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# XCVI. Multibyte String Functions

# Einführung

While there are many languages in which every necessary character can be represented by a one-to-one mapping to an 8-bit value, there are also several languages which require so many characters for written communication that they cannot be contained within the range a mere byte can code (A byte is made up of eight bits. Each bit can contain only two distinct values, one or zero. Because of this, a byte can only represent 256 unique values (two to the power of eight)). Multibyte character encoding schemes were developed to express more than 256 characters in the regular bytewise coding system.

When you manipulate (trim, split, splice, etc.) strings encoded in a multibyte encoding, you need to use special functions since two or more consecutive bytes may represent a single character in such encoding schemes. Otherwise, if you apply a non-multibyte-aware string function to the string, it probably fails to detect the beginning or ending of the multibyte character and ends up with a corrupted garbage string that most likely loses its original meaning.

`mbstring` provides multibyte specific string functions that help you deal with multibyte encodings in PHP. In addition to that, `mbstring` handles character encoding conversion between the possible encoding pairs. `mbstring` is designed to handle Unicode-based encodings such as UTF-8 and UCS-2 and many single-byte encodings for convenience (listed below).

## PHP Character Encoding Requirements

Encodings of the following types are safely used with PHP.

- A singlebyte encoding,

  - which has ASCII-compatible (ISO646 compatible) mappings for the characters in range of `00h` to `7fh`.

- A multibyte encoding,

  - which has ASCII-compatible mappings for the characters in range of `00h` to `7fh`.

  - which don't use ISO2022 escape sequences.

  - which don't use a value from `00h` to `7fh` in any of the compounded bytes that represents a single character.

These are examples of character encodings that are unlikely to work with PHP.

    JIS, SJIS, ISO-2022-JP, BIG-5

Although PHP scripts written in any of those encodings might not work, especially in the case where encoded strings appear as identifiers or literals in the script, you can almost avoid using these encodings by setting up the `mbstring`'s transparent encoding filter function for incoming HTTP queries.

> Anmerkung: It's highly discouraged to use SJIS, BIG5, CP936, CP949 and GB18030 for the internal encoding unless you are familiar with the parser, the scanner and the character encoding.

> Anmerkung: If you are connecting to a database with PHP, it is recommended that you use the same character encoding for both the database and the `internal encoding` for ease of use and better performance.

> If you are using PostgreSQL, the character encoding used in the database and the one used in PHP may differ as it supports automatic character set conversion between the backend and the frontend.

# Installation

`mbstring` is a non-default extension. This means it is not enabled by default. You must explicitly enable the module with the `configure` option. See the Install section for details.

The following configure options are related to the `mbstring` module.

- `--enable-mbstring`: Enable `mbstring` functions. This option is required to use `mbstring` functions.

  libmbfl is necesarry for `mbstring`. libmbfl is bundled with `mbstring`. If libmbfl is already installed on the system, `--with-libmbfl[=DIR]` can be specified to use the installed library.

  As of PHP 4.3.0, `mbstring` extension provides enhanced support for Simplified Chinese, Traditional Chinese, Korean, and Russian in addition to Japanese.

  For PHP 4.3.3 or before, To enable that feature, you will have to supply either one of the following options to the `LANG` parameter of `--enable-mbstring=LANG`; `--enable-mbstring=cn` for Simplified Chinese support, `--enable-mbstring=tw` for Traditional Chinese support, `--enable-mbstring=kr` for Korean support, `--enable-mbstring=ru` for Russian support, and `--enable-mbstring=ja` for Japanese support (default). To enable all supported encoding, use `--enable-mbstring=all`.

  > Anmerkung: As of PHP 4.3.4, all supported encoding by libmbfl is enabled with `--enable-mbstring`.

- `--enable-mbstr-enc-trans` : Enable HTTP input character encoding conversion using `mbstring` conversion engine. If this feature is enabled, HTTP input character encoding may be converted to `mbstring.internal_encoding` automatically.

  > Anmerkung: As of PHP 4.3.0, the option `--enable-mbstr-enc-trans` was eliminated and replaced with the runtime setting `mbstring.encoding_translation`. HTTP input character encoding conversion is enabled when this is set to `On` (the default is `Off`).

- `--disable-mbregex`: Disable regular expression functions with multibyte character support.

# Laufzeit Konfiguration

Das Verhalten dieser Funktionen wird durch Einstellungen in der `php.ini` beeinflusst.

Tabelle 1. mbstring configuration options

Name | Default | Changeable | Changelog
--- | --- | --- | ---
mbstring.language | "neutral" | PHP_INI_PERDIR | Available since PHP 4.3.0.
mbstring.detect_order | NULL | PHP_INI_ALL | Available since PHP 4.0.6.
mbstring.http_input | "pass" | PHP_INI_ALL | Available since PHP 4.0.6.
mbstring.http_output | "pass" | PHP_INI_ALL | Available since PHP 4.0.6.
mbstring.internal_encoding | NULL | PHP_INI_ALL | Available since PHP 4.0.6.
mbstring.script_encoding | NULL | PHP_INI_ALL | Available since PHP 4.3.0.
mbstring.substitute_character | NULL | PHP_INI_ALL | Available since PHP 4.0.6.
mbstring.func_overload | "0" | PHP_INI_PERDIR | PHP_INI_SYSTEM in PHP <= 4.2.3. Available since PHP 4.2.0.
mbstring.encoding_translation | "0" | PHP_INI_PERDIR | Available since PHP 4.3.0.
mbstring.strict_detection | "0" | PHP_INI_ALL | Available since PHP 5.1.2.

For the definition of the PHP_INI_* constants, please refer to ini_set().

Hier eine kurze Erklärung der Konfigurationsoptionen:

`mbstring.language` string

  The default national language setting (NLS) used in mbstring. Note that this option automagically defines `mbstring.internal_encoding` and `mbstring.internal_encoding` should be placed after `mbstring.language` in `php.ini`

`mbstring.encoding_translation` boolean

  Enables the transparent character encoding filter for the incoming HTTP queries, which performs detection and conversion of the input encoding to the internal character encoding.

`mbstring.internal_encoding` string

  Defines the default internal character encoding.

`mbstring.http_input` string

  Defines the default HTTP input character encoding.

`mbstring.http_output` string

  Defines the default HTTP output character encoding.

`mbstring.detect_order` string

  Defines default character code detection order. See also mb_detect_order().

`mbstring.substitute_character` string

  Defines character to substitute for invalid character encoding.

`mbstring.func_overload` string

  Overloads a set of single byte functions by the mbstring counterparts. See Function overloading for more information.

`mbstring.strict_detection` boolean

  Enables the strict encoding detection.

According to the HTML 4.01 specification, Web browsers are allowed to encode a form being submitted with a character encoding different from the one used for the page. See mb_http_input() to detect character encoding used by browsers.

Although popular browsers are capable of giving a reasonably accurate guess to the character encoding of a given HTML document, it would be better to set the `charset` parameter in the `Content-Type` HTTP header to the appropriate value by header() or default_charset ini setting.

Beispiel 1. `php.ini` setting examples

    ; Set default language
    mbstring.language        = Neutral; Set default language to Neutral(UTF-8) (default)
    mbstring.language        = English; Set default language to English
    mbstring.language        = Japanese; Set default language to Japanese

    ;; Set default internal encoding
    ;; Note: Make sure to use character encoding works with PHP
    mbstring.internal_encoding    = UTF-8  ; Set internal encoding to UTF-8

    ;; HTTP input encoding translation is enabled.
    mbstring.encoding_translation = On

    ;; Set default HTTP input character encoding
    ;; Note: Script cannot change http_input setting.
    mbstring.http_input           = pass    ; No conversion.
    mbstring.http_input           = auto    ; Set HTTP input to auto
                                    ; "auto" is expanded to "ASCII,JIS,UTF-8,EUC-JP,SJIS"
    mbstring.http_input           = SJIS    ; Set HTTP2 input to  SJIS
    mbstring.http_input           = UTF-8,SJIS,EUC-JP ; Specify order

    ;; Set default HTTP output character encoding
    mbstring.http_output          = pass    ; No conversion
    mbstring.http_output          = UTF-8   ; Set HTTP output encoding to UTF-8

    ;; Set default character encoding detection order
    mbstring.detect_order         = auto    ; Set detect order to auto
    mbstring.detect_order         = ASCII,JIS,UTF-8,SJIS,EUC-JP ; Specify order

    ;; Set default substitute character
    mbstring.substitute_character = 12307   ; Specify Unicode value
    mbstring.substitute_character = none    ; Do not print character
    mbstring.substitute_character = long    ; Long Example: U+3000,JIS+7E7E

Beispiel 2. `php.ini` setting for `EUC-JP` users

    ;; Disable Output Buffering
    output_buffering      = Off

    ;; Set HTTP header charset
    default_charset       = EUC-JP

    ;; Set default language to Japanese
    mbstring.language = Japanese

    ;; HTTP input encoding translation is enabled.
    mbstring.encoding_translation = On

    ;; Set HTTP input encoding conversion to auto
    mbstring.http_input   = auto

    ;; Convert HTTP output to EUC-JP
    mbstring.http_output  = EUC-JP

    ;; Set internal encoding to EUC-JP
    mbstring.internal_encoding = EUC-JP

    ;; Do not print invalid characters
    mbstring.substitute_character = none

Beispiel 3. `php.ini` setting for `SJIS` users

    ;; Enable Output Buffering
    output_buffering     = On

    ;; Set mb_output_handler to enable output conversion
    output_handler       = mb_output_handler

    ;; Set HTTP header charset
    default_charset      = Shift_JIS

    ;; Set default language to Japanese
    mbstring.language = Japanese

    ;; Set http input encoding conversion to auto
    mbstring.http_input  = auto

    ;; Convert to SJIS
    mbstring.http_output = SJIS

    ;; Set internal encoding to EUC-JP
    mbstring.internal_encoding = EUC-JP

    ;; Do not print invalid characters
    mbstring.substitute_character = none

# Resource Typen

Diese Erweiterung definiert keine Resource-Typen.

# Vordefinierte Konstanten

Folgende Konstanten werden von dieser Erweiterung definiert und stehen nur zur Verfügung, wenn die Erweiterung entweder statisch in PHP kompiliert oder dynamisch zur Laufzeit geladen wurde.

`MB_OVERLOAD_MAIL` (integer)

`MB_OVERLOAD_STRING` (integer)

`MB_OVERLOAD_REGEX` (integer)

# HTTP Input and Output

HTTP input/output character encoding conversion may convert binary data also. Users are supposed to control character encoding conversion if binary data is used for HTTP input/output.

> Anmerkung: In PHP 4.3.2 or earlier versions, there was a limitation in this functionality that `mbstring` does not perform character encoding conversion in POST data if the `enctype` attribute in the `form` element is set to `multipart/form-data`. So you have to convert the incoming data by yourself in this case if necessary.

> Beginning with PHP 4.3.3, if `enctype` for HTML form is set to `multipart/form-data` and `mbstring.encoding_translation` is set to On in `php.ini` the POST'ed variables and the names of uploaded files will be converted to the internal character encoding as well. However, the conversion isn't applied to the query keys.

- HTTP Input

  There is no way to control HTTP input character conversion from a PHP script. To disable HTTP input character conversion, it has to be done in `php.ini`.

  Beispiel 4. Disable HTTP input conversion in `php.ini`

  `;; Disable HTTP Input conversion mbstring.http_input = pass ;; Disable HTTP Input conversion (PHP 4.3.0 or higher) mbstring.encoding_translation = Off`

  When using PHP as an Apache module, it is possible to override those settings in each Virtual Host directive in `httpd.conf` or per directory with `.htaccess`. Refer to the Configuration section and Apache Manual for details.

- HTTP Output

  There are several ways to enable output character encoding conversion. One is using `php.ini`, another is using ob_start() with mb_output_handler() as the `ob_start` callback function.

  > Anmerkung: PHP3-i18n users should note that `mbstring`'s output conversion differs from PHP3-i18n. Character encoding is converted using an output buffer.

Beispiel 5. `php.ini` setting example

    ;; Enable output character encoding conversion for all PHP pages

    ;; Enable Output Buffering
    output_buffering    = On

    ;; Set mb_output_handler to enable output conversion
    output_handler      = mb_output_handler

Beispiel 6. Script example

`<?php // Enable output character encoding conversion only for this page // Set HTTP output character encoding to SJIS mb_http_output('SJIS'); // Start buffering and specify "mb_output_handler" as // callback function ob_start('mb_output_handler'); ?>`

# Supported Character Encodings

Currently the following character encodings are supported by the `mbstring` module. Any of those Character encodings can be specified in the `encoding` parameter of `mbstring` functions.

The following character encodings are supported in this PHP extension:

- UCS-4

- UCS-4BE

- UCS-4LE

- UCS-2

- UCS-2BE

- UCS-2LE

- UTF-32

- UTF-32BE

- UTF-32LE

- UTF-16

- UTF-16BE

- UTF-16LE

- UTF-7

- UTF7-IMAP

- UTF-8

- ASCII

- EUC-JP

- SJIS

- eucJP-win

- SJIS-win

- ISO-2022-JP

- JIS

- ISO-8859-1

- ISO-8859-2

- ISO-8859-3

- ISO-8859-4

- ISO-8859-5

- ISO-8859-6

- ISO-8859-7

- ISO-8859-8

- ISO-8859-9

- ISO-8859-10

- ISO-8859-13

- ISO-8859-14

- ISO-8859-15

- byte2be

- byte2le

- byte4be

- byte4le

- BASE64

- HTML-ENTITIES

- 7bit

- 8bit

- EUC-CN

- CP936

- HZ

- EUC-TW

- CP950

- BIG-5

- EUC-KR

- UHC (CP949)

- ISO-2022-KR

- Windows-1251 (CP1251)

- Windows-1252 (CP1252)

- CP866 (IBM866)

- KOI8-R

Any `php.ini` entry which accepts an encoding name can also use the values "`auto`" and "`pass`". `mbstring` functions which accept an encoding name can also use the value "`auto`".

If "`pass`" is set, no character encoding conversion is performed.

If "`auto`" is set, it is expanded to the list of encodings defined per the NLS. For instance, if the NLS is set to `Japanese`, the value is assumed to be "`ASCII,JIS,UTF-8,EUC-JP,SJIS`".

See also mb_detect_order()

# Function Overloading Feature

You might often find it difficult to get an existing PHP application to work in a given multibyte environment. This happens because most PHP applications out there are written with the standard string functions such as substr(), which are known to not properly handle multibyte-encoded strings.

mbstring supports a 'function overloading' feature which enables you to add multibyte awareness to such an application without code modification by overloading multibyte counterparts on the standard string functions. For example, mb_substr() is called instead of substr() if function overloading is enabled. This feature makes it easy to port applications that only support single-byte encodings to a multibyte environment in many cases.

To use function overloading, set `mbstring.func_overload` in `php.ini` to a positive value that represents a combination of bitmasks specifying the categories of functions to be overloaded. It should be set to 1 to overload the mail() function. 2 for string functions, 4 for regular expression functions. For example, if it is set to 7, mail, strings and regular expression functions will be overloaded. The list of overloaded functions are shown below.

Tabelle 2. Functions to be overloaded

value of mbstring.func_overload | original function | overloaded function
--- | --- | ---
1 | mail() | mb_send_mail()
2 | strlen() | mb_strlen()
2 | strpos() | mb_strpos()
2 | strrpos() | mb_strrpos()
2 | substr() | mb_substr()
2 | strtolower() | mb_strtolower()
2 | strtoupper() | mb_strtoupper()
2 | substr_count() | mb_substr_count()
4 | ereg() | mb_ereg()
4 | eregi() | mb_eregi()
4 | ereg_replace() | mb_ereg_replace()
4 | eregi_replace() | mb_eregi_replace()
4 | split() | mb_split()

> Anmerkung: It is not recommended to use the function overloading option in the per-directory context, because it's not confirmed yet to be stable enough in a production environment and may lead to undefined behaviour.

# Basics of Japanese multi-byte encodings

Japanese characters can only be represented by multibyte encodings, and multiple encoding standards are used depending on platform and text purpose. To make matters worse, these encoding standards differ slightly from one another. In order to create a web application which would be usable in a Japanese environment, a developer has to keep these complexities in mind to ensure that the proper character encodings are used.

- Storage for a character can be up to six bytes

- Most Japanese multibyte characters appear twice as wide as single-byte characters. These characters are called "zen-kaku" in Japanese, which means "full width". Other, narrower, characters are called "han-kaku", which means "half width". The graphical properties of the characters, however, depends upon the type faces used to display them.

- Some character encodings use shift(escape) sequences defined in ISO-2022 to switch the code map of the specific code area (`00h` to `7fh`).

- ISO-2022-JP should be used in SMTP/NNTP, and headers and entities should be reencoded as per RFC requirements. Although those are not requisites, it's still a good idea because several popular user agents cannot recognize any other encoding methods.

- Web pages created for mobile phone services such as i-mode, Vodafone live!, or EZweb are supposed to use Shift_JIS.

# References

Multibyte character encoding schemes and their related issues are fairly complicated, and are beyond the scope of this documentation. Please refer to the following URLs and other resources for further information regarding these topics.

- Unicode materials

  http://www.unicode.org/

- Japanese/Korean/Chinese character information

  http://examples.oreilly.com/cjkvinfo/doc/cjk.inf

# Summaries of supported encodings

Summaries of supported encodings

Name in the IANA character set registry: ISO-10646-UCS-4

Underlying character set: ISO 10646

Description: The Universal Character Set with 31-bit code space, standardized as UCS-4 by ISO/IEC 10646. It is kept synchronized with the latest version of the Unicode code map.

Additional note: If this name is used in the encoding conversion facility, the converter attempts to identify by the preceding BOM (byte order mark)in which endian the subsequent bytes are represented.

Name in the IANA character set registry: ISO-10646-UCS-4

Underlying character set: UCS-4

Description: See above.

Additional note: In contrast to `UCS-4`, strings are always assumed to be in big endian form.

Name in the IANA character set registry: ISO-10646-UCS-4

Underlying character set: UCS-4

Description: See above.

Additional note: In contrast to `UCS-4`, strings are always assumed to be in little endian form.

Name in the IANA character set registry: ISO-10646-UCS-2

Underlying character set: UCS-2

Description: The Universal Character Set with 16-bit code space, standardized as UCS-2 by ISO/IEC 10646. It is kept synchronized with the latest version of the unicode code map.

Additional note: If this name is used in the encoding conversion facility, the converter attempts to identify by the preceding BOM (byte order mark)in which endian the subsequent bytes are represented.

Name in the IANA character set registry: ISO-10646-UCS-2

Underlying character set: UCS-2

Description: See above.

Additional note: In contrast to `UCS-2`, strings are always assumed to be in big endian form.

Name in the IANA character set registry: ISO-10646-UCS-2

Underlying character set: UCS-2

Description: See above.

Additional note: In contrast to `UCS-2`, strings are always assumed to be in little endian form.

Name in the IANA character set registry: UTF-32

Underlying character set: Unicode

Description: Unicode Transformation Format of 32-bit unit width, whose encoding space refers to the Unicode's codeset standard. This encoding scheme wasn't identical to UCS-4 because the code space of Unicode were limited to a 21-bit value.

Additional note: If this name is used in the encoding conversion facility, the converter attempts to identify by the preceding BOM (byte order mark)in which endian the subsequent bytes are represented.

Name in the IANA character set registry: UTF-32BE

Underlying character set: Unicode

Description: See above

Additional note: In contrast to `UTF-32`, strings are always assumed to be in big endian form.

Name in the IANA character set registry: UTF-32LE

Underlying character set: Unicode

Description: See above

Additional note: In contrast to `UTF-32`, strings are always assumed to be in little endian form.

Name in the IANA character set registry: UTF-16

Underlying character set: Unicode

Description: Unicode Transformation Format of 16-bit unit width. It's worth a note that UTF-16 is no longer the same specification as UCS-2 because the surrogate mechanism has been introduced since Unicode 2.0 and UTF-16 now refers to a 21-bit code space.

Additional note: If this name is used in the encoding conversion facility, the converter attempts to identify by the preceding BOM (byte order mark)in which endian the subsequent bytes are represented.

Name in the IANA character set registry: UTF-16BE

Underlying character set: Unicode

Description: See above.

Additional note: In contrast to `UTF-16`, strings are always assumed to be in big endian form.

Name in the IANA character set registry: UTF-16LE

Underlying character set: Unicode

Description: See above.

Additional note: In contrast to `UTF-16`, strings are always assumed to be in little endian form.

Name in the IANA character set registry: UTF-8

Underlying character set: Unicode / UCS

Description: Unicode Transformation Format of 8-bit unit width.

Additional note: none

Name in the IANA character set registry: UTF-7

Underlying character set: Unicode

Description: A mail-safe transformation format of Unicode, specified in RFC2152.

Additional note: none

Name in the IANA character set registry: (none)

Underlying character set: Unicode

Description: A variant of UTF-7 which is specialized for use in the IMAP protocol.

Additional note: none

Name in the IANA character set registry: US-ASCII (preferred MIME name) / iso-ir-6 / ANSI_X3.4-1986 / ISO_646.irv:1991 / ASCII / ISO646-US / us / IBM367 / CP367 / csASCII

Underlying character set: ASCII / ISO 646

Description: American Standard Code for Information Interchange is a commonly-used 7-bit encoding. Also standardized as an international standard, ISO 646.

Additional note: (none)

Name in the IANA character set registry: EUC-JP (preferred MIME name) / Extended_UNIX_Code_Packed_Format_for_Japanese / csEUCPkdFmtJapanese

Underlying character set: Compound of US-ASCII / JIS X0201:1997 (hankaku kana part) / JIS X0208:1990 / JIS X0212:1990

Description: As you see the name is derived from an abbreviation of Extended UNIX Code Packed Format for Japanese, this encoding is mostly used on UNIX or alike platforms. The original encoding scheme, Extended UNIX Code, is designed on the basis of ISO 2022.

Additional note: The character set referred to by EUC-JP is different to IBM932 / CP932, which are used by OS/2® and Microsoft® Windows®. For information interchange with those platforms, use EUCJP-WIN instead.

Name in the IANA character set registry: Shift_JIS (preferred MIME name) / MS_Kanji / csShift_JIS

Underlying character set: Compound of JIS X0201:1997 / JIS X0208:1997

Description: Shift_JIS was developed in early 80's, at the time personal Japanese word processors were brought into the market, in order to maintain compatiblities with the legacy encoding scheme JIS X 0201:1976. According to the IANA definition the codeset of Shift_JIS is slightly different to IBM932 / CP932. However, the names "SJIS" / "Shift_JIS" are often wrongly used to refer to these codesets.

Additional note: For the CP932 codemap, use SJIS-WIN instead.

Name in the IANA character set registry: (none)

Underlying character set: Compound of JIS X0201:1997 / JIS X0208:1997 / IBM extensions / NEC extensions

Description: While this "encoding" uses the same encoding scheme as EUC-JP, the underlying character set is different. That is, some code points map to different characters than EUC-JP.

Additional note: none

Name in the IANA character set registry: Windows-31J / csWindows31J

Underlying character set: Compound of JIS X0201:1997 / JIS X0208:1997 / IBM extensions / NEC extensions

Description: While this "encoding" uses the same encoding scheme as Shift_JIS, the underlying character set is different. That means some code points map to different characters than Shift_JIS.

Additional note: (none)

Name in the IANA character set registry: ISO-2022-JP (preferred MIME name) / csISO2022JP

Underlying character set: US-ASCII / JIS X0201:1976 / JIS X0208:1978 / JIS X0208:1983

Description: RFC1468

Additional note: (none)

Name in the IANA character set registry: JIS

Underlying character set:

Description:

Additional note:

Name in the IANA character set registry: ISO-8859-1

Underlying character set:

Description:

Additional note:

Name in the IANA character set registry: ISO-8859-2

Underlying character set:

Description:

Additional note:

Name in the IANA character set registry: ISO-8859-3

Underlying character set:

Description:

Additional note:

Name in the IANA character set registry: ISO-8859-4

Underlying character set:

Description:

Additional note:

Name in the IANA character set registry: ISO-8859-5

Underlying character set:

Description:

Additional note:

Name in the IANA character set registry: ISO-8859-6

Underlying character set:

Description:

Additional note:

Name in the IANA character set registry: ISO-8859-7

Underlying character set:

Description:

Additional note:

Name in the IANA character set registry: ISO-8859-8

Underlying character set:

Description:

Additional note:

Name in the IANA character set registry: ISO-8859-9

Underlying character set:

Description:

Additional note:

Name in the IANA character set registry: ISO-8859-10

Underlying character set:

Description:

Additional note:

Name in the IANA character set registry: ISO-8859-13

Underlying character set:

Description:

Additional note:

Name in the IANA character set registry: ISO-8859-14

Underlying character set:

Description:

Additional note:

Name in the IANA character set registry: ISO-8859-15

Underlying character set:

Description:

Additional note:

Name in the IANA character set registry: byte2be

Underlying character set:

Description:

Additional note:

Name in the IANA character set registry: byte2le

Underlying character set:

Description:

Additional note:

Name in the IANA character set registry: byte4be

Underlying character set:

Description:

Additional note:

Name in the IANA character set registry: byte4le

Underlying character set:

Description:

Additional note:

Name in the IANA character set registry: BASE64

Underlying character set:

Description:

Additional note:

Name in the IANA character set registry: HTML-ENTITIES

Underlying character set:

Description:

Additional note:

Name in the IANA character set registry: 7bit

Underlying character set:

Description:

Additional note:

Name in the IANA character set registry: 8bit

Underlying character set:

Description:

Additional note:

Name in the IANA character set registry: EUC-CN

Underlying character set:

Description:

Additional note:

Name in the IANA character set registry: CP936

Underlying character set:

Description:

Additional note:

Name in the IANA character set registry: HZ

Underlying character set:

Description:

Additional note:

Name in the IANA character set registry: EUC-TW

Underlying character set:

Description:

Additional note:

Name in the IANA character set registry: CP950

Underlying character set:

Description:

Additional note:

Name in the IANA character set registry: BIG-5

Underlying character set:

Description:

Additional note:

Name in the IANA character set registry: EUC-KR

Underlying character set:

Description:

Additional note:

Name in the IANA character set registry: UHC (CP949)

Underlying character set:

Description:

Additional note:

Name in the IANA character set registry: ISO-2022-KR

Underlying character set:

Description:

Additional note:

Name in the IANA character set registry: Windows-1251 (CP1251)

Underlying character set:

Description:

Additional note:

Name in the IANA character set registry: Windows-1252 (CP1252)

Underlying character set:

Description:

Additional note:

Name in the IANA character set registry: CP866 (IBM866)

Underlying character set:

Description:

Additional note:

Name in the IANA character set registry: KOI8-R

Underlying character set:

Description:

Additional note:

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