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# Chapter 13. Constants

A constant is an identifier (name) for a simple value. As the name suggests, that value cannot change during the execution of the script (except for magic constants, which aren't actually constants). A constant is case-sensitive by default. By convention, constant identifiers are always uppercase.

The name of a constant follows the same rules as any label in PHP. A valid constant name starts with a letter or underscore, followed by any number of letters, numbers, or underscores. As a regular expression, it would be expressed thusly: [a-zA-Z_\x7f-\xff][a-zA-Z0-9_\x7f-\xff]*

> Tip: You may also want to take a look at the Appendix R.

Example 13-1. Valid and invalid constant names

`<?php // Valid constant names define("FOO", "something"); define("FOO2", "something else"); define("FOO_BAR", "something more"); // Invalid constant names define("2FOO", "something"); // This is valid, but should be avoided: // PHP may one day provide a magical constant // that will break your script define("__FOO__", "something"); ?>`

> Note: For our purposes here, a letter is a-z, A-Z, and the ASCII characters from 127 through 255 (0x7f-0xff).

Like superglobals, the scope of a constant is global. You can access constants anywhere in your script without regard to scope. For more information on scope, read the manual section on variable scope.

# Syntax

You can define a constant by using the define()-function. Once a constant is defined, it can never be changed or undefined.

Only scalar data (boolean, integer, float and string) can be contained in constants. Do not define resource constants.

You can get the value of a constant by simply specifying its name. Unlike with variables, you should not prepend a constant with a $. You can also use the function constant() to read a constant's value if you wish to obtain the constant's name dynamically. Use get_defined_constants() to get a list of all defined constants.

> Note: Constants and (global) variables are in a different namespace. This implies that for example `TRUE` and $TRUE are generally different.

If you use an undefined constant, PHP assumes that you mean the name of the constant itself, just as if you called it as a string (CONSTANT vs "CONSTANT"). An error of level E_NOTICE will be issued when this happens. See also the manual entry on why $foo[bar] is wrong (unless you first define() bar as a constant). If you simply want to check if a constant is set, use the defined() function.

These are the differences between constants and variables:

- Constants do not have a dollar sign ($) before them;

- Constants may only be defined using the define() function, not by simple assignment;

- Constants may be defined and accessed anywhere without regard to variable scoping rules;

- Constants may not be redefined or undefined once they have been set; and

- Constants may only evaluate to scalar values.

Example 13-2. Defining Constants

`<?php define("CONSTANT", "Hello world."); echo CONSTANT; // outputs "Hello world." echo Constant; // outputs "Constant" and issues a notice. ?>`

See also Class Constants.

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