# GNU Solfege 3.10.3 User Manual

### Tom Cato Amundsen

`<tca@gnu.org>`

Copyright © 2005 Tom Eykens

Copyright © 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008 Tom Cato Amundsen

Copyright © 2007 Elias Dorneles da Silveira Junior (eliasdorneles@gmail.com)

Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. The full text of the License is available in Apêndice A, GNU General Public License version 3 .

Lista de Figuras

3.1.
3.2.
3.3.
3.4.
3.5.
3.6.
3.7.
3.8.
3.9.
3.10.
3.11.
3.12.

## Capítulo 1. Introduction

## About the manual

This user guide is available from inside GNU Solfege on the Help menu. The html viewer included in the program is limited in several ways, for example when it comes to CSS style sheets, so you might want to view it in a real web browser. You can find the install directory of the user manual from File locations on the Help menu.

## Bugs

Report bugs to the bug tracker at http://bugs.solfege.org. Alternately, you can send an email to `<bug-solfege@gnu.org>`. General questions and patches should be sent to `<solfege-devel@lists.sourceforge.net>`.

Por favor, faça seu relatório de bug detalhadamente. ''Estou obtendo uma mensagem de erro numa janela quando tento iniciar o programa'' não é útil para mim. Quando relatar bugs:

- Tell me what version of Solfege you run. Please check if a newer release is available. If you only want to run stable releases, then you don't have to test newer development releases.

- Qual sistema operacional você está rodando? Versão?

- Descreva exatamente o que você está fazendo quando o erro acontece.

- Envie uma cópia exata das mensagens de erro. Elas fazem sentido para o autor do Solfege mesmo se você achar que elas são criptografadas.

## Recursos online

A página web de Solfege é http://www.solfege.org. Há também uma página menor com mais informação estática em http://www.gnu.org/software/solfege/.

### Download Solfege

O código fonte está disponível em http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/solfege. Se você é aventureiro, você pode tentar as versões instáveis (com bugs, mas podendo conter novas características) em http://alpha.gnu.org/gnu/solfege. Estas versões podem conter mais bugs, mas você tem a chance de testar novas funcionalidades e encontrar e relatar erros.

Código fonte e alguns binários pré-compilados estão disponíveis em http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=1465.

Se você usa Debian pode `apt-get install solfege` para baixar e instalar o programa.

### Listas de email

#### `<solfege-announce@lists.sourceforge.net>`

Baixa atividade, moderada e será usada para anunciar lançamentos estáveis do Solfege. (Inscrição | Arquivo)

#### `<solfege-devel@lists.sourceforge.net>`

Se quiser relatar problemas instalando ou rodando Solfege, ou tem questões, comentários ou idéias para melhorar Solfege, favor escrever para esta lista em vez de usar o fórum de mensagens do Sourceforge ou o autor diretamente. Você pode escrever para solfege-devel sem se inscrever. (Inscrição | Arquivo)

#### `<bug-solfege@gnu.org>`

O endereço padrão GNU para enviar relatório de bugs. Esta lista está atualmente redirecionada para `<solfege-devel@lists.sourceforge.net>`

## Janela de preferências

### Midi

#### Tempo

Selecionar o tempo (batidas por minuto) para a música e os arpejos

#### Instrumento preferido

Selecionar o instrumento midi e a velocidade (volume de cada nota).

#### Instrumentos de cordas

Solfege pode usar três instrumentos diferentes quando tocando acordes. Um para a nota mais alta, outro para as notas do meio e outro para as notas do baixo. Isto pode ser de ajuda se você achar difícil ouvir notas individuais em acordes.

#### Preferred percussion instruments

Set the percussion instrument used for count-in before rhythm questions, and the instrument used to play the question.

### Usuário

Solfege usa essas informações em alguns exercícios onde o usuário deve cantar.

#### Nota mais baixa/mais alta que o usuário pode cantar

These spin buttons tell Solfege the highest and lowest tone the user can sing. These values are only considered advisory by the program. If for example the values are set to `c` to `c'` and you have configured the program to ask you to sing small and large decims, you will have to sing tones outside this range.

#### Sexo

Solfege precisa saber se o usuário é homem ou mulher quando cria algumas questões onde o usuário cantará a resposta. Isto é porque a voz masculina soa uma oitava mais baixo que a voz feminina.

### Programas externos

#### Convertors

Give command lines that can convert between different audio formats. `%(in)s` will be replaced with the name of the file we convert from, and `%(out)s` with the name we convert to. It is not necessary to enter `%(out)s` if the program automatically saved to a new file with the correct file extention.

#### Audio players

Command lines that can play different audio formats. `%s` will be replaced with the name of the file to be played. The file name will be appended to the end of the string if you do not include a `%s`.

#### Outros

"Mail program" defines the command that starts the mail program when you click on email addresses in the user manual.

### Interface

Janela principal redimensionável: permite que o usuário redimensione a janela principal do Solfege.

Modo expert: permite ao usuário selecionar quais questões dos arquivos de lição praticar. Nenhuma estatístia é armazenada no ''modo expert''.

Escolher idioma: Você pode manualmente escolher o idioma se quiser, se Solfege não detectar coretamente, ou se você quer rodar o Solfege com um idioma diferente que o do seu sistema operacional

### Praticar

Não permitir nova pergunta antes que a anterior seja respondida: desabilita o botão 'Novo' até que a pergunta seja respondida corretamente ou o usuário clique em 'Resposta'

Repete a pergunta se a resposta estava errada: Toca o som novamente quando o usuário dá uma resposta incorreta.

Expert mode: On many exercises, you will be able to select to practise only a subset of the questions in the lesson file.

### Áudio

#### Midi

Há três maneiras de tocar som:

Sem som:

  Use este para depuração ou quando estiver portando Solfege. Nenhum som é tocado, os eventos midi são mostrados na saída padrão.

Usar dispositivo

  A melhor escolhe é geralmente `/dev/music` porque tem o melhor suporte para instrumento de percussão. `/dev/sequencer2` é geralmente um link simbólico para `/dev/music`. Se seu sistema não possui `/dev/music`, você pode criá-lo com o seguinte comando com root (se você roda o kernel linux versão 2.2 ou posterior):

  cd /dev mknod music u 14 8

Usar tocador midi externo:

  Isto pode ser útil para portar para sistemas que não usam OSS, ou se você tem um mau sintetizador midi na sua placa de som e quer usar timidity.

##### Opções extras

Selecione o botão ''Minha placa de som é Sound Blaster AWE32, AWE64 ou pnp32'' se você quer este tipo de placa de som. Isto o dará sua percussão real no exercício de ritmos. Ainda é necessário precisa ser adicionado para outras placas de som. Esta opção é somente necessária se você usar `/dev/sequencer` para tocar sons midi.

## Training set editor

The training set editor let you create MIDI/WAV/MP3/OGG files of questions so that you can upload them to your pda, cell phone or MP3 player. A solution sheet will be generated for you to print out. Then you can let the MP3 player play the tracks by random order, and you can use the solution sheet to check if you recognised the music correctly.

You use the training set editor to define which exercises to generate. You can save your definition in a file for later use. Each time you click Export a new set of files are generated in a directory of your choice. You have to manually upload the generated sound files to you mobile device.

The program let you generate questions from as many lesson files as you like, but the most typical usage would be to generate lots of questions from just a single, or just a few files.

The programs used to convert between the different file formats are defined in Gui page of the preferences window. Please check the definitions there if you have problems converting the MIDI files to WAV, MP3 or OGG format.

Table headings explained

Count

  The number of questions to generate from the lesson file.

Repeat

  The number of times to repeat each question.

Delay

  How long delay it will be between the questions. Measured in the length of quarter-notes.

## Ear training test print-out editor

This tool is available on the File menu. Use it to create ear traing tests to print out on paper. Solfege will generate two versions of the document: one for the students to complete, and one with the correct answer already written.

The Add button will pop up a menu with all exercises from the active learning tree that this tool can create exercises from. When writing this, the exercise modules idbyname, melodicinterval and harmonicinterval. From lesson files written for the `idbyname` module, only chord, rvoice and voice music objects are supported.

## Capítulo 2. Seções de ajuda para os exercícios

##

## Intervalo harmônico

This exercise is one of the exercises you can use to practise intervals. The concept is pretty simple: You press the New interval button to play a random interval, and then you should tell what interval it was.

Se você está usando a interface de botões, então você pode clicar com o direito nos botões para ouvir o intervalo que eles representam.

### Configuração

Na página de configuração do exercício, há uma caixa onde você pode escolher maneiras diferentes de responder a questão. Atualmente há um piano, guitarra, baixo e alguns tipode de acordeão em adição à interface padrão de botões. Abaixo está uma screenshot mostrando a interface piano.

### Atalhos de Teclado

- Novo intervalo: Alt-n

- Repetir: Alt-r

- Repetir melódico: Alt-m

- Resposta: Alt-g

Segunda menor: 1 | Quarta justa: 2 | Sexta maior: 3 | Nona menor: 4
Segunda maior: q | Tritone: w | Sétima menor: e | Nona maior: r
Terça menor: a | Perfect fifth: s | Sétia maior: d | Décima menor: f
Terça maior: z | Sexta menor: x | Oitava perfeita: c | Décima maior: v

## Intervalo melódico

Este exercício cria intervalos aleatórios e você deve tenmtar identificá-los

Se você está usando a interface de botões, então você pode clicar com o direito nos botões para ouvir o intervalo que eles representam.

### Configuração

Na página de configuração do exercício, há uma caixa onde você pode escolher maneiras diferentes de responder a questão. Atualmente há um piano, guitarra, baixo e alguns tipode de acordeão em adição à interface padrão de botões. Abaixo está uma screenshot mostrando a interface piano.

### Atalhos de Teclado

- Nova questão: Alt-n

- Repetir: Alt-r

- Resposta: Alt-g

Segunda menor: 1 | Quarta justa: 2 | Sexta maior: 3 | Nona menor: 4
Segunda maior: q | Tritone: w | Sétima menor: e | Nona maior: r
Terça menor: a | Perfect fifth: s | Sétia maior: d | Décima menor: f
Terça maior: z | Sexta menor: x | Oitava perfeita: c | Décima maior: v

## Cantar intervalo

Neste exercício, Solfege mostrará um ou mais intervalos, e você deve cantá-los. Infelizmente, ainda não é possível cantar em um microfone e deixar Solfege decidir se você cantou correto, então você deve decidir sozinho se está correto ou errado.

### Configurar

O programa tentará fazer as questões onde todas as notas estão dentro da faixa que o usuário consegue cantar, como configurado na janela de preferências. Às vezes, não é possível manter a questão dentro desta faixa, por exemplo, quando o exercício está configurado para criar muitos intervalos onde todos os intervalos sobem.

### Atalhos de Teclado

- Novo intervalo: Alt-n

- Novo intervalo, último estava correto: Alt-n

- Novo interval, último estava errado: Alt-w

- Repetir primeira nota: Alt-r

- Tocar nota: Alt-p

- Tocar última nota: Alt-l

## identificar o acorde

O propósito deste exercício é identificar o acorde sendo tocado.

Comece o exercício pressionando Novo. Solfege então tocará um acorde, e você deve identificá-lo clicando em um dos botões abaixo da pauta vazia.

Se você acertar, o programa mostrará o acorde na pauta e mostrará a mensagem "Correto" na barra de estados.

Se você errar, a mensagem "Errado" será mostrada na barra de status.

### Atalhos de Teclado

- Novo acorde: Alt-n

- Repetir: Alt-r

- Repetir arpejo: Alt-a

- Resposta: Alt-g

## Identify the cadense

Identify the cadence by clicking on the button with its name. As acknowledged in bug #5 we need cadence exercises in Solfege.

In this release of Solfege, we only have one exercise with cadenses in major. In this exercise, a major scale is played to establish the tonic. Maybe this is too little? Do we need a complete I-IV-V-I before the question? Or maybe it is better to write real music that ends in the cadence we want to practise? This are things we need to descide before we release 3.12.0. Comments and music can be added to bug #5.

## identificar o acorde

Esta página é uma página de ajuda genérica para todos os exercícios escritos usando o módulo de exercícios `chord`. Estes exercícios podem perguntar o usuário por três coisas: tipos de acorde, inversão e nota mais aguda. A idéia é que você responda em três passos:

- Identificar o tipo de acorde

- Qual é a inversão?

- Qual nota é a mais alta no acorde?

É importante que você tome tempo, talvez cantar o acorde e identificar o tipo de acorde antes de tentar encontrar a inversão.

Note que é também possível que um exercício somente pergunte pelo tipo de acorde e inversão, ou mesmo somente a inversão e a nota mais aguda.

### Atalhos de Teclado

- Novo acorde: Alt-n

- Repetir: Alt-r

- Repetir arpejo: Alt-a

- Resposta: Alt-g

## Multiple choice answers to music

This page is a generic help page for all exercises written using the `idproperty` exercise module. Exercises will typically write more specialized help text than this.

The screenshot above show one example of how an exercise can look like.

The exercise will display a question and play some music, and you have to select one answer from each column in the table of buttons. When you select the correct answer in a column, the label will turn bold, and the message "Correct" will be flashed in the status bar.

The exercise will have a Repeat arpeggio if one or more of the questions is of a type the program can play arpeggiated.

### Atalhos de Teclado

- Novo acorde: Alt-n

- Repetir: Alt-r

- Repetir arpejo: Alt-a

- Resposta: Alt-g

## Cantar acorde

Se você está conduzindo um coral, você tem que cantar as notas iniciais para três vozes diferentes, e se você não tem um piano perto, você tem que usar um diapasão. Se você for homem, cantará as notas para as mulheres, uma oitava abaixo, e visa versa.

O programa tocará a nota Lá (440 Hz) para você, e mostrará um acorde que você precisa cantar. Solfege ainda não tem suporte para um microfone, então você terá que decidir sozinho se sua resposta está correta ou não.

### Atalhos de Teclado

- Novo: Alt-n

- 440hz: Alt-z

- Repetir resposta: Alt-p

## Ritmo

O programa toca um ritmo gerado aleatoriamente, e o usuário deve reproduzir o ritmo. O usuário entra o ritmo clicando nos botões representando elementos rítmicos diferentes.

Quando você entrar elementos rítmicos o bastante, Solfege checará sua resposta. Se tudo estiver correto, ele mostrará uma carinha feliz, senão uma carinha triste, e os ritmos errados serão marcados.

Se algo da sua resposta estava errado, tudo desde o primeiro elemento errado será removido (preservando qualquer ritmos corretos no início da sua resposta) quando você clica na carinha triste, ou quando você clica nos botões rítmicos no topo da página.

Você pode clicar no botão 'Tocar' para ouvir sua sugestão.

As questões feitas por este exercício estão atualmente selecionando elementos rítmicos aleatoriamente. Esta não é a melhor maneira de fazer isso, e esperamos que uma maneira mais inteligente de gerar questões seja feita em alguma versão posterior.

### Atalhos de Teclado

- Novo: Alt-n

- Repetir: Alt-r

- Resposta: Alt-g

- Voltar: Backspace

## Tap the rhythm

The program will play a randomly generated rhythm, and the user should reproduce the rhythm. The user enters the rhythm by tapping on the button labeled Tap here.

## Dicção

Este exercício é chamado o exercício de dicção, mas se os arquivos de lição necessários são escritos, ele pode ser usado de várias maneiras:

- Você pode deixar Solfege tocar alguma música para você que deve escrevê-la no papel. Clique nos botões com uma semínima para repetir partes menores da música. Você tem que clicar no botão 'Mostrar' e checar suas notas por si mesmo para ver se cometeu algum erro.

- You can use this exercise to practise sight singing: When you start the exercise, press Show and then try to sing the music. Then you can use the Play the whole music button or the quarter note buttons to let the program play the music. You have to decide yourself if you think you succeded.

### Atalhos de Teclado

- Tocar a música inteira: Alt-p

- Mostrar: Alt-s

## Escalas

Escalas são um assunto complexo. Por exemplo o lídio grego (C-D-E-F-G-A-B-C) é diferente do lídio medieval e moderno (C-D-E-F#-G-A-B-C). Você pode ler sobre todas as escalas usadas no GNU Solfege aqui.

Solfege tem três variantes de exercícios de escalas

- Solfege tocará uma escala, e você deve identificar a escala clicando no botão com o nome da escala.

- Solfege tocará uma escala, e você deve identificar a estrutura da escala. Você será apresentado a uma coleção de botões com números de '1', '2' e '3'. Estes números representam os intervalos segunda menor, segunda maior e terça menor que estão entre as notas da escala.

- Solfege tocará uma escala, e você deve identificar o grau. Por exemplo, Solfege pode pegar a escala natural menor e tocá-la a partir de qualquer uma das notas da escala, e você precisa dizer de qual nota começou.

### Atalhos de Teclado

- Novo: Alt-n

- Repetir: Alt-r

- Repetir devagar: Alt-s

- Resposta: Alt-g

## Entonação

In this exercise, Solfege will play a interval, and you should tell how the interval is intonated. You do this by clicking on one of the buttons labeled 'too small', 'pure' or 'too large'. It is also possible that one of these three buttons are missing.

### Atalhos de Teclado

- Novo: Alt-n

- Repetir: Alt-r

- Resposta: Alt-g

- Mostrar: Alt-s

## Identificar a nota

Este é um exercício combinado de memorizar notas e intervalos. Algumas pessoas acreditam que este tipo de exercício pode dar a você a perfeita afinação (afinação absoluta), mas eu não acredito.

O básico é: o programa toca uma nota e você precisa identificá-la comparando com a última nota tocada por você.

Para começar, o programa tocará uma nota e mostrará seu nome na barra de estados. Você identifica as notas clicando no teclado de piano ou usando os atalhos de teclado que são as letras escritas em cada tecla.

Clique com o direito nas teclas do piano para ouvir uma nota sem realmente adivinhá-la. (Alguns vão chamar isto de burlar...)

### Configuração manual

You can configure the `idbyname` exercise as you like if you select Misc → Configure yourself → Id tone.

Há varias maneiras que você pode fazer este exercício. Pessoalmente, eu não uso este exercício muito, e as seções abaixo são somente sugestões.

#### Nota por nota.

Start with only the notes c-d-e at weight 1. When your score is at least 96% correct, you add the tone f and continue. The menu Misc → Identify tone, has exercises that will add one and one tone until you practise with all 12 tones.

#### Heavy A

'Heavy A' describes another way to practise. It requires that you select Misc → Configure yourself → Id tone.

Configure with the tone a at weight 11 (or higher) and the rest of the tones at weight 1. This way the program will play the tone a very often, so you will remember the tone, and then you use a as a reference tone to identify the other tones. When you have practised a while, you can reduce the weight of a to make the exercise harder.

#### Configurar

No topo da página de configuração, você diz ao programa quão importante as notas diferentes são. Se você por exemplo der à nota 11 pontos e à pausa 1 ponto cada, então (11+11*1)/11*100 = 50% das notas aleatórias serão um a.

Abaixo você escolhe quais oitavas as notas aleatórias podem ser tiradas.

Então você pode escolher se Solfege deve dar a você uma nova questão automaticamente quando você tiver resolvido a anterior.

No quadro abaixo você pode escolher algumas opções auto-explicativas sobre o que acontece se você responde errado.

The keyboard shortcuts can be configured from config file. You can find its location from Help → File locations.

## Batidas por minuto

O programa tocará um tempo, como um metrônomo. Você deve tentar adivinhar quantas batidas por minuto são tocadas. Cada botão representa um tempo, e o programa tocará somente em tempos que tem um botão com texto negrito. Clique com o direito em botões que mudam o estado de um tempo.

Nota: o ritmo depende da função `gtk timeout_add` para tocar o ritmo, então não é muito preciso.

### Atalhos de Teclado

- Novo tempo: Alt-n

- Resposta: Alt-g

## Cantar 12 notas aleatórias

Neste exercício, o programa mostrará todas as 12 notas na escala em uma ordem aleatória e tocar a primeira. Então você deve cantar todas as notas e ver se a última nota está certa. Então isso é mais semelhante a um exame de canto e leitura do que um exercício de aprender a cantar intervalos.

### Atalhos de Teclado

- Novo: Alt-n

- Tocar primeira nota: Alt-p

- Tocar última nota: Alt-l

- Tocar todas: Alt-a

## Nome de intervalos

Neste exercício, Solfege mostrará e tocará um intervalo, e você deve identificar o intervalo. Este é um exercício de teoria musical, e não um exercício de treino de audição. Para aprender a nomear intervalos, você deve ler “Intervals”.

Identifique o intervalo clicando no botão dizendo o nome específico e o nome genérico.

## Dicção de progressão harmônica

Neste exercício, Solfege tocará alguma música, e deve precisar clicar nos botões para construir uma representação das progressões harmônicas no exercício.

## Capítulo 3. Music theory

## Scales

Davide Bonetti has contributed a large set of scale exercises and some pages describing all the scales. You can see the pages here.

## Intervals

In music theory we use the word interval when we talk about the pitch difference between two notes. We call them harmonic intervals if two tones sound simultaneosly and melodic intervals if they sound successively.

Interval names consist of two parts. Some examples are "major third" and "perfect fifth". In Walter Pistons "Harmony" the two parts are called the specific name and the general name part. Wikipedia talk about interval quality and interval number. I have seen people talk about an intervals numerical size.

You find the general name by counting the steps on the staff, ignoring any accidentals. So if the inteval you want to name goes from E to G#, then we count to 3 (E F G) and see that the general name is third.

The specific name say the exact size of the interval. Unisons, fourths, fifths and octaves can be diminished, pure or augmented. Seconds, thirds, sixths and sevenths can be minor, major, diminished or augmented. A minor interval is one semitone smaller than a major interval. A diminished interval is one semitone smaller than a pure or a minor interval, and a augmented interval is one semitone larger than a pure or major interval.

Accidentals change the size of intervals. The interval becomes one semitone larger if you add a sharp to the highest tone or a flat to the lowest tone. And it becomes one semitone smaller if you add a flat to the highest tone or a sharp to the lowest tone. In the following sections naming of the intervals will be shown in greater detail.

### Seconds

Seconds are easy to recognise: the two notes are neighbours on the staff. One note is on a staff line, and the other one is in the space above or below. A minor second is one semitone step, also called a half step. A major second is two semitone steps, also called a whole step.

To learn to identify seconds, you first have to learn which seconds there are between the natural tones. As you can see in Figura 3.1, “”, only the intervals E-F and B-C are minor seconds. The rest are major intervals. You can check that Figura 3.1, “” is correct by looking at a piano. You will see that there are no black keys between E and F and between B and C.

Figura 3.1.

If the second has accidentals, then we have to examine them to find out how they change the size of the interval. Let us identify a few intervals!

Figura 3.2.

We remove the accidental from the interval in Figura 3.2, “” and see that the interval F-G is a major second. When we add the flat to the highest tone, the interval becomes one semitone smaller, and becomes a minor second.

Figura 3.3.

We remove the accidentals, and see that the interval A-B is a major second. You still do remember Figura 3.1, “”, don't you? Then we add the flat to the A, and the interval become a augmented second. And when we add the flat to the B, and the interval becomes a major second.

Figura 3.4.

We remove the accidentals, and see that the interval E-F is a minor second. When we add a flat to the lowest tone, the interval becomes one semitone larger, and becomes a major second. And when we add a sharp to the highest tone, the interval becomes one semitone larger, and becomes an augmented second.

### Thirds

A minor third is one minor and one major second, or three semitones. A major third are two major seconds, or four semitone steps. Figura 3.5, “” show the thirds between all the natural tones. You should memorise the major intervals, C-E, F-A and G-B. Then you know that the other four intervals are minor.

Figura 3.5.

Then you examine the accidentals to see if they change the specific name. This is done exactly the same way as for seconds.

### Fourth

A pure fourth is 2½ steps, or two major seconds and a minor second. Figura 3.6, “” show all fourths between natural tones. You should memorise that the fourth F-B is augmented, and that the other six are pure.

Figura 3.6.

### Fifth

A pure fifth is 3½ steps, or three major seconds and a minor second. Figura 3.7, “” show all fifths between natural tones. You should remember that all those intervals are pure, except B-F that is diminished.

Figura 3.7.

If the interval has accidentals, then we must examine them to see how they change the size of the interval. A diminished fifth is one semitone smaller than a pure interval, and a augmented fifth is one semitone larger. Below you will find a few examples:

Figura 3.8.

We remember from Figura 3.7, “” that the interval B-F is a diminished fifth. The lowest tone in Figura 3.8, “” is preceded by a flat that makes the interval one semitone larger and changes the interval from a diminished to a pure fifth.

Figura 3.9.

We know from Figura 3.7, “” that interval E-B is a perfect fifth. In Figura 3.9, “” the E has a flat in front of it, making the interval augmented. But then the B is preceded by a doble flat that makes the interval two semitone steps smaller and changes the interval to a diminished fifth.

### Sixths

Sixths are easiest identified by inverting the interval and identifying the third. Then the following rule apply:

- If the third is diminished, then the sixth is augmented

- If the third is minor, then the sixth is major

- If the third is major, then the sixth is minor

- If the third is augmented, then the sixth is diminished

If you find inverting intervals difficult, then you can memorise that the intervals E-C, A-F and B-G are minor. The other four are major. Then you examine the accidentals to see if they change the specific name. This is done exactly the same way as for seconds.

Figura 3.10.

### Sevenths

Sevenths are identified the same way as sixths. When you invert a seventh, you get a second.

If you find inverting intervals difficult, then you can memorise that the intervals C-B and F-E are major. The other five are minor. Then you examine the accidentals to see if they change the specific name. This is done exactly the same way as for seconds.

Figura 3.11.

## Inverting intervals

You invert an interval when you move the lowest tone of an interval one octave higher or the highest tone one octave lower. The general name changes this way:

- Second becomes seventh.

- Third becomes sixth.

- Forth becomes fifth.

- Fifth becomes fourth.

- Sixth becomes third.

- Seventh becomes second.

The specific name changes this way:

- Diminished becomes augmented.

- Minor becomes major.

- Perfect stays perfect.

- Major becomes minor.

- Augmented becomes diminished.

Below are two examples, a major third is inverted and becomes a minor sixth, and a minor seventh is inverted and becomes a major second.

Figura 3.12.

## Capítulo 4. Extending GNU Solfege

## Introduction

GNU Solfege is written so that it can easily be extended, even if you do not know any computer programming. The steps are:

- Create a lesson file.

- Create a learning tree for your own lesson file. You do this only once.

- Add the lesson file to the learning tree.

Read “Lesson files” for details on creating lesson files. The easiest way to get started is to take one of the existing lesson files, and modify it. Select File locations on the Help menu to find out where the included lesson files are stored, and where you should save the additional files you create. It is important to store the lesson files you create in the directory intended for user created lesson files, and not in the applications directory. This to avoid loosing files when you upgrade the program.

The file paths is not written here in the user manual because the file path depends on which operating system you run.

You create a learning tree by opening the learning tree editor. Select Learning tree from the Edit menu. Then click the New button and enter a file name. Solfege will suggest a directory to save learning trees, and unless you a good reason to do so, I suggest you save the file there. You can find the location of this directory in the File locations dialog.

Then you create a menu and a submenu with the learning tree editor, and finally adds the lesson file to the selected submenu by clicking the Add lesson button.

## Lesson files

In GNU Solfege, each exercise is created by a lesson file interpreted by one of the exercise modules.

Exercise modules

`harmonicintervals`

  Train harmonic intervals.

`melodicintervals`

  Train one or more melodic intervals.

`singinterval`

  This is an exercise where the program display an interval and play the first tone. Then the user should sing the interval, and then click a button to hear the correct answer. There is no microphone support yet.

`idbyname`

  This is a very generic exercise. In its most basic form, the program will play some sound, and you have to select among several buttons that in some way represents the music.

`chord`

  The chord module act as a specialized idbyname module. The difference is that with the chord module you can write lesson files where the user should tell what inversion the chord is in, and what the top tone is.

`chordvoicing`

  A two-step exercise. First you should identify the chord. Then you should stack the tones in the chord in the correct order.

`compareintervals`

  Solfege plays two intervals, and you should say which one is largest.

`rhythm`

  A simple rhythm exercise. Solfege will randomly generate rhythm patterns that the user should recreate by clicking on buttons.

`dictation`

`harmonicprogressiondictation`

`idtone`

`identifybpm`

`twelvetone`

`singchord`

### File encoding

Solfege by default expects the content of lesson files to be in UTF-8 encoding. Modern editors often let you specify the encoding in the "Save As" dialog. One example is gedit. Other programs, like vim and emacs let you specify the encoding inside the text file.

If this sounds complicated, you can safely ignore the whole encoding issue if you restrict yourself to use only standard ascii characters. That is only the letters a to z.

If you create lesson files with a different encoding, you have to declare the encoding in a special comment at the top of the file. This because Solfege and the tools used to translate Solfege cannot guess the encoding safely. We follow the same conventions as the Python language. See PEP-0263 for the details.

What you have to do is add a comment to one of the first two lines of the lesson file, where part of the line matches `coding=encoding` or `coding: encoding`. Extra characters on the line are ignored, so if you use the emacs or vim editors, you can conveniently tell the editor about the file encoding. The following example sets the charset to ISO 8859-1, a charset commonly used in many west-european languages:

    # -*- coding: iso-8859-1 -*-

Russians might want to use koi8-r:

    # -*- coding: koi8-r -*-

Same as above, but in a format that works with the vim:

    # vim: set fileencoding= koi8-r :

The program use the python libs to convert to unicode, so it should understand almost any encoding you can think of. If you see some characters are missing, for example when the name of questions are displayed on buttons, then most likely you have done something wrong with the encoding.

### Comments

Everything after # on a line is ignored. Example:

    # This line is ignored. The next line is not.
    question { bla bla }

### Types

#### Strings

Strings are quoted with the `"` character. Example:

    "this is a string"

Use tripple quotes for strings that contain line breaks, or if the string itself has to contain the `"` character:

    description = """<h1>Long desription<h1> This lessonfile need
    very much descriptions. Qoutes (") are ok here. bla bla bla"""

NB: All strings have to be unicode strings. If you get error messages like this one:

    In line 21 of input: does not recognise this string ';lt;' as a valid token.'
    (line 20): question {
    (line 21): question {
    (line 22):   name = _("Ionia�)

then you must check the encoding of your file, and maybe you should read “File encoding”. You can change the encoding of a file using the iconv program:

    iconv -f YOUR_ENCODING -t utf8 your.file

#### Tempo

The tempo of music is entered as `bpm/beatlen`. The following example will set the tempo to 120 beats per minute, each beat being a quarter note.

    tempo = 120/4

### Global variables

Global variables can save you a few key strokes.

    s = "\score\relative c'{ %s }
    question {
    # instead of music = music("\score\relative c'{ c d e f g2 g2 }")
    music = music(s % "c d e f g2 g")
    }

### Lesson file contents

A lesson file consist of one header block and zero or more question blocks:

    header {
     ASSIGNMENT
     ASSIGNMENT
     ...
    }
    question {
     ASSIGNMENT
     ...
    }

### Header block

The header block can be placed anywhere in the file, but by convention it should be the first block in the file.

Variables shared by many exercise modules

`module`

  Tell what execise module that will run the lesson file. This variable is requried for all lesson files. (The variable was added in Solfege 2.9.0 where it replaced the `content` variable.). Example:

      module = idbyname

`lesson_id`

  Each file need a unique identifier. The identifier can be any string you like, and if you don't add one, Solfege will add one for you. Solfege will also offer to create a new `lesson_id` if you have two files with identical `lesson_id`. Example:

      lesson_id = "5b30c9ae-09f1-40b3-9333-4789638dc851"

`version`

  Tell the version of solfege the lessonfile is known to work with. This variable is not required, but it should be used because it can (but don't guarantee to) help avoid trouble if the lesson file format changes in the future. Example:

      version = "3.0.7"

`title`

  Short one-line description that will be used for creating the menu entry for the exercise. You should add this to all lesson files. Example:

      title = "Minor and major chords in root position"

`lesson_heading`

  A short heading that will be displayed above the exercise. It should say what the purpose of the exercise is. Some modules provide a default value, others leave the string empty. Example:

      lesson_heading = _("Identify the chord")

`help`

  This variable say which help file from the user manual will be displayed when the user presses F1. Example:

      help = "idbyname-intonation"

  By default, Solfege will display the help file that has the same name as the exercise module being used in the lesson file.

`theory`

  This variable say which help file from the user manual will be displayed when the user presses F3. Pressing F3 should display music theory about the exercise. Don't include this variable if there are no music theory written. Example:

      theory = "scales/maj"

`random_transpose`

  In some exercises the program can transpose the music to create variation. The default value is `yes`. (The default value changed from `no` to `yes` in Solfege 3.0.)

  Used in modules: `chord`, `chordvoicing`, `harmonicprogressiondictation`, `idbyname`, `singanswer`, `singchord`

  Possible values

  random_transpose = no

    No transposition will be done.

  random_transpose = yes

    The exercise will do random transposition. What kind of transposition depends on the exercise, but you get a ok result from this. This is the default value.

  random_transpose = accidentals, INTEGER1, INTEGER2

    Transpose the question by random and make sure the key signature of the question does not get more than a certain number of accidentals. In this context, the number of accidentals can be described by an integer value. A negative value denote a number of flats (b), and a positive number denote a number o sharps (#). Zero mean no accidentals. The integers INTEGER1 and INTEGER2 defines a range of allowed number of accidentals.

    For this transposition mode to work properly, the music in the lessonfile has to be in the keys c major or a minor, or the question must have a `key` variable telling the key signature.

  random_transpose = key, INTEGER1, INTEGER2

    Transpose the music INTEGER1 steps down or INTEGER2 steps up the circle of fifth. In this context up is more sharps and down is more flats. This is real transposition where both the key and the notes are transposed.

  random_transpose = semitones, INTEGER1, INTEGER2

    Transpose the music at most INTEGER1 semitones down or INTEGER2 semitones up. This is real transposition where both the key and the notes are transposed. You will easily end up with music in the keys with LOTS of accidentals.

`enable_right_click = no`

  By default, Solfege will let the user right-click on buttons to hear the music they represent without guessing. Set this variable to `no` for lesson files where it does not make sense, for example in a `idbyname` lesson file where many questions have the same name.

  Modules: `idbyname`, `chordvoicing` and `chord`.

`disable_unused_intervals` `= no`

  By default, Solfege will make the buttons insensitive for intervals that are not being asked. Set this variable to `no` if you want all buttons to be sensitive.

  Modules: `harmonicinterval` and `melodicinterval`.

`ask_for_intervals_0`

  Select which intervals to ask for. 1 for minor second, 2 for major second, 3 or minor third etc. Use a negative number for descending intervals. To ask for more that one interval create the variables `ask_for_intervals_1`, `ask_for_intervals_2` etc. In the following example Solfege will ask for two intervals. The first will be either a minor second or a major second, both intervals going up. And the second interval will be either major second or minor third, both intervals going down.

      ask_for_intervals_0 = [1, 2]
      ask_for_intervals_1 = [-2, -3]

  Modules: `melodicinterval` and `singinterval`.

`intervals`

  This variable tell which intervals should be asked for in exercises using the `harmonicinterval` module. 1 for minor second, 2 for major second, 3 or minor third etc. Example that will practise thirds:

      intervals = [3, 4]

  Modules: `harmonicinterval`.

`test`

  This variable defines the test for the exercise. In a test, Solfege will ask all the questions in the lesson file a number of times. This variable is always used together with `test_requirement`. In the following example, each question will be asked 3 times:

      test = "3x"

  Modules: `harmonicinterval`, `idbyname`, `melodicinterval` and `singinterval`.

`test_requirement`

  This variable defines how large percentage of the questions has to be answered correctly to pass the test. Example:

      test_requirement = "90%"

  Modules: `harmonicinterval`, `idbyname`, `melodicinterval` and `singinterval`.

`have_repeat_arpeggio_button` `= yes`

  Set to `yes` if you want the exercise to have a "Repeat arpeggio" button.

  Modules: `singanswer`.

`have_music_displayer` `= yes`

  Set to `yes` if you want the question to have a music displayer.

  In the idbyname module, setting this variable will add a music displayer where the program will display the answer when the user gives up or answers the question correctly. You might also want to read about at_question_start.

  In the `singanswer` module, setting this variable will add a music displayer where the music will be displayed when the question is displayed.

  Modules: `idbyname`, `elembuilder` and `singanswer`.

`at_question_start` ``

  This variable changes what happens when the user clicks New. By default, Solfege will play the music when the user clicks New, and only display the music when the question is answered correctly and the `have_music_displayer` variable is set to `yes`. Setting this variable will also set `have_music_displayer` to `yes`.

  `at_question_start = show`

    The exercise will get a Play music button. When the user clicks New the music will be displayed in the music displayer, but no music is played. Click Play music to hear the music.

  `at_question_start = play`

    The exercise will get a Display music button. When the user clicks New the music is played. Click Display music to see the music.

  `at_question_start = show, play`

    When the user clicks New the music is both played and displayed.

  Modules: `idbyname`, `elembuilder` and `rhythmtapping2`.

`vmusic`

  This variable holds a representation of the question intended to be displayed. This can be necessary if the music is a .wav or .mp3 file. It will be used when the user clicks Show music or when the question is answered correctly (if we have a musicdisplayer). Added to `idbyname` in Solfege 2.5.1 and to `elembuilder` in 3.9.2.

  Modules: `idbyname` and `elembuilder`.

`rhythm_elements`

  A list of integers (1-34) telling what elementes we should use when creating questions. Example:

      rhythm_elements = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4

  0: , 1: , 2: , 3: , 4: , 5: , 6: , 7: , 8: , 9: , 10: , 11: , 12: , 13: , 14: , 15: , 16: , 17: , 18: , 19: , 20: , 21: , 22: , 23: , 24: , 25: , 26: , 27: , 28: , 29: , 30: , 31: , 32: , 33: , 34:

  Modules: `rhythm` and `rhythmtapping2`

#### Variables that has been obsoleted

`number_of_intervals = INTEGER`

  Made obsolete in Solfege 3.1.5. Solfege will find this number automatically now, so this variable is ignored.

### Question block

Variables you can define in the question block

`name`

  Questions written for the idbyname, elembuilder or the chord exercise modules need a name.

`music`

  For most lesson files the music representing the question is assigned to this variable. Note that there is a shortcut. Instead of:

      question {
        name = "Lisa gikk til skolen"
        music = music(...)"
      }

  you can write:

      question {
        name = "Lisa gikk til skolen"
        music(...)
      }

  Music objects are documented in “`music` objects”.

`tempo`

  Set the tempo for this questions music. The variable is defined "beats per minute" / "notelen per beat". Example:

      tempo = 150 / 4

  This variable can also be defined globally for the whole lesson file. Do do so you should put it in the beginning of the file, outside any question blocks.

  Modules: `idbyname`, `chord`, `chordvoicing` and `rhythmtapping`.

`instrument`

  By default, Solfege will use the instrument specified on the preferences window when playing questions. This variable let you select a different instrument. Example:

      instrument = "cello", 100

  The instrument name has to be quoted. The integer is the velocity of the tones, and it should be in the range 0-127. You can see a list of instrument names in “Midi instrument names”. For lesson files where it makes sense, it is possible to specify three set of instruments. The following example will play bass for the lowest tone, piano in the middle and clarinet on the top tone:

      instrument = "bass", 100, "acoustic grand", 100, "clarinet", 100

  This variable can also be defined globally for the whole lesson file. Do do so you should put it in the beginning of the file, outside any question blocks.

  Modules: `idbyname`, `chord`, `singanswer` and `chordvoicing`

`set`

  The set variable is used by some exercise modules to select which question to play when the user right clicks on one of the answer buttons. This can be useful if the lesson file has many questions with the same name, and you want solfege to play the question that is most closely related to the question being asked. You can assign whatever value you want. A good suggestion is to use integers.

  In lesson files that does not use the `set` variable, solfege will play the first question it can find with the same name as the button the user right clicks on.

  If the lesson file uses the `set`, or more precisely, if the question being asked has the variable defined, the program will first try to find a question where the `set` variable matches the question being asked, and the name matches the button clicked. If no match is found, the program will select a question to play as if the `set` variable was not used at all.

  Modules: `idbyname` and `chordvoicing`.

### `music` objects

Each question in your lesson files will define one or more `music` objects.

`music`

  This is music entered completely following the music format FIXME spec. This means you have to enter complete code with a `\staff` command. Example:

      variable = music("\staff\relative c' { c' d' }")

`chord`

  Enter the tones from the lowest to the highest tone, like this:

      variable = chord("c' e' g'")

`satb`

  This type of music is used by the singchord exercises. It let you say which tones of a chord the different voices in a choir will sing. Take this, for example:

      variable = satb("c''|e'|g|c")

  The `c''` will be sung by the soprano, `e'` by the alto, `g` by the tenor and `c` by the bass. Please notice that when this music is played in arpeggio, the tones to be sung by the women, will be played one octave deeper, of the user is a male. And vice versa if the user is a female or a child.

`voice`

  This musictype saves some key strokes if you want to enter a melody.

      variable = voice("c'4 c' g' g' | a' a' g'2")

  is the same as

      variable = music("\staff{ c'4 c' g' g' | a' a' g'2")

`rvoice`

  `rvoice` is similar to `voice` except that the music is in `\relative` mode, relative to the first tone. The following two statements produce the same music:

      variable = rvoice("c'4 c g' g | a a g2")
      \staff\relative c'{ c4 c g' g' | a a g2 }

`percussion`

  This music object provides a simple way to play rhythms with percussion instruments. Each tone represents a percussion instrument as defined in “Percussion instrument names”. In the following example, the tone c is translated to the midi sound Side Stick and d to a Mute triangle.

      variable = rhythm("d4 d d d c8 c8 c4")

`rhythm`

  This music object let you write questions that taps rhythms with the two instruments defined in the preferences window. The tone `c` will play the rhythm representing the question, and the tone `d` can be used if you want to write some sort of "count-in" before the question starts. Example:

      rhythm("d4 d d d c8 c8 c4 c c8 c8")

  You should only use two pitches, `c` and `d`. Other pitches will print a warning, but will still work in the current implementation. To play real percussion with many different instruments you should use the percussion music object.

`midifile`

  Play a midi file. The path given to the file is relative to the directory the lesson file is stored in. Example:

      variable = midifile("share/example.mid")

`wavfile`

  Play a `.wav` file. The path given to the file is relative to the directory the lesson file is stored in. Example:

      variable = wavfile("share/fifth-small-220.00.wav")

`mp3file`

  Play a MP3 file. Similar to `wavfile`.

`oggfile`

  Play an Ogg Vorbis file. Similar to `wavfile`.

`cmdline`

  Run an external program. Example:

      cmdline("./bin/csound-play-harmonic-interval.sh 220.000000 320.100000")

### Functions

`_`

  `_` takes a string as its only argument. Use this if you want Solfege to translate the string for you. Example:

      title = _("Bla bla title")

`include`

  Includes another file. Example:

      include("singchord-1")

  The lesson header variables will be taken from the including lesson file. Only a variable is only defined in the included lesson file, and not in the including lesson file, then the value will be taken from the included file.

### Operators

Operators can only be used on strings. `+` is used for joining strings, and `%` is similar to what you find in python, but it is very limited. It only know about `%s`. One example:

    "\staff\relative c'{%s}" % "c d e"

evaluates to

    \staff\relative c'{c d e}

## The `chord` module

### Atenção

The chord module has been superseeded by the idproperty module. This module will not be developed further, and will eventually be removed from the program. You should modify your lessons to use the `idproperty` module. The chord module will be removed from the solfege program in the next development series, in Solfege version 3.11.0.

It is easy to do the convert. In Solfege 3.10 the lesson file heading would contain the following line:

       module = chord

Replace that with this:

       module = idproperty
       flavour = "chord"

The chord module let you identify different properties of chords, such as their name, inversion, top tone etc.

The properties are defined by the `props` variable in the lesson file header, and there should be a variable `prop_labels` that defines the label to use. `props` and `prop_labels` must be lists of equal length. You only have to define these two variables if you need other properties than the default ones: `name`, `inversion` and `toptone`.

Below is a minimal lesson file. It will create an exercise that will play a minor or major chord and the user answers with two buttons labeled "Minor" and "Major" and two buttons representing the inversion. Notice that unused properties, toptone in this example, are hidden.

    header {
        module = chord
        title = "Minor and major chords"
        lesson_id = "e263d40a-d8ff-4000-a7f2-c02ba087bf72"
        qprops = "name", "inversion", "toptone"
        qprop_labels = _("Chord type"), _("Inversion"), _("Toptone")
    }
    question {
      name = "Major"
      music = chord("c' e' g'")
      inversion = 0
    }
    question {
      name = "Minor"
      music = chord("es' g' c''")
      inversion = 1
    }

The `inversion` property is special. If assigned integer values, like in the example, the integer values will be replaced with strings. So `0` is replaced with "root position", `1` with "1. inversion" etc.

## The `compareintervals` module

Here is a minimal lesson file:

    header {
        countin_perc = compareintervals
        title = "Compare intervals"
        lesson_id = "9f830e12-1f50-4fa9-8688-1e04469692fa"
    }

This file will make an exercise that ask you to compare harmonic intervals. And since you do not say which intervals, it will ask for all intervals from a small second up to a major decim.

`first_interval_type`, `second_interval_type`

  Let you select if the intervals you are asked to compare should be a melodic or a harmonic interval. The default value is `melodic`. Possible values: `harmonic` and `melodic`.

          first_interval_type = melodic
          second_interval_type = harmonic

  Modules: `compareintervals`.

`first_interval`, `last_interval`

  Select which intervals to select from when creating the questions. This variable should be defined the same way as ask_for_intervals_0. If these two variables are not defined, then the user will be able to select which intervals to practise from the Config page of the exercise.

  Modules: `compareintervals`.

## The `dictation` module

Example:

    header {
      module = dictation
      lesson_id = "a265df62-e007-4a1b-9057-cd05397e88a2"
      title = _("Norwegian children songs")
      version = "2.1.10"
    }

    question {
     name = "Bæ, bæ, lille lam"
     tempo = 130/4
     breakpoints = 2/1, 4/1, 8/1, 10/1, 12/1, 14/1
     music = rvoice("""
        \time 4/4
        c'2 g' | e4 e c2 | d4 d g, g | c1 |
        c2 g' | e4 e c2 | d4 d g, g | c1 |
        a'4 f f f | g2. e4 | f d d d | e2. c4 |
        a'2 f | g e4 e | f b, b b | c1 |
     """)
    }
    question {
     # this tempo definition overrides the global
     tempo = 160/4
     name = "Lisa gikk til skolen"
     breakpoints = 2/1, 4/1, 6/1
     music = rvoice("""
       \time 4/4
       c' d e f | g2 g2 | a4 a a a | g1 |
       f4 f f f | e2 e | d4 d d d | c1
     """)
    }

    question {
     name = "Det satt to katter på et bord..."
     tempo = 96/4
     music = rvoice("""
         \key g \major \time 2/4
         d'8 | [g g] [fis e] | [fis g] a4 | [d,16 d d d] [e8 fis] | g2 """)
    }

By default, the dictation exercise will show the first column of music, and then the user should write the rest. But if the first column is not good enough, for example if there are only rests on the first beat, these two variables can tell the program how much music to display:

`clue_end`

  The following example will display the music on all staffs in the first quarter note:

      clue_end=1/4

`clue_music`

  This is an alternative to `clue_end`. The music assigned to `clue_music` will be shown to the user when he should start the dictation. You should not use both `clue_end` and `clue_music` in the same question.

`breakpoints`

  Set breakpoints in the music, so you can hear the music in parts when doing the dictation.

## The `elembuilder` module

Here is a minimal lesson file:

    element progI { label = "I" }
    element progIV { label = "IV" }
    element progV { label = "V" }

    header {
        lesson_id = "3f3872c0-ef2e-4132-9fb1-97f75c7b28fd"
        module = elembuilder
        title = "progression test"
        elements = auto
        # uncomment if you want a music displayer.
        # have_music_displayer = yes
    }

    question {
     music = rvoice("<c' e g> <b d g> <c e g>")
     elements = progI, progV, progI
     name = "I-V-I"
    }
    question {
     music = rvoice("<c' e g> <c f a> <c e g>")
     elements = progI, progIV, progI
     name = "I-IV-I"
    }

### The element block

This block defines the elements the user can put together to answer the question. Each block is named by the string between `element` and `{`. The block defines one variable, `label` that is the label the button will get.

`label` can either be a plain string, or a `progressionlabel`. Progressionlabel strings are displayed a little larger than the default font, and a simple syntax let you get small subscript and superscript numbers. Try `I-(6,4)V(6,4)-I` or `I-IV(6)-V(6)-I` to get an idea how it works.

### The header block

`elements`

  This variable defines which elements to display. Set this to `auto` to display all elements that are needed to answer the questions in the lesson file. You can display more elements that needed to make it more difficult for the user. An example:

      elements = progI, progIV, progV, progIV, progV_6

`music_displayer_stafflines`

  Set this if you want the music displayer to show more than one empty staff line when the music displayer have no music to display.

See also at_question_start.

### The question block

`elements`

  This variable defines which elements defines the question.

`tonic`

  The exercise will have a "Play tonic" button if this variable is defined in a question in the lesson file. The variable should contain some music to play to the user so that he knows the tonic of the question. This can be useful in harmonic progressions that does not start on the tonic. This variable is optional. Example:

      tonic = chord("c e g")

`name`

  The name is needed for storing statistics.

See also vmusic.

## The `harmonicinterval` module

User documentation is in “Intervalo harmônico”.

Here is a minimal lesson file:

    header {
      module = harmonicinterval
      lesson_id = "a400df62-e007-4a1b-9057-cd05397e88a2"
      version = "3.1.4"
      title = "Seconds"
      intervals = [1, 2]
      test = "3x"
      test_requirement = "90%"
    }

Additional variables you can put in the header. Click on the link to get an explanation:

- disable_unused_intervals

- lesson_heading

## The `idbyname` module

Here is a minimal lesson file:

    header {
      module = idbyname
      lesson_id = "a400df62-e007-4a1b-9057-cd05397e88a2"
      version = "3.1.4"
      title = "Menuitem title"
    }
    question {
     name = "Major"
     music = chord("c' e' g'")
    }
    question {
     name = "Minor"
     music = chord("c' es' g'")
    }

Optional idbyname header variables

`filldir = vertic`

  Tell the direction the buttons are filled. Default value is `horiz`.

  Modules: `idbyname`.

`fillnum`

  Tell how many buttons there are in each row or column. The default value is 1.

  Modules: `idbyname`.

`labelformat``= progression`

  The default value is `normal`. Set to `progression` for lesson files where the name of the questions is a harmonic progression, written in a undocumented, but not difficult format. Check some existing lesson file to see how it works.

  Modules: `idbyname`

`have_repeat_slowly_button` `= yes`

  Set to `yes` if you want the exercise to have a "Repeat slowly" button.

  Modules: `idbyname`.

See also at_question_start.

Optional question variables

`vmusic`

  See vmusic.

`cuemusic`

  Will be displayed in the music displayer when the user clicks New. Ignored if `at_question_start = play, show` or `at_question_start = show`, because then the content of `music` or `vmusic` is displayed when the user clicks New. (Added in Solfege 2.5.1)

## The `idproperty` module

The `idproperty` module let you create exercises where solfege will play some music and you have to identify different properties of the music.

Below is a minimal lesson file. It will create an exercise that will play a minor or major chord and the user answers with two buttons labeled "Minor" and "Major" and two buttons representing the inversion. Notice that unused properties, toptone in this example, are hidden.

    header {
        module = idproperty
        flavour = "chord"
        title = "Minor and major chords"
        lesson_id = "e263d40a-d8ff-4000-a7f2-c02ba087bf72"
    }
    question {
      name = "Major"
      music = chord("c' e' g'")
      inversion = 0
    }
    question {
      name = "Minor"
      music = chord("es' g' c''")
      inversion = 1
    }

`flavour = "chord"` will add the following definitions to the lesson file header, unless if they are missing:

      new_button_label = _("_New chord")
      lesson_heading = _("Identify the chord")
      qprops = "name", "inversion", "toptone"
      qprop_labels = _("Name"), _("Inversion"), _("Toptone")

`new_button_label` is the label to put on the New button. The default value is `_("New")`.

`lesson_heading` will set the heading to be displayed when you practise. The default value is an emptry string, that will hide the heading.

The properties are defined by the `props` variable in the lesson file header, and there should be a variable `prop_labels` that defines the label to use. `props` and `prop_labels` must be lists of equal length.

The exercise will have a Repeat arpeggio button if one or more of the questions can be played arpeggiated. Set the lesson file header variable `have_repeat_arpeggio_button` to `no` to disable hide the button.

If the exercise have a `inversion` property, it will be treated special. If assigned integer values, like in the example, the integer values will be replaced with strings. So `0` is replaced with "root position", `1` with "1. inversion" etc.

## The `idtone` module

Here is a minimal lesson file:

    header {
        module = idtone
        title = "Id tone 3"
        lesson_id = "e263d70a-d8ff-4000-a7f2-c02ba087bf72"
        black_keys_weight =  0, 0,    0, 0, 0
        white_keys_weight = 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0
    }

The 'weight' of a tone tell how big chance is it that the program will select this tone as the next to identify. Think of the weight of a tone as the number of lottery tickets with the name of the tone.

The variable `black_keys_weight` set the weight of the tones c#, d#, f#, g# and a#, and `white_keys_weight` will set the weight of the tones c, d, e, f, g, a, b. In the example above, the tones c, d and e get an equal weight of 1, the other tones 0. This mean that the only tones that will be asked for are c, d and e, and that the three tones share the same probability to be selected.

## The `melodicinterval` module

User documentation is in “Intervalo melódico”.

Here is a minimal lesson file:

    header {
      module = melodicinterval
      lesson_id = "a400df62-e007-4a1b-9057-cd05397e88a2"
      version = "3.1.4"
      title = "Seconds and thirds"
      ask_for_intervals_0 = [1, 2, 3, 4, -1, -2, -3, -4]
      test = "3x"
      test_requirement = "90%"
    }

Additional variables you can put in the header. Click on the link to get an explanation:

- disable_unused_intervals

- lesson_heading

Tests are only partially implemented for the `melodicinterval` exercise module: tests where each question is made by more than one interval does not work yet.

## The `nameinterval` module

Here is a minimal lesson file:

    header {
        lesson_id = "5623c43e-f529-4376-a0c9-c7d533050360"
        module = nameinterval
        title = _("Fifths")
        intervals = p5, a5, d5
    }

`intervals`

  A list the the intervals to ask for. The intervals are written in a short form, a letter and a number, like `d5` or `m7`. The letters are telling the interval quality are 'd' for diminished, 'a' for augmented, 'm' for minor, 'M' for major and 'p' for perfect.

`tones`

  This variable sets the range of tones that can be used when constructing the intervals. The note names as to be quoted. The default value is `"b", "g''"`. Example:

      tones = "c'", "f''"  # valid
      tones = c', f''      # not valid

`accidentals`

  This variable defines how many accidentals the tones making the interval can have. The value 0 means no accidentals, 1 means that flats and sharps are allowed, and 2 means that double flats and double sharps are allowed. The default value is 1. Example:

      accidentals = 2

`clef`

  Set which clef to use. The default value is `violin`. Possible values: `violin`, `treble`, `subbass`, `bass`, `baritone`, `varbaritone`, `tenor`, `alto`, `mezzosoprano` and `french`. Example:

      clef = bass

## The `rhythm` module

Here is a minimal lesson file:

    header {
      module = rhythm
      lesson_id = "7a4910be-de17-4ce3-9d15-78d48ccf945e"
      version = "3.1.4"
      title = "Easy rhythms"
      rhythm_elements = 1, 2, 3, 4
    }

`visible_rhythm_elements`

  Define this variable if you want more rhythm elements that the one to be asked for. This variable must include both the rhythm elements defined in `rhythm_elements` and the extra elements. Example:

      rhythm_elements = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

`countin_perc`

  An integer value between 35 and 81, representing the percussion instrument used to give you the beat before the question. The default value is 80. Example:

      countin_perc = 35

      35 Acoustic Bass Drum 51 Ride Cymbal 1   67 High Agoga
      36 Bass Drum          52 Chinece Cymbal  68 Agogo Low
      37 Side Stick         53 Ride Bell       69 Cabasa
      38 Acoustic Snare     54 Tambourine      70 Maracas
      39 Hand Clap          55 Splash Cymbal   71 Short Whistle
      40 Electric Snare     56 Cowbell         72 Long Whistle
      41 Low Floor Tom      57 Crash cymbal 2  73 Short Guiro
      42 Closed Hi Hat      58 Vibraslap       74 Long Guiro
      43 High Floor Tom     59 Ride Cymbal 2   75 Claves
      44 Pedal Hi Hat       60 Hi Bongo        76 Hi Wood Block
      45 Low Tom            61 Low Bongo       77 Low Wood Block
      46 Open HiHat         62 Mute Hi Conga   78 Mute Cuica
      47 Low-Mid Tom        63 Open High Conga 79 Open Cuica
      48 Hi-Mid Tom         64 Low Conga       80 Mute Triangle
      49 Crash Cymbal 1     65 High Timbale    81 Open Triangle
      50 High Tom           66 Low Timbale

  Modules: `rhythm`

`rhythm_perc`

  Same as countin_perc, but setting the instrument used to play the question. The default value is 37.

  Modules: `rhythm`

`count_in`

  The number of beats as count in. The default value is 2.

  Modules: `rhythm`

`bpm`

  The tempo, in beats per minute. The default value is 60.

  Modules: `rhythm`

`num_beats`

  The number of elements the question is made of. The default value is 4.

  Modules: `rhythm`

## The `rhythmtapping` module

Exercises using this module will play some music and then the user should tap the rhythm. The program will then say if the users rhythm is similar enough to the rhythm played by the computer.

Here is a minimal lesson file:

    header {
      module = rhythmtapping
      lesson_id = "82b718e8-f174-446f-8297-58ddd17dae03"
      version = "3.7.0"
      title = "Rhythm tapping test"
    }
    question {
     music = rhythm("c4 c8 c8")
    }
    question {
     music = music("\staff\relative c'{c4 d8 e f4}\addvoice\relative c'{c4 b8 c a4}")
     rhythm = rhythm("c4 c8 c c4")
    }

The first question in the example is very simple and self explaining. Solfege will play the rhythm defined in the `music` variable, and the user should tap that rhythm.

The second question is a little more complicated. Here Solfege will play the music defined in the `music` variable. And when the user taps the rhythm, Solfege will compare the users rhythm with the rhythm defined in the `rhythm` variable. The reason for using two variables is that Solfege is not smart enought to figure out the rhythm if you enter polyphonic music. It make noe difference if you set the `rhythm` variable to be a `rhythm` music object, or another single voice type like `rvoice`. This might change in the future. You as a lesson file author must make sure the rhythms in the two variables are in fact the same.

## The `rhythmtapping2` module

Solfege will play a generated rhythm, and the user should tap the same rhythm.

Here is a minimal lesson file:

    header {
      module = rhythmtapping2
      lesson_id = "7a4916be-de47-42e3-9d15-78d48ccf945e"
      version = "3.7.0"
      title = "Rhythm tapping test"
      rhythm_elements = 1, 2, 3, 4
    }

See also at_question_start.

## The `singanswer` module

Here is a minimal lesson file:

    header {
      module = singanswer
      lesson_id = "a400df62-e007-4a1b-9057-cd05397e88a2"
      version = "3.1.4"
      title = "Sing the root of the chord"
    }
    question {
        question_text = "Sing the root"
        music = chord("c' e' g'")
        answer = chord("c'")
    }
    question {
        question_text = "Sing the root"
        music = chord("a' c'' e''")
        answer = chord("a'")
    }

Additional variables you can put in the header. Click on the link to get an explanation:

- have_repeat_arpeggio_button

## The `singchord` module

Questions for this exercise need to have the `key` variable set if the key signature is anything else than ''c'' major (or ''a'' minor). Example:

    header {
      module = singchord
      lesson_id = "a404df62-e037-6a1b-9027-cd05397e88a2"
      version = "3.1.4"
      title = "Simple chords"
    }
    question { music = satb("c''|e'|g|c") }
    question { music = satb("a'|e'|c'|a") }
    question { key="d \major" music = satb("a'|fis'|d'|d") }
    question { key="f \minor" music = satb("as'|f'|c'|f") }

See also “Cantar acorde”.

## The `singinterval` module

User documentation is in “Cantar intervalo”.

Here is a minimal lesson file:

    header {
      module = singinterval
      lesson_id = "a400df62-e007-4a1b-9057-cd05397e88a2"
      version = "3.1.4"
      title = "Thirds"
      ask_for_intervals_0 = [3, 4]
      test = "3x"
      test_requirement = "90%"
    }

## Midi instrument names

             acoustic grand          contrabass      lead 7 (fifths)
            bright acoustic     tremolo strings   lead 8 (bass+lead)
             electric grand   pizzicato strings      pad 1 (new age)
                 honky-tonk  orchestral strings         pad 2 (warm)
           electric piano 1             timpani    pad 3 (polysynth)
           electric piano 2   string ensemble 1        pad 4 (choir)
                harpsichord   string ensemble 2        pad 5 (bowed)
                       clav      synthstrings 1     pad 6 (metallic)
                    celesta      synthstrings 2         pad 7 (halo)
               glockenspiel          choir aahs        pad 8 (sweep)
                  music box          voice oohs          fx 1 (rain)
                 vibraphone         synth voice    fx 2 (soundtrack)
                    marimba       orchestra hit       fx 3 (crystal)
                  xylophone             trumpet    fx 4 (atmosphere)
              tubular bells            trombone    fx 5 (brightness)
                   dulcimer                tuba       fx 6 (goblins)
              drawbar organ       muted trumpet        fx 7 (echoes)
           percussive organ         french horn        fx 8 (sci-fi)
                 rock organ       brass section                sitar
               church organ        synthbrass 1                banjo
                 reed organ        synthbrass 2             shamisen
                  accordion         soprano sax                 koto
                  harmonica            alto sax              kalimba
                 concertina           tenor sax              bagpipe
    acoustic guitar (nylon)        baritone sax               fiddle
    acoustic guitar (steel)                oboe               shanai
     electric guitar (jazz)        english horn          tinkle bell
    electric guitar (clean)             bassoon                agogo
    electric guitar (muted)            clarinet          steel drums
          overdriven guitar             piccolo            woodblock
           distorted guitar               flute           taiko drum
           guitar harmonics            recorder          melodic tom
              acoustic bass           pan flute           synth drum
     electric bass (finger)        blown bottle       reverse cymbal
       electric bass (pick)          skakuhachi    guitar fret noise
              fretless bass             whistle         breath noise
                slap bass 1             ocarina             seashore
                slap bass 2     lead 1 (square)           bird tweet
               synth bass 1   lead 2 (sawtooth)       telephone ring
               synth bass 2   lead 3 (calliope)           helicopter
                     violin      lead 4 (chiff)             applause
                      viola    lead 5 (charang)              gunshot
                      cello      lead 6 (voice)

### Percussion instrument names

The first column is the integer value for the instrument. The second column tell the name of the note you should enter in the rhythm music object.

    35 b,,   Acoustic Bass Drum   59 b     Ride Cymbal 2
    36 c,    Bass Drum 1          60 c'    Hi Bongo
    37 cis,  Side Stick           61 cis'  Low Bongo
    38 d,    Acoustic Snare       62 d'    Mute Hi Conga
    39 dis,  Hand Clap            63 dis'  Open High Conga
    40 e,    Electric Snare       64 e'    Low Conga
    41 f,    Low Floor Tom        65 f'    High Timbale
    42 fis,  Closed Hi Hat        66 fis'  Low Timbale
    43 g,    High Floor Tom       67 g'    High Agogo
    44 gis,  Pedal Hi Hat         68 gis'  Agogo Low
    45 a,    Low Tom              69 a'    Cabasa
    46 ais,  Open HiHat           70 ais'  Maracas
    47 b,    Low-Mid Tom          71 b'    Short Whistle
    48 c     Hi-Mid Tom           72 c''   Long Whistle
    49 cis   Crash Cymbal 1       73 cis'' Short Guiro
    50 d     High Tom             74 d''   Long Guiro
    51 dis   Ride Cymbal 1        75 dis'' Claves
    52 e     Chinese Cymbal       76 e''   Hi Wood Block
    53 f     Ride Bell            77 f''   Low Wood Block
    54 fis   Tambourine           78 fis'' Mute Cuica
    55 g     Splash Cymbal        79 g''   Open Cuica
    56 gis   Cowbell              80 gis'' Mute Triangle
    57 a     Crash Cymbal 2       81 a''   Open Triangle
    58 ais   Vibraslap

## Apêndice A. GNU General Public License version 3

Version 3, 29 June 2007

Copyright © 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. http://fsf.org/

Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.

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## 6. Conveying Non-Source Forms.

You may convey a covered work in object code form under the terms of sections 4 and 5, provided that you also convey the machine-readable Corresponding Source under the terms of this License, in one of these ways:

1. Convey the object code in, or embodied in, a physical product (including a physical distribution medium), accompanied by the Corresponding Source fixed on a durable physical medium customarily used for software interchange.

2. Convey the object code in, or embodied in, a physical product (including a physical distribution medium), accompanied by a written offer, valid for at least three years and valid for as long as you offer spare parts or customer support for that product model, to give anyone who possesses the object code either (1) a copy of the Corresponding Source for all the software in the product that is covered by this License, on a durable physical medium customarily used for software interchange, for a price no more than your reasonable cost of physically performing this conveying of source, or (2) access to copy the Corresponding Source from a network server at no charge.

3. Convey individual copies of the object code with a copy of the written offer to provide the Corresponding Source. This alternative is allowed only occasionally and noncommercially, and only if you received the object code with such an offer, in accord with subsection 6b.

4. Convey the object code by offering access from a designated place (gratis or for a charge), and offer equivalent access to the Corresponding Source in the same way through the same place at no further charge. You need not require recipients to copy the Corresponding Source along with the object code. If the place to copy the object code is a network server, the Corresponding Source may be on a different server (operated by you or a third party) that supports equivalent copying facilities, provided you maintain clear directions next to the object code saying where to find the Corresponding Source. Regardless of what server hosts the Corresponding Source, you remain obligated to ensure that it is available for as long as needed to satisfy these requirements.

5. Convey the object code using peer-to-peer transmission, provided you inform other peers where the object code and Corresponding Source of the work are being offered to the general public at no charge under subsection 6d.

A separable portion of the object code, whose source code is excluded from the Corresponding Source as a System Library, need not be included in conveying the object code work.

A “User Product” is either (1) a “consumer product”, which means any tangible personal property which is normally used for personal, family, or household purposes, or (2) anything designed or sold for incorporation into a dwelling. In determining whether a product is a consumer product, doubtful cases shall be resolved in favor of coverage. For a particular product received by a particular user, “normally used” refers to a typical or common use of that class of product, regardless of the status of the particular user or of the way in which the particular user actually uses, or expects or is expected to use, the product. A product is a consumer product regardless of whether the product has substantial commercial, industrial or non-consumer uses, unless such uses represent the only significant mode of use of the product.

“Installation Information” for a User Product means any methods, procedures, authorization keys, or other information required to install and execute modified versions of a covered work in that User Product from a modified version of its Corresponding Source. The information must suffice to ensure that the continued functioning of the modified object code is in no case prevented or interfered with solely because modification has been made.

If you convey an object code work under this section in, or with, or specifically for use in, a User Product, and the conveying occurs as part of a transaction in which the right of possession and use of the User Product is transferred to the recipient in perpetuity or for a fixed term (regardless of how the transaction is characterized), the Corresponding Source conveyed under this section must be accompanied by the Installation Information. But this requirement does not apply if neither you nor any third party retains the ability to install modified object code on the User Product (for example, the work has been installed in ROM).

The requirement to provide Installation Information does not include a requirement to continue to provide support service, warranty, or updates for a work that has been modified or installed by the recipient, or for the User Product in which it has been modified or installed. Access to a network may be denied when the modification itself materially and adversely affects the operation of the network or violates the rules and protocols for communication across the network.

Corresponding Source conveyed, and Installation Information provided, in accord with this section must be in a format that is publicly documented (and with an implementation available to the public in source code form), and must require no special password or key for unpacking, reading or copying.

## 7. Additional Terms.

“Additional permissions” are terms that supplement the terms of this License by making exceptions from one or more of its conditions. Additional permissions that are applicable to the entire Program shall be treated as though they were included in this License, to the extent that they are valid under applicable law. If additional permissions apply only to part of the Program, that part may be used separately under those permissions, but the entire Program remains governed by this License without regard to the additional permissions.

When you convey a copy of a covered work, you may at your option remove any additional permissions from that copy, or from any part of it. (Additional permissions may be written to require their own removal in certain cases when you modify the work.) You may place additional permissions on material, added by you to a covered work, for which you have or can give appropriate copyright permission.

Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, for material you add to a covered work, you may (if authorized by the copyright holders of that material) supplement the terms of this License with terms:

1. Disclaiming warranty or limiting liability differently from the terms of sections 15 and 16 of this License; or

2. Requiring preservation of specified reasonable legal notices or author attributions in that material or in the Appropriate Legal Notices displayed by works containing it; or

3. Prohibiting misrepresentation of the origin of that material, or requiring that modified versions of such material be marked in reasonable ways as different from the original version; or

4. Limiting the use for publicity purposes of names of licensors or authors of the material; or

5. Declining to grant rights under trademark law for use of some trade names, trademarks, or service marks; or

6. Requiring indemnification of licensors and authors of that material by anyone who conveys the material (or modified versions of it) with contractual assumptions of liability to the recipient, for any liability that these contractual assumptions directly impose on those licensors and authors.

All other non-permissive additional terms are considered “further restrictions” within the meaning of section 10. If the Program as you received it, or any part of it, contains a notice stating that it is governed by this License along with a term that is a further restriction, you may remove that term. If a license document contains a further restriction but permits relicensing or conveying under this License, you may add to a covered work material governed by the terms of that license document, provided that the further restriction does not survive such relicensing or conveying.

If you add terms to a covered work in accord with this section, you must place, in the relevant source files, a statement of the additional terms that apply to those files, or a notice indicating where to find the applicable terms.

Additional terms, permissive or non-permissive, may be stated in the form of a separately written license, or stated as exceptions; the above requirements apply either way.

## 8. Termination.

You may not propagate or modify a covered work except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to propagate or modify it is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License (including any patent licenses granted under the third paragraph of section 11).

However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to 60 days after the cessation.

Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after your receipt of the notice.

Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently reinstated, you do not qualify to receive new licenses for the same material under section 10.

## 9. Acceptance Not Required for Having Copies.

You are not required to accept this License in order to receive or run a copy of the Program. Ancillary propagation of a covered work occurring solely as a consequence of using peer-to-peer transmission to receive a copy likewise does not require acceptance. However, nothing other than this License grants you permission to propagate or modify any covered work. These actions infringe copyright if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by modifying or propagating a covered work, you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so.

## 10. Automatic Licensing of Downstream Recipients.

Each time you convey a covered work, the recipient automatically receives a license from the original licensors, to run, modify and propagate that work, subject to this License. You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties with this License.

An “entity transaction” is a transaction transferring control of an organization, or substantially all assets of one, or subdividing an organization, or merging organizations. If propagation of a covered work results from an entity transaction, each party to that transaction who receives a copy of the work also receives whatever licenses to the work the party’s predecessor in interest had or could give under the previous paragraph, plus a right to possession of the Corresponding Source of the work from the predecessor in interest, if the predecessor has it or can get it with reasonable efforts.

You may not impose any further restrictions on the exercise of the rights granted or affirmed under this License. For example, you may not impose a license fee, royalty, or other charge for exercise of rights granted under this License, and you may not initiate litigation (including a cross-claim or counterclaim in a lawsuit) alleging that any patent claim is infringed by making, using, selling, offering for sale, or importing the Program or any portion of it.

## 11. Patents.

A “contributor” is a copyright holder who authorizes use under this License of the Program or a work on which the Program is based. The work thus licensed is called the contributor’s “contributor version”.

A contributor’s “essential patent claims” are all patent claims owned or controlled by the contributor, whether already acquired or hereafter acquired, that would be infringed by some manner, permitted by this License, of making, using, or selling its contributor version, but do not include claims that would be infringed only as a consequence of further modification of the contributor version. For purposes of this definition, “control” includes the right to grant patent sublicenses in a manner consistent with the requirements of this License.

Each contributor grants you a non-exclusive, worldwide, royalty-free patent license under the contributor’s essential patent claims, to make, use, sell, offer for sale, import and otherwise run, modify and propagate the contents of its contributor version.

In the following three paragraphs, a “patent license” is any express agreement or commitment, however denominated, not to enforce a patent (such as an express permission to practice a patent or covenant not to sue for patent infringement). To “grant” such a patent license to a party means to make such an agreement or commitment not to enforce a patent against the party.

If you convey a covered work, knowingly relying on a patent license, and the Corresponding Source of the work is not available for anyone to copy, free of charge and under the terms of this License, through a publicly available network server or other readily accessible means, then you must either (1) cause the Corresponding Source to be so available, or (2) arrange to deprive yourself of the benefit of the patent license for this particular work, or (3) arrange, in a manner consistent with the requirements of this License, to extend the patent license to downstream recipients. “Knowingly relying” means you have actual knowledge that, but for the patent license, your conveying the covered work in a country, or your recipient’s use of the covered work in a country, would infringe one or more identifiable patents in that country that you have reason to believe are valid.

If, pursuant to or in connection with a single transaction or arrangement, you convey, or propagate by procuring conveyance of, a covered work, and grant a patent license to some of the parties receiving the covered work authorizing them to use, propagate, modify or convey a specific copy of the covered work, then the patent license you grant is automatically extended to all recipients of the covered work and works based on it.

A patent license is “discriminatory” if it does not include within the scope of its coverage, prohibits the exercise of, or is conditioned on the non-exercise of one or more of the rights that are specifically granted under this License. You may not convey a covered work if you are a party to an arrangement with a third party that is in the business of distributing software, under which you make payment to the third party based on the extent of your activity of conveying the work, and under which the third party grants, to any of the parties who would receive the covered work from you, a discriminatory patent license (a) in connection with copies of the covered work conveyed by you (or copies made from those copies), or (b) primarily for and in connection with specific products or compilations that contain the covered work, unless you entered into that arrangement, or that patent license was granted, prior to 28 March 2007.

Nothing in this License shall be construed as excluding or limiting any implied license or other defenses to infringement that may otherwise be available to you under applicable patent law.

## 12. No Surrender of Others’ Freedom.

If conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot convey a covered work so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may not convey it at all. For example, if you agree to terms that obligate you to collect a royalty for further conveying from those to whom you convey the Program, the only way you could satisfy both those terms and this License would be to refrain entirely from conveying the Program.

## 13. Use with the GNU Affero General Public License.

Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, you have permission to link or combine any covered work with a work licensed under version 3 of the GNU Affero General Public License into a single combined work, and to convey the resulting work. The terms of this License will continue to apply to the part which is the covered work, but the special requirements of the GNU Affero General Public License, section 13, concerning interaction through a network will apply to the combination as such.

## 14. Revised Versions of this License.

The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of the GNU General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.

Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program specifies that a certain numbered version of the GNU General Public License “or any later version” applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that numbered version or of any later version published by the Free Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of the GNU General Public License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software Foundation.

If the Program specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of the GNU General Public License can be used, that proxy’s public statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the Program.

Later license versions may give you additional or different permissions. However, no additional obligations are imposed on any author or copyright holder as a result of your choosing to follow a later version.

## 15. Disclaimer of Warranty.

THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM “AS IS” WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.

## 16. Limitation of Liability.

IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MODIFIES AND/OR CONVEYS THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.

## 17. Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16.

If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided above cannot be given local legal effect according to their terms, reviewing courts shall apply local law that most closely approximates an absolute waiver of all civil liability in connection with the Program, unless a warranty or assumption of liability accompanies a copy of the Program in return for a fee.

## END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS

## How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs

If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.

To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the “copyright” line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.

    one line to give the program’s name and a brief idea of what it does.
    Copyright (C) year name of author

    This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
    it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
    the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
    (at your option) any later version.

    This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
    GNU General Public License for more details.

    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
    along with this program.  If not, see http://www.gnu.org/licenses/.

Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.

If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode:

    program Copyright (C) year name of author
    This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type ‘show w’.
    This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
    under certain conditions; type ‘show c’ for details.

The hypothetical commands ‘`show w`’ and ‘`show c`’ should show the appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, your program’s commands might be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an “about box”.

You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school, if any, to sign a “copyright disclaimer” for the program, if necessary. For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see http://www.gnu.org/licenses/.

The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General Public License instead of this License. But first, please read http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html.

## Apêndice B. Não realmente documentação...

## Não realmente documentação...

Este apêndice contém o arquivo que é mostrado quando o programa inicia, antes do usuário selecionar um exercício.

## Bem vindo ao GNU Solfege

Solfege é um programa livre para treino de audição. O programa é parte do Projeto GNU. Cheque “Recursos online” para informações sobre listas de email e onde obter a última versão do Solfege.

Select a exercise from the menu to start practising, or click here to read the user manual.

Uma das idéias deste programa é que você possa estender o programa sem ter que mergulhar no código fonte. Se você quer praticar alguns acordes especiais ou praticar dicção com alguma música não incluída, você pode escrever arquivos de lição e colocá-los em um subdiretório `lessonfiles/` no seu diretório pessoal `$HOME`. Se você criar bons arquivos de lição, você realmente deve considerar compartilhá-los enviando para a lista de email para que possamos adicioná-los à próxima versão do programa.