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2. The Very High Level Layer

The functions in this chapter will let you execute Python source code given in a file or a buffer, but they will not let you interact in a more detailed way with the interpreter.

Several of these functions accept a start symbol from the grammar as a parameter. The available start symbols are `Py_eval_input`, `Py_file_input`, and `Py_single_input`. These are described following the functions which accept them as parameters.

Note also that several of these functions take `FILE*` parameters. On particular issue which needs to be handled carefully is that the `FILE` structure for different C libraries can be different and incompatible. Under Windows (at least), it is possible for dynamically linked extensions to actually use different libraries, so care should be taken that `FILE*` parameters are only passed to these functions if it is certain that they were created by the same library that the Python runtime is using.

int `Py_Main`( | int argc, char **argv)

  The main program for the standard interpreter. This is made available for programs which embed Python. The argc and argv parameters should be prepared exactly as those which are passed to a C program's `main()` function. It is important to note that the argument list may be modified (but the contents of the strings pointed to by the argument list are not). The return value will be the integer passed to the `sys.exit()` function, `1` if the interpreter exits due to an exception, or `2` if the parameter list does not represent a valid Python command line.

int `PyRun_AnyFile`( | FILE *fp, const char *filename)

  This is a simplified interface to `PyRun_AnyFileExFlags()` below, leaving closeit set to `0` and flags set to `NULL`.

int `PyRun_AnyFileFlags`( | FILE *fp, const char *filename, PyCompilerFlags *flags)

  This is a simplified interface to `PyRun_AnyFileExFlags()` below, leaving the closeit argument set to `0`.

int `PyRun_AnyFileEx`( | FILE *fp, const char *filename, int closeit)

  This is a simplified interface to `PyRun_AnyFileExFlags()` below, leaving the flags argument set to `NULL`.

int `PyRun_AnyFileExFlags`( | FILE *fp, const char *filename, int closeit, PyCompilerFlags *flags)

  If fp refers to a file associated with an interactive device (console or terminal input or Unix pseudo-terminal), return the value of `PyRun_InteractiveLoop()`, otherwise return the result of `PyRun_SimpleFile()`. If filename is `NULL`, this function uses `"???"` as the filename.

int `PyRun_SimpleString`( | const char *command)

  This is a simplified interface to `PyRun_SimpleStringFlags()` below, leaving the PyCompilerFlags* argument set to NULL.

int `PyRun_SimpleStringFlags`( | const char *command, PyCompilerFlags *flags)

  Executes the Python source code from command in the `__main__` module according to the flags argument. If `__main__` does not already exist, it is created. Returns `0` on success or `-1` if an exception was raised. If there was an error, there is no way to get the exception information. For the meaning of flags, see below.

int `PyRun_SimpleFile`( | FILE *fp, const char *filename)

  This is a simplified interface to `PyRun_SimpleFileExFlags()` below, leaving closeit set to `0` and flags set to `NULL`.

int `PyRun_SimpleFileFlags`( | FILE *fp, const char *filename, PyCompilerFlags *flags)

  This is a simplified interface to `PyRun_SimpleFileExFlags()` below, leaving closeit set to `0`.

int `PyRun_SimpleFileEx`( | FILE *fp, const char *filename, int closeit)

  This is a simplified interface to `PyRun_SimpleFileExFlags()` below, leaving flags set to `NULL`.

int `PyRun_SimpleFileExFlags`( | FILE *fp, const char *filename, int closeit, PyCompilerFlags *flags)

  Similar to `PyRun_SimpleStringFlags()`, but the Python source code is read from fp instead of an in-memory string. filename should be the name of the file. If closeit is true, the file is closed before PyRun_SimpleFileExFlags returns.

int `PyRun_InteractiveOne`( | FILE *fp, const char *filename)

  This is a simplified interface to `PyRun_InteractiveOneFlags()` below, leaving flags set to `NULL`.

int `PyRun_InteractiveOneFlags`( | FILE *fp, const char *filename, PyCompilerFlags *flags)

  Read and execute a single statement from a file associated with an interactive device according to the flags argument. If filename is `NULL`, `"???"` is used instead. The user will be prompted using `sys.ps1` and `sys.ps2`. Returns `0` when the input was executed successfully, `-1` if there was an exception, or an error code from the errcode.h include file distributed as part of Python if there was a parse error. (Note that errcode.h is not included by Python.h, so must be included specifically if needed.)

int `PyRun_InteractiveLoop`( | FILE *fp, const char *filename)

  This is a simplified interface to `PyRun_InteractiveLoopFlags()` below, leaving flags set to `NULL`.

int `PyRun_InteractiveLoopFlags`( | FILE *fp, const char *filename, PyCompilerFlags *flags)

  Read and execute statements from a file associated with an interactive device until EOF is reached. If filename is `NULL`, `"???"` is used instead. The user will be prompted using `sys.ps1` and `sys.ps2`. Returns `0` at EOF.

struct _node* `PyParser_SimpleParseString`( | const char *str, int start)

  This is a simplified interface to `PyParser_SimpleParseStringFlagsFilename()` below, leaving filename set to `NULL` and flags set to `0`.

struct _node* `PyParser_SimpleParseStringFlags`( | const char *str, int start, int flags)

  This is a simplified interface to `PyParser_SimpleParseStringFlagsFilename()` below, leaving filename set to `NULL`.

struct _node* `PyParser_SimpleParseStringFlagsFilename`( | const char *str, const char *filename, int start, int flags)

  Parse Python source code from str using the start token start according to the flags argument. The result can be used to create a code object which can be evaluated efficiently. This is useful if a code fragment must be evaluated many times.

struct _node* `PyParser_SimpleParseFile`( | FILE *fp, const char *filename, int start)

  This is a simplified interface to `PyParser_SimpleParseFileFlags()` below, leaving flags set to `0`

struct _node* `PyParser_SimpleParseFileFlags`( | FILE *fp, const char *filename, int start, int flags)

  Similar to `PyParser_SimpleParseStringFlagsFilename()`, but the Python source code is read from fp instead of an in-memory string.

PyObject* `PyRun_String`( | const char *str, int start, PyObject *globals, PyObject *locals)

  Return value: New reference.
  This is a simplified interface to `PyRun_StringFlags()` below, leaving flags set to `NULL`.

PyObject* `PyRun_StringFlags`( | const char *str, int start, PyObject *globals, PyObject *locals, PyCompilerFlags *flags)

  Execute Python source code from str in the context specified by the dictionaries globals and locals with the compiler flags specified by flags. The parameter start specifies the start token that should be used to parse the source code.

  Returns the result of executing the code as a Python object, or `NULL` if an exception was raised.

PyObject* `PyRun_File`( | FILE *fp, const char *filename, int start, PyObject *globals, PyObject *locals)

  Return value: New reference.
  This is a simplified interface to `PyRun_FileExFlags()` below, leaving closeit set to `0` and flags set to `NULL`.

PyObject* `PyRun_FileEx`( | FILE *fp, const char *filename, int start, PyObject *globals, PyObject *locals, int closeit)

  This is a simplified interface to `PyRun_FileExFlags()` below, leaving flags set to `NULL`.

PyObject* `PyRun_FileFlags`( | FILE *fp, const char *filename, int start, PyObject *globals, PyObject *locals, PyCompilerFlags *flags)

  This is a simplified interface to `PyRun_FileExFlags()` below, leaving closeit set to `0`.

PyObject* `PyRun_FileExFlags`( | FILE *fp, const char *filename, int start, PyObject *globals, PyObject *locals, int closeit, PyCompilerFlags *flags)

  Similar to `PyRun_StringFlags()`, but the Python source code is read from fp instead of an in-memory string. filename should be the name of the file. If closeit is true, the file is closed before `PyRun_FileExFlags()` returns.

PyObject* `Py_CompileString`( | const char *str, const char *filename, int start)

  Return value: New reference.
  This is a simplified interface to `Py_CompileStringFlags()` below, leaving flags set to `NULL`.

PyObject* `Py_CompileStringFlags`( | const char *str, const char *filename, int start, PyCompilerFlags *flags)

  Parse and compile the Python source code in str, returning the resulting code object. The start token is given by start; this can be used to constrain the code which can be compiled and should be `Py_eval_input`, `Py_file_input`, or `Py_single_input`. The filename specified by filename is used to construct the code object and may appear in tracebacks or `SyntaxError` exception messages. This returns `NULL` if the code cannot be parsed or compiled.

int `Py_eval_input`
  The start symbol from the Python grammar for isolated expressions; for use with `Py_CompileString()`.

int `Py_file_input`
  The start symbol from the Python grammar for sequences of statements as read from a file or other source; for use with `Py_CompileString()`. This is the symbol to use when compiling arbitrarily long Python source code.

int `Py_single_input`
  The start symbol from the Python grammar for a single statement; for use with `Py_CompileString()`. This is the symbol used for the interactive interpreter loop.

`struct PyCompilerFlags`
  This is the structure used to hold compiler flags. In cases where code is only being compiled, it is passed as `int flags`, and in cases where code is being executed, it is passed as `PyCompilerFlags *flags`. In this case, `from __future__ import` can modify flags.

  Whenever `PyCompilerFlags *flags` is `NULL`, `cf_flags` is treated as equal to `0`, and any modification due to `from __future__ import` is discarded.

      struct PyCompilerFlags {
          int cf_flags;
      }

int `CO_FUTURE_DIVISION`
  This bit can be set in flags to cause division operator `/` to be interpreted as ``true division'' according to PEP 238.