rendering stack for handling transparency groups and masks (generically, "layers"). Groups accumulate a full value for each pixel (paint plus transparency); masks accumulate only a coverage value. Layers must be properly nested, i.e., the 'end' or 'discard' operator must match the corresponding 'begin' operator.

Beginning and ending layers must nest properly with respect to `save` and `restore`: `save` and `restore` do not save and restore the layer stack. Currently, layers are not required to nest with respect to `gsave` and `grestore`, except that the device that is current in the graphics state when ending a layer must be the same as the device that was current when beginning the layer. THIS AREA IS SUBJECT TO CHANGE.

`<paramdict> <llx> <lly> <urx> <ury> .begintransparencygroup -`
  Begins a new transparency group. The `ll/ur` coordinates are the bounding box of the group in the current user coordinate system. `paramdict` has the following keys:
  `/Isolated`
    (optional) Boolean; default value = `false`.
  `/Knockout`
    (optional) Boolean; default value = `false`.

`- .discardtransparencygroup -`
  Ends and discards the current transparency group.

`- .endtransparencygroup -`
  Ends the current transparency group, compositing the group being ended onto the group that now becomes current.

`<paramdict> <llx> <lly> <urx> <ury> .begintransparencymaskgroup -`
  Begins a new transparency mask, which is represented as a group. The `ll/ur` coordinates are the bounding box of the mask in the current user coordinate system. `paramdict` has the following keys:
  `/Subtype`
    (required) Name, either `/Alpha` or `/Luminosity`.
  `/Background`
    (optional) Array of number.
  `/TransferFunction`
    (optional) Function object (produced by applying `.buildfunction` to a Function dictionary).

`- .begintransparencymaskimage -`
  Begins a new transparency mask, which is represented as a single image.

`- .discardtransparencymask -`
  Ends and discards the current transparency mask.

`<masknum> .endtransparencymask -`
  Ends the current transparency mask, installing it as the current opacity (`masknum` = 0) or shape (`masknum` = 1) mask in the graphics state.

`<masknum> .inittransparencymask -`
  Resets the current opacity (`masknum` = 0) or shape (`masknum` = 1) mask to an infinite mask with alpha = 1 everywhere.

##### New ImageType

The transparency extension defines a new ImageType 103, similar to ImageType 3 with the following differences:

- The required `MaskDict` is replaced by two optional dictionaries, `OpacityMaskDict` and `ShapeMaskDict`. If present, these dictionaries must have a `BitsPerComponent` entry, whose value may be greater than 1. Note that in contrast to ImageType 3, where any non-zero chunky mask value is equivalent to 1, ImageType 103 simply takes the low-order bits of chunky mask values.
- A `Matte` entry may be present in one or both mask dictionaries, indicating premultiplication of the data values. If both `MaskDict`s have a `Matte` entry and the values of the two `Matte` entries are different, a `rangecheck` error occurs.
- `InterleaveType` appears in the `MaskDict`s, not the `DataDict`, because each mask has its own `InterleaveType`. `InterleaveType` 2 (interlaced scan lines) is not supported.

#### Other graphics state operators

`<bool> .setaccuratecurves -`
  Sets a graphics state flag that determines whether curves and arcs, when flattened, always start and end with a line that is a segment of the tangent; this also causes butt and square caps to be properly perpendicular to the tangent. `initgraphics` sets this flag to false, to match other PostScript implementations.

`- .currentaccuratecurves <bool>`
  Returns the current value of the accurate curves flag.

`<int> .setcurvejoin -`
  Obsolete, left for backward compatibility.
  Sets a graphics state parameter that determines how to treat the joins between the line segments produced when a curve is flattened. The parameter value may be either -1 or a value acceptable to `setlinejoin`. If the parameter value is -1, the join used for flattened curve line segments is given by the current line join parameter in the graphics state (except that if the line join value is "none", a bevel join is used), which matches the Adobe Red Book, but not some old Adobe implementations; if the curve join parameter value is a line join value, that type of join is used for flattened curve line segments, regardless of the value of the graphics state line join parameter. The initial (and default) value of the curve join parameter is -1, causing the compatibility to Red Book and to modern Adobe implementations. `initgraphics` sets the parameter to its default value.

`- .currentcurvejoin <int>`
  Obsolete, left for backward compatibility.
  Returns the current value of the curve join parameter.

`<bool> .setdashadapt -`
  Sets a graphics state flag that determines whether dash patterns do (true) or do not (false) automatically scale themselves so that each line segment consists of an integral number of pattern repetitions. `initgraphics` sets this flag to false.

`- .currentdashadapt <bool>`
  Returns the current value of the dash adaptation flag.

`<matrix> .setdefaultmatrix -`
  Sets the default matrix that is returned by `defaultmatrix` and installed by `initmatrix`. Ordinary programs should not use this operator.

`<num> <bool> .setdotlength -`
  Sets a graphics state parameter that determines the handling of zero-length lines (dots). If the dot length is zero, dots are painted as circles if round line caps are in effect, otherwise they are not painted at all. If the dot length is non-zero, dots are treated exactly like lines of the given length: the length is specified in user coordinates (like line width) if `bool` is false, or in default user coordinates of points (units of 1/72in; see the notes on measurements in the documentation on devices) if `bool` is true. Dots occurring as part of dash patterns will be oriented correctly; isolated dots will be oriented as though they were part of a vertical line. `initgraphics` sets the dot length to zero.

`- .currentdotlength <num> <bool>`
  Returns the current dot length and dot length mode.

`<dx> <dy> .setfilladjust2 -`
  Sets graphics state parameters that cause all filled and stroked regions to be "fattened" by the given amount relative to an algorithm that only paints pixels whose centers fall within the region to be painted. `dx` and `dy` are numbers between 0 and 0.5, measured in device space. The only two values that are likely to be useful are 0, which gives a pure center-of-pixel rule, and 0.5, which gives Adobe's any-part-of-pixel rule. (0.5 is treated slightly specially in order to create half-open pixels per Adobe's specification.)

`- .currentfilladjust2 <dx> <dy>`
  Returns the current fill adjustment values.

`<bool> .setlimitclamp -`
  Sets a graphics state flag that determines whether attempts to set the current point outside the internally representable range should clamp the value to the largest representable value (true) or give a `limitcheck` error (false). `initgraphics` sets this flag to false, to match other PostScript implementations.

`- .currentlimitclamp <bool>`
  Returns the current value of the limit clamp flag.

`<int> .setoverprintmode -`
  Sets the overprint mode in the graphics state. Legal values are 0 or 1. Per the PDF 1.3 specification, if the overprint mode is 1, then when the current color space is `DeviceCMYK`, color components whose value is 0 do not write into the target, rather than writing a 0 value. THIS BEHAVIOR IS NOT IMPLEMENTED YET. The initial value of the overprint mode is 0.

`- .currentoverprintmode <int>`
  Returns the current overprint mode.

#### Path operators

`- .dashpath -`
  If there is no current dash pattern, does nothing. Otherwise, does the equivalent of `flattenpath` and then chops up the path as determined by the dash pattern.

`<x> <y> <width> <height> .rectappend -`
`<numarray> .rectappend -`
`<numstring> .rectappend -`
  Appends a rectangle or rectangles to the current path, in the same manner as `rectfill`, `rectclip`, etc. Defined only if the `dps` or `level2` option was selected when Ghostscript was built.

#### Painting operators

Ghostscript supports an experimental extension of the PostScript imaging model to include `RasterOp` and some related facilities. This extension is available only if the `rasterop` option was selected when building Ghostscript.

With the `RasterOp` extension, imaging operations compute a function D = f(D,S,T) in RGB space, where f is an arbitrary 3-input Boolean function, D is the destination (frame buffer or print buffer), S is the source (described below), and T is the texture (the current PostScript color, which may be a pattern). The source and texture depend on the PostScript imaging operation:

- For `fill` and `stroke`, the source is solid black, covering the region to be painted; the texture is the current PostScript color.
- For `show` and `imagemask`, the source is solid black, covering the pixels to be painted; the texture is the current PostScript color.
- For `image` and `colorimage`, the source is the image data; the texture depends on an optional Boolean parameter, `CombineWithColor`, in the image dictionary. If `CombineWithColor` is false (the default), the texture is solid black. If `CombineWithColor` is true, the texture is the current color. For the non-dictionary form of the image operator, `CombineWithColor` is considered to be false.

The `rasterop` option adds the following operators:

`<int8> .setrasterop -`
  Sets the `RasterOp` function in the graphics state. The default function is 252, Source | Texture.

`- .currentrasterop <int8>`
  Returns the current `RasterOp` function.

`<bool> .setsourcetransparent -`
  Sets source transparency in the graphics state. When source transparency is true, white source pixels prevent storing into the destination, regardless of what the `RasterOp` function returns. The default source transparency is false.

`- .currentsourcetransparent <bool> -`
  Returns the current source transparency.

`<bool> .settexturetransparent -`
  Sets texture transparency in the graphics state. When texture transparency is true, white texture pixels prevent storing into the destination, regardless of what the `RasterOp` function returns. The default texture transparency is false.

`- .currenttexturetransparent <bool> -`
  Returns the current texture transparency.

For more information on RasterOp and transparency, please consult chapter 5 of the "PCL 5 Color Technical Reference Manual", Hewlett-Packard Manual Part No. 5961-0635.

#### Character operators

`<string> <bool> .charboxpath -`
  For each character C in the rendering of <string>, let the bounding box of C in device space be the four user-space points p1x/y, p2x/y, p3x/y, and p4x/y. For each character in order, `.charboxpath` appends the following to the current path:
  - If `<bool>` is true, the equivalent of:

    > p1x p1y `moveto`
    > p2x p2y `lineto`
    > p3x p3y `lineto`
    > p4x p4y `lineto`
    > `closepath`

  This creates a path whose `pathbbox` is the `bbox` of the string.

  - If `<bool>` is false, the equivalent of:

    > p1x p1y `moveto`
    > p3x p3y `lineto`

  If the CTM is well-behaved (consists only of reflection, scaling, and rotation by multiples of 90 degrees), this too creates a (simpler) path whose `pathbbox` is the `bbox` of the string.

`<font> <charname|charcode> <charname> <charstring> .type1execchar -`
  Does all the work for rendering a Type 1 outline. This operator, like `setcharwidth` and `setcachedevice`, is valid only in the context of a show operator -- that is, it must only be called from within a `BuildChar` or `BuildGlyph` procedure.

`<font> <charcode> %Type1BuildChar -`
  This is not a new operator: rather, it is a name known specially to the interpreter. Whenever the interpreter needs to render a character (during a ...`show`, `stringwidth`, or `charpath`), it looks up the name `BuildChar` in the font dictionary to find a procedure to run. If it does not find this name, and if the `FontType` is 1, the interpreter instead uses the value (looked up on the dictionary stack in the usual way) of the name `%Type1BuildChar`.

  The standard definition of `%Type1BuildChar` is in the initialization file `gs_type1.ps`. Users should not need to redefine `%Type1BuildChar`, except perhaps for tracing or debugging.

`<font> <charname> %Type1BuildGlyph -`
  Provides the Type 1 implementation of `BuildGlyph`.

### Other operators

#### Mathematical operators

`<number> arccos <number>`
  Computes the arc cosine of a number between -1 and 1.

`<number> arcsin <number>`
  Computes the arc sine of a number between -1 and 1.

#### Dictionary operators

`mark <key1> <value1> <key2> <value2> ... .dicttomark <dict>`
  Creates and returns a dictionary with the given keys and values. This is the same as the PostScript Level 2 `>>` operator, but is available even in Level 1 configurations.

`<dict> <key> <value> .forceput -`
  Equivalent to `put`, but works even if `dict` is not writable, and (if `dict` is `systemdict` or the current save level is 0) even if `dict` is in global VM and `key` and/or `value` is in local VM. This operator should be used only initialization code, and only in executeonly procedures: it must not be accessible after initialization.

`<dict> <key> .forceundef -`
  Equivalent to `undef`, but works even if `dict` is not writable. This operator should be used only initialization code, and only in executeonly procedures: it must not be accessible after initialization.

`<dict> <key> .knownget <value> true`
`<dict> <key> .knownget false`
  Combines `known` and `get` in the obvious way.

`<dict> <integer> .setmaxlength -`
  Sets the capacity (`maxlength`) of a dictionary. Causes a `dictfull` error if the dictionary has more occupied entries than the requested capacity.

#### String and name operators

`<integer> .bytestring <bytestring>`
  Allocates and returns a bytestring, a special data type that can be larger than the maximum size of a string (64K-1 bytes) and can be used in place of a string with a very few operators.

`<name> .namestring <string>`
  Returns the (read-only) string for a name.

`<string> <charstring> .stringbreak <index|null>`
  Searches for a character in `string` that appears somewhere in `charstring`. If such a character is found, returns the index of the first such character; if no such character is found, returns `null`.

`<obj> <pattern> .stringmatch <bool>`
  Matches `obj` against a pattern in which '*' matches 0 or more characters and '?' matches any single character. If `obj` is a string or a name, matches its characters against the pattern; if `obj` is of any other type, the result is `true` if the pattern is the single character "*" and `false` otherwise.

`<state> <fromString> <toString> .type1encrypt <newState> <toSubstring>`
  Encrypts `fromString` according to the algorithm for Adobe Type 1 fonts, writing the result into `toString`. `toString` must be at least as long as `fromString`, or a rangecheck error occurs. `state` is the initial state of the encryption algorithm (a 16-bit non-negative integer); `newState` is the new state of the algorithm.

`<state> <fromString> <toString> .type1decrypt <newState> <toSubstring>`
  Decrypts `fromString` according to the algorithm for Adobe Type 1 fonts, writing the result into `toString`. Other specifications are as for `type1encrypt`.

#### Relational operators

`<number|string> <number|string> max <number|string>`
  Returns the larger of two numbers or strings.

`<number|string> <number|string> min <number|string>`
  Returns the smaller of two numbers or strings.

#### File operators

`<file> .filename <string> true`
`<file> .filename false`
  If the file was opened by the `file` or `.tempfile` operator, returns the file name and `true`; if the file is a filter, returns `false`.

`<file> .fileposition <integer> true`
  Returns the position of `file`. Unlike the standard `fileposition` operator, which causes an error if the file is not positionable, `.fileposition` works on all files, including filters: for non-positionable files, it returns the total number of bytes read or written since the file was opened.

`<string> findlibfile <foundstring> <file> true`
`<string> findlibfile <string> false`
  Opens the file of the given name for reading, searching through directories as described in the usage documentation. If the search fails, `findlibfile` simply pushes false on the stack and returns, rather than causing an error.

`<file> <string> .peekstring <substring> <filled_bool>`
  Reads bytes from a file like `readstring`, but also leaves the bytes in the file buffer so they will be read again by a subsequent read operation. Currently gives a `rangecheck` error if `string` is larger than the file's buffer.

`<prefix_string|null> <access_string> .tempfile <string> <file>`
  Creates and opens a temporary file like the `file` operator, also returning the file name. There are three cases for the `<prefix_string|null>` operand:

  - `null`: create the file in the same directory and with the same name conventions as other temporary files created by the Ghostscript implementation on this platform. E.g., the temporary file might be named `/tmp/gs_a1234`.

  - A string that contains only alphanumeric characters, underline, and dash: create the file in the standard temporary directory, but use the `<prefix_string>` as the first part of the file name. E.g., if `<prefix_string>` is `xx`, the temporary file might be named `/tmp/xxa1234`.

  - A string that is the beginning of an absolute file name: use the `<prefix_string>` as the first part of the file name. E.g., if `<prefix_string>` is `/my/tmpdir/zz`, the temporary file might be named `/my/tmpdir/zza1234`.

    When running in `SAFER` mode, the absolute path must be one of the strings on the list given by the `PermitFileWriting` userparameter. Temporary files created with `.tempfile` can be deleted when in SAFER mode, and can be renamed to one of the paths that is on both the PermitFileControl and PermitFileWriting paths.

`<file> <integer> .unread -`
  Pushes back the last-read character onto the front of the file. If the file is open only for writing, or if the integer argument is not the same as the last character read from the file, causes an `ioerror` error. May also cause an `ioerror` if the last operation on the file was not a reading operation. This operator is now deprecated: use `.peekstring` in new code.

Ghostscript also supports the following `IODevice` in addition to a subset of those defined in the Adobe documentation:

- `%pipe%command`, which opens a pipe on the given command. This is supported only on operating systems that provide `popen` (primarily Unix systems, and not all of those).

- `%disk#%`, which emulates the %disk0 through %disk9 devices on some Adobe PostScript printers. This pseudo device provides a flat filenaming system with a user definable location for the files (/Root). These devices will only be present if the diskn.dev feature is specified during the build.

  This feature is intended to allow compatibility with font downloaders that expect to store fonts on the %disk device of the printer.

  Use of the %disk#% devices requires that the location of files be given by the user setting the /Root device parameter. The syntax for setting the /Root parameter is:

          mark /Root (directory_specification) (%disk#) .putdevparams

  For example, to store the files of the %disk0 device on the directory /tmp/disk0, use:

          mark /Root (/tmp/disk0/) (%disk0) .putdevparams

  The files will be stored in the specified directory with arbitrary names. A mapping file is used to store the association between the file names given for the file operations on the %diskn# device and the file that resides in the /Root directory.

#### Virtual memory operators

`<save> .forgetsave -`
  Cancels the effect of a save, making it as though the save never happened.

#### Miscellaneous operators

`<array> bind <array>`
  Depending on the command line parameters `bind` is redefined as:

> Flag |  | Definition

> NOBIND |  | /bind {} def ; no operation, returns the argument
> DELAYBIND |  | returns the argument, stores the argument for later use by `.bindnow`

`<array> .bind <array>`
  Performs standard `bind` operation as defined in PLRM regardless of NOBIND or DELAYBIND flags.

`- .bindnow -`
  Applies `bind` operator to all savad procedures after binding has been deferred through -dDELAYBIND. Note that idiom recognition has no effect for the deferred binding because the value returned from `bind` is discarded.

  Since v. 8.12 `.bindnow` undefines itself and restores standard definition of `bind` operator. In earlier versions after calling `.bindnow`, the postscript `bind` operator needs to be rebound to the internal implementation `.bind`, as in this fragment from the ps2ascii script:

  >     DELAYBIND {
  >       .bindnow
  >       /bind /.bind load def
  >     } if

  This is necessary for correct behavior with later code that uses the `bind` operator.

`<obj1> <obj2> ... <objn> <n> .execn ...`
  This executes `obj1` through `objn` in that order, essentially equivalent to

  >     <obj1> <obj2> ... <objn> <n> array astore {exec} forall

  except that it doesn't actually create the array.

`<string> getenv <string> true`
`<string> getenv false`
  Looks up a name in the shell environment. If the name is found, returns the corresponding value and true; if the name is not found, returns false.

`<name> <array> .makeoperator <operator>`
  Constructs and returns a new operator that is actually the given procedure in disguise. The name is only used for printing. The operator has the executable attribute.

  Operators defined in this way do one other thing besides running the procedure: if an error occurs during the execution of the procedure, and there has been no net reduction in operand or dictionary stack depth, the operand or dictionary stack pointer respectively is reset to its position at the beginning of the procedure.

`<string> <boolean> .setdebug -`
  If the Ghostscript interpreter was built with the `DEBUG` flag set, sets or resets any subset of the debugging flags normally controlled by `-Z` in the command line. Has no effect otherwise.

`- .oserrno <errno>`
  Returns the error code for the most recent operating system error.

`- .oserrorstring <string>`
  Returns the error string for the most recent operating system error.

`<array> <procedure> .runandhide ... <array>`
  Runs the `<procedure>` after removing the `<array>` from the stack. As long as `<array>` is not contained in any readable dictionaries or elsewhere on stacks, it will not be accessible to `<procedure>`.

  This operator is intended to allow hiding a `<save>` object during execution of procedures or files that run in SAFER mode. If a `save` is performed prior to entering SAFER mode with `.setsafe`, using the save object as the operand to `restore` will return to NOSAFER mode. In order to prevent the procedures running in SAFER mode from being able to return to NOSAFER mode, this operator should be used. Upon return from the file or procedure `restore` can be used to return to NOSAFER mode.

  Note: The array operand hidden during the execution of the file or procedure will be placed at the top of the operand stack which may be on top of objects that the file or procedure leaves on top of the stack. Thus removing objects below the array may be needed to prevent an `invalidrestore` error.

  For example, in order for a script or job server to execute a file `somefile.ps` with the SAFER mode restrictions in place, returning to unrestricted NOSAFER mode when the procedure exits is as follows:

      	Start Ghostscript with -dNOSAFER

      	...			% perform any device set up w/o restrictions
      	[ save ]		% create a save object before SAFER
      	(somefile.ps) (r) file cvx	% open the file to process
      	.setsafe		% enter SAFER mode
      	.runandhide		% run the file hiding the save object
      	count 1 roll		% place array below anything left over
      	count 1 sub { pop } repeat	% pop left over stuff
      	cleardictstack		% prevent invalidrestore from dicts
      	0 get restore		% go back to NOSAFER mode

  Another refinement on the above would be to execute `.runandhide` using `stopped` in order to report errors but continue processing.

`- .setsafe -`
  If Ghostscript is started with `-dNOSAFER` or `-dDELAYSAFER`, this operator can be used to enter SAFER mode (see -dSAFER)

  Since SAFER mode is implemented with userparameters and device parameters, it is possible to use `save` and `restore` before and after `.setsafe` to return to NOSAFER mode, but care should be taken to ensure that the `save` object is not accessible to any procedures or file run in SAFER mode (see .runandhide above).

  Note: This uses setpagedevice to change .LockSafetyParams, so the page will be erased as a side effect of this operator

`- .locksafe -`
  This operator sets the current device's `.LockSafetyParams` and the `LockFilePermissions` userparameter true as well as adding the paths on LIBPATH and FONTPATH and the paths given by the system params /GenericResourceDir and /FontResourceDir to the current PermitFileReading list of paths.

  If Ghostscript is started with `-dNOSAFER` or `-dDELAYSAFER`, this operator can be used to enter SAFER mode with the current set of `PermitFile...` user parameters in effect. Since `.setsafe` sets the `PermitFile...` user parameters to empty arrays, a script or job server that needs to enable certain paths for file Reading, Writing and/or Control can use this operator to perform the locking needed to enter SAFER mode.

  For example, to enable reading everywhere, but disallow writing and file control (deleting and renaming files), the following can be used:

      	{ << /PermitFileReading [ (*) ]
      	     /PermitFileWriting [ ]
      	     /PermitFileControl [ ]
      	  >> setuserparams
      	  .locksafe
      	} stopped pop

  In the above example, use of stopped will allow the use of this sequence on older versions of Ghostscript where `.locksafe` was not an operator.

  Note: This uses setpagedevice to change .LockSafetyParams, so the page will be erased as a side effect of this operator

  See also .LockSafetyParams and User Parameters.

`.setpdfwrite`
  This operator conditions the environment for the `pdfwrite` output device. It is a shorthand for setting parameters that have been deemed benificial. While not strictly necessary, it is usually helpful to set call this when using the pdfwrite device. For example, this is how the ps2pdf script calls Ghostscript:

  > `gs -q -dSAFER -dNOPAUSE -dBATCH -sOutputFile=file.pdf` [more options]`\
  > -sDEVICE=pdfwrite -c .setpdfwrite -f` source1.ps [more files]

  Currently, the operator just sets a minimum 3 MB vmthreshold to allow for accumulating shared object data and to reduce the incidence of garbage collection as a performance improvement. Additional settings may be added in the future.

`.color_test` and `.color_test_all`
  These operators are used for the verification of device encode_color and decode_color routines. They are for internal use only. Their function can, and probably will, change as Artifex's requirements change.

  Currently these operators loop through a set of possible values for the inputs to the encode_color routine and then veify that the decode_color routines produce values that match the input set to within a tolerance which is based upon the number of bits used to encode a pixel. The operators also verify that if the device is 'separable' then that the values produced by gx_default_encode_color and gx_default_decode_color (the default encode/decode color handlers for a separable device) are consistent to within the same tolerance.

#### Device operators

`<device> copydevice <device>`
  Copies a device. The copy is writable and installable. The copy is created in the current VM (local or global), usually local VM for executing ordinary PostScript files.

`<devicename> finddevice <device>`
  Creates a default instance of a device specified by name. The instance is created in global VM. If `finddevice` is called more than once with the same device name, it creates the default instance the first time, and returns the same instance thereafter.

`<devicename> findprotodevice <device>`
  Finds the prototype of a device specified by name. A prototype can be used with `.getdeviceparams` or other parameter-reading operators, but it is read-only and cannot be set with `setdevice`: it must be copied first.

`<device> <x> <y> <width> <max_height> <alpha?> <std_depth|null> <string> .getbitsrect <height> <substring>`
  Reads a rectangle of rendered bits back from a device. This is only guaranteed to be implemented for image devices (see below). `alpha?` is 0 for no alpha, -1 for alpha first, 1 for alpha last. `std_depth` is null for native pixels, number of bits per component for a standard color space.

`<index> .getdevice <device>`
  Returns a device from the set of devices known to the system. The first device, which is the default, is numbered 0. If the `index` is out of range, causes a `rangecheck` error. This device is actually a prototype, not a directly usable device, and is marked read-only; it cannot have its parameters changed or be installed as the current device.

`<matrix> <width> <height> <palette> makeimagedevice <device>`
  Makes a new device that accumulates an image in memory. `matrix` is the initial transformation matrix: it must be orthogonal (that is, [a 0 0 b x y] or [0 a b 0 x y]). `palette` is a string of 2^N or 3 × 2^N elements, specifying how the 2^N possible pixel values will be interpreted. Each element is interpreted as a gray value, or as RGB values, multiplied by 255. For example, if you want a monochrome image for which 0=white and 1=black, the palette should be `<ff 00>`; if you want a 3-bit deep image with just the primary colors and their complements (ignoring the fact that 3-bit images are not supported), the palette might be `<000000 0000ff 00ff00 00ffff ff0000 ff00ff ffff00 ffffff>`. At present, the palette must contain exactly 2, 4, 16, or 256 entries, and must contain an entry for black and an entry for white; if it contains any entries that aren't black, white, or gray, it must contain at least the six primary colors (red, green, blue, and their complements cyan, magenta, and yellow); aside from this, its contents are arbitrary.

  Alternatively, palette can be 16, 24, 32, or null (equivalent to 24). These are interpreted as:

  > Palette |  | Bits allocated per color

  > 16 |  | 5 red, 6 green, 5 blue
  > 24 |  | 8 red, 8 green, 8 blue
  > 32 |  | 8C, 8M, 8Y, 8K

  Note that one can also make an image device (with the same palette as an existing image device) by copying a device using the `copydevice` operator.

`<matrix> <width> <height> <palette> <word?> makewordimagedevice <device>`
  Makes an image device as described above. `word?` is a Boolean value indicating whether the data should be stored in a word-oriented format internally. No ordinary PostScript programs should use this operator.

`<device> <index> <string> copyscanlines <substring>`
  Copies one or more scan lines from an image device into a string, starting at a given scan line in the image. The data is in the same format as for the `image` operator. It is an error if the device is not an image device or if the string is too small to hold at least one complete scan line. Always copies an integral number of scan lines.

`<device> setdevice -`

  Sets the current device to the specified device. Also resets the transformation and clipping path to the initial values for the device. Signals an `invalidaccess` error if the device is a prototype or if .LockSafetyParams is true for the current device.

  Some device properties may need to be set with `putdeviceprops` before `setdevice` is called. For example, the pdfwrite device will try to open its output file, causing an `undefinedfilename` error if `OutputFile` hasn't been set to a valid filename. Another method in such cases is to use the level 2 operator instead: `<< /OutputDevice /pdfwrite /OutputFile (MyPDF.pdf) >> setpagedevice`.

`- currentdevice <device>`
  Gets the current device from the graphics state.

`<device> getdeviceprops <mark> <name1> <value1> ... <namen> <valuen>`
  Gets the properties of a device. See the section on device parameters below for details.

`<mark> <name1> <value1> ... <namen> <valuen> <device> putdeviceprops <device>`
  Sets properties of a device. May cause `undefined`, `invalidaccess`, `typecheck`, `rangecheck`, or `limitcheck` errors.

`- flushpage -`
  On displays, flushes any buffered output, so that it is guaranteed to show up on the screen; on printers, has no effect.

## Filters

### Standard filters

In its usual configuration, Ghostscript supports all the standard PostScript LanguageLevel 3 filters, both encoding and decoding, except that it does not currently support:

- the `EarlyChange` key in the `LZWEncode` filter.

Ghostscript also supports additional keys in the optional dictionary operands for some filters. For the `LZWDecode` filter:

`InitialCodeLength <integer>` (default 8)
  An integer between 2 and 11 specifying the initial number of data bits per code. Note that the actual initial code length is 1 greater than this, to allow for the reset and end-of-data code values.

`FirstBitLowOrder <boolean>` (default false)
  If true, codes appear with their low-order bit first.

`BlockData <boolean>` (default false)
  If true, the data is broken into blocks in the manner specified for the GIF file format.

For the `CCITTFaxEncode` and `CCITTFaxDecode` filters:

`DecodedByteAlign <integer>` (default 1)
  An integer N with the value 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16, specifying that decoded data scan lines are always a multiple of N bytes. The encoding filter skips data in each scan line from Columns to the next multiple of N bytes; the decoding filter pads each scan line to a multiple of N bytes.

### Non-standard filters

In addition to the standard PostScript LanguageLevel 3 filters, Ghostscript supports the following non-standard filters. Many of these filters are used internally to implement standard filters or facilities; they are almost certain to remain, in their present form or a backward-compatible one, in future Ghostscript releases.

`<target> /BCPEncode filter <file>`
`<source> /BCPDecode filter <file>`
  Create filters that implement the Adobe Binary Communications Protocol. See Adobe documentation for details.

`<target> <seed_integer> /eexecEncode filter <file>`
  Creates a filter for encrypting data into the encrypted format described in the Adobe Type 1 Font Format documentation. The `seed_integer` must be 55665 for the `eexec` section of a font, or 4330 for a `CharString`. Note that for the `eexec` section of a font, this filter produces binary output and does not include the initial 4 (or `lenIV`) garbage bytes.

`<source> <seed_integer> /eexecDecode filter <file>`
`<source> <dict> /eexecDecode filter <file>`
  Creates a filter for decrypting data encrypted as described in the Adobe Type 1 Font Format documentation. The `seed_integer` must be 55665 or 4330 as described just above. Recognized dictionary keys are:

  > `seed <16-bit integer>` (required)
  > `lenIV <non-negative integer>` (default=4)
  > `eexec <bool>` (default=`false`)

`<target> /MD5Encode filter <file>`
  Creates a filter that produces the 16-byte MD5 digest of the input. Note that no output is produced until the filter is closed.

`<source> <hex_boolean> /PFBDecode filter <file>`
  Creates a filter that decodes data in `.PFB` format, the usual semi-binary representation for Type 1 font files on IBM PC and compatible systems. If `hex_boolean` is true, binary packets are converted to hex; if false, binary packets are not converted.

`<target> <dict> /PixelDifferenceEncode filter <file>`
`<source> <dict> /PixelDifferenceDecode filter <file>`
  Implements the Predictor=2 pixel-differencing option of the LZW filters. Recognized keys are:

  > `Colors <integer>` (1 to 4, default=1)
  > `BitsPerComponent <integer>` (1, 2, 4, or 8, default=8)
  > `Columns <integer>` (>= 0, required)

  See the Adobe PDF Reference Manual for details.

`<target> <dict> /PNGPredictorEncode filter <file>`
`<source> <dict> /PNGPredictorDecode filter <file>`
  Implements the "filter" algorithms of the Portable Network Graphics (PNG) graphics format. Recognized keys are:

  > Keys recognized in PNG filter algorithms

  > Key |  | Range |  | Default

  > `Colors <integer>` |  | 1 to 16 |  | 16
  > `BitsPerComponent <integer>` |  | 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 |  | 8
  > `Columns <integer>` |  | >= 0 |  | 1
  > `Predictor <integer>` |  | 10 to 15 |  | 15

  The `Predictor` is the PNG algorithm number + 10 for the `Encoding` filter; the `Decoding` filter ignores `Predictor`. 15 means the encoder attempts to optimize the choice of algorithm. For more details see the PNG specification

  > http://www.w3.org/TR/WD-png-960128.html

`<target> /TBCPEncode filter <file>`
`<source> /TBCPDecode filter <file>`
  Create filters that implement the Adobe Tagged Binary Communications Protocol. See Adobe documentation for details.

`<target> /zlibEncode filter <file>`
`<source> /zlibDecode filter <file>`
  Creates filters that use the data compression method variously known as 'zlib' (the name of a popular library that implements it), 'Deflate' (as in RFC 1951, which is a detailed specification for the method), 'gzip' (the name of a popular compression application that uses it), or 'Flate' (Adobe's name). Note that the PostScript `Flate` filters are actually a combination of this filter with an optional predictor filter.

### Unstable filters

Some versions of Ghostscript may also support other non-standard filters for experimental purposes. The current version includes the following such filters, which are not documented further. No code should assume that these filters will exist in compatible form, or at all, in future versions.

`<target/source> <string> ByteTranslateEncode/Decode filter <file>`
  `string` must be a string of exactly 256 bytes. Creates a filter that converts each input byte b to `string`[b]. Note that the `Encode` and `Decode` filters operate identically: the client must provide a `string` for the `Decode` filter that is the inverse mapping of the `string` for the `Encode` filter.

`<target/source> <dict> BoundedHuffmanEncode/Decode filter <file>`
  These filters encode and decode data using Huffman codes. Since these filters aren't used anywhere, we don't document them further, except to note the recognized dictionary keys, which must be set identically for encoding and decoding:

  > `FirstBitLowOrder <bool>` (default=false)
  > `MaxCodeLength <int>` (default=16)
  > `EndOfData <bool>` (default=true)
  > `EncodeZeroRuns <int>` (default=256)
  > `Tables <int_array>`

`<target/source> <dict> BWBlockSortEncode/Decode filter <file>`
  This filter implements the Burroughs-Wheeler block sorting compression method, which we've heard is also used in the popular `bzip2` compression application. See http://sources.redhat.com/bzip2/ for more information. The only recognized dictionary key is:

  > `BlockSize <integer>` (default=16384)

`<target/source> MoveToFrontEncode/Decode filter <file>`
  The `Encode` filter starts by initializing an internal 256-byte array `a` to the values 0 .. 255. This array will always hold a permutation of these values. Then for each input byte b, the filter outputs the index i such that `a`[i] = b, and moves that element to the front (element 0) of `a`, moving elements 0 .. i-1 to positions 1 .. i. The `Decode` filter inverts this process.

## Device parameters

Ghostscript supports the concept of device parameters for all devices, not just page devices. (For non-page devices, these are accessible through `getdeviceprops` and `putdeviceprops`, as indicated above.) Here are the currently defined parameters for all devices:

`.LockSafetyParams <boolean>`
  This parameter allows for improved system security by preventing PostScript programs from being able to change potentially dangerous device paramters such as OutputFile. This parameter cannot be set false if it is already true.

  If this parameter is true for the current device, attempt to set a new device that has `.LockSafetyParams` false will signal an `invalidaccess` error.

`BitsPerPixel <integer> (usually read-only)`
  Number of bits per pixel.

`.HWMargins [<four floats>]`
  Size of non-imageable regions around the edges of the page, in points (units of 1/72in; see the notes on measurements in the documentation on devices).

`HWSize [<integer> <integer>]`
  X and Y size in pixels.

`Name <string> (read-only)`
  The device name. Currently the same as `OutputDevice`.

`Colors, GrayValues, RedValues, GreenValues, BlueValues, ColorValues (usually read-only)`
  As for the `deviceinfo` operator of Display PostScript. `Red`, `Green`, `Blue`, and `ColorValues` are only defined if `Colors` > 1.

`TextAlphaBits, GraphicsAlphaBits (usually read-only)`
  The number of bits of anti-aliasing information for text or graphics respectively. Legal values are 1 (no anti-aliasing, the default for most devices), 2, or 4.

Ghostscript also supports the following read-only parameter that is not a true device parameter:

`.EmbedFontObjects <integer>`
  If non-zero, indicates that the device may embed font objects (as opposed to bitmaps for individual characters) in the output. The purpose of this parameter is to disable third-party font renderers for such devices. (This is zero for almost all devices.)

In addition, the following are defined per Adobe's documentation for the `setpagedevice` operator:

> `Duplex` (if supported)
> `HWResolution`
> `ImagingBBox`
> `Margins`
> `NumCopies` (for printers only)
> `Orientation` (if supported)
> `OutputDevice`
> `PageOffset` (write-only)
> `PageSize`
> `ProcessColorModel` (usually read-only)

Some devices may only allow certain values for `HWResolution` and `PageSize`. The null device ignores attempts to set `PageSize`; its size is always `[0 0]`.

It should be noted that calling `setpagedevice` with one of the above keys may reset the effects of any `pdfmark` commands up to that point. In particular this is true of HWResolution, a behavior that differs from Adobe Distiller.

For printers these are also defined:

`BufferSpace <integer>`
  Buffer space for band lists, if the bitmap is too big to fit in memory.

`MaxBitmap <integer>`
  Maximum space for a full bitmap in memory.

`OutputFile <string>`
  An empty string means "send to printer directly", otherwise specifies the file name for output; `%d` is replaced by the page number for page-oriented output devices; on Unix systems `%pipe%`command writes to a pipe. (`|`command also writes to a pipe, but is now deprecated.)

  Attempts to set this parameter if `.LockSafetyParams` is true will signal an `invalidaccess` error.

`OpenOutputFile <boolean>`
  If true, open the device's output file when the device is opened, rather than waiting until the first page is ready to print.

`PageCount <integer> (read-only)`
  Counts the number of pages printed on the device.

The following parameters are for use only by very specialized applications that separate band construction from band rasterization. Improper use may cause unpredictable errors. In particular, if you only want to allocate more memory for banding, to increase band size and improve performance, use the `BufferSpace` parameter, not `BandBufferSpace`.

`BandHeight <integer>`
  The height of bands when banding. 0 means use the largest band height that will fit within the BandBufferSpace (or BufferSpace, if BandBufferSpace is not specified).

`BandWidth <integer>`
  The width of bands in the rasterizing pass, in pixels. 0 means use the actual page width.

`BandBufferSpace <integer>`
  The size of the band buffer in the rasterizing pass, in bytes. 0 means use the same buffer size as for the interpretation pass.

Ghostscript supports the following parameter for `setpagedevice` and `currentpagedevice` that is not a device parameter per se:

`ViewerPreProcess <procedure>`
  Specifies a procedure to be applied to the page device dictionary before any other processing is done. The procedure may not alter the dictionary, but it may return a modified copy. This "hook" is provided for use by viewing programs such as GSview.

## User parameters

Ghostscript supports the following non-standard user parameters:

`ProcessDSCComment <procedure|null>`
  If not null, this procedure is called whenever the scanner detects a DSC comment (comment beginning with `%%` or `%!`). There are two operands, the file and the comment (minus any terminating EOL), which the procedure must consume.

`ProcessComment <procedure|null>`
  If not null, this procedure is called whenever the scanner detects a comment (or, if `ProcessDSCComment` is also not null, a comment other than a DSC comment). The operands are the same as for `ProcessDSCComment`.

`LockFilePermissions <boolean>`
  If `true`, this parameter and the three `PermitFile...` parameters cannot be changed. Attempts to change any of the values when LockFilePermissions is `true` will signal `invalidaccess`. Also, when this value is `true`, the `file` operator will give `invalidaccess` when attempting to open files (processes) using the `%pipe` device.

  Also when `LockFilePermissions` is `true`, strings cannot reference the parent directory (platform specific). For example `(../../xyz)` is illegal on unix, Windows and Macintosh, and `([.#.#.XYZ])` is illegal on VMS.

  This parameter is set `true` by the `.setsafe` and `.locksafe` operators.

`PermitFileReading <array of strings>`
`PermitFileWriting <array of strings>`
`PermitFileControl <array of strings>`
  These parameters specify paths where file reading, writing and the 'control' operations are permitted, respectively. File control operations are `deletefile` and `renamefile`. For `renamefile`, the filename for the current filename must match one of the paths on the PermitFileControl list, and the new filename must be on both the PermitFileControl and the PermitFileWriting lists of paths.

  The strings can contain wildcard characters as for the `filenameforall` operator and unless specifying a single file, will end with a * for directories (folders) to allow access to all files and sub-directories in that directory.

  Note: The strings are used for stringmatch operations similar to `filenameforall`, thus on MS Windows platforms, use the '/' character to separate directories and filenames or use '\\\\' to have the string contain '\\' which will match a single '\' in the target filename (use of '/' is strongly recommended).

  The SAFER mode and the `.setsafe` operator set all three lists to empty arrays, thus the only files that can be read are the `%stdin` device and on LIBPATH or FONTPATH or the Resource paths specified by the /FontResourceDir or /GenericResourceDir system params. Files cannot be opened for writing anywhere and cannot be deleted or renamed except for files created with the .tempfile operator).

  Note: Limiting file reading as above is NOT compatible with SAFER mode in release versions before 7.11 and corresponds to the use of `-dPARANOIDSAFER` in version 7.04 (up to and not including version 7.10) and GPL versions 6.53 (up to and not including 6.60).

`AlignToPixels <integer>`
  Control sub-pixel positioning of character glyphs (where applicable). A value of 1 specifies alignment of text characters to pixels boundaries. A value of 0 to subpixels where the division factor is set by the device parameter `TextAlphaBits`. If the latter is 1, the same rendering results regardless of the value of `AlignToPixels`. The initial value defaults to 1, but this may be overridden by the command line argument `-dAlignToPixels`.

`GridFitTT <integer>`
  Control the use of True Type grid fitting. Ghostscript implements a reduced True Type bytecode interpreter, which can interpret the subset of True Type glyph instructions not covered by Apple's patents. This allows proper rasterization of the Dynalab fonts.

  The reduced interpreter can't properly grid fit fonts with patented instructions. Therefore Ghostscript implements another grid fitting method for True Type fonts, based on a spot topology analysis.

  This parameter controls the action of the reduced interpreter and the grid fitter:

  - A value of 0 disables grid fitting for all True Type fonts. This is a backward compatibility mode.
  - A value of 1 enables the grid fitting for glyphs that don't involve patented instructions, using the reduced True Type bytecode interpreter. When a patented instruction is encountered, a warning is printed to stderr, and the glyph is rendered ignoring the entire grid fitting program.
  - A value of 2 invokes the topological grid fitter. This value is recommended for common use.
  - A value of 3 specifies that the bytecode interpreter to be used to grid fit glyphs that have no patented instructions, and other glyphs are grid fitted topologically. This mode may improve the rendering of some fonts, but in general the best result is not guaranteed.

  This parameter defaults to 2, but this may be overridden on the command line with `-dGridFitTT=n`.

  The reduced bytecode interpreter is based in part of the work of the FreeType Team. The topological grid fitting is a new original Ghostscript method.

`UseWTS <boolean>`
  If `true`, and if AccurateScreens are specified (either as a user parameter, or as a type 1 halftone dictionary parameter), then the Well Tempered Screening algorithm is used for halftoning. Otherwise, a rational tangent algorithm is chosen, which will typically result in significant differences between the screen angle and ruling requested, and actually rendered. Currently, the performance of WTS is reasonably good when rendering to a full page buffer, but not optimized for banded mode. Thus, when using WTS, disable banding (setting `-dMaxBitmap=500000000` should work). In a future version, WTS will be optimized for banded mode, and `UseWTS` will be `true` by default.

  Note: Currently, `UseWTS` can only be set using the PostScript user parameters mechanism, not on the command line with a `-d` switch. Use this code to enable it:

  >     << /UseWTS true >> setuserparams

## Miscellaneous additions

### Extended semantics of 'run'

The operator `run` can take either a string or a file as its argument. In the latter case, it just runs the file, closing it at the end, and trapping errors just as for the string case.

### Decoding resources

`Decoding` is a Ghostscript-specific resource category. It contains various resources for emulating PostScript fonts with other font technologies. Instances of the `Decoding` category are tables which map PostScript glyph names to character codes used with TrueType, Intellifont, Microtype and other font formats.

Currently Ghostscript is capable of PostScript font emulation in 2 ways :

- 1. Through FAPI plugins, and
- 2. With TrueType font files, using the native font renderer, by specifying TrueType font names or files in lib/Fontmap.

`Decoding` resources are not current used by the native font renderer.

An instance of the `Decoding` resource category is a dictionary. The dictionary keys are PostScript glyph names and the values are character codes. The name of the resource instance should reflect the character set for which it maps. For example, `/Unicode` `/Decoding` resource maps to Unicode UTF-16.

The rules for using `Decoding` resources in particular cases are specified in the configuration file lib/xlatmap. See the file itself for more information.

The file format for `Decoding` resource files is generic PostScript. Users may want to define custom `Decoding` resources. The `ParseDecoding` procset defined in lib/gs_ciddc.ps allows representation of the table in a comfortable form.

### CIDDecoding resources

`CIDDecoding` resources are similar to `Decoding` resources, except they map Charaacter Identifiers (CIDs) rather than glyph names. Another difference is that the native Ghostscript font renderer already uses `CIDDecoding` resources while emulate CID fonts with TrueType.

An instance of the `CIDDecoding` resource category is a dictionary of strings. Keys in the dictionary are integers, which correspond to high order byte of a CID. Values are 512-bytes strings. Each string represents 256 character codes, corresponding various values of the lower byte of CID. Each character code ocupies 2 bytes, high order byte first. Two zero bytes represent mapping to the default character.

The Ghostscript library is capable of generating some `CIDDecoding` instances automatically, using the appropriate `CMap` (character map) resources. This covers most of practical cases if the neccessary `CMap` resources are provided. See the table `.CMapChooser` in lib/gs_ciddc.ps for the names of automatically gerenated resources and associated `CMap`s. They allow to mapping CNS1, GB1, Japan1, Japan2 and Korea1 CID sets to TrueType character sets known as Unicode (exactly UTF-16), Big5, GB1213, ShiftJIS, Johab and Wansung.

The file format for `CIDDecoding` resource file is generic PostScript. Users may want to define custom resources to `CIDDecoding` resource category.

### GlyphNames2Unicode

`GlyphNames2Unicode` is an undocumented dictionary which Adobe PostScript printer driver uses to communicate with Adobe Distiller. In this dictionary the keys are glyph names, the values are Unicode UTF-16 codes for them. The dictionaly is stored in the `FontInfo` dictionary under the key `GlyphNames2Unicode`. Ghostscript recognises it and uses to generate `ToUnicode` CMaps with pdfwrite.

### Multiple Resource directories

Since 8.10 release Ghostscript maintains multiple resource directories.

Ghostscript does not distinguish `lib` and `Resource` directories. There is no file name conflicts because `lib` does not contain subdirectories, but `Resource` always store files in subdirectories.

The search method with multiple resource directories appears not fully conforming to PLRM. We cannot unconditionally call `ResourceFileName` while executing `findresource` or `resourcestatus`, `resourceforall`, because per PLRM it always returns a single path. Therefore Ghostscript implements an extended search method in `findresource`, `resourcestatus` and `resourceforall`, which first calls `ResourceFileName` and checks whether the returned path points to an existing file. If yes, the file is used, othervise Ghostscript searches all directories specified in `LIB_PATH`. With a single resource directory it appears conforming to PLRM and equivalent to Adobe implementations.

`ResourceFileName` may be used for obtaining a path where a resource file to be installed. In this case Ghostscript to be invoked with `-sGenericResourceDir=path`, specifying an absolute path. The default value for `GenericResourceDir` is a relative path. Therefore a default invocation with a PostScript installer will install resource files into `/gs/Resource`.

Copyright © 2000-2006 artofcode LLC. All rights reserved.

This software is provided AS-IS with no warranty, either express or implied. This software is distributed under license and may not be copied, modified or distributed except as expressly authorized under the terms of that license. Refer to licensing information at http://www.artifex.com/ or contact Artifex Software, Inc., 7 Mt. Lassen Drive - Suite A-134, San Rafael, CA 94903, U.S.A., +1(415)492-9861, for further information.

Ghostscript version 8.54, 17 May 2006