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# LXXI. LDAP Functions

# Introduction

LDAP is the Lightweight Directory Access Protocol, and is a protocol used to access "Directory Servers". The Directory is a special kind of database that holds information in a tree structure.

The concept is similar to your hard disk directory structure, except that in this context, the root directory is "The world" and the first level subdirectories are "countries". Lower levels of the directory structure contain entries for companies, organisations or places, while yet lower still we find directory entries for people, and perhaps equipment or documents.

To refer to a file in a subdirectory on your hard disk, you might use something like:

/usr/local/myapp/docs

The forwards slash marks each division in the reference, and the sequence is read from left to right.

The equivalent to the fully qualified file reference in LDAP is the "distinguished name", referred to simply as "dn". An example dn might be:

cn=John Smith,ou=Accounts,o=My Company,c=US

The comma marks each division in the reference, and the sequence is read from right to left. You would read this dn as:

country = US
organization = My Company
organizationalUnit = Accounts
commonName = John Smith

In the same way as there are no hard rules about how you organise the directory structure of a hard disk, a directory server manager can set up any structure that is meaningful for the purpose. However, there are some conventions that are used. The message is that you can not write code to access a directory server unless you know something about its structure, any more than you can use a database without some knowledge of what is available.

Lots of information about LDAP can be found at

- Mozilla

- OpenLDAP Project

The Netscape SDK contains a helpful Programmer's Guide in HTML format.

# Requirements

You will need to get and compile LDAP client libraries from either OpenLDAP or Bind9.net in order to compile PHP with LDAP support.

# Installation

LDAP support in PHP is not enabled by default. You will need to use the --with-ldap[=DIR] configuration option when compiling PHP to enable LDAP support. DIR is the LDAP base install directory. To enable SASL support, be sure --with-ldap-sasl[=DIR] is used, and that `sasl.h` exists on the system.

> Note to Win32 Users: In order to enable this module on a Windows environment, you must copy several files from the DLL folder of the PHP/Win32 binary package to the SYSTEM folder of your windows machine. (Ex: `C:\WINNT\SYSTEM32`, or `C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM`). For PHP <= 4.2.0 copy `libsasl.dll`, for PHP >= 4.3.0 copy `libeay32.dll` and `ssleay32.dll` to your SYSTEM folder.

In order to use Oracle LDAP libraries, proper Oracle environment has to be set.

# Runtime Configuration

The behaviour of these functions is affected by settings in `php.ini`.

Table 1. LDAP configuration options

Name | Default | Changeable | Changelog
--- | --- | --- | ---
ldap.max_links | "-1" | PHP_INI_SYSTEM |

For further details and definitions of the PHP_INI_* constants, see the Appendix G.

# Resource Types

This extension has no resource types defined.

# Predefined Constants

The constants below are defined by this extension, and will only be available when the extension has either been compiled into PHP or dynamically loaded at runtime.

`LDAP_DEREF_NEVER` (integer)

`LDAP_DEREF_SEARCHING` (integer)

`LDAP_DEREF_FINDING` (integer)

`LDAP_DEREF_ALWAYS` (integer)

`LDAP_OPT_DEREF` (integer)

`LDAP_OPT_SIZELIMIT` (integer)

`LDAP_OPT_TIMELIMIT` (integer)

`LDAP_OPT_PROTOCOL_VERSION` (integer)

`LDAP_OPT_ERROR_NUMBER` (integer)

`LDAP_OPT_REFERRALS` (integer)

`LDAP_OPT_RESTART` (integer)

`LDAP_OPT_HOST_NAME` (integer)

`LDAP_OPT_ERROR_STRING` (integer)

`LDAP_OPT_MATCHED_DN` (integer)

`LDAP_OPT_SERVER_CONTROLS` (integer)

`LDAP_OPT_CLIENT_CONTROLS` (integer)

`LDAP_OPT_DEBUG_LEVEL` (integer)

`GSLC_SSL_NO_AUTH` (integer)

`GSLC_SSL_ONEWAY_AUTH` (integer)

`GSLC_SSL_TWOWAY_AUTH` (integer)

# Examples

Retrieve information for all entries where the surname starts with "S" from a directory server, displaying an extract with name and email address.

Example 1. LDAP search example

`<?php
// basic sequence with LDAP is connect, bind, search, interpret search
// result, close connection
echo "<h3>LDAP query test</h3>";
echo "Connecting ...";
$ds=ldap_connect("localhost"); // must be a valid LDAP server!
echo "connect result is " . $ds . "<br />";
if ($ds) {
echo "Binding ...";
$r=ldap_bind($ds); // this is an "anonymous" bind, typically
// read-only access
echo "Bind result is " . $r . "<br />";
echo "Searching for (sn=S*) ...";
// Search surname entry
$sr=ldap_search($ds, "o=My Company, c=US", "sn=S*");
echo "Search result is " . $sr . "<br />";
echo "Number of entires returned is " . ldap_count_entries($ds, $sr) . "<br />";
echo "Getting entries ...<p>";
$info = ldap_get_entries($ds, $sr);
echo "Data for " . $info["count"] . " items returned:<p>";
for ($i=0; $i<$info["count"]; $i++) {
echo "dn is: " . $info[$i]["dn"] . "<br />";
echo "first cn entry is: " . $info[$i]["cn"][0] . "<br />";
echo "first email entry is: " . $info[$i]["mail"][0] . "<br /><hr />";
}
echo "Closing connection";
ldap_close($ds);
} else {
echo "<h4>Unable to connect to LDAP server</h4>";
}
?>`

# Using the PHP LDAP calls

Before you can use the LDAP calls you will need to know ..

- The name or address of the directory server you will use

- The "base dn" of the server (the part of the world directory that is held on this server, which could be "o=My Company,c=US")

- Whether you need a password to access the server (many servers will provide read access for an "anonymous bind" but require a password for anything else)

The typical sequence of LDAP calls you will make in an application will follow this pattern:

ldap_connect() // establish connection to server
|
ldap_bind() // anonymous or authenticated "login"
|
do something like search or update the directory
and display the results
|
ldap_close() // "logout"

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