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<!ENTITY gnomeversion "2.20">
<!ENTITY manrevision "2.14.0">
<!ENTITY date "September 2007">
<!ENTITY LEGAL SYSTEM "legal.xml">
<!ENTITY accessintro SYSTEM "accessintro.xml">
<!ENTITY sysadmin SYSTEM "sysadmin.xml">
<!ENTITY enable SYSTEM "enable.xml">
<!ENTITY low-vision SYSTEM "low-vision.xml">
<!ENTITY mobility SYSTEM "mobility.xml">
<!ENTITY general SYSTEM "general.xml">
<!ENTITY author1 "Sun">
<!ENTITY author2 "Java Desktop System Documentation Team">
]>
<?db.chunk.max_depth 4?>
<book id="index" lang="de"> 
  <title>GNOME Desktop Accessibility Guide</title> 
  <bookinfo> 
    <abstract role="description">
    <para>The GNOME Accessibility Guide is for users, system administrators, and anyone who is interested
    in how the GNOME Desktop supports people with disabilities and addresses the requirements
    of Section 508 of the U.S. Rehabilitation Act.</para>
    </abstract>
	 <copyright> 
           <year>2006</year>
           <holder>Don Scorgie</holder>
	 </copyright>
	 <copyright> 
           <year>2006</year>
           <holder>Brent Smith</holder>
	 </copyright>
	 <copyright> 
		<year>2005</year>
		<year>2004</year>
		<year>2003</year>
		<year>2002</year>
		<holder>Sun Microsystems, Inc.</holder> 
	 </copyright><copyright><year>2007</year><holder>Jan Arne Petersen (jap@gnome.org)</holder></copyright>

<!--  translators: uncomment this:
  <copyright>
   <year>2002</year>
   <holder>ME-THE-TRANSLATOR (Latin translation)</holder>
  </copyright>
-->
	 <publisher role="maintainer"> 
		<publishername>GNOME-Dokumentationsprojekt</publishername> 
	 </publisher>   <legalnotice id="legalnotice">
	<para>Das vorliegende Dokument kann gemäß den Bedingungen der GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL), Version 1.1 oder jeder späteren, von der Free Software Foundation veröffentlichten Version ohne unveränderbare Abschnitte sowie ohne Texte auf dem vorderen und hinteren Buchdeckel kopiert, verteilt und/oder modifiziert werden. Eine Kopie der GFDL finden Sie unter diesem <ulink type="help" url="ghelp:fdl">Link</ulink> oder in der mit diesem Handbuch gelieferten Datei COPYING-DOCs.</para>
         <para>Das vorliegende Handbuch ist Teil einer Reihe von GNOME-Handbüchern, die unter der GFDL verteilt werden. Wenn Sie dieses Handbuch separat verteilen möchten, können Sie dies tun, indem Sie dem Handbuch eine Kopie der Lizenz, wie in Abschnitt 6 der Lizenz beschrieben, hinzufügen.</para>

	<para>Bei vielen der von Firmen zur Unterscheidung ihrer Produkte und Dienstleistungen verwendeten Namen handelt es sich um Marken. An den Stellen, an denen derartige Namen in einer GNOME-Dokumentation vorkommen und wenn die Mitglieder des GNOME Documentation Project über diese Marken informiert wurden, sind die Namen in Grossbuchstaben oder mit großen Anfangsbuchstaben geschrieben.</para>

	<para>DAS DOKUMENT UND MODIFIZIERTE VERSIONEN DES DOKUMENTS WERDEN GEMÄSS DER BEDINGUNGEN DER GNU FREE DOCUMENTATION LICENSE MIT DER FOLGENDEN VEREINBARUNG BEREITGESTELLT: <orderedlist>
		<listitem>
		  <para>DAS DOKUMENT WIRD "WIE VORLIEGEND" GELIEFERT, OHNE JEGLICHE GEWÄHRLEISTUNG, WEDER AUSDRÜCKLICH NOCH STILLSCHWEIGEND, EINSCHLIESSLICH, ABER NICHT BESCHRÄNKT AUF, GEWÄHRLEISTUNGEN, DASS DAS DOKUMENT ODER EINE MODIFIZIERTE VERSION DES DOKUMENTS FREI VON HANDELSÜBLICHEN FEHLERN UND FÜR EINEN BESTIMMTEN ZWECK GEEIGNET IST UND KEINE RECHTE DRITTER VERLETZT. JEGLICHES RISIKO IN BEZUG AUF DIE QUALITÄT, GENAUIGKEIT UND LEISTUNG DES DOKUMENTS ODER EINER MODIFIZIERTEN VERSION DES DOKUMENTS TRAGEN SIE. SOLLTE SICH EIN DOKUMENT ODER EINE MODIFIZIERTE VERSION DAVON IN IRGENDEINER WEISE ALS FEHLERHAFT ERWEISEN, TRAGEN SIE (NICHT DER URSPRÜNGLICHE VERFASSER, AUTOR ODER EIN MITWIRKENDER) DIE KOSTEN FÜR JEGLICHE ERFORDERLICHE SERVICE-, REPARATUR- UND KORREKTURMASSNAHMEN: DIESE BESCHRÄNKUNG DER GEWÄHRLEISTUNG IST WESENTLICHER BESTANDTEIL DIESER LIZENZ. JEDE VERWENDUNG EINES DOKUMENTS ODER EINER MODIFIZIERTEN VERSION DES DOKUMENTS UNTERLIEGT DIESER BESCHRÄNKUNG; UND</para>
		</listitem>
		<listitem>
		  <para>UNTER KEINEN UMSTÄNDEN UND GEMÄSS KEINER RECHTSLEHRE, WEDER AUFGRUND VON UNERLAUBTEN HANDLUNGEN (EINSCHLIESSLICH FAHRLÄSSIGKEIT), VERTRÄGEN ODER SONSTIGEM, KANN DER AUTOR, DER URSPRÜNGLICHE VERFASSER, EIN MITWIRKENDER ODER EIN VERTEILER DES DOKUMENTS ODER EINER MODIFIZIERTEN VERSION DES DOKUMENTS ODER EIN LIEFERANT EINER DIESER PARTEIEN VON EINER PERSON FÜR DIREKTE, INDIREKTE, BESONDERE, ZUFÄLLIGE ODER ALS FOLGE AUFGETRETENE SCHÄDEN IRGENDEINER ART, EINSCHLIESSLICH, ABER NICHT BESCHRÄNKT AUF, SCHÄDEN DURCH GESCHÄFTSWERTVERLUSTE, ARBEITSAUSFÄLLE, COMPUTERAUSFÄLLE ODER -FUNKTIONSSTÖRUNGEN ODER JEGLICHE ANDERE SCHÄDEN ODER VERLUSTE, DIE DURCH ODER IM ZUSAMMENHANG MIT DER VERWENDUNG DES DOKUMENTS ODER EINER MODIFIZIERTEN VERSION DES DOKUMENTS ENTSTANDEN SIND, SELBST WENN DIESE PARTEI ÜBER MÖGLICHE SCHÄDEN INFORMIERT WORDEN SEIN SOLLTE, HAFTBAR GEMACHT WERDEN.</para>
		</listitem>
	  </orderedlist></para>
  </legalnotice>

 

	 <authorgroup> 
                <author>
                  <firstname>Don</firstname>
                  <surname>Scorgie</surname>
                  <affiliation>
                    <orgname>GNOME-Dokumentationsprojekt</orgname>
                  </affiliation>
                </author>
                <author>
                  <firstname>Brent</firstname>
                  <surname>Smith</surname>
                  <affiliation>
                    <orgname>GNOME-Dokumentationsprojekt</orgname>
                  </affiliation>
                </author>
		<author> 
		  <firstname>Sun</firstname> 
		  <surname>Java-Desktop-System Dokumentationsteam</surname> 
		  <affiliation> 
			 <orgname>Sun Microsystems, Inc.</orgname>  
		  </affiliation> 
		</author> 
	 </authorgroup>

	 <revhistory>
	   <revision> 
		  <revnumber>GNOME 2.20 Desktop Accessibility Guide V2.14.0</revnumber> 
		  <date>September 2007</date> 
		  <revdescription> 
			 <para role="author">GNOME-Dokumentationsprojekt</para> 
			 <para role="publisher">GNOME-Dokumentationsprojekt</para> 
		  </revdescription> 
		</revision>
	   <revision> 
		  <revnumber>GNOME 2.10 Desktop-Barrierefreiheits-Handbuch V2.10.1</revnumber> 
		  <date>Juli 2005</date> 
		  <revdescription> 
			 <para role="author">Sun Java-Desktop-System Dokumentationsteam</para> 
			 <para role="publisher">GNOME-Dokumentationsprojekt</para> 
		  </revdescription> 
		</revision>
	   <revision> 
		  <revnumber>GNOME 2.10 Desktop-Barrierefreiheits-Handbuch V2.10.0</revnumber> 
		  <date>März 2005</date> 
		  <revdescription> 
			 <para role="author">Sun Java-Desktop-System Dokumentationsteam</para> 
			 <para role="publisher">GNOME-Dokumentationsprojekt</para> 
		  </revdescription> 
		</revision>
	   <revision> 
		  <revnumber>GNOME 2.8 Desktop-Barrierefreiheits-Handbuch V2.8.0</revnumber> 
		  <date>September 2004</date> 
		  <revdescription> 
			 <para role="author">Sun Java-Desktop-System Dokumentationsteam</para> 
			 <para role="publisher">GNOME-Dokumentationsprojekt</para> 
		  </revdescription> 
		</revision>
	   <revision> 
		  <revnumber>GNOME 2.6 Desktop-Barrierefreiheits-Handbuch V2.6.0</revnumber> 
		  <date>März 2004</date> 
		  <revdescription> 
			 <para role="author">Sun Microsystems</para> 
			 <para role="publisher">GNOME-Dokumentationsprojekt</para> 
		  </revdescription> 
		</revision>
	   <revision> 
		  <revnumber>GNOME 2.4 Desktop-Barrierefreiheits-Handbuch V2.4.0</revnumber> 
		  <date>Oktober 2003</date> 
		  <revdescription> 
			 <para role="author">Sun Microsystems</para> 
			 <para role="publisher">GNOME-Dokumentationsprojekt</para> 
		  </revdescription> 
		</revision>
	   <revision> 
		  <revnumber>GNOME 2.2 Desktop-Barrierefreiheits-Handbuch V2.2.0</revnumber> 
		  <date>Februar 2003</date> 
		  <revdescription> 
			 <para role="author">Sun Microsystems</para> 
			 <para role="publisher">GNOME-Dokumentationsprojekt</para> 
		  </revdescription> 
		</revision>
		<revision> 
		  <revnumber>GNOME 2.0 Desktop for the Solaris Operating Environment Accessibility Guide V2.1</revnumber> 
		  <date>Januar 2003</date> 
		  <revdescription> 
			 <para role="author">Sun Microsystems</para> 
			 <para role="publisher">GNOME-Dokumentationsprojekt</para> 
		  </revdescription> 
		</revision>
		<revision> 
		  <revnumber>GNOME 2.0 Desktop for the Solaris Operating Environment Accessibility Guide V2.0</revnumber> 
		  <date>Dezember 2002</date> 
		  <revdescription> 
			 <para role="author">Sun Microsystems</para> 
			 <para role="publisher">GNOME-Dokumentationsprojekt</para> 
		  </revdescription> 
		</revision>  
	 </revhistory> 
	 <releaseinfo> This manual describes version 2.20 of the GNOME Desktop.
		</releaseinfo> 
	 <legalnotice> 
		<title>Feedback</title> 
		<para> To report a bug or make a suggestion regarding the GNOME Desktop or this
		  manual, follow the directions in the <ulink type="help" url="ghelp:user-guide?feedback">GNOME Feedback Page</ulink>.</para>
	 </legalnotice> 
  </bookinfo>
<chapter id="accessintro-1">
<title>Introduction to Accessibility</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Section 508</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>This chapter introduces you to accessibility in the GNOME
Desktop.</para>
<para>All software products
should incorporate accessibility features to enable people with disabilities
to use the software easily and efficiently. Recent legislation such as Section
508 of the U.S. Rehabilitation Act heightens awareness of the need to provide
accessible software. </para>
<para>The GNOME Desktop is easy to use and incorporates many accessibility features. Every
supported application and utility in the GNOME Desktop is designed with accessibility and usability in mind. Users
with physical disabilities such as low vision or impaired motor skills can
use all of the functionality of the GNOME Desktop thanks to the customization tools that are available. The
customization tools enable you to customize the appearance and behavior of
the desktop.</para>
<para>The ability to easily customize the GNOME Desktop contributes greatly to the accessibility of the desktop.
This guide describes the various customization options that you can use to
tailor the desktop to suit your particular needs.</para>
</chapter>

<chapter id="enabling-accessibility" status="writing">
	<title>Enabling Accessibility Tools</title>
	<para>You must enable the assistive technology services before you are able to use many of the accessibility tools available.</para>
	<procedure>
		<step>
			<para>Choose <menuchoice><guimenuitem>System</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Preferences</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Assistive Technologies</guimenuitem></menuchoice>.</para>
		</step>
		<step>
			<para>Select <guilabel>Enable assistive technologies</guilabel> and then press <guibutton>Close and Log Out</guibutton>.</para>
		</step>
		<step>
			<para>Log back in. The assistive technology services will be started automatically.</para>
		</step>
	</procedure>
	<para>Once basic assistive technology support is enabled, it is possible to start accessibility services such as the screen reader, screen magnifier and on-screen keyboard.</para>
</chapter>


<chapter id="general">
<title>General Accessibility Tips</title>
<para>A number of technologies can be of assistance to people with different types of disabilities. These are covered in this section. In particular:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para><emphasis>Keyboard Desktop Navigation</emphasis> - allows users to navigate the desktop without using a mouse or pointer device.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><emphasis>Accessible Login</emphasis> - users can configure the login screen to be more accessible.</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>

<section id="sysadmin-27">
<title>Accessible Login</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>accessible login feature</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>The GNOME Desktop includes an Accessible
Login feature. The Accessible Login feature enables users to: </para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Log in to the desktop even if the user cannot easily use the
screen, mouse, or keyboard in the usual way.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Launch assistive technologies at login time by associating
a user action with an assistive technology application. The user can perform
the user action from the standard keyboard, or from a keyboard, pointing device,
or switch device that is attached to the USB or PS/2 mouse port. These user
actions are called gestures.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Change the visual appearance of the login dialog before the
user logs in, for example, to use a high contrast theme for better visibility. </para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<section id="sysadmin-34">
<title>To Enable Accessible Login</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>GDM</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>To configure GDM, perform the following steps:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Log in as the <literal>root</literal> user.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Open the file <filename>/etc/X11/gdm/gdm.conf</filename>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Search the file for the following line: </para>
<para>
<literal>#AddGtkModules=false</literal>
</para>
<para>and replace the line with the following:</para>
<para>
<literal>AddGtkModules=true</literal>
</para>
<para>This step enables the GtkModules.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Search the file for the following line: </para>
<para>
<literal>#GtkModulesList=gail:atk-bridge:dwellmouselistener:keymouselistener</literal>
</para>
<para>and delete the <literal>#</literal> from the start of the line so that
the line reads:</para>
<para>
<literal>GtkModulesList=gail:atk-bridge:dwellmouselistener:keymouselistener</literal>
</para>
<note>
<para>The above lines must be displayed as single lines in the <filename>gdm.conf</filename> file without line breaks. The formatting of this guide
may display the lines over two lines.</para>
</note>
<para>This step loads all of the GtkModules to enable assistive technologies
such as <application>On-Screen Keyboard</application> and <application>Screen
Reader and Magnifier</application>. You can edit the line above further to
load only the GtkModules that you require to support the user base. For example: </para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>If you need to use the <application>Screen Reader and Magnifier</application>, include <literal>gail</literal> and <literal>atk-bridge</literal>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>If you need to use a pointing device without buttons or switches,
include <literal>gail</literal>, <literal>atk-bridge</literal>, and <literal>dwellmouselistener</literal>. </para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>If you use pointing devices with switches, alternative physical
keyboards, or switch and button devices, include <literal>keymouselistener</literal>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><application>On-Screen Keyboard</application> can operate
without <literal>gail</literal> and <literal>atk-bridge</literal> but with
a reduced feature set. </para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>For optimum accessibility, include <literal>gail</literal> and <literal>atk-bridge</literal>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Save the <filename>/etc/X11/gdm/gdm.conf</filename> file.</para>
<note>
<para>If you make any changes to the <filename>/etc/X11/gdm/gdm.conf</filename> file after you enable GDM, you can execute the following command
to restart GDM and activate the changes:</para>
<para>
<command>gdm-restart</command>
</para>
</note>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Edit the file <filename>/etc/group</filename> and append the
following to the <literal>audio</literal> line:</para>
<para>
<literal>,gdm</literal>
</para>
<para>This step ensures that speech works with GDM.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Restart your system.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</section>
<section id="sysadmin-29">
<title>To Start Assistive Technologies at Login</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>gestures</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>If you load the <literal>keymouselistener</literal> and <literal>dwellmouselistener</literal> GtkModules
in the GDM configuration file, you can assign user actions to launch specific
assistive technologies at login time. These user actions are called gestures.
The gesture associations are contained in the following GDM configuration
files: </para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
<filename>/etc/X11/gdm/modules/AccessKeyMouseEvents</filename>
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<filename>/etc/X11/gdm/modules/AccessDwellMouseEvents</filename>
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<note>
<para>If you modify these files, you must restart your system before
the changes take effect.</para>
</note>
<para>The following sections contain examples of the gestures that you can
add to the GDM configuration files.</para>
<note>
<para>The gestures must be contained in a single line in the <filename>AccessKeyMouseEvents</filename> file without line breaks. The formatting of
this guide might display the examples in the following sections over two lines. </para>
</note>
<section id="sysadmin-30">
<title>To Start Screen Reader Using a Keyboard Shortcut</title>
<para>Edit the <filename>AccessKeyMouseEvents</filename> file to associate
keyboard shortcuts with assistive technologies. For example, the following
line enables you to press-and-hold <keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>S</keycap></keycombo>
for one second to start <application>Screen Reader and Magnifier</application>
in speech and Braille mode:</para>
<para>
<literal>&lt;Control&gt;s 1 1000 10000 srcore --login --disable-magnifier
--enable-speech --enable-braille</literal>
</para>
</section>
<section id="sysadmin-41">
<title>To Start Magnifier Using a Keyboard Shortcut</title>
<para>Edit the <filename>AccessKeyMouseEvents</filename> file to associate
keyboard shortcuts with assistive technologies. For example, the following
line enables you to press-and-hold <keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>M</keycap></keycombo>
for one second to start <application>Screen Reader and Magnifier</application>
in magnifier mode:</para>
<para>
<literal>&lt;Control&gt;m 1 1000 10000 srcore --login --enable-magnifier
--disable-speech</literal>
</para>
</section>
<section id="sysadmin-31">
<title>To Start On-Screen Keyboard Using a Switch or Button Gesture</title>
<para>Edit the <filename>AccessKeyMouseEvents</filename> file to associate
switch, key, or button gestures with assistive technologies. Since the primary
input device for many <application>On-Screen Keyboard</application> users
is a switch or button, this is a good way to enable users to start <application>On-Screen Keyboard</application> at login time. </para>
<para>If there is a tendency for a user to start an application unintentionally,
you can associate the gestures with multiple switch presses or minimum durations.
For example, the following line starts <application>On-Screen Keyboard</application>
in inverse scanning mode when the user presses the switch that is defined
as Switch 2 three times within two seconds, for a minimum of 100 milliseconds
for each press:</para>
<para>
<literal>&lt;Switch2&gt;3 100 2000 gok --login --accessmethod=inversescanning
--scan-action=switch1 --select-action=switch2</literal>
</para>
<para>Users who use single switches may prefer to start <application>On-Screen
Keyboard</application> in automatic scanning mode. The following line starts <application>On-Screen Keyboard</application> in automatic scanning mode when the user
presses the switch on an alternative access device for more than four seconds:</para>
<para>
<literal>&lt;Switch&gt;1 4000 5000 gok --login --accessmethod=automaticscanning
--scan-action=switch1 --select-action=switch1</literal>
</para>
<para>For information about the <application>On-Screen Keyboard</application>
operating modes, see the online Help for <application>On-Screen Keyboard</application>.</para>
</section>
<section id="sysadmin-32">
<title>To Start On-Screen Keyboard Using a Motion-only Gesture</title>
<para>You can define gestures that involve only the motion of a pointing device
such as a mouse, or an alternative pointing device, such as a head pointer
or trackball. The syntax of the gesture does not change depending on whether
you are using a mouse or an alternative pointing device. Edit the <filename>AccessKeyMouseEvents</filename> file to associate motion gestures with assistive
technologies.</para>
<para>If the <literal>dwellmouselistener</literal> GtkModule is loaded, alternative
pointing devices are temporarily latched to the core pointer. This means that
if the user moves the alternative pointing device, the onscreen pointer moves.</para>
<para>For example, the following line starts <application>On-Screen Keyboard</application> in dwell mode when the user moves the onscreen pointer from
inside the login dialog through the top edge, back into the dialog through
the top edge, out of the dialog through the left edge, back into the dialog
through the left edge, and similarly through the bottom and right edges of
the dialog in a cross pattern:</para>
<para>
<literal>TTLLBBRR O 10000 gok --login --access-method=dwellselection
--input-device=MOUSE[3]</literal>
</para>
<para>Note that the <literal>--input-device</literal> parameter specified
in the gesture must match the name of the extended user input device, such
as a head pointer or trackball, as specified in <filename>/etc/X11/XF86Config</filename>.</para>
</section>
</section>
<section id="sysadmin-33">
<title>Additional Requirements for Accessible Login</title>
<para>To enable the Accessible Login feature to use alternative pointing devices
and switch devices such as sip-and-puff switches, wheelchair-mounted switches,
or trackballs, you might need to modify your X server system configuration
to recognize these devices. You can use most devices that emulate mouse buttons
with the Accessible Login feature and <application>On-Screen Keyboard</application>,
including USB single switches and mouse-like pointing devices.</para>
<note>
<para>You should not configure an alternative input device to control
the primary onscreen pointer. This might result in undesirable behavior or
cause situations from which the user of the alternate input device cannot
recover without using the primary keyboard or mouse. To prevent this problem,
please remove any occurrences of the attributes <literal>SendCore</literal>
or <literal>AlwaysCore</literal> from any of <literal>InputDevice</literal>
lines in the X Server configuration file.</para>
</note>
</section>
</section>



<section id="keynav-0">
<title>Keyboard Desktop Navigation</title>
<para>This section describes how to navigate the GNOME
Desktop from the keyboard only. Users
who have difficulty using a mouse or other pointing device can navigate and
use the desktop from the keyboard.</para>
<section id="keynav-1">
<title>Introduction to Keyboard Navigation</title>
<para>This section describes the essential keyboard shortcuts to enable you
to navigate the desktop from the keyboard. </para>
<para>You can customize some of the keyboard shortcuts that are described
in this chapter. The text indicates the shortcuts that you can customize.
See <xref linkend="keynav-36"/> for information about how to customize keyboard
shortcuts. </para>
<section id="keynav-2">
<title>Essential Keyboard Shortcuts</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Tastenkürzel</primary>
<secondary>essential</secondary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>caret navigation mode</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>The following table lists the essential keyboard shortcuts that you
can use to navigate the desktop. The keyboard shortcuts that you use to navigate
specific elements and controls are described in the appropriate sections of
this chapter.</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Keys</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Funktion</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Tab</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Give focus to the next element or control.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Umschalt</keycap><keycap>Tab</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Reverse the navigation direction and give focus to the previous element or
control. In general, the <keycap>Shift</keycap> key reverses the navigation
direction.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Strg</keycap><keycap>Tab</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Give
focus to the next element or control, if the <keycap>Tab</keycap> key has
a specific purpose in a control. For example, if you press <keycap>Tab</keycap>
in a text box, the system inserts a tab space.</para>
<para>To give focus to
the previous element or control, press <keycombo><keycap>Shift</keycap><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Tab</keycap></keycombo>.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>arrow keys</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Navigate within an element or
control.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Leertaste</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Activate the element or control
that has focus. For example, if the current control is a button, this action
is the equivalent of clicking on the button with a mouse.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Esc</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Close a window, menu, or drawer.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0">
<para>
<keycap>F7</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1">
<para>Switch to caret navigation mode. Caret navigation
mode enables you to use the keyboard to select text. For more information
about caret navigation mode, see <xref linkend="keynav-52"/>.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>
<section id="keynav-3">
<title>Global Keyboard Shortcuts</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Tastenkürzel</primary>
<secondary>global</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you
can use from any part of the GNOME Desktop. </para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Keys</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Funktion</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F1</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Open the <guimenu>Main Applications Menu</guimenu>.</para>
<para>You can customize this keyboard shortcut.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F2</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Open the <guilabel>Run Application </guilabel>dialog.</para>
<para>You can customize this keyboard shortcut.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Druck</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Start the screenshot application
and take a screenshot of the entire screen. </para>
<para>You can customize
this keyboard shortcut.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>Druck</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Start the screenshot application and take a screenshot of the window that
currently has focus.</para>
<para>You can customize this keyboard shortcut.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>F1</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>If the focused element is an
application window or dialog, this keyboard shortcut opens the Help for the
application.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Strg</keycap><keycap>F1</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>If
the focused element is a panel or application window, this keyboard shortcut
switches the display of tooltips for the window or panel objects on and off.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Umschalt</keycap><keycap>F10</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Open
a popup menu for the element that has focus, if a popup menu exists.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>
</section>
<section id="keynav-4">
<title>Navigating the Desktop Background</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Tastenkürzel</primary>
<secondary>for desktop background</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>The desktop background is the part of the GNOME
Desktop where there are no interface
items or applications, such as panels and windows. The following table lists
the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate the desktop background
and the desktop background objects. A desktop background object is an icon
on the desktop background that you can use to open files, folders, or applications. </para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Keys</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Funktion</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Strg</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>D</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Temporarily hide all windows
and give focus to the desktop background.</para>
<para>To restore the windows,
press <keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>D</keycap></keycombo> again.</para>
<para>You can customize this keyboard shortcut.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Strg</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>Tab</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Display a popup window with icons that represent the desktop
background and the panels. Press-and-hold <keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap></keycombo> and continue to press <keycap>Tab</keycap> to switch the focus between
the desktop background and the panels. </para>
<para>You can customize this
keyboard shortcut.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<!--<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Tab</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>When the desktop background or
a desktop background object has focus, give focus to the next desktop background
object in alphabetical order.</para>
</entry>
</row>-->
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>arrow keys</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>When the desktop background or
a desktop background object has focus, give focus to a neighboring desktop
background object.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>A sequence of characters
that matches the first n characters of a desktop background object name.</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>When the desktop background has
focus, give focus to the desktop background object whose name starts with
the specified sequence of characters.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>F2</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Rename the desktop background
object that has focus.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Umschalt</keycap><keycap>F10</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Open
the popup menu for the desktop background object that has focus.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Strg</keycap><keycap>F10</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Öffnen Sie das Menü <guimenu>Desktop-Hintergrund</guimenu>.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>
<section id="keynav-5">
<title>Navigating Panels</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Tastenkürzel</primary>
<secondary>for panels</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>A panel is an area from which you can run special programs,
applications, and panel applications. The most common panel is the panel that
stretches the full width of the bottom edge of the desktop. The following
table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate panels and
panel objects.</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Keys</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Funktion</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Strg</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>Tab</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Give focus
to a panel. This keyboard shortcut displays a popup window with icons that
represent the desktop background, panels, and drawers. Press-and-hold <keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap></keycombo> and continue to press <keycap>Tab</keycap>
to switch the focus between the desktop background, panels, and drawers. </para>
<para>You can customize this keyboard shortcut.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Tab</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Give focus to the next object
on the panel.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>F10</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Open the <guimenu>Applications</guimenu> menu when the Menu Panel has focus. Continue to press <keycap>F10</keycap> to switch focus between the <guimenu>Applications</guimenu> menu
and the window list.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Leertaste</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Activate a panel object, for
example, open a menu or start a launcher.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Umschalt</keycap><keycap>F10</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Open
the panel object popup menu.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Strg</keycap><keycap>F10</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Open
the panel popup menu.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<section id="keynav-6">
<title>So verschieben Sie ein Panel-Objekt</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Tastenkürzel</primary>
<secondary>to move a panel
object</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>You can move a focused panel object to
a different location on a panel or drawer, or you can move the object to the
next panel. To move a panel object, perform the following steps:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Press <keycap>Tab</keycap> to give focus to the object.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Press <keycombo><keycap>Shift</keycap><keycap>F10</keycap></keycombo> to open
the panel object popup menu.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Use the arrow keys to select the <guimenuitem>Move</guimenuitem>
menu item.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Use the keyboard shortcuts that are listed in the following
table to perform the move operation.</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Keys</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Funktion</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>arrow keys</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Move the object left and right on a horizontal panel or up and down on a vertical
panel.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycap>Shift</keycap> +
arrow keys</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Move
the object and push any objects that you encounter in front of the object.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycap>Ctrl</keycap> +
arrow keys</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Move
the object and swap position with any objects that you encounter in the move.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Tab</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Move the object to the next panel.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Leertaste</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Complete the move operation.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para>The following examples demonstrate the effect of different move operations
on the objects in a panel.</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="50*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="50*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Illustration</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Beschreibung</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/move_object_before.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>Portion of a panel with three objects displayed in the following order from left to right: geyes icon, Volume Control icon, and Help icon.</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Shows a panel with three panel
objects before a move operation takes place.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/move_object_arrows.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>Portion of a panel with three objects displayed in the following order from left to right: geyes icon, Volume Control icon, and Help icon. </phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Shows the effect
of using the arrow keys to move the <application>Geyes</application> panel
application on the panel. You can use the arrow keys to move the panel application
left or right until you meet the next panel object.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/move_object_push.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>Portion of a panel with three objects displayed in the following order from left to right: geyes icon, Volume Control icon, and Help icon.</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Shows the effect
of using using <keycap>Shift</keycap> + arrow keys to move the <application>Geyes</application> panel application on the panel. You can use the <keycap>Shift</keycap> + arrow keys to push the <application>Volume Control</application>
and <application>Help</application> panel objects ahead of the object that
you are moving.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/move_object_jump.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>Portion of a panel with three objects displayed in the following order from left to right: Volume Control icon, Help icon, and geyes icon.</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Shows the effect
of using <keycap>Ctrl</keycap> + arrow keys to move the <application>Geyes</application> panel application on the panel. You can use the <keycap>Ctrl</keycap> + arrow keys to swap position with the <application>Volume Control</application> and <application>Help</application> panel objects as you meet
the objects.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<note>
<para>Panel applications that are <guilabel>Locked</guilabel> cannot be moved.  To unlock a panel application, use the <guimenu>panel object</guimenu> menu and unselect <guimenuitem>Lock to Panel</guimenuitem>.</para>
</note>
</section>
<section id="keynav-7">
<title>To Navigate Drawers</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Tastenkürzel</primary>
<secondary>for drawers</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>A drawer is a collapsible extension of a panel. The following
table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate into and out
of drawers. When you open a drawer, you can navigate the contents of the drawer
in the same way as you navigate a panel. See <xref linkend="keynav-5"/> for
information about how to navigate a panel.</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Keys</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Funktion</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Leertaste</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Open or close the drawer that has focus.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>arrow keys</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Navigate into the drawer that
has focus.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Esc</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Close the drawer and give focus
to the drawer object on the panel.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<!--<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Shift</keycap><keycap>Esc</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Give
focus to the drawer object on the panel and leave the drawer open.</para>
</entry>
</row>-->
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>
<section id="keynav-8">
<title>To Navigate Menus on Panels</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Tastenkürzel</primary>
<secondary>for menus on panels</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts
that you can use to navigate menus on panels.</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Keys</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Funktion</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Leertaste</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Open the menu that has focus.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>arrow keys</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Navigate the menu.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Leertaste</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Select a menu item.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Umschalt</keycap><keycap>F10</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Open
the popup menu associated with a menu item, if one exists.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Esc</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Close a menu.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>
<section id="keynav-9">
<title>To Navigate Panel Applications</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Tastenkürzel</primary>
<secondary>for panel applications</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>A panel application is a small application that
resides on a panel. You can navigate to all panel applications and open the
panel application popup menu from the keyboard. However, if the panel application
does not contain controls that you can give focus to, you cannot navigate
the controls in the panel application. The following table lists the keyboard
shortcuts that you can use to navigate panel applications. </para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Keys</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Funktion</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Leertaste</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Activate the panel application control that has focus,
if applicable. Not all panel applications contain controls that you can activate.
If the panel application does not contain a control that you can activate,
the <keycap>spacebar</keycap> does nothing. </para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>arrow keys</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Navigate the controls on the
panel application.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Umschalt</keycap><keycap>F10</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Open
the panel application popup menu. To navigate the menu, use the standard keyboard
shortcuts for navigating menus. See <xref linkend="keynav-24"/> for information
about how to navigate menus.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>
</section>
<section id="keynav-10">
<title>Navigating Your Workspaces</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Tastenkürzel</primary>
<secondary>for workspaces</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>A workspace is a discrete area in which you
can work. You can have many workspaces on your desktop and you can switch
from one workspace to another. Each workspace can contain different windows
and processes. The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can
use to navigate workspaces.</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Keys</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Funktion</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap></keycombo>
+ arrow keys</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Give focus to the next
or previous workspace. This keyboard shortcut displays a popup window with
icons that represent the workspaces. Press and hold <keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap></keycombo> and continue to press the arrow keys to switch the focus between
the workspaces. </para>
<para>You can customize this keyboard shortcut.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Shift</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap></keycombo> + arrow keys</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Move the window that has focus to the next or previous workspace.</para>
<para>You can customize this keyboard shortcut.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>
<section id="keynav-11">
<title>Navigating Windows</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Tastenkürzel</primary>
<secondary>for windows</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>The following sections describe the keyboard shortcuts that
you can use to navigate windows. A window is a rectangular frame on your screen
that displays an application.</para>
<note>
<para>You can customize all of the keyboard shortcuts that are associated
with navigating windows. See <xref linkend="keynav-10"/> for more information.</para>
</note>
<section id="keynav-12">
<title>So wählen Sie ein Fenster als aktives Fenster aus</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Tastenkürzel</primary>
<secondary>to give focus to
a window</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>Before you can use or modify a window,
you must give focus to the window. The following table lists the keyboard
shortcuts that you can use to give focus to a window.</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Keys</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Funktion</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>Tab</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Display a popup window with icons that represent
each window. Press-and-hold <keycap>Alt</keycap> and continue to press <keycap>Tab</keycap> to move through the windows until you reach the window to which
you want to give focus.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>Esc</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Raise
each window in turn until you reach the window to which you want to give focus.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>
<section id="keynav-13">
<title>To Control a Window</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Tastenkürzel</primary>
<secondary>to control a window</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>When a window has focus, you can perform various
actions on the window. The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that
you can use to control the window that has focus.</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Keys</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Funktion</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>Leertaste</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Open the <guimenu>Window</guimenu> Menu.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F4</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Close
the window.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<emphasis>Solaris:</emphasis>
<keycap>Open</keycap>
</para>
<para><emphasis>Linux:</emphasis><keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F9</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Minimize the window.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F10</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Maximize
the window.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F5</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Restore
a maximized window to the original size of the window.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>
<section id="keynav-14">
<title>So verschieben Sie ein Fenster</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Tastenkürzel</primary>
<secondary>to move a window</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>When a window has focus, you can move the window
around the screen. The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you
can use to move a window.</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Keys</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Funktion</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F7</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Start the move operation. The mouse pointer changes
to a cross. </para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>arrow keys</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Move the window 10 pixels at
a time in the direction of the arrow key.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycap>Ctrl</keycap> +
arrow keys</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Move
the window one pixel at a time in the direction of the arrow key.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycap>Shift</keycap> +
arrow keys</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Move
the window in the direction of the arrow key to align it with the edge of
the nearest window, panel, or screen edge.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Leertaste</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Complete the move operation and
leave the window in the current position.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Esc</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Cancel the move operation and
restore the window to the original position.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>
<section id="keynav-15">
<title>So ändern Sie die Größe eines Fensters</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Tastenkürzel</primary>
<secondary>to resize a window</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>When a window has focus, you can increase or
decrease the size of the window. The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts
that you can use to resize the window that has focus.</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Keys</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Funktion</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F8</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Start the resize operation.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>arrow keys</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Resize the window in the direction
of the arrow keys.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Leertaste</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Complete the resize operation
and leave the window at the current size.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Esc</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Cancel the resize operation and
restore the window to the original size.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>
<section id="keynav-16">
<title>To Navigate Paned Windows</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Tastenkürzel</primary>
<secondary>for paned windows</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>A paned window is a window that is split into
two or more panes. The Help browser is an example of an application
that uses paned windows. </para>
<para>The following table describes the keyboard shortcuts that you can use
to navigate windows with panes.</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Keys</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Funktion</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>F6</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Give focus to the next pane. The system gives focus to the control that last
had focus in the pane. </para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>F8</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Give focus to the first resize
handle in the window. The resize handle is displayed between the panes and
enables you to resize the panes. Press <keycap>F8</keycap> again to give focus
to the next resize handle.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para>When the resize handle has focus, you can use the keyboard shortcuts
that are listed in the following table to modify the paned window.</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Keys</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Funktion</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>arrow keys</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Move the resize handle by a small
amount.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycap>Ctrl</keycap> +
arrow keys</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Move
the resize handle by a large amount.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Home</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Reduce the size of the pane to
the left of the resize handle for vertical panes, or above the resize handle
for horizontal panes, to the minimum size allowed. </para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>End</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Increase the size of the pane
to the left of the resize handle for vertical panes, or above the resize handle
for horizontal panes, to the maximum size allowed. </para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Leertaste</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Set the position of the resize
handle and return the focus to the last control that had focus.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Esc</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Reset the position of the resize
handle to the original position and return the focus to the last control that
had focus.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>
</section>
<section id="keynav-17">
<title>Navigating Applications</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Tastenkürzel</primary>
<secondary>for applications</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>An application is any program, utility, or other
software package that you run on your desktop. Applications comprise the following
standard user interface components: </para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>Fenster</term>
<listitem>
<para>A window is a rectangular
frame on your screen that displays an application. See <xref linkend="keynav-11"/>
for information about how to navigate windows.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Dialogs</term>
<listitem>
<para>A dialog is a popup window
in which you enter information or commands. See <xref linkend="keynav-19"/>
for information about how to navigate dialogs.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Controls</term>
<listitem>
<para>A control is an instrument
that you use to operate or guide the user interface. For example, buttons,
check boxes, menus, and text boxes are controls. See <xref linkend="keynav-23"/>
for detailed information about how to navigate the different types of controls
that are available.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>This section of the manual describes the essential keyboard
shortcuts that you can use to start using applications and dialogs. </para>
<section id="keynav-18">
<title>Essential Keyboard Shortcuts for Navigating Applications</title>
<anchor id="keynav-22"/>
<para>Since there are many applications that you can use in the GNOME
Desktop, this manual does not describe
the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate all of the different applications.
However, the basic keyboard shortcuts are common to all applications. Access
keys also provide an efficient way to navigate an application from the keyboard.
An access key is identified by an underlined letter on a menu or control.
In some cases, you must press <keycap>Alt</keycap> in combination with the
access key to perform an action.</para>
<para>The following table lists the essential keyboard shortcuts that you
can use to navigate applications. </para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Keys</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Funktion</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>F10</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Open the first menu on the application menubar.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycap>Alt</keycap> + access
key</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Open the menu
that is associated with the access key. </para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>Zugriffstasten</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Select the menu item that is
associated with the access key.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycap>left arrow</keycap>
and <keycap>right arrow</keycap></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Switch focus between the menus on the menubar.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycap>up arrow</keycap>
and <keycap>down arrow</keycap></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Move focus into a menu.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Esc</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Close the open menus and give
focus to the control that had focus before the menubar.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Strg</keycap><keycap>O</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1">
<para>Open the file selector dialog.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Strg</keycap><keycap>S</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1">
<para>Open the Save dialog.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Strg</keycap><keycap>L</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1">
<para>Open a Location dialog to enable you to type
the name of the file that you want to open or save.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>
<section id="keynav-19">
<title>Essential Keyboard Shortcuts for Navigating Dialogs</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Tastenkürzel</primary>
<secondary>for dialogs</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>The following table lists the essential keyboard shortcuts
that you can use to navigate dialogs. </para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Keys</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Funktion</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>access key</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Activate or select a control.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Tab</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Give focus to the next control.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Strg</keycap><keycap>Page Up</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>If a tab name has focus, move to the next tabbed section of the dialog.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Strg</keycap><keycap>Page Down</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>When a tab name has focus, move to the previous tabbed section of the dialog.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Esc</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Close the dialog.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Eingabetaste</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Perform the default action for
the dialog. The default action is usually to apply the changes and close the
dialog.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>
</section>
<section id="keynav-20">
<title>Navigating the File Manager</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Tastenkürzel</primary>
<secondary>for file manager</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>By default, the file manager operates in <guilabel>Spatial</guilabel> mode.  This mode uses separate windows for each folder.  A separate mode, called <guilabel>Browser</guilabel> mode, exists that uses the same window for each folder.</para>
<note>
<para>For more information about different modes for the file manager, see <ulink url="ghelp:user-guide?nautilus-presentation">the user guide</ulink>.</para>
</note>
<section id="keynav-spatial">
<title>To Navigate a Folder</title>
<para>The following table describes the keyboard shortcuts that enable you to navigate folders in 
the file manager.</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Keys</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Funktion</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>arrow keys</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Select the next or previous file or folder in the direction of the arrow key.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycap>Ctrl</keycap> +
arrow keys</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Give
focus to the next or previous file or folder but do not select the item.  This allows multiple files to be selected.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Leertaste</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Open the focused file or folder.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycap>Ctrl</keycap> +
<keycap>spacebar</keycap></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Select the item that currently has focus.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>A sequence of characters
that matches the first <replaceable>n</replaceable> characters of a filename.</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Select the first file or folder that starts with the specified sequence of
characters.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Home</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Select the first file or folder within the current folder.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>End</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Select the last file or folder within the current folder.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>backspace</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Open the current folder's parent folder.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>
<section id="keynav-navigational">
<title>To Navigate Browser Window Components</title>
<anchor id="keynav-21"/>
<para>When operating in browser mode, the file manager window contains several components
and there are different keyboard shortcuts defined to navigate each component. </para>

<para>The following table describes the keyboard shortcuts that enable you
to navigate between  the components.</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Keys</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Funktion</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>F6</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Switch focus between the side
pane and the view pane.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Umschalt</keycap><keycap>F10</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Open the side pane popup menu.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>
</section>
<section id="keynav-52">
<title>Navigating Help Content in Caret Navigation Mode</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Tastenkürzel</primary>
<secondary>for Help content</secondary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>caret navigation mode</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>The following table describes how to navigate HTML-based
help content in caret navigation mode in the <application>Yelp</application>
help browser. Caret navigation is a mode of operation in an application which
enables you to use the keyboard to select text.</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Keys</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Funktion</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0">
<para>
<keycap>F7</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1">
<para>Switch to caret navigation mode. </para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0">
<para>Nach links</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1">
<para>Move one character to the left.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0">
<para>Nach rechts</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1">
<para>Move one character to the right.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0">
<para>Nach oben</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1">
<para>Move up one line.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0">
<para>Nach unten</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1">
<para>Move down one line.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0">
<para><keycap>Ctrl</keycap> + left arrow</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1">
<para>Move to the beginning of the previous word.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0">
<para><keycap>Ctrl</keycap> + right arrow</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1">
<para>Move to the end of the next word.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0">
<para>
<keycap>Page Up</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1">
<para>Scroll up one page of content.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0">
<para>
<keycap>Page Down</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1">
<para>Scroll down one page of content.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0">
<para>
<keycap>Home</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1">
<para>Move to the beginning of the current line.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0">
<para>
<keycap>End</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1">
<para>Move to the end of the current line.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0">
<para><keycap>Shift</keycap> + arrow keys</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1">
<para>Move from the current
position to the destination position and select all text between the two positions.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0">
<para>
<keycap>Tab</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1">
<para>Move focus to the next focusable control.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Umschalt</keycap><keycap>Tab</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1">
<para>Move focus to the
previous focusable control.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0">
<para>
<keycap>Enter</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1">
<para>Activate a button or submit a form.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>
<section id="keynav-23">
<title>Navigating Standard Elements and Controls</title>
<para>The following sections describe how to navigate and use standard user
interface elements and controls from the keyboard.</para>
<section id="keynav-24">
<title>To Navigate Menus</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Tastenkürzel</primary>
<secondary>for menus</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you
can use to navigate menus.</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Keys</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Funktion</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para><keycap>up arrow</keycap> and <keycap>down
arrow</keycap></para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Give focus to the next
or previous menu item on a menu.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Nach rechts</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>If the menu item
that has focus is a submenu, open the submenu and give focus to the first
menu item on the submenu.</para>
<para>If the menu item that has focus is not
a submenu, open the next menu on the menubar.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Nach links</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>If the menu item
that has focus is a submenu item, switch the focus back to the submenu.</para>
<para>If the menu item that has focus is not a submenu item, open the previous menu
on the menubar.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Eingabetaste</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Select the focused menu item
and close the open menus.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>access key</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Select the menu item that is
associated with the access key and close the open menus.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Leertaste</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Select the focused menu item
and close the open menus except when the menu item is a check box or radio
button. If the menu item is a check box or radio button, the menu does not
close.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Esc</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Close the open menus.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>
<section id="keynav-25">
<title>To Navigate Buttons</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Tastenkürzel</primary>
<secondary>for buttons</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>A button is a control that you use to start an action. Most
buttons are rectangular and contain a text label. </para>
<figure id="keynav-FIG-39">
<title>Sample Button</title>
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/button.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>Close button.</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
</figure>
<para>The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to
navigate buttons.</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Keys</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Funktion</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Leertaste</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Activate the button that has focus. This is the equivalent
of clicking on the button.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Eingabetaste</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Activate the button that has
focus or, if no button has focus, perform the default action for the dialog.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>
<section id="keynav-26">
<title>To Navigate Radio Buttons</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Tastenkürzel</primary>
<secondary>for radio buttons</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>A radio button is a control that you use to
select one of several mutually-exclusive options. </para>
<figure id="keynav-FIG-40">
<title>Sample Radio Button</title>
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/radio_button.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>Two sample radio buttons.</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
</figure>
<para>The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to
navigate a set of radio buttons.</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Keys</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Funktion</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>arrow keys</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Select the next or previous radio button and deselect the other radio buttons
in the group.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>
<section id="keynav-27">
<title>To Navigate Check Boxes</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Tastenkürzel</primary>
<secondary>for check boxes</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>A check box is a control that you use to select
or deselect an option.</para>
<figure id="keynav-FIG-41">
<title>Sample Check Box</title>
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/check_box.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>Sample check box.</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
</figure>
<para>The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to
navigate a check box.</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Keys</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Funktion</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Leertaste</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Select or deselect the check box.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>
<section id="keynav-28">
<title>To Navigate Text Boxes</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Tastenkürzel</primary>
<secondary>for text boxes</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>Text boxes are controls in which you type text.</para>
<figure id="keynav-FIG-42">
<title>Sample Single Line Text Box</title>
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/text_box.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>Sample text box with one input line.</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
</figure>
<para>The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to
navigate a single line text box.</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Keys</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Funktion</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Nach links</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Position the cursor one character to the left.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Nach rechts</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Position the cursor one character
to the right.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Strg</keycap><keycap>Nach links</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Position the cursor at the start of the current word. Press-and-hold <keycap>Ctrl</keycap> and continue to press <keycap>left arrow</keycap> to position
the cursor at the start of the previous word.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Strg</keycap><keycap>Nach rechts</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Position the cursor at the end of the current word. Press-and-hold <keycap>Ctrl</keycap> and continue to press <keycap>right arrow</keycap> to position
the cursor at the end of the next word.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Home</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Position the cursor at the start
of the line.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>End</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Position the cursor at the end
of the line.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Shift</keycap><keycap>left arrow</keycap></keycombo> or <keycap>right arrow</keycap></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Select one character at a time to the left or right of
the cursor.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Shift</keycap><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>left arrow</keycap></keycombo> or <keycap>right arrow</keycap></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Select one word at a time to
the left or right of the cursor.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Umschalt</keycap><keycap>Home</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Select all text to the left of the cursor.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Umschalt</keycap><keycap>End</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Select
all text to the right of the cursor.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Strg</keycap><keycap>A</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Select all text in the text box.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para>In addition to the keyboard shortcuts listed in the previous table,
use the keyboard shortcuts in the following table to navigate multi-line text
boxes.</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Keys</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Funktion</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Page Up</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Position the cursor at the top of the current view. Press <keycap>Page Up</keycap> again to position the cursor at the top of the previous view.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Page Down</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Position the cursor at the end
of the current view. Press <keycap>Page Down</keycap> again to position the
cursor at the end of the previous view.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Strg</keycap><keycap>Nach oben</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Position the cursor at the start of the current paragraph. Press-and-hold <keycap>Ctrl</keycap> and continue to press the <keycap>up arrow</keycap> key to position
the cursor at the start of the previous paragraph.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Strg</keycap><keycap>Nach unten</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Position the cursor at the end of the current paragraph. Press-and-hold <keycap>Ctrl</keycap> and continue to press the <keycap>down arrow</keycap> key to
position the cursor at the end of the next paragraph.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Strg</keycap><keycap>Page Up</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Position the cursor one view width to the left.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Strg</keycap><keycap>Page Down</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Position the cursor one view width to the right.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Strg</keycap><keycap>Home</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Position the cursor at the start of the text box.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Strg</keycap><keycap>End</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Position
the cursor at the end of the text box.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Strg</keycap><keycap>Tab</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Give
focus to the next control on the dialog.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Umschalt</keycap><keycap>Page Up</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Select the text to the start of the current view. Press-and-hold <keycap>Shift</keycap> and continue to press <keycap>Page Up</keycap> to extend the
selection to the start of the previous view.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Umschalt</keycap><keycap>Page Down</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Select the text to the end of the current view. Press-and-hold <keycap>Shift</keycap> and continue to press <keycap>Page Down</keycap> to extend the selection
to the end of the next view.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Umschalt</keycap><keycap>Home</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Select the text to the start of the line.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Umschalt</keycap><keycap>End</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Select
the text to the end of the line.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Umschalt</keycap><keycap>Strg</keycap><keycap>Nach oben</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Select the text to the start of the paragraph, then to
the start of the previous paragraph.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Umschalt</keycap><keycap>Strg</keycap><keycap>Nach unten</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Select the text to the end of the paragraph, then to the
end of the next paragraph.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Umschalt</keycap><keycap>Strg</keycap><keycap>Home</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Select the text to the start of the text box.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Umschalt</keycap><keycap>Strg</keycap><keycap>End</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Select the text to the end of the text box.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>
<section id="keynav-29">
<title>To Navigate Spin Boxes</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Tastenkürzel</primary>
<secondary>for spin boxes</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>A spin box is a control that allows you to type
a numeric value or select a value from a list of all possible values. </para>
<figure id="keynav-FIG-43">
<title>Sample Spin Box</title>
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/spin_box.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>Sample spin box. Contains a text box and up and down arrows.</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
</figure>
<para>The keyboard shortcuts that you use to navigate the text box area of
a spin box are listed in <xref linkend="keynav-28"/>. The following table lists
the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate the up and down arrows
in the spin box.</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Keys</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Funktion</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para><keycap>up arrow</keycap> or <keycap>down arrow</keycap></para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Increase or decrease the
value of the spin box by a small amount.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycap>Page Up</keycap>
or <keycap>Page Down</keycap></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Increase or decrease the value of the spin box by a large amount.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>
<section id="keynav-30">
<title>To Navigate Drop-Down Lists</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Tastenkürzel</primary>
<secondary>for drop-down lists</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>A drop-down list is a control that you use to
select one of several available items. The drop-down list contains a button
that you use to display the available items. </para>
<figure id="keynav-FIG-44">
<title>Sample Drop-Down List</title>
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/dropdown_list_box.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>Sample drop-down list.</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
</figure>
<para>The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to
navigate a drop-down list.</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Keys</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Funktion</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Leertaste</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>This key performs one of the following functions:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>If the drop-down list is not open, this key opens the drop-down
list.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>If the drop-down list is open, this key accepts the current
selection and closes the list. </para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Nach oben</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Select the previous list item.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Nach unten</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Select the next list item.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Esc</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Close the list without changing
the selection.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>
<section id="keynav-31">
<title>To Navigate Drop-Down Combination Boxes</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Tastenkürzel</primary>
<secondary>for drop-down combination
boxes</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>A drop-down combination box is a text box
with a drop-down list attached. </para>
<figure id="keynav-FIG-45">
<title>Sample Drop-Down Combination Box</title>
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/dropdown_combination_box.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>Sample drop-down combination box. Contains a text box and an arrow button that you click to display the drop-down list.</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
</figure>
<para>When the text box has focus, use the keyboard shortcuts that are listed
in <xref linkend="keynav-28"/> to navigate the text box area. When the text
box has focus, you can also use the keyboard shortcuts in the following table
to navigate the drop-down list area.</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Keys</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Funktion</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Nach oben</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Select the previous item from the drop-down list without
displaying the list.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Nach unten</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Select the next item from the
drop-down list without displaying the list.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>down arrow</keycap></keycombo> (Solaris only)</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Open the drop-down list.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para>When the drop-down list has focus, you can use the keyboard shortcuts
that are listed in the following table to navigate the drop-down list.</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Keys</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Funktion</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Nach oben</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Select the previous list item.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Nach unten</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Select the next list item.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Home</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Select the first item on the
list.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>End</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Select the last item on the list.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Page Up</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Select the item at the top of
the current list view.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Page Down</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Select the item at the bottom
of the current list view.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Leertaste</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Accept the current selection
and close the drop-down list.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Strg</keycap><keycap>Page Up</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Scroll to the left of the list, if required.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Strg</keycap><keycap>Page Down</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Scroll to the right of the list, if required.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>
<section id="keynav-32">
<title>To Navigate Sliders</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Tastenkürzel</primary>
<secondary>for sliders</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>A slider is a control that you use to set a value in a continuous
range of values.</para>
<figure id="keynav-FIG-46">
<title>Sample Slider</title>
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/slider.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>Sample slider. Displays a slider control that you can move left or right.</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
</figure>
<para>The following table describes the keyboard shortcuts that you can use
to navigate a slider.</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Keys</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Funktion</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para><keycap>left arrow</keycap> or <keycap>up arrow</keycap></para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Move the slider left or
up by a small amount.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycap>right arrow</keycap>
or <keycap>down arrow</keycap></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Move the slider right or down by a small amount.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Page Up</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Move the slider left or up a
large amount.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Page Down</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Move the slider right or down
a small amount.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Home</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Move the slider to the maximum
value.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>End</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Move the slider to the minimum
value.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>
<section id="keynav-33">
<title>To Navigate Tabbed Sections</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Tastenkürzel</primary>
<secondary>for tabbed sections</secondary>
</indexterm>
<figure id="keynav-FIG-47">
<title>Sample Dialog with Tabbed Sections</title>
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/tabbed_section.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>Editing profile dialog from the GNOME Terminal application. Contains six tabbed sections.</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
</figure>
<para>Windows and dialogs are sometimes divided into logical sections that
are displayed one section at a time on the window or dialog. The divisions
are called tabbed sections that are identified by a tab with a text label. </para>
<para>The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to
navigate the tabbed sections of a window or dialog when a tab name has focus.</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Keys</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Funktion</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Nach links</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Give focus to the previous tabbed section.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Nach rechts</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Give focus to the next tabbed
section.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycap>Tab</keycap> or<keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>down arrow</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Give focus to the first control on the active tabbed section.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para>The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to
navigate the tabbed sections of a window or dialog when a control on a tabbed
section has focus.</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Keys</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Funktion</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Page Up</keycap></keycombo>
or <keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>Page Up</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Give focus to the previous tabbed section. </para>
<para>This keyboard shortcut does not work if the focused control uses <keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Page Up</keycap></keycombo> for another purpose.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Page Down</keycap></keycombo> or <keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>Page Down</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Give focus to the next tabbed section.</para>
<para>This keyboard shortcut
does not work if the focused control uses <keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Page Down</keycap></keycombo> for another purpose.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Strg</keycap><keycap>Tab</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Give
focus to the next control outside the tabbed sections.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>
<section id="keynav-34">
<title>To Navigate Lists</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Tastenkürzel</primary>
<secondary>for lists</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you
can use to navigate multi-column lists when a column header has focus.</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Keys</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Funktion</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para><keycap>left arrow</keycap> or <keycap>right
arrow</keycap></para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Give focus to the previous
or next column header.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Leertaste</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Activate the header. This action
usually sorts the list by the column header.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Tab</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Give focus to the list contents.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para>The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to
navigate lists when the contents of the list has focus.</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Keys</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Funktion</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>arrow keys</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Select the next or previous row or column.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Page Up</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Select the top
row of the list contents that are in view. Press <keycap>Page Up</keycap>
again to select the top row of the previous view.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Page Down</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Select the bottom row of the
list contents that are in view. Press <keycap>Page Down</keycap> again to
select the bottom row of the next view.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Home</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Select the first row in the list.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>End</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Select the last row in the list.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycap>Shift</keycap> +
arrow keys</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>For
lists that support multi-line selections, add the next or previous row or
column to the current selection.</para>
<para>For lists that only allow single
line selections, select the next or previous row or column.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Umschalt</keycap><keycap>Page Up</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Select all the rows between the current selection and the top row of the view. </para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Umschalt</keycap><keycap>Page Down</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Select all the rows between the current selection and the bottom row of the
view. </para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Umschalt</keycap><keycap>Home</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Select all the rows between the current selection and the first row in the
list. </para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Umschalt</keycap><keycap>End</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Select
all the rows between the current selection and the last row in the list. </para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycap>Ctrl</keycap> +
arrow keys</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Give
focus to the next row or column but do not extend the selection.  Further items can be selected by pressing the <keycap>spacebar</keycap></para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Strg</keycap><keycap>Page Up</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Give focus to the top row in the view but do not extend the selection.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Strg</keycap><keycap>Page Down</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Give focus to the bottom row in the view but do not extend the selection.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Strg</keycap><keycap>Home</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Give focus to the first row in the list but do not extend the selection.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Strg</keycap><keycap>End</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Give
focus to the last row in the list but do not extend the selection.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Eingabetaste</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Activate the item.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Strg</keycap><keycap>A</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>For
lists that support multiline selections, select all rows in the list.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Umschalt</keycap><keycap>Tab</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Give
focus to the column header, if applicable.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>
<section id="keynav-35">
<title>To Navigate Trees</title>
<para>A tree is a user interface control that contains sections that you can
expand and collapse. A tree usually represents a hierarchical structure.</para>
<figure id="keynav-FIG-48">
<title>Sample Tree Structure</title>
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/tree.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>Categories tree from the gedit Preferences dialog. Contains three subcategories.</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
</figure>
<para>To navigate trees, you can use the same keyboard shortcuts that are
listed in <xref linkend="keynav-34"/>. In addition, the following table lists
the keyboard shortcuts you can use for the tree items.</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Keys</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Funktion</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para><keycap>+</keycap> (plus)</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Expand the focused item.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycap>-</keycap> (minus)</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Collapse the focused
item.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Back Space</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Select the parent item.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Strg</keycap><keycap>F</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1">
<para>Display a search dialog if the tree supports searching. You can type the
name of the tree item that you want to find.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>
</section>
<section id="keynav-36">
<title>Customizing Your Keyboard Shortcuts</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Tastenkürzel</primary>
<secondary>Anpassen</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>Use the <application>Keyboard Shortcuts</application> preference
tool to display the default keyboard shortcuts that you use to navigate the GNOME
Desktop. You can customize the default
keyboard shortcuts to meet your requirements. You can also create hot keys.
Hot keys are keyboard shortcuts that start applications. </para>
<para>To start the <application>Keyboard Shortcuts</application> preference
tool, choose <menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guisubmenu>Preferences</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Keyboard Shortcuts</guimenuitem></menuchoice>. The <guilabel>Desktop shortcuts</guilabel> table lists the keyboard shortcut that is associated
with each action.</para>
<section id="keynav-49">
<title>To Customize Keyboard Shortcuts on Solaris Systems</title>
<para>To customize a keyboard shortcut on a Solaris system, perform the following
steps:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Click on the action for which you want to customize the keyboard
shortcut. The row is highlighted.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Click on the keyboard shortcut in the <guilabel>Shortcut</guilabel>
column. The text <quote>Type a new accelerator, or press Backspace to clear</quote> is displayed in the Shortcut column. </para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Press the keys that you want to associate with the action.
The new keyboard shortcut is displayed in the <guilabel>Shortcut</guilabel>
column.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para>To disable a keyboard shortcut, perform the following steps:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Click on the action for which you want to disable the keyboard
shortcut. The row is highlighted.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Click on the keyboard shortcut in the <guilabel>Shortcut</guilabel>
column. The text <quote>Type a new accelerator, or press Backspace to clear</quote> is displayed in the Shortcut column. </para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Press <keycap>Back Space</keycap>. The keyboard shortcut is
disabled.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</section>
<section id="keynav-50">
<title>To Customize Keyboard Shortcuts on Linux Systems</title>
<para>To customize a keyboard shortcut on a Linux system, perform the following
steps:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Click on the action for which you want to customize the keyboard
shortcut. The row is highlighted and the text <quote>Type a new accelerator,
or press Backspace to clear</quote> is displayed in the Shortcut column.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Press the keys that you want to associate with the action.
The new keyboard shortcut is displayed in the <guilabel>Shortcut</guilabel>
column.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para>To disable a keyboard shortcut, perform the following steps:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Click on the action for which you want to disable the keyboard
shortcut. The row is highlighted and the text <quote>Type a new accelerator,
or press Backspace to clear</quote> is displayed in the Shortcut column.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Press <keycap>Back Space</keycap>. The keyboard shortcut is
disabled.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</chapter>

<chapter id="low-vision">
<title>Low Vision or Blindness</title>
<para>From low vision to blindness, the range of visual limitations is broad. Symptoms of low vision include dimness, haziness, extreme far-sightedness or near-sightedness, color blindness, and tunnel vision, among others. People with these disabilities are concerned with being able to see text or images on a computer screen and being able to perform tasks that require eye-hand coordination, such as moving a computer mouse. Text size and color can make a big difference in legibility for people who have low vision.</para>
<para>The technologies that can assist those with low vision or blindness are:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para><emphasis>Screen Magnifier</emphasis> - this is like a magnifying glass. People using them are able to control what area of the computer screen they want enlarged, and can move that focus to view different areas of the screen. They are also known as screen enlargers or large print programs.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><emphasis>Screen Reader</emphasis> - this makes on-screen information available as synthesized speech or a refreshable Braille display. They can only translate text based information. Graphics can be translated if there is alternative text describing the visual images. They are also known as blind access utilities or screen reviewers.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><emphasis>Desktop Appearance Enhancement</emphasis> - users can configure the desktop to be easy to read, for example by increasing text size and using high contrast themes.</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>

<section id="ats-2">
<title>Screen Reader and Magnifier</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Screen Reader and Magnifier</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>Orca</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>The <application>Orca Screen Reader
and Magnifier</application> application enables users with limited vision,
or no vision, to use the GNOME Desktop and associated applications. <application>Orca</application> provides the following functionality: </para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Screen reader</para>
<para>The screen reader enables non-visual access to standard applications
in the GNOME Desktop,
using speech and Braille output.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Magnifier</para>
<para>The magnifier provides automated focus tracking and fullscreen magnification
to aid low-vision users.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>The following sections provide information about Orca and how to use it.</para>
  <section>
    <title>Introduction to Orca</title>
    <section>
      <title>What is Orca?</title>
      <para>Orca is a flexible, extensible, and powerful assistive
      technology for people with visual impairments. Using various
      combinations of speech synthesis, braille, and magnification,
      Orca helps provide access to applications and toolkits that
      support the AT-SPI (e.g., the GNOME desktop). Orca is also
      free open source software.</para>
    </section>
    <section>
      <title>Why the name Orca?</title>
      <para>One of the first DOS screen readers was Flipper by
      Omnichron corporation in Berkeley, CA. It was named Flipper
      in part because the blind wife of the programmer envisioned
      computers as being programmed by flipping switches (an
      accurate image of a bygone era). Then came another DOS screen
      reader from Henter-Joyce in Florida - "Jobs access With
      Speech" (or JAWS). Meanwhile in the UK we had the company
      Dolphin systems making their own DOS screen reader.</para>
      <para>While there isn't otherwise an obvious connection
      between blindness and creatures from the sea, there is
      certainly a long tradition around it.</para>
      <para>Hence the lore is that it is just keeping with the sea
      animal naming theme of screen readers. Plus, Orca is a lot
      tougher sounding than Nemo, Ariel, Willy, or Mr.
      Limpet.</para>
    </section>
    <section>
      <title>What's the schedule?</title>
      <para>Orca is part of the GNOME platform and Orca's releases
      are coupled with the releases of the GNOME platform.</para>
    </section>
    <section>
      <title>How do I request a new feature?</title>
      <para>
      <ulink url="http://bugzilla.gnome.org/buglist.cgi?query=product:orca+">
      Bugs</ulink> and feature/enhancement requests (RFEs) should be
      reported to the 
      <ulink url="http://bugzilla.gnome.org">GNOME Bug Tracking
      System</ulink>. Patches are always welcome, and instructions
      for creating patches can be found in the 
      <ulink url="http://developer.gnome.org/tools/svn.html">GNOME
      introduction to Subversion (svn)</ulink>.</para>
    </section>
    <section>
      <title>Where is the discussion list?</title>
      <para>You can get in touch with developers and other users by
      
      <ulink url="mailto:orca-list@gnome.org">sending an
      e-mail</ulink> to the 
      <ulink url="http://mail.gnome.org/mailman/listinfo/orca-list">
      Orca mailing list</ulink> ( 
      <ulink url="http://mail.gnome.org/archives/orca-list">
      Archives</ulink>).</para>
    </section>
    <section>
      <title>Is braille supported?</title>
      <para>Yes! Braille is supported via BrlTTY and it is
      integrated well with Orca. BrlTTY offers support for nearly
      every refreshable braille display known to man. Please refer
      to the 
      <ulink url="ghelp:orca#braille">Braille page</ulink> for more
      information.</para>
    </section>
    <section>
      <title>Is contracted braille supported?</title>
      <para>Orca currently only supports uncontracted braille.
      Future support for contracted braille, however, is in our
      plans. Please refer to 
      <ulink url="http://bugzilla.gnome.org/show_bug.cgi?id=354470">
      GNOME bug 354470</ulink> to track the progress on this
      front.</para>
    </section>
    <section>
      <title>What voices are available?</title>
      <para>Orca provides interfaces to both 
      <userinput>gnome-speech</userinput> and 
      <userinput>emacspeak</userinput> speech services. As such, the available
      voices for Orca are only restricted by the speech engines
      supported by the available speech services. For free speech
      engines, you typically have a choice of the eSpeak, Festival,
      and FreeTTS speech engines. For commercial engines, you have
      a choice of additional engines such as Fonix DECtalk,
      Loquendo, Eloquence, Cepstral, IBMTTS, and others may be on
      the way soon. Keep an eye on the 
      <userinput>gnome-speech</userinput> package for more progress in this
      area.</para>
    </section>
    <section>
      <title>What languages are supported?</title>
      <para>The 
      <ulink url="http://l10n.gnome.org/teams">GNOME Translation
      teams</ulink> are composed of many passionate volunteers from
      around the world. These teams do a great job and keep an
      up-to-date status report. Please see the 
      <ulink url="http://l10n.gnome.org/module/orca">Orca
      translation status page</ulink> for the large number of
      languages into which Orca has been translated. Note that the
      support for a language also depends upon a speech synthesis
      engine that supports the language whether BrlTTY has braille
      tables for the language or not.</para>
    </section>
    <section>
      <title>How well does magnification work?</title>
      <para>Orca currently uses the 
      <userinput>gnome-mag</userinput> magnification service. As of this
      writing (GNOME 2.18), 
      <userinput>gnome-mag</userinput> has incorporated some support for
      smoother full screen magnification, which relies upon newer
      extensions in the X Window System server. These extensions do
      not always function well on all platforms, so smooth full
      screen magnification may not always work.</para>
    </section>
    <section>
      <title>How is web access coming along?</title>
      <para>We are targeting Firefox 3 for providing compelling web
      access. The work is progressing step by step and both the
      Orca and Firefox teams are working feverishly to get it
      done.</para>
    </section>
  </section>
  <section>
    <title>Using Orca</title>
    <section>
      <title>Initial Set-up</title>
      <para>When you run Orca for the first time, it will
      automatically enter setup mode. If you want to run setup at
      some later point, you can pass the 
      <userinput>--setup</userinput> option to Orca the next time you run it.
      Furthermore, while Orca is running, you can press 
      <keycombo>
        <keycap>Insert</keycap>
        <keycap>Space</keycap>
      </keycombo> to bring up the Orca setup window. Finally, Orca
      provides a text setup utility that you can start by passing
      the 
      <userinput>--text-setup</userinput> option to Orca. All of these options
      will create a 
      <userinput>~/.orca/user-settings.py</userinput> file that holds your
      preferences and will also enable the accessibility
      infrastructure. You need to log out and log back in for the
      accessibility infrastructure settings to take effect.</para>
    </section>
    <section>
      <title>How do I run Orca?</title>
      <para>Run Orca by typing 
      <userinput>orca</userinput>into a Terminal. You can do so
      from a virtual console window if you do not yet have access
      to the GUI. Orca will automatically enter text setup mode if
      you run it from a virtual console window or your GUI
      environment is not yet set up for accessibility.</para>
    </section>
    <section>
      <title>Quitting Orca</title>
      <para>To quit orca, press 
      <keycombo>
        <keycap>Insert</keycap>
        <keycap>Q</keycap>
      </keycombo>. A confirmation dialog will appear. Select "yes"
      to quit. If the system seems unresponsive, you can do a
      couple things:</para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>Run 
          <userinput>orca --quit</userinput> from a terminal window, such as a
          virtual console (press 
          <keycombo>
            <keycap>Ctrl</keycap>
            <keycap>Alt</keycap>
            <keycap>F1</keycap>
          </keycombo> on most Linux platforms to get to a virtual
          console and then 
          <keycombo>
            <keycap>Alt</keycap>
            <keycap>F7</keycap>
          </keycombo> to get back to the desktop). This will kill
          orca and clean up after it. You can then rerun orca using
          the Orca command.</para>
          <para>Press 
          <keycombo>
            <keycap>Ctrl</keycap>
            <keycap>Alt</keycap>
            <keycap>Backspace</keycap>
          </keycombo> to kill your login session and get back to the
          graphical login prompt.</para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
    </section>
  </section>
  <section>
    <title>Customizing Orca</title>
    <section>
      <title>How do I define my own keybindings?</title>
      <para>You can currently redefine your key bindings for Orca
      in two main ways. The first way is to be able to choose
      between the destkop and laptop layouts, which can be selected
      on the "General" page of the Orca Configuration GUI (press 
      <keycombo>
        <keycap>Insert</keycap>
        <keycap>Space</keycap>
      </keycombo> to bring up the Orca preferences GUI). For
      finer-grained control, you can also redefine indivual key
      bindings on the "Key Bindings" page of the Orca Configuration
      GUI.</para>
      <note>
        <para>The remainder of this answer might be out of
        date.</para>
      </note>
      <para>Here's an example you can add to your 
      <userinput>~/.orca/user-settings.py</userinput> file. It sets up a
      global keybinding for 
      <keycombo>
        <keycap>Insert</keycap>
        <keycap>T</keycap>
      </keycombo> (
      <keycap>Insert</keycap> is the Orca modifier) to speak and
      braille "Hello World."</para>
      <screen>
<![CDATA[# Set up custom keybindings.
import orca.braille
import orca.input_event
import orca.keybindings
import orca.orca
import orca.speech
from orca.orca_i18n import _
def sayHello(script, inputEvent=None):
    message = _("Hello World")
    # Say/braille something.
    #
    orca.speech.speak(message)
    orca.braille.displayMessage(message)
    # Consume the event so it will not go to an application.
    #
    return True
sayHelloHandler = orca.input_event.InputEventHandler(
    sayHello,
    _("Says hello to this fine world."))
myKeyBindings = orca.keybindings.KeyBindings()
myKeyBindings.add(orca.keybindings.KeyBinding(
    "t",
    1 << orca.settings.MODIFIER_ORCA,
    1 << orca.settings.MODIFIER_ORCA,
    sayHelloHandler))
orca.settings.keyBindingsMap["default"] = myKeyBindings
]]>
</screen>
    </section>
    <section>
      <title>Use a keyboard command to make Orca speak or braille
      the current date and time</title>
      <para>Place the following lines in 
      <userinput>~/.orca/orca-customizations.py</userinput>. If this file
      does not exist, create it.</para>
      <screen>
<![CDATA[import orca.input_event
import orca.keybindings
import orca.orca
import orca.speech
import orca.braille
import re
]]>
<![CDATA[
myKeyBindings = orca.keybindings.KeyBindings()
]]>
<![CDATA[
def sayTime(script, inputEvent=None):
    import time
    message = time.strftime("%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S", time.localtime())
    orca.speech.speak(message)
    orca.braille.displayMessage(message)
    return True
]]>
<![CDATA[
sayTimeHandler = orca.input_event.InputEventHandler(
    sayTime,
    "Presents the time.")
]]>
<![CDATA[
myKeyBindings.add(orca.keybindings.KeyBinding(
    "d",
    1 << orca.settings.MODIFIER_ORCA,
    1 << orca.settings.MODIFIER_ORCA,
    sayTimeHandler))
]]>
<![CDATA[
orca.settings.keyBindingsMap["default"] = myKeyBindings
]]>
</screen>
      <para>Note that in this case 
      <keycombo>
        <keycap>Insert</keycap>
        <keycap>D</keycap>
      </keycombo> will be used to report current information about
      the time and date.</para>
    </section>
    <section>
      <title>How do I set up my own custom script area?</title>
      <para>The short answer is that if you create an empty 
      <userinput>~/.orca/orca-scripts/__init__.py</userinput> and place your
      custom scripts in 
      <userinput>~/.orca/orca-scripts</userinput>, Orca will pick up any
      scripts from there before looking in the installed
      area.</para>
    </section>
    <section>
      <title>Orca Configuration GUI</title>
      <para>The Orca Configuration GUI allows you to customize the
      behavior and features of Orca, such as speech, braille, and
      magnification. For example, you can select which speech
      synthesis engine you want to use, whether braille is enabled
      or not, and which magnification preferences you want. You can
      select which general keyboard layout you want (desktop or
      laptop) and you can also examine and modify the existing
      keyboard layout with fine grained control. To bring up the
      Orca Configuration GUI, press 
      <keycombo>
        <keycap>&lt;ORCA MODIFIER&gt;</keycap>
        <keycap>Space</keycap>
      </keycombo>, where 
      <userinput>&lt;ORCA MODIFIER&gt;</userinput> is 
      <keycap>Insert</keycap> when you use the desktop key bindings,
      and 
      <keycap>Caps Lock</keycap> when you use the laptop key
      bindings.</para>
      <para>The Orca Configuration GUI is a multi-page dialog
      containing several sections, each of which is described in
      the following sections.</para>
      <section>
        <title>General Page</title>
        <para>The "General" page allows you to customize general
        aspects of Orca. These include the following:</para>
        <section>
          <title>Keyboard layout</title>
          <para>The keyboard layout section allows you to specify
          if you will be working on a laptop (small) or desktop
          (large, with a numeric keypad) keyboard. You select which
          layout you want by selecting one of the following
          option:</para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>Desktop - if selected, the Desktop Keyboard
              Layout will be used.</para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>Laptop - if selected, the Laptop Keyboard
              Layout will be used</para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
        </section>
        <section>
          <title>Show Orca main window</title>
          <para>The Orca main window provides you with a graphical
          way to display the Orca Configuration GUI (also
          obtainable via 
          <keycombo>
            <keycap>Insert</keycap>
            <keycap>Space</keycap>
          </keycombo>) and to quit Orca (also achievable via 
          <keycombo>
            <keycap>Insert</keycap>
            <keycap>Q</keycap>
          </keycombo>). Many users do not like the Orca main window
          because it shows up in the window manager's tab order
          when you press 
          <keycombo>
            <keycap>Alt</keycap>
            <keycap>Tab</keycap>
          </keycombo> to switch windows. By deselecting the "Show
          Orca main window" button, you can tell Orca to not show
          the Orca main window.</para>
        </section>
        <section>
          <title>Quit Orca without Confirmation</title>
          <para>Normally, when you press 
          <keycombo>
            <keycap>Insert</keycap>
            <keycap>Q</keycap>
          </keycombo> to quit Orca or press the 
          <guibutton>Quit</guibutton>button in the Orca main
          window, Orca will pop up a confirmation dialog asking you
          if you want to quit. Unchecking this option prevents the
          confirmation window from appearing.</para>
        </section>
        <section>
          <title>Disable gksu keyboard grab</title>
          <para>When running system administration commands from
          the launch menu, many distributions use an application
          known as 
          <application>gksu</application>to authorize the user to
          run these commands ( 
          <application>gksu</application>is the GUI that asks you
          for your password). When it runs, 
          <application>gksu</application>enables what is known as a
          "keyboard grab," which is a feature to prevent keyboard
          actions from going to any other application on the
          desktop, including Orca. The result of a keyboard grab is
          that Orca will not receive any keyboard events,
          preventing Orca from functioning normally.</para>
          <para>By selecting the 
          <guibutton>Disable gksu keyboard grab</guibutton>button,
          you will turn off the keyboard grab behavior, allowing
          Orca to functional normally with system administration
          applications.</para>
          <note>
            <para>The keyboard grab is a security attempt by 
            <application>gksu</application>to prevent nefarious
            applications from "sniffing" the keyboard and obtaining
            your password. Please be advised that disabling 
            <application>gksu</application>'s keyboard grab feature
            can expose you to such nefarious behavior.</para>
            <para>If you do not feel comfortable with this, you can
            always use the root account for system administration
            purposes. To do so, you need to enable the root account
            for login, and the logout and log back in as root
            whenever you want to perform a system administration
            command.</para>
          </note>
        </section>
        <section>
          <title>Present tooltips</title>
          <para>When checked, this option will tell Orca to present
          information about tooltips when they appear as the result
          of mouse hovering. Specific actions to force tooltips to
          appear, such as pressing 
          <keycombo>
            <keycap>Ctrl</keycap>
            <keycap>F1</keycap>
          </keycombo> when an object has focus, will always result
          in tooltips being presented, regardless of this
          setting.</para>
        </section>
      </section>
      <section>
        <title>Speech Page</title>
        <para>The speech page allows you to customize how Orca uses
        speech synthesis.</para>
        <section>
          <title>Enable speech</title>
          <para>The first control of note on the speech page is the
          
          <guilabel>enable speech</guilabel> check box. This check
          box toggles whether or not Orca will make use of a speech
          synthesizer. This option, along with the ability to
          enable braille and enable magnifier support, allow Orca
          to be tailored to meet the needs of a wide variety of
          users.</para>
        </section>
        <section>
          <title>Speech System and Speech Synthesizer</title>
          <para>The next two controls deal with selecting the
          speech system and synthesizer. Orca provides support for
          a growing number of speech systems. At the time of this
          writing, these include GNOME-speech, Emacspeak, and an
          experimental backend for Speech Dispatcher. Depending
          upon how your machine is configured, you may have all or
          none of these options. Typically, you will have just
          GNOME-speech.</para>
          <para>First, determine which speech system you would like
          to use - GNOME-speech works best at this time. After
          making your selection, tab to the speech synthesizer
          combo box and choose from the list of available
          synthesizers.</para>
        </section>
        <section>
          <title>Voice Settings</title>
          <para>If your synthesizer supports it, Orca can utilize
          multiple voices in order to identify special cases within
          an application, such as hyperlinks or upper case text.
          The voice settings and person combo boxes can be adjusted
          to customize these settings to your liking. For example,
          assume you were using Fonix DECtalk and wanted the betty
          voice to denote upper case. To accomplish this, you could
          do the following:</para>
          <orderedlist numeration="arabic">
            <listitem>
              <para>Tab to the voice settings combo box, and down
              arrow until the upper case voice is selected.</para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>Tab to the person combo box, and down arrow to
              choose the Betty voice.</para>
            </listitem>
          </orderedlist>
          <para>The next three sliders in the tab order allow
          adjustment of the synthesizer's rate, pitch and volume
          respectively.</para>
          <para>Note that you can quickly raise/lower the pitch by
          pressing 
          <keycombo>
            <keycap>Insert</keycap>
            <keycap>Up Arrow</keycap>
          </keycombo> and 
          <keycombo>
            <keycap>Insert</keycap>
            <keycap>Down Arrow</keycap>
          </keycombo>. You can also modify the speaking rate by
          pressing 
          <keycombo>
            <keycap>Insert</keycap>
            <keycap>Left Arrow</keycap>
          </keycombo> and 
          <keycombo>
            <keycap>Insert</keycap>
            <keycap>Right Arrow</keycap>
          </keycombo>.</para>
        </section>
        <section>
          <title>Punctuation Level</title>
          <para>The 
          <guilabel>punctuation level</guilabel> radio button group
          is used to adjust the amount of punctuation spoken by the
          synthesizer . The available levels are none, some, most,
          and all.</para>
        </section>
        <section>
          <title>Verbosity</title>
          <para>The verbosity setting determines the amount of
          information that will be spoken in certain situations.
          For example, if it is set to verbose, the synthesizer
          will speak shortcut keys for items in pull down menus.
          When it is set to brief, these shortcut keys are not
          announced.</para>
        </section>
        <section>
          <title>Table Row Speech</title>
          <para>The table row speech option determines the way in
          which Orca will read items within tables. The available
          settings are speak current row, or speak current cell.
          The ability to adjust this behavior can be useful in many
          situations. For example, consider the process of browsing
          email messages in Evolution. In this instance it may be
          preferable to set table speech to current row, so that
          while arrowing through the list of messages, all relevant
          info, such as the sender, subject, and whether the
          message has attachments is read automatically. While the
          current row setting is active, it is still possible to
          read individual cells by using the left and right
          arrows.</para>
          <para>Note that you can quickly toggle this behavior by
          pressing 
          <keycombo>
            <keycap>Insert</keycap>
            <keycap>F11</keycap>
          </keycombo>.</para>
        </section>
        <section>
          <title>Speak Indentation</title>
          <para>When working with code or editing documents, it is
          often desirable to be aware of justification as well as
          indentation. Selecting the 
          <guilabel>speak indentation and
          justification</guilabel> check box will cause Orca to
          provide this information.</para>
        </section>
        <section>
          <title>Speak Blank Lines</title>
          <para>Some users desire to hear "blank" when navigating
          to a blank line in a document. Other users do not. If the
          
          <guilabel>speak blank lines</guilabel> check box is
          selected, Orca will speak blank lines.</para>
        </section>
      </section>
      <section>
        <title>Braille Page</title>
        <para>The braille page allows you to customize various
        aspects about the use of braille. Orca does not
        automatically start BrlTTY for you -- you typically need to
        do that yourself, and it is something that is usually done
        at boot time.</para>
        <section>
          <title>Enable Braille Support</title>
          <para>The first control on the braille page is the 
          <guilabel>enable braille support</guilabel> check box.
          This check box toggles whether or not Orca will make use
          of a braille display. This option, along with the ability
          to enable braille and enable magnifier support, allow
          Orca to be tailored to meet the needs of a wide variety
          of users. By default, this check box is enabled. If
          BrlTTY is not running, Orca will recover gracefully and
          will not communicate with the braille display. If you
          configure BrlTTY later on, you need to restart Orca in
          order for it to use braille.</para>
        </section>
        <section>
          <title>Enable Braille Monitor</title>
          <para>Orca's braille monitor provides an onscreen
          representation of what takes place on the braille
          display. This feature is mostly for demonstration
          purposes, but is also useful for Orca developers who do
          not have access to a braille display.</para>
        </section>
        <section>
          <title>Abbreviated Role Names</title>
          <para>The 
          <guilabel>abbreviated role names</guilabel> check box
          determines the manner in which role names are displayed
          and can be used to help conserve real estate on the
          braille display. The "abbreviated role names" option can
          be better understood if we consider the following
          example. Let us assume that a slider had focus, and that
          the abbreviated role names box was not checked. In that
          case, the word "slider" would be shown on the display, to
          reflect the fact that the current control was indeed a
          slider. If the abbreviated role names box was checked,
          the word "slider" would be abbreviated to "sldr".</para>
        </section>
        <section>
          <title>Verbosity</title>
          <para>The 
          <guilabel>verbosity</guilabel> radio button group
          determines the amount of information that will be
          brailled in certain situations. For example, if it is set
          to verbose, keyboard shortcut and role name information
          is displayed. This information is not displayed in brief
          mode.</para>
        </section>
      </section>
      <section>
        <title>Key Echo Page</title>
        <para>The key echo page allows you to specify the behavior
        of Orca when pressing keys on the page and whether words
        are spoken as you complete them.</para>
        <section>
          <title>Enable Key Echo</title>
          <para>The first control on the key echo page is the 
          <guilabel>enable key echo</guilabel> check box. When this
          box is selected, five additional check boxes become
          available. These are 
          <guilabel>Enable alphanumeric and punctuation
          keys</guilabel>, 
          <guilabel>Enable modifier keys</guilabel>, 
          <guilabel>Enable locking keys</guilabel>, 
          <guilabel>Enable function keys</guilabel>, and 
          <guilabel>Enable action keys</guilabel>.</para>
          <para>The alphanumeric and function key groups are
          relatively self explanatory.</para>
          <para>Modifier keys are those such as 
          <keycap>Shift</keycap>, 
          <keycap>Control</keycap>, and 
          <keycap>Alt</keycap>.</para>
          <para>Locking keys include 
          <keycap>Caps Lock</keycap>, 
          <keycap>Scroll Lock</keycap>, and 
          <keycap>Num Lock</keycap>.</para>
          <para>The action keys group consists of keys that perform
          some logical action, as 
          <keycap>Backspace</keycap>, 
          <keycap>Return</keycap>and 
          <keycap>Tab</keycap>.</para>
        </section>
        <section>
          <title>Enable Echo by Word</title>
          <para>The last toggle on the key echo page is the 
          <guilabel>enable echo by word</guilabel> check box. The
          echo by word control is always available, regardless of
          whether any of the key echo options are checked.</para>
          <para>In summary, the key echo scheme can offer a great
          deal of flexibility. For example, one user might choose
          to enable all key echo options, while another might
          prefer to use word echo, but only have locking keys
          announced.</para>
        </section>
      </section>
      <section>
        <title>Magnifier Page</title>
        <para>The magnifier page allows you to enable/disable
        magnification and specify how magnification is
        performed.</para>
        <section>
          <title>Enable Magnifier</title>
          <para>The first control on the magnifier page is the 
          <guilabel>enable magnifier</guilabel> check box. This
          check box toggles whether or not Orca will provide
          magnification. This option, along with the ability to
          enable speech and enable braille support, allow Orca to
          be tailored to meet the needs of a wide variety of
          users.</para>
        </section>
        <section>
          <title>Cursor Settings</title>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>Enable cursor</para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>Color</para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>Custom size and width</para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
        </section>
        <section>
          <title>Cross-hair Settings</title>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>Enable cross-hair and size</para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>Enable cross-hair clip</para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
        </section>
        <section>
          <title>Zoomer Settings</title>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>Scale factor</para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>Invert colors</para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>Zoomer position</para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>Top, left, right, bottom</para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>Smoothing</para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>Mouse tracking mode</para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>Source display - X Window System DISPLAY of
              what should be magnified. Typically 
              <userinput>:0</userinput>.</para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>Target display - X Window System DISPLAY of
              where to put the magnified area. Typically 
              <userinput>:0</userinput>.</para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
        </section>
      </section>
      <section>
        <title>Key Bindings Page</title>
        <para>The key bindings page allows you to examine and
        modify the key bindings for Orca.</para>
        <section>
          <title>Orca Modifier Key(s)</title>
          <para>The first control on the key bindings page allows
          you to eaxmine which key (or keys) acts as the "Orca
          modifier". The Orca modifier is the key that you press
          and hold in conjunction with other keys to give commands
          to Orca. For desktop keyboards, the Orca modifier
          defaults to 
          <keycap>Insert</keycap>. For laptop keyboards, the Orca
          modifier defaults to the 
          <keycap>Caps Lock</keycap> key.</para>
          <para>You cannot modify the Orca modifier key(s) using
          the Configuration GUI at this time.</para>
        </section>
        <section>
          <title>Key Bindings Table</title>
          <para>The key bindings table provides a list of Orca
          operations and the keys that are bound to them.</para>
          <para>The "Function" column header is a description of
          the Ora operation to be performed.</para>
          <para>The "Key Binding" header is the primary way to
          invoke the function from the keyboard. Note that the
          function description may include the word Orca. This
          indicates that the Orca modifier key should be held down
          along with the other keys.</para>
          <para>The "Alternate" header provides an alternate
          mechanism for invoking the function from the
          keyboard.</para>
          <para>To modify either the "Key Binding" or the
          "Alternate" bindings, arrow to the cell and press 
          <keycap>Return</keycap>. Then, press a key combination
          and press 
          <keycap>Return</keycap> to confirm the new combination.
          When you do so, the new keystroke will be saved and the
          check box in the last column (the 
          <guilabel>Modified</guilabel> column) will indicate that
          the key binding has been modified.</para>
          <para>To unmodify a modified keybinding, merely arrow to
          the modified column, uncheck the checkbox, and press the 
          <guibutton>Apply</guibutton>button ( 
          <keycombo>
            <keycap>Alt</keycap>
            <keycap>A</keycap>
          </keycombo>).</para>
        </section>
      </section>
      <section>
        <title>Text Attributes Page</title>
        <para>Orca will speak known text attribute information
        about an object when you press 
        <keycombo>
          <keycap>Insert</keycap>
          <keycap>F</keycap>
        </keycombo> ( 
        <keycombo>
          <keycap>Caps Lock</keycap>
          <keycap>F</keycap>
        </keycombo> for laptop systems).</para>
        <para>Because the number of text attributes is large, and
        not everyone cares about every attribute, the "Text
        Attributes" tab of the configuration GUI allows you to
        customize which text attributes Orca will present.</para>
        <para>On this tab is a text attribute list, where each row
        consists of three columns:</para>
        <orderedlist numeration="arabic">
          <listitem>
            <para>A checkbox which the user can set to indicate
            whether this text attribute should be spoken or
            not.</para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>The name of the text attribute.</para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>An editable "Spoken unless" string value. By
            default, not all text attributes will have this set. If
            present, what it means (assuming the user wants this
            text attribute spoken) is that the value of the
            attribute will only be spoken if it's a different value
            than this value.</para>
          </listitem>
        </orderedlist>
        <para>For example, by default the "underline" text
        attribute has a value of "none". If the user has this
        attribute checked and the user presses 
        <keycombo>
          <keycap>Insert</keycap>
          <keycap>F</keycap>
        </keycombo> and the text in question is not underlined, then
        this attribute is not spoken. If you always want this
        attribute to be spoken irrespective of whether the text is
        underlined, then the attribute should be checked and the
        "Spoken unless" value cleared.</para>
        <para>There is also a "Reset" 
        <keycombo>
          <keycap>Alt</keycap>
          <keycap>R</keycap>
        </keycombo> button combination present that will set the
        list values back to their initial state when the dialog was
        first displayed.</para>
        <para>When you initially display the text attribute pane,
        all your checked attributes are put at the top of the list.
        They are given in the order that they will be spoken and
        brailled.</para>
        <para>If you decide to check others or wish to adjust the
        order, there are four buttons to help you do this:</para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>"Move to top" 
            <keycombo>
              <keycap>Alt</keycap>
              <keycap>T</keycap>
            </keycombo> - moves the selected attribute to the top of
            the list.</para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>"Move up one" 
            <keycombo>
              <keycap>Alt</keycap>
              <keycap>U</keycap>
            </keycombo> - moves the selected attribute up one
            row.</para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>"Move down one" 
            <keycombo>
              <keycap>Alt</keycap>
              <keycap>D</keycap>
            </keycombo> - moves the selected attribute down one
            row.</para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>"Move to bottom" 
            <keycombo>
              <keycap>Alt</keycap>
              <keycap>B</keycap>
            </keycombo> - moves the selected attribute to the bottom
            of the list.</para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>Text attributes can also be set on an individual
        application basis. The text attribute pane is also part of
        the application specific settings dialog that is started
        when you give a particular application focus and press 
        <keycombo>
          <keycap>Insert</keycap>
          <keycap>Ctrl</keycap>
          <keycap>Space</keycap>
        </keycombo>.</para>
      </section>
    </section>
  </section>
  <section>
    <title>Application-specific information</title>
    <section>
      <title>Accessible Applications</title>
      <para>Orca is designed to work with applications and toolkits
      that support the assistive technology service provider
      interface (AT-SPI). This includes the GNOME desktop and its
      applications, OpenOffice, Firefox, and the Java platform.
      Some applications work better than others, however, and the
      Orca community continually works to provide compelling access
      to more and more applications.</para>
    </section>
    <section>
      <title>Using Adobe's Acrobat Reader</title>
      <para>We are currently working on a script for Adobe's
      Acrobat Reader, and the initial version has been contributed
      to Orca v2.17.5. Note that there is still work to do, and we
      are very encouraged by Adobe's commitment to
      accessibility.</para>
      <section>
        <title>Installation</title>
        <para>If you get Adobe Acrobat Reader directly from the 
        <ulink url="http://www.adobe.com/products/acrobat/readstep2.html">
        Adobe site</ulink>, you may find that the software will not
        launch. The symptoms: If launched from the Applications
        menu, it appears that nothing has happened. If launched
        from a terminal window, you receive a long series of syntax
        error messages. Should this occur, you will need to edit
        your /usr/bin/acroread file as described in this 
        <ulink url="http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=233514">
        Ubuntu forum thread</ulink>.</para>
        <para>If you instead choose to install Acrobat Reader from
        your distribution's packages, be sure to install both
        acroread and acroread-plugins. Without the plugins package,
        you will not have the access to the "Reading" category in
        the 
        <menuchoice>
          <guimenuitem>Edit</guimenuitem>
          <guimenuitem>Preferences</guimenuitem>
        </menuchoice> dialog.</para>
        <para>Note: If you use Ubuntu and cannot locate the
        acroread package, you will likely need to edit your
        /etc/apt/sources.list to include the 'multiverse'
        repository. Then run 
        <userinput>apt-get update</userinput>. Having done so, you should
        then be able to install both acroread and
        acroread-plugins.</para>
      </section>
      <section>
        <title>Enabling Accessibility and Caret Navigation</title>
        <para>Once you've installed Reader, you need to enable
        accessibility:</para>
        <orderedlist numeration="arabic">
          <listitem>
            <para>In the "Accessibility" category of the 
            <menuchoice>
              <guimenuitem>Edit</guimenuitem>
              <guimenuitem>Preferences</guimenuitem>
            </menuchoice> dialog, make sure "Always display the
            keyboard selection cursor" (<keycombo>
              <keycap>Alt</keycap>
              <keycap>D</keycap>
            </keycombo>) is checked.</para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>In the "Reading" category of the 
            <menuchoice>
              <guimenuitem>Edit</guimenuitem>
              <guimenuitem>Preferences</guimenuitem>
            </menuchoice> dialog, make sure "Enable document
            accessibility" (<keycombo>
              <keycap>Alt</keycap>
              <keycap>E</keycap>
            </keycombo>) is checked.</para>
          </listitem>
        </orderedlist>
      </section>
      <section>
        <title>Working with Untagged Documents</title>
        <para>When you open an untagged document, you will be
        presented with a dialog box asking you to specify the
        reading order and the reading mode options. The default
        reading order is "Infer reading order from document." This
        setting works well for most documents, but not all of
        them.</para>
        <para>The default reading mode will vary depending upon the
        length of the document: For short documents, the default is
        "Read the entire document"; for long documents it is "Read
        the currently visible pages only." Orca seems to provide
        much better access when "Read the entire document" is
        selected.</para>
        <para>If you find that a document seems to be missing parts
        of the text, try changing the reading options. To do so,
        get into the Document menu and select "Change Accessibility
        Reading Options..." or use the shortcut 
        <keycombo>
          <keycap>Ctrl</keycap>
          <keycap>Shift</keycap>
          <keycap>5</keycap>
        </keycombo>.</para>
      </section>
      <section>
        <title>Page Layout</title>
        <para>The best page layout for reading a document with Orca
        is "single page". When "continuous" is chosen, moving focus
        to text as the page is scrolling can cause that text not to
        be read. You can change the page layout to "single page" by
        getting into the View menu and selecting the Page Layout
        submenu.</para>
      </section>
      <section>
        <title>Navigating Tables</title>
        <para>Regarding tables: As far as we know there's not
        currently a whole lot of keyboard support for tables in
        Acrobat Reader. This, by the way, is not an Orca thing; it
        is an Acrobat Reader thing.</para>
        <para>Basically, there are the arrow keys. Their behavior
        is to move you first within the cell with focus, then to
        the next cell with data in it. Note that currently, Up and
        Down Arrow do not seem to move you vertically among cells
        -- at least that has been the experience with the tables we
        have tried. Instead, Up and Down seem to move you
        horizontally until you run out of cells on the current
        row.</para>
      </section>
    </section>
    <section>
      <title>Making Application Specific Settings</title>
      <para>To customize the settings for a particular application,
      you will first need to run that application. Make sure that
      that application has focus, then press 
      <keycombo>
        <keycap>ORCA_MODIFIER</keycap>
        <keycap>Control</keycap>
        <keycap>Space</keycap>
      </keycombo> (by default, this will be 
      <keycombo>
        <keycap>Insert</keycap>
        <keycap>Control</keycap>
        <keycap>Space</keycap>
      </keycombo> for the desktop keyboard layout).</para>
      <para>This brings up a tabbed dialog window very similar to
      the generic Orca Preferences dialog, but with the following
      differences:</para>
      <orderedlist numeration="arabic">
        <listitem>
          <para>There is no initial General pane.</para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>The Speech System and Speech Synthesizer combo
          boxes on the Speech pane will be grayed out (made
          inactive).</para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>Any existing application specific key bindings will
          appear at the top of the list on the Key Bindings
          pane.</para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>There may be a new application specific settings
          pane at the end of the set of tabbed panes. Note that
          pressing the End key from the tab list will get you
          directly to that rightmost tab.</para>
        </listitem>
      </orderedlist>
      <para>Adjust your application specific Orca settings in a
      similar way to the way to set your general Orca preferences.
      For example, you may have key echo disabled generally in Orca
      but would like to specifically have it enabled for the
      gcalctool (GNOME Calculator) application. Here's where you
      could easily set that.</para>
      <para>When you have your application settings customized the
      way that you want, press the OK button. These settings will
      be written away under your 
      <userinput>~/.orca/app-settings</userinput> directory in a file called 
      <userinput>&lt;APPNAME&gt;.py</userinput>, where 
      <userinput>&lt;APPNAME&gt;</userinput> is the name of the
      application.</para>
      <para>These files are automatically written by Orca. The
      existing contents of that file will just be blown away each
      time you change your application settings for that
      application.</para>
      <para>If you want to have some extra application specific
      settings or code that you don't want to lose, then you should
      put it in a file called 
      <userinput>
      ~/.orca/app-settings/&lt;APPNAME&gt;-customizations.py</userinput>.
      This file will be automatically read when the settings for
      the 
      <userinput>&lt;APPNAME&gt;</userinput> application are loaded.</para>
      <para>Note that this is an advanced feature that we don't
      expect most Orca users to use. It's just there if you really
      want it.</para>
      <para>There is currently one known bug (some people would
      call it a feature) that we are trying to track down and
      fix:</para>
      <note>
        <para>If you adjust one or more application specific key
        bindings, the new values will not take immediate effect
        after you've pressed the OK button on the dialog. The
        workaround is to either restart Orca, or to Alt-Tab away to
        some other application and then Alt-Tab back to the one
        that you've just changed the key bindings for.</para>
      </note>
    </section>
  </section>
  <section>
    <title>Braille</title>
    <para>Orca uses 
    <ulink url="http://mielke.cc/brltty/">BrlTTY</ulink> for braille
    support. Orca does not automatically start BrlTTY for you --
    you typically need to do that yourself, and it is something
    that is usually done at boot time. Start-up options are
    described in the BRTLTTY reference manual.</para>
    <para>Orca attempts to work with various releases of BrlTTY. It
    works well with BrlTTY v3.7.2, and we've also been working with
    the BrlTTY team to get it going for BrlTTY v3.8. The remainder
    of this document provides information related to using Orca
    with BRLTTY 3.8.</para>
    <para>To get Orca working with BrlTTY v3.8 requires that the
    Python bindings for BrlAPI are built/installed as part of the
    BrlTTY build/install process. Below are descriptions of the
    necessary tasks to do this for Ubuntu and Solaris. For both,
    you need to first obtain 
    <ulink url="http://mielke.cc/brltty/releases/brltty-3.8.tar.gz">
    brltty-3.8.tar.gz</ulink> from the BrlTTY site.</para>
    <para/>
    <para/>
    <section>
      <title>BrlTTY 3.8 on Ubuntu</title>
      <para>First, setup your build environment to build BrlTTY.
      Much of this setup is done for you automatically in the
      Ubuntu distribution with products such as G++ already
      present. In addition, YOU MUST also install tcl, Pyrex, and
      the Python developers environment. To do this, execute the
      following commands as 
      <userinput>root</userinput> :</para>
      <para/>
      <screen>
<![CDATA[apt-get build-dep brltty
apt-get install tcl8.4 python-pyrex python-dev
]]>
</screen>
      <para>Then, when you build BrlTTY, avoid configuring the
      package with --prefix=/usr. Use the standard procedure
      instead, executing the following commands as 
      <userinput>root</userinput> :</para>
      <para/>
      <screen>
<![CDATA[gunzip -c brltty-3.8.tar.gz | tar xvf -
cd brltty-3.8
./autogen
./configure
make
make install
]]>
</screen>
      <para>Run BrlTTY as 
      <userinput>root</userinput> (need notes on automatically starting
      brltty):</para>
      <para/>
      <screen>
<![CDATA[/bin/brltty -bauto -d/dev/ttyUSB0
]]>
</screen>
      <para>If you want, you can remove the existing 
      <userinput>/sbin/brltty</userinput> and replace it with the 
      <userinput>/bin/brltty</userinput> either by copying the 
      <userinput>/bin/brltty</userinput> to 
      <userinput>/sbin/brltty</userinput>  or just by making a symbolic link.
      Do so at your own risk.</para>
      <para/>
    </section>
  </section>
  <section>
    <title>Keyboard Commands</title>
    <para>This is the list of common Orca keyboard commands. Note
    that you can always enter Orca's "learn mode" while running
    Orca by pressing 
    <keycombo>
      <keycap>Insert</keycap>
      <keycap>F1</keycap>
    </keycombo>. When in learn mode, Orca will intercept all
    keyboard and braille input events and will tell you what the
    effect of them would be. To exit learn mode, press the 
    <keycombo>
      <keycap>escape</keycap>
    </keycombo> key. If you are using a laptop computer, you will
    want to see the 
    <ulink url="http://live.gnome.org/Orca/LaptopKeyboardCommands">
    laptop keyboard commands</ulink> page at live.gnome.org.</para>
    <section>
      <title>Commands for adjusting speech parameters</title>
      <para>
      <keycombo>
        <keycap>Insert</keycap>
        <keycap>Right Arrow</keycap>
      </keycombo> : increase speech rate</para>
      <para>
      <keycombo>
        <keycap>Insert</keycap>
        <keycap>Left Arrow</keycap>
      </keycombo> : decrease speech rate</para>
      <para>
      <keycombo>
        <keycap>Insert</keycap>
        <keycap>Up Arrow</keycap>
      </keycombo> : raise the pitch</para>
      <para>
      <keycombo>
        <keycap>Insert</keycap>
        <keycap>Down Arrow</keycap>
      </keycombo> : lower the pitch</para>
    </section>
    <section>
      <title>Flat review commands</title>
      <para>
      <emphasis role="strong">Numpad-7</emphasis>: Move the flat
      review cursor to the previous line, and read it.</para>
      <para>
      <emphasis role="strong">Numpad-8</emphasis>: Read the current
      line.</para>
      <para>
      <emphasis role="strong">Numpad-9</emphasis>: Move the flat
      review cursor to the next line, and read it.</para>
      <para>
      <emphasis role="strong">Numpad-4</emphasis>: Move the flat
      review cursor to the previous word, and read it.</para>
      <para>
      <emphasis role="strong">Numpad-5</emphasis>: Read the current
      word.</para>
      <para>
      <emphasis role="strong">Numpad-6</emphasis>: Move the flat
      review cursor to the next word, and read it.</para>
      <para>
      <emphasis role="strong">Numpad-1</emphasis>: Move the flat
      review cursor to the previous character, and read it.</para>
      <para>
      <emphasis role="strong">Numpad-2</emphasis>: Read the current
      character.</para>
      <para>
      <emphasis role="strong">Numpad-3</emphasis>: Move the flat
      review cursor to the next character, and read it.</para>
      <para>
      <emphasis role="strong">Numpad-/</emphasis>: Perform a left
      mouse click at the location of the flat review cursor.</para>
      <para>
      <emphasis role="strong">Numpad-*</emphasis>: Perform a right
      mouse click at the location of the flat review cursor.</para>
      <note>
        <para>The above commands apply when working with objects as
        well as when working with text. For example, if the flat
        review cursor were positioned on a menu bar, pressing the
        "read current line" command (
        <emphasis role="strong">Numpad-8</emphasis>) would speak
        the names of all visible menus. Similarly, pressing read
        next word would speak the object to the right of the flat
        review cursor on the same line, or move flat review to the
        next line if no more objects were found.</para>
      </note>
    </section>
    <section>
      <title>Bookmark commands</title>
      <para>
      <keycombo>
        <keycap>Alt</keycap>
        <keycap>Insert</keycap>
        <keycap>[1-6]</keycap>
      </keycombo> : Add a bookmark in this numbered slot. If a
      bookmark already exists at this register it will be replaced
      with the new one.</para>
      <para>
      <keycombo>
        <keycap>Insert</keycap>
        <keycap>[1-6]</keycap>
      </keycombo> : Go to the position pointed to by the bookmark
      bound to this numbered slot.</para>
      <para>
      <keycombo>
        <keycap>Alt</keycap>
        <keycap>Shift</keycap>
        <keycap>[1-6]</keycap>
      </keycombo> : "Where am I" information for this bookmark
      relative to the current pointer location.</para>
      <para>
      <keycombo>
        <keycap>Insert</keycap>
        <keycap>B</keycap>
      </keycombo> and 
      <keycombo>
        <keycap>Insert</keycap>
        <keycap>Shift</keycap>
        <keycap>B</keycap>
      </keycombo> : Move between the given bookmarks for the given
      application or page.</para>
      <para>
      <keycombo>
        <keycap>Alt</keycap>
        <keycap>Insert</keycap>
        <keycap>B</keycap>
      </keycombo> : Save the defined bookmarks for the current
      application or page.</para>
    </section>
    <section>
      <title>Miscellaneous functions</title>
      <para>
      <keycombo>
        <keycap>Insert</keycap>
        <keycap>Numpad</keycap>
        <keycap>+</keycap>
      </keycombo> : Say all command. reads from the current position
      of the caret to the end of the document.</para>
      <para>
      <keycombo>
        <keycap>Insert</keycap>
        <keycap>Numpad</keycap>
        <keycap>Enter</keycap>
      </keycombo> : Where am I command. Speaks information such as
      the title of the current application window, as well as the
      name of the control that currently has focus.</para>
      <para>
      <keycombo>
        <keycap>Insert</keycap>
        <keycap>F1</keycap>
      </keycombo> : Enter learn mode (press 
      <keycap>Escape</keycap>to exit)</para>
      <para>
      <keycombo>
        <keycap>Insert</keycap>
        <keycap>F</keycap>
      </keycombo> : Speak font and attribute information for the
      current character.</para>
      <para>
      <keycombo>
        <keycap>Insert</keycap>
        <keycap>Space</keycap>
      </keycombo> : Launch the Orca Configuration dialog.</para>
      <para>
      <keycombo>
        <keycap>Insert</keycap>
        <keycap>Ctrl</keycap>
        <keycap>Space</keycap>
      </keycombo> : Reload user settings and reinitialize services
      as necessary. In the latest versions of Orca, launch the Orca
      Configuration dialog for the current application.</para>
      <para>
      <keycombo>
        <keycap>Insert</keycap>
        <keycap>S</keycap>
      </keycombo> : Toggle speech on and off.</para>
      <para>
      <keycombo>
        <keycap>Insert</keycap>
        <keycap>F11</keycap>
      </keycombo> : Toggle the reading of tables, either by single
      cell, or whole row.</para>
      <para>
      <keycombo>
        <keycap>Insert</keycap>
        <keycap>Q</keycap>
      </keycombo> : Quit orca.</para>
    </section>
    <section>
      <title>Commands for debugging</title>
      <para>
      <keycombo>
        <keycap>Insert</keycap>
        <keycap>F3</keycap>
      </keycombo> : Report information on the currently active
      script.</para>
      <para>
      <keycombo>
        <keycap>Insert</keycap>
        <keycap>F4</keycap>
      </keycombo> : Cycle through Orca's various debug
      levels.</para>
      <note>
        <para>In order for the next three commands to be of use,
        Orca needs to be started from a virtual console or via
        gnome-terminal. Output is sent only to the console (i.e.,
        it is not sent to speech or braille).</para>
      </note>
      <para>
      <keycombo>
        <keycap>Insert</keycap>
        <keycap>F5</keycap>
      </keycombo> : Prints a debug listing of all known applications
      to the console where Orca is running.</para>
      <para>
      <keycombo>
        <keycap>Insert</keycap>
        <keycap>F7</keycap>
      </keycombo> : Prints debug information about the ancestry of
      the object with focus.</para>
      <para>
      <keycombo>
        <keycap>Insert</keycap>
        <keycap>F8</keycap>
      </keycombo> : Prints debug information about the application
      with focus.</para>
    </section>
  </section>
  <section>
    <title>Troubleshooting</title>
    <section>
      <title>Orca is not speaking. What is going wrong?</title>
      <para>See 
      <ulink url="http://live.gnome.org/Orca/GnomeSpeech">
      Troubleshooting Speech</ulink>.</para>
    </section>
    <section>
      <title>My desktop has stopped responding. What do I
      do?</title>
      <para>If you can get to a terminal (or press 
      <keycombo>
        <keycap>Alt</keycap>
        <keycap>F2</keycap>
      </keycombo> to open the "Run Command" dialog box), try
      restarting Orca by issuing another Orca command in a terminal
      window. This will force any existing Orca process to exit and
      will then restart Orca. This sometimes has the effect of
      unhanging the desktop (which is usually due to an ill-behaved
      application).</para>
      <para>If you cannot get to a terminal window, try pressing 
      <keycombo>
        <keycap>Ctrl</keycap>
        <keycap>Alt</keycap>
        <keycap>Backspace</keycap>
      </keycombo> to kill the X Window System server. This should
      have the effect of returning you to the login screen.</para>
    </section>
  </section>

</section>

<section id="themes-0">
<title>Desktop Appearance Enhancement</title>
<para>This chapter describes the methods you can use to change the appearance
of the GNOME Desktop
to enhance the accessibility of the desktop for users with visual impairments.</para>
<section id="themes-1">
<title>Customization Options</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>customizing the desktop appearance</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>There are a number of methods to enable you to customize the appearance
of the GNOME Desktop
to suit your specific needs, as follows:</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>Themen</term>
<listitem>
<para>Themes are the most effective
way to change the appearance of the desktop in a consistent manner. See <xref linkend="themes-2"/> for more information about themes and how to use themes
to achieve the type of desktop environment that you require.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Desktop and application-specific configuration settings</term>
<listitem>
<para>You can customize different components of the desktop
individually to achieve the display settings that you require. You can configure
the desktop and applications in addition to using themes or as an alternative
to using themes. See <xref linkend="themes-7"/> for more information.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>The following table summarizes the changes that you can
make to the GNOME Desktop and where you can make the changes. This guide does not provide
detailed instructions about how to customize the desktop. For detailed instructions
about how to use the customization tools that the desktop provides, refer
to the Help for each tool or to the <ulink type="help" url="ghelp:user-guide?prefs">User Guide</ulink>.</para>
<table frame="topbot" id="themes-TBL-1">
<title>Quick Reference to Customizing the Appearance of the Desktop</title>
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33.04*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="14.50*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>To change the...</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Use...</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Overall appearance of the desktop to use high
contrast colors, low contrast colors, or large print.</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>The <application>Theme</application> preference tool.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Appearance of the desktop background only.</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>The <application>Desktop Background</application> preference tool and the file manager <guilabel>Backgrounds
and Emblems</guilabel> menu item.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Font displayed on the desktop background and
in all desktop applications.</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>The <application>Font</application> preference tool.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Default font settings of the <application>Text Editor</application>, <application>Terminal</application> or <application>Help</application> application.</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>By default, these applications use the default application font that is specified
in the <application>Font</application> preference tool but can be overridden in the <guilabel>Preferences</guilabel> dialog for the application.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
</section>
<section id="themes-2">
<title>Using Themes to Customize the Desktop</title>
<para>This section describes how to use themes to customize the appearance
of the GNOME Desktop.</para>
<section id="themes-3">
<title>Introduction to Themes</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Themen</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>A theme is a group of
coordinated settings that specifies how a desktop component or a group of
desktop components appears. You can use themes to modify and control the appearance
of the desktop in a consistent manner. When you apply a theme, the system
modifies many desktop components simultaneously to achieve the desired effect.
For example, if you apply a theme that increases the font size across the
desktop, the theme also modifies the size of panels and icons on the desktop
for optimum compatibility with the font size. </para>
<para>A theme contains settings that affect different parts of the desktop
as follows: </para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>Controls</term>
<listitem>
<para>The controls setting for
a theme determines the visual appearance of all windows, applications, panels,
and panel applications. The controls setting also determines the visual appearance
of the GNOME-compliant interface items that appear on windows, applications,
panels, and panel applications, such as menus, icons, and buttons. Some of
the controls options that are available in the desktop are designed for special
accessibility needs.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Window border</term>
<listitem>
<para>The window frame setting
determines the appearance of the border around windows only.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Symbol</term>
<listitem>
<para>The icon setting determines
the appearance of icons on panels and on the desktop background.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</section>
<section id="themes-4">
<title>To Choose a Theme</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Themen</primary>
<secondary>Desktop</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>To choose a theme, perform the following steps:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Choose <menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guisubmenu>Preferences</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Appearance</guimenuitem></menuchoice>. The themes
are listed under the <guilabel>Theme</guilabel> 
tab.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Click on a theme in the list box to choose a new theme. The
system automatically applies the theme to the desktop. </para>
<para>There are several themes available that suit different accessibility
needs, as described in the following table:</para>
<table frame="topbot" id="themes-TBL-2">
<title>Themes Designed for Accessibility Requirements</title>
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="50*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="50*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Theme Name</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Beschreibung</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
<guilabel>High Contrast</guilabel> 
</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Provides dark text on a light background using high
contrast colors.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<guilabel>High Contrast Inverse</guilabel> 
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Provides
light text on a dark background using high contrast colors.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<guilabel>Large Print</guilabel> 
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>This theme suggests an increased
font size of 18pt. The background and foreground colors are the same as those
specified by the <guilabel>Default</guilabel> desktop theme. To apply the
suggested font, click on the <guibutton>Apply Font</guibutton> button.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<guilabel>High Contrast Large Print</guilabel> 
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>This theme suggests an increased
font size of 18pt using dark text on a light background.  To apply the
suggested font, click on the <guibutton>Apply Font</guibutton> button.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<guilabel>High Contrast Large Print Inverse</guilabel> 
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>This theme suggests an increased
font size of 18pt using light text on a dark background. To apply the
suggested font, click on the <guibutton>Apply Font</guibutton> button.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para>To view the controls, window frame, and icon settings that are associated
with a theme, select a theme in the <guilabel>Theme Preferences</guilabel> 
dialog, then click on the <guibutton>Theme Details</guibutton> button. The <guilabel>Theme Details</guilabel> dialog contains a tabbed section for each setting
category. Each tabbed section lists the options that are available and the
current setting for the theme is highlighted. </para>
</section>
<section id="themes-20">
<title>To Modify the Controls Setting for a Theme</title>
<para>To modify the controls setting that is associated with a theme, perform
the following steps: </para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>In the <guilabel>Theme Preferences</guilabel> dialog, select
the theme that you want to modify. </para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Click on the <guibutton>Theme Details</guibutton> button.
The <guilabel>Theme Details</guilabel> dialog is displayed.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Click on the <guilabel>Controls</guilabel> tab to display
the controls options that are available. </para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Select the controls option that you want to associate with
the current theme from the list box, then click <guibutton>Close</guibutton>.
The following table lists the controls options that are suitable for accessibility
needs. </para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<table frame="topbot">
<title>Controls Options Designed for Accessibility Requirements</title>
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="50*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="50*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Control Option</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Beschreibung</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
<guilabel>HighContrast</guilabel> 
</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Provides dark text on a light background using high
contrast colors.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<guilabel>HighContrastInverse</guilabel> 
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Provides
light text on a dark background using high contrast colors.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<guilabel>LowContrast</guilabel> 
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Uses low contrast colors for
the background and foreground text. </para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<guilabel>LargePrint</guilabel> 
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Increases the size of controls
to accommodate larger fonts. To increase the font size, you must use the <application>Font</application> preference tool. The background and foreground colors are
the same as those specified by the <guilabel>Default</guilabel> desktop theme.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
<guilabel>HighContrastLargePrint</guilabel> 
</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Provides dark text on a light background using high
contrast colors. Increases the size of controls to accommodate larger fonts.
To increase the font size, you must use the <application>Font</application>
preference tool.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
<guilabel>HighContrastLargePrintInverse</guilabel> 
</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Provides light text on a dark background using high
contrast colors. Increases the size of controls to accommodate larger fonts.
To increase the font size, you must use the <application>Font</application>
preference tool.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<guilabel>LowContrastLargePrint</guilabel> 
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Uses
low contrast colors for the background and foreground text. Increases the
size of controls to accommodate larger fonts. To increase the font size, you
must use the <application>Font</application> preference tool.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
</section>
<section id="themes-5">
<title>To Modify the Window Border Setting for a Theme</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Themen</primary>
<secondary>window border</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>To modify the window border setting that is associated with a theme,
perform the following steps: </para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>In the <guilabel>Theme Preferences</guilabel> dialog, select
the theme that you want to modify. </para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Click on the <guibutton>Theme Details</guibutton> button.
The <guilabel>Theme Details</guilabel> dialog is displayed.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Click on the <guilabel>Window Border</guilabel> tab to display
the window frame options that are available. </para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Select the window frame option that you want to associate
with the current theme from the list box, then click <guibutton>Close</guibutton>.
The <guilabel>Atlanta</guilabel> option is an accessible option. </para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</section>
<section id="themes-19">
<title>To Modify the Icon Setting for a Theme</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Themen</primary>
<secondary>icon</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>To modify the icon setting that is associated with a theme, perform
the following steps: </para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>In the <guilabel>Theme Preferences</guilabel> dialog, select
the theme that you want to modify. </para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Click on the <guibutton>Theme Details</guibutton> button.
The <guilabel>Theme Details</guilabel> dialog is displayed.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Click on the <guilabel>Icons</guilabel> tab to display the
icon options that are available. </para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Select the icon option that you want to associate with the
theme from the list box, then click <guibutton>Close</guibutton>. The following
table lists the icon options that are suitable for accessibility needs.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<table frame="topbot">
<title>Icon Options Designed for Accessibility Requirements</title>
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="50*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="50*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Icon Option</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Beschreibung</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
<guilabel>HighContrast</guilabel> 
</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Provides dark on light icons using high contrast
colors.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<guilabel>HighContrastInverse</guilabel> 
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Provides
light on dark icons using high contrast colors.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<guilabel>LowContrast</guilabel> 
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Uses low contrast colors for
the background and foreground text. </para>
</entry>
</row>
<!--<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<guilabel>LargePrint</guilabel> 
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>The background and foreground
colors are the same as those specified by the <guilabel>Default</guilabel> 
desktop theme. To increase the font size, you must use the <application>Font</application> preference tool.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
<guilabel>HighContrastLargePrint</guilabel> 
</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Provides dark text on a light background using high
contrast colors. To increase the font size, you must use the <application>Font</application> preference tool.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
<guilabel>HighContrastLargePrintInverse</guilabel> 
</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Provides light text on a dark background using high
contrast colors. To increase the font size, you must use the <application>Font</application> preference tool.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<guilabel>LowContrastLargePrint</guilabel> 
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Uses
low contrast colors for the background and foreground text. To increase the
font size, you must use the <application>Font</application> preference tool.</para>
</entry>
</row>-->
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
</section>
<section id="themes-6">
<title>To Create Your Own Themes</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Themen</primary>
<secondary>creating your own</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>For information about how to create your own themes, see
the <ulink type="help" url="ghelp:system-admin-guide?themes-0">System Administration Guide</ulink>. </para>
</section>
</section>
<section id="themes-7">
<title>Customizing Specific Components of the Desktop</title>
<para>This section describes how to customize specific components of the desktop
individually.</para>
<section id="themes-8">
<title>To Customize the Desktop Background</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>customizing the desktop appearance</primary>
<secondary>Desktop-Hintergrund</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>The themes do not affect the
desktop background. Therefore to modify the desktop background to complement
your desktop, you must customize the desktop background separately using the <application>Desktop Background</application> preference tool. To start the <application>Desktop Background</application> preference tool,choose <menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guisubmenu>Preferences</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Appearance</guimenuitem></menuchoice> and choose a background from the <guilabel>Background</guilabel> tab.</para>
</section>
<section id="themes-9">
<title>To Customize Desktop Background Objects</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>customizing the desktop appearance</primary>
<secondary>Desktop-Hintergrundobjekte</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>The size of the icons
that are displayed on the desktop background is controlled by the <application>File Management</application> preference tool. To change the size of the icons,
perform the following steps:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>From the <application>File Manager</application> window, choose the <menuchoice><guimenu>Edit</guimenu><guisubmenu>Preferences</guisubmenu></menuchoice> menu item.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Select the <guilabel>Views</guilabel> tabbed section.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>In the <guilabel>Icon View Defaults</guilabel> group, select
the zoom level that you require in the <guilabel>Default zoom level</guilabel> 
drop-down list.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</section>
<section id="themes-10">
<title>To Customize Fonts</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>customizing the desktop appearance</primary>
<secondary>Fonts</secondary>
</indexterm>
<anchor id="themes-13"/>
<anchor id="themes-14"/>
<para>This section describes how to customize
the font settings for the desktop and frequently-used applications.</para>
<para>If you have difficulty with the default font type and font size that
is used on the desktop and desktop background, you can customize the font
settings to suit your needs. </para>
<para>You can specify individual font settings for the following desktop components
and applications: </para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Entire desktop excluding the desktop background</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Desktop background only</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Terminal</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Text editor</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Help</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Web-Browser</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<section id="themes-11">
<title>To Customize the Desktop Fonts</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>customizing the desktop appearance</primary>
<secondary>desktop fonts</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>The <application>Font</application>
preference tool allows you to specify the default fonts for the desktop. </para>
<para>To start the <application>Font</application> preference tool, choose <menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guisubmenu>Preferences</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Appearance</guimenuitem></menuchoice>. The <guilabel>Fonts</guilabel> tab contains the following options: </para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<guilabel>Anwendungs-Schriftart</guilabel> 
</term>
<listitem>
<para>Click on this button to select a default font to use for the text that
is displayed on the desktop, including the text displayed on the windows and
dialogs associated with GNOME-compliant applications and panel applications.</para>
<note>
<para>If you use the <application>Theme</application> preference tool
to select a theme and you click on the <guibutton>Apply Font</guibutton> button,
the font that is associated with the theme overrides the font that you select
using the <application>Font</application> preference tool.</para>
</note>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<guilabel>Document font</guilabel> 
</term>
<listitem>
<para>Click on this button to select a font to use for displaying documents.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<guilabel>Desktop-Schriftart</guilabel> 
</term>
<listitem>
<para>Click on this button to select a font to use for the text that is displayed
on the desktop background only.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><guilabel>Window title font</guilabel> </term>
<listitem>
<para>Click on this
button to select a font to use for the text that is displayed in titlebars
of your windows.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><guilabel>Fixed width font</guilabel> </term>
<listitem>
<para>Click on this button
to select a font to use for editing documents.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><guilabel>Font rendering</guilabel> </term>
<listitem>
<para>To specify how to
render fonts on the desktop, select one of the following options:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
<guilabel>Monochrome</guilabel> 
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<guilabel>Best shapes</guilabel> 
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<guilabel>Best contrast</guilabel> 
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<guilabel>Subpixel smoothing</guilabel> 
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<note>
<para>If you use large fonts, you may need to change the size of panes
in applications that use panes such as, the file manager and the Help browser. </para>
</note>
<para>For more information about the <application>Font</application> preference
tool, see the <ulink type="help" url="ghelp:user-guide?prefs-font">User Guide</ulink>. </para>
</section>
<section id="themes-cust">
<title>To Customize Application Fonts</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>customizing the desktop appearance</primary>
<secondary>individual font</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>By default, GNOME applications use the default font specified in the <application>Font</application> preference tool.  Some applications allow this default font to be customized.  These applications are:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para><ulink type="help" url="ghelp:user-guide#yelp">Help Browser</ulink> </para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><ulink type="help" url="ghelp:gedit?gedit-prefs-fontsandcolors">Texteditor</ulink> </para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><ulink type="help" url="ghelp:gnome-terminal#gnome-terminal-prefs-general">Terminal</ulink> </para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><ulink type="help" url="ghelp:epiphany#ephy-customize">Web-Browser</ulink> </para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</section>
</section>
</section>
<section id="themes-15">
<title>Meeting Specific Accessibility Needs</title>
<para>The following sections summarize the steps you need to take to improve
the accessibility of the desktop in a particular area. </para>
<section id="themes-16">
<title>To Achieve a High or Low Contrast Desktop</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>high contrast desktop</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>low contrast desktop</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>To achieve a high
or low contrast desktop, perform the following steps:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Use the <application>Theme</application> preference tool to
select the high contrast or low contrast desktop theme that you require.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Use the <application>Desktop Background</application> preference
tool to customize your desktop background as follows:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Set the <guilabel>Desktop Wallpaper</guilabel> to <guilabel>No Wallpaper</guilabel>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Set the <guilabel>Desktop Colors</guilabel> to <guilabel>Solid Color</guilabel>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Select a background color that suits your needs.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>In the <application>Terminal</application> application, ensure
that the <guilabel>Use colors from system theme</guilabel> option is selected
in the <guilabel>Colors</guilabel> tabbed section of the <guilabel>Editing
Profile</guilabel> dialog.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>In the <application>gedit</application> application, ensure
that the <guilabel>Use default theme colors</guilabel> option is selected
in the <guilabel>Fonts &amp; Colors</guilabel> tabbed section of the <guilabel>Preferences</guilabel> dialog.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</section>
<section id="themes-17">
<title>To Achieve a Large Print Desktop</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>large print desktop</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>To achieve
a large print desktop, perform the following steps:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Use the <application>Theme</application> preference tool to
select the <guilabel>Large Print</guilabel> theme.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Click on the <guibutton>Apply Font</guibutton> button to increase
the size of the font that is used on the desktop and on window frames.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Use the <guilabel>Desktop font</guilabel> option in the <application>Font</application> preference tool to increase the font that is displayed
on desktop background objects.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Increase the font size that is used to display the contents
of the <application>Terminal</application> application window. </para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>If the <guilabel>Use default theme font</guilabel> option
is selected in the <application>gedit</application> <guilabel>Preferences</guilabel> dialog, <application>gedit</application> uses the font size that
is specified in the large print theme that you selected. However, if the <guilabel>Use default theme font</guilabel> option is not selected, increase the font
size that is used to display the contents of the <application>gedit</application>
text editor window. See the <ulink type="help" url="ghelp:gedit?gedit-prefs-fontsandcolors"> gedit manual</ulink> for more information.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>If you use applications that use panes, such as the file manager
and the Help browser, you may need to change the size of panes to accommodate
the large print. See the online help for the appropriate application for more
information.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</chapter>

<chapter id="ats-1">
<title>Mobility Impairments</title>
<para>Mobility impairments can be caused by arthritis, stroke, cerebral palsy, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and loss of limbs or digits, among others. Poor muscle control or weaknesses can make using standard keyboards and mouse devices difficult. For instance, some people are unable to type two keys simultaneously, while others tend to hit multiple keys or to bounce keys when pressing or releasing them. People who are able to use only one hand likewise have difficulties with some keyboard and mouse tasks. </para>
<para>The technologies which can assist those with mobility impairments are:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para><emphasis>On-Screen Keyboard</emphasis> - lets users select keys using a pointing method such as pointing devices, switches, or Morse-code input systems.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><emphasis>Mouse and Keyboard Enhancements</emphasis> - helpful for users who have trouble typing and controlling a mouse or a keyboard.</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>

<section>
<title>On-Screen Keyboard</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>On-Screen Keyboard</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>GOK</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>The <application>On-Screen Keyboard</application>
application displays virtual keyboards on your desktop. You can use the standard
mouse pointer or alternative pointing device to operate the virtual keyboards. <application>On-Screen Keyboard</application> displays the following types of keyboards:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Compose keyboards that enable you to compose text. To type
alphanumeric characters, you select the characters on the compose keyboard.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Dynamic keyboards that <application>On-Screen Keyboard</application>
generates to reflect the applications that are currently running on the desktop.
For example, <application>On-Screen Keyboard</application> generates keyboards
that contain keys to represent the applications that are running on your desktop
or the menus that are contained in an application. </para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>To start <application>On-Screen Keyboard</application>, choose <menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guisubmenu>Accessibility</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>On-Screen
Keyboard</guimenuitem></menuchoice>. For more information about the <application>On-Screen Keyboard</application> application, see the <ulink type="help" url="ghelp:gok"> Help for <application>On-Screen Keyboard</application></ulink>.</para>
<section id="ats-5">
<title>Maximizing Application Windows for On-Screen Keyboard Users</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>maximizing Terminal for On-Screen Keyboard users</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>If you are an <application>On-Screen Keyboard</application>
user, you cannot use any application in Full Screen mode because the application
window obscures the <application>On-Screen Keyboard</application> display.</para>
<para>To resize the window for use with the <application>On-Screen Keyboard</application> application, perform the following steps:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Do not enable the Full Screen mode in the application.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Give focus to the application window.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Press <keycap>F10</keycap> to maximize the application.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</section>
</section>


<section id="dtconfig-0">
<title>Mouse and Keyboard Enhancements</title>
<para>This section describes how to configure the mouse and keyboard to make
these devices accessible to more users.</para>
<section id="dtconfig-1">
<title>Configuring the Mouse</title>
<para>Use the <guilabel>Mouse</guilabel> preference tool to configure the
mouse to suit your needs. To open the <guilabel>Mouse</guilabel> preference
tool, choose <menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guisubmenu>Preferences</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Mouse</guimenuitem></menuchoice>. The <guilabel>Mouse Preferences</guilabel> dialog is displayed.</para>
<section id="dtconfig-2">
<title>To Configure the Behavior of the Mouse</title>
<para>The following sections describe how to modify the behavior of the mouse
to suit your needs. </para>
<section id="dtconfig-3">
<title>To Configure the Mouse for Left-Handed Use</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Maus</primary>
<secondary>left-handed</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>To configure the mouse for left-handed use, click on the <guilabel>Buttons</guilabel> tab in the <guilabel>Mouse Preferences</guilabel> dialog,
then select the <guilabel>Left-handed mouse</guilabel> option. When you select
this option, the system swaps the functions of the left mouse button and the
right mouse button immediately.</para>
</section>
<section id="dtconfig-4">
<title>To Configure the Double-Click Behavior</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Maus</primary>
<secondary>double-click behavior</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>If you have difficulty double-clicking, you can increase
the period of time that the system allows to elapse between the first click
and the second click of a double-click. For example, if the double-click timeout
setting is 0.4 seconds, you must perform the second click of a double-click
within 0.4 seconds of the first click. If the second click occurs more than
0.4 seconds after the first click, the system interprets the two clicks as
two single clicks. </para>
<para>To configure the double-click timeout setting, perform the following
steps:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Click on the <guilabel>Buttons</guilabel> tab in the <guilabel>Mouse Preferences</guilabel> dialog.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Use the <guilabel>Timeout</guilabel> slider to specify the
timeout in seconds that the system allows between the two clicks of a double-click. Moving the slider to the right will increase the timeout interval in 0.1 second intervals.  In the same manner, moving the slider to the left will decrease the timeout in 0.1 second intervals.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Double-click on the light bulb to the right of the slider
to test the setting. If you perform the two clicks of the double-click within
the timeout specified, the light bulb lights up fully to display a yellow
glow around the bulb. If you do not double-click within the timeout specified,
the light bulb does not light fully. You should increase the timeout setting
and try again. When the light bulb lights, the timeout setting is suitable
for your needs. </para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</section>
<section id="dtconfig-20">
<title>To Change the Size of the Mouse Pointer</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Maus</primary>
<secondary>pointer size</secondary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>pointer</primary>
<secondary>size</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>To change the size of the mouse pointer that is displayed
on the desktop, perform the following steps:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Click on the <guilabel>Pointers</guilabel> tab in the <guilabel>Mouse Preferences</guilabel> dialog. </para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>This will display a list of pointer themes and sizes available.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>By default, GNOME does not include mouse pointer themes.  Information about installing and using pointer themes can be found in the <ulink type="help" url="ghelp:user-guide?goscustdesk-54">User Guide</ulink>.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<!-- GNOME does not currently ship with default pointers.  When it does, this needs updated. -->
<note>
<para>On some platforms you must log out and log in again for this setting to take effect.</para>
</note>
</section>
<section id="dtconfig-6">
<title>To Locate the Mouse Pointer</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Maus</primary>
<secondary>locating pointer</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>If you have difficulty locating the mouse pointer on the
screen, you can enable an option to highlight the pointer when you press the <keycap>Control</keycap> key. To enable this option, click on the <guilabel>Pointers</guilabel> tab in the <guilabel>Mouse Preferences</guilabel> dialog, then
select the <guilabel>Highlight the pointer when you press Ctrl</guilabel>
option. When you press <keycap>Control</keycap>, the system displays an animation
around the pointer to highlight the pointer. </para>
<note>
<para>On some platforms, you must log out and log in again before this
setting takes effect.</para>
</note>
</section>
<section id="dtconfig-5">
<title>To Configure the Speed and Sensitivity of the Mouse</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Maus</primary>
<secondary>speed and sensitivity</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>To configure the speed and sensitivity of the mouse, perform
the following steps: </para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Click on the <guilabel>Motion</guilabel> tab in the <guilabel>Mouse Preferences</guilabel> dialog. </para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Configure the following options:</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>Beschleunigung</term>
<listitem>
<para>Use the slider to specify
the speed at which the mouse pointer moves around the screen when you move
your mouse. </para>
<para>If you select a low setting, the mouse pointer moves at a speed similar
to the speed at which you are physically moving the mouse. This means that
you need to physically move the mouse larger distances to cover the screen
area. If you select a high setting, the mouse pointer moves at a faster speed
than the speed at which you physically move the mouse. This means that you
need to physically move the mouse small distances to cover the screen area.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Empfindlichkeit</term>
<listitem>
<para>Use the slider to specify
how responsive the mouse pointer is to movements of your mouse. Moving the slider to the right will increase the sensitivity and moving it to the left will decrease the sensitivity.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Schwellenwert</term>
<listitem>
<para>Use the slider to specify
the distance that you must move an item before the system interprets the move
action as a drag-and-drop action.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</section>
</section>
<section id="dtconfig-7">
<title>To Configure the Cursor</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>cursor</primary>
<secondary>stop blinking</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>The following section describes how to modify the display characteristics
of the cursor. </para>
<section id="dtconfig-9">
<title>To Stop the Cursor Blinking</title>
<para>To stop the cursor blinking in text boxes and fields, perform the following
steps: </para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Choose <menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guisubmenu>Preferences</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Keyboard</guimenuitem></menuchoice> to start the <application>Keyboard</application> preference tool.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>In the <guilabel>Keyboard</guilabel> tabbed section, deselect
the <guilabel>Cursor blinks in text boxes and fields</guilabel> option.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</section>
</section>
<section id="dtconfig-10">
<title>To Use the Keyboard to Emulate the Mouse</title>
<para>If you have difficulty using a mouse, you can use the keyboard to emulate
the mouse functions. See <xref linkend="dtconfig-14"/> of this guide for more
information.</para>
</section>
</section>
<section id="dtconfig-11">
<title>Configuring the Keyboard</title>
<para>Use the <application>Keyboard</application> preference tool, to configure the keyboard accessibility options. To open the <application>Keyboard</application> preference tool, choose <menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guisubmenu>Preferences</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Keyboard</guimenuitem></menuchoice>.  Accessibility options can be enabled by selecting <guilabel>Accessibility</guilabel>.  This will open a new dialog, <application>Keyboard Accessibility Preferences</application>, also known as <application>AccessX</application>.</para>
<para>The <guilabel>Keyboard Accessibility Preferences (AccessX)</guilabel>
dialog enables you to customize your keyboard in the following ways:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>To use the numeric keypad to emulate mouse actions. See <xref linkend="dtconfig-14"/>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>To specify the duration for which you must press-and-hold
a key before the system accepts the keypress. See <xref linkend="dtconfig-15"/>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>To ignore rapid, repeated keypresses of the same key. See <xref linkend="dtconfig-16"/>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>To accept key combinations in sequence rather than simultaneously.
See <xref linkend="dtconfig-17"/>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>To emit an audible notification when a user activates or deactivates
a toggle key. See <xref linkend="dtconfig-18"/>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>To ignore long keypresses of the same key and control the
repeat rate of a keypress. See <xref linkend="dtconfig-19"/>.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<section id="dtconfig-13">
<title>To Activate the Keyboard Accessibility Options</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>keyboard accessibility options</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>To activate the keyboard accessibility options, perform the following steps: </para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Choose <menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guisubmenu>Preferences</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Keyboard</guimenuitem></menuchoice> and select <guilabel>Accessibility</guilabel></para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Select the <guilabel>Enable keyboard accessibility features</guilabel> option.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Click on the <guilabel>Basic</guilabel> tab.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Select the <guilabel>Beep when features turned on or off from
keyboard</guilabel> option to receive an audible notification each time a
user enables or disables a keyboard accessibility option using the following
keyboard shortcuts:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Press-and-hold <keycap>Shift</keycap> for eight seconds to
enable or disable the slow keys feature. </para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Press <keycap>Shift</keycap> five times to enable or disable
the sticky keys feature.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>To automatically disable the keyboard accessibility options
if the options are not used for a specified number of seconds, select the <guilabel>Disable if unused for X seconds</guilabel> option. Use the slider to specify
the number of seconds of keyboard idle time required before the system disables
the keyboard accessibility options. </para>
<para>This option is intended for computers that are shared by a number of
different users, some of whom require the keyboard accessibility options. </para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Changes made will be instantly applied.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</section>
<section id="dtconfig-14">
<title>To Enable the Keyboard to Emulate the Mouse</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Maustasten</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>The mouse keys feature
enables you to use the numeric keypad on the keyboard to emulate mouse actions.
This feature benefits users who have difficulty using a mouse or other pointing
device. To enable and configure the mouse keys feature, perform the following
steps:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>In the <application>Keyboard Accessibility Preferences (AccessX)</application> dialog, select the <guilabel>Mouse Keys</guilabel> tab.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Select the <guilabel>Enable Mouse Keys</guilabel> option.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Configure the following options to determine the behavior
of the mouse pointer when you control the pointer from the numeric keypad:</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<guilabel>Maximum pointer speed</guilabel>
</term>
<listitem>
<para>Use this spin box to specify the maximum speed, in pixels per second,
at which the pointer moves around the screen.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<guilabel>Time to accelerate to maximum speed</guilabel>
</term>
<listitem>
<para>Use this spin box to specify the duration, in milliseconds,
before the pointer accelerates to the maximum pointer speed. </para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<guilabel>Delay between keypress and pointer movement</guilabel>
</term>
<listitem>
<para>Use this spin box to specify the interval,
in milliseconds, between a keypress and the time when the pointer starts to
move. </para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para>When you enable mouse keys, the keys on the numeric keypad have the
following functions:</para>
<table frame="topbot" id="dtconfig-TBL-1">
<title>Numeric Keypad to Mouse Function Mapping</title>
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="52.78*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="47.22*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry>
<para>Numeric Keypad Keys</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>Funktion</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Move the mouse pointer around the screen</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>5</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Mouse button click</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>0</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Mouse button toggle</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>/</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Primary mouse button</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>*</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Secondary mouse button</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>-</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Tertiary mouse button</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>

<para>The toggle mouse button key enable the currently selected mouse button until the <guilabel>Mouse button click</guilabel> key is pressed.  This allows you to perform drag and drop operations.</para>

<para>The <guilabel>Mouse button click</guilabel> emulates the currently selected mouse button.  Pressing <keycap>/</keycap>, <keycap>*</keycap> or <keycap>-</keycap> will change the behaviour of this.  The currently selected mouse button can be seen in the <application>Keyboard Accessibility Status</application> panel application, discussed in <xref linkend="dtconfig-21"/>.</para>

<note>
<para>The <guilabel>Primary mouse button</guilabel> is the left mouse button for right handed people.  The <guilabel>Secondary mouse button</guilabel> is the right mouse button and the <guilabel>Tertiary mouse button</guilabel> is the middle mouse button.</para>
</note>

<para>Some Solaris systems also use the function keys to emulate the mouse
buttons. The common function key to mouse button mappings are described in
the following table.</para>
<table frame="topbot" id="dtconfig-TBL-2">
<title>Function Key to Mouse Function Mapping on Solaris Systems</title>
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="52.78*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="47.22*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry>
<para>Function Key</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>Funktion</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>F2</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Mouse button 1</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>F3</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Mouse button 2</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>F4</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Mouse button 3</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
</section>
<section id="dtconfig-15">
<title>To Enable the Slow Keys Feature</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Langsame Tasten</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>The slow keys feature
enables you to customize how the keyboard handles user input in the following
ways:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Specify the duration for which you must press-and-hold a key
before the system accepts the keypress. This aspect of the feature benefits
users who frequently press keys that they do not intend to press. </para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Enable audible indications of keyboard input and acceptance.
This aspect of the feature benefits users who cannot see the result of a keypress.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>To enable and configure the slow keys feature, perform the following
steps:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>From the <application>Keyboard Accessibility Preferences (AccessX)</application> dialog, select the <guilabel>Filters</guilabel> tab.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Select the <guilabel>Enable Slow Keys</guilabel> option. </para>
<tip>
<para>To select or deselect the slow keys feature from the keyboard,
press-and-hold <keycap>Shift</keycap> for eight seconds. This will present a dialog confirming that you with slow keys enabled.  The <keycap>Shift</keycap> keyboard shortcut automatically selects all of the slow keys options.
If you selected the <guilabel>Beep when features turned on or off from the
keyboard</guilabel> option in the <guilabel>Basic</guilabel> tab, after four seconds the system beeps three times to indicate that the system is about to select or deselect the feature.</para>
</tip>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Use the <guilabel>Only accept keys held for</guilabel> slider
or spin box to specify the duration, in milliseconds, for which you must press-and-hold
a key before the system accepts the keypress. Use the <guilabel>Type to test
settings</guilabel> text box to test the slow keys setting and modify the
setting as required. </para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>To enable audible indications of keyboard input and acceptance,
select the following options:</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<guilabel>Beep when key is pressed</guilabel>
</term>
<listitem>
<para>Select this option to hear a beep when you press a key.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<guilabel>Beep when key is accepted</guilabel>
</term>
<listitem>
<para>Select this option to hear a beep when the system accepts
a keypress. </para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<guilabel>Beep when key is rejected</guilabel>
</term>
<listitem>
<para>Select this option to hear a beep when the system rejects
a keypress. The system rejects a keypress if you do not press-and-hold the
key for the duration that is specified in the <guilabel>Only accept keys held
for</guilabel> spin box.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</section>
<section id="dtconfig-16">
<title>To Enable the Bounce Keys Feature</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>bounce keys</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>The bounce keys
feature enables you to customize the keyboard to ignore rapid, repeated keypresses
of the same key. For example, users with impaired motor skills might press
the same key several times when they intend to press the key once. This feature
enables you to customize the keyboard to ignore repeated keypresses. </para>
<para>To enable and configure the bounce keys feature, perform the following
steps:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>From the <application>Keyboard Accessibility Preferences (AccessX)</application> dialog select the <guilabel>Filters</guilabel> tab.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Select the <guilabel>Enable Bounce Keys</guilabel> option. </para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Use the <guilabel>Ignore duplicate keypresses within</guilabel>
slider or spin box to specify the duration in milliseconds (ms) after the
first keypress for which the system ignores repeated keypresses of the same
key. For example, if you select a duration of 500 ms, the system ignores all
repeated keypresses of the same key that occur within 500 ms of the first
keypress.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Select the <guilabel>Beep if key is rejected</guilabel> option
to hear an audible indication when the system ignores a key.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<note>
<para>If you want to enable the bounce keys feature, ensure that the <guilabel>Enable Slow Keys</guilabel> option is deselected. The slow keys feature requires
you to press a key for a specified duration before the system accepts the
keypress as a valid keypress. If you cannot press the key for the duration
that is specified by the slow keys setting, deselect the <guilabel>Enable
Slow Keys</guilabel> option to enable the system to accept your input.</para>
</note>
</section>
<section id="dtconfig-17">
<title>To Enable the Sticky Keys Feature</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Einrastfunktion</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>The sticky keys
feature enables you to press the keys in a key combination in sequence rather
than simultaneously. This feature is designed for users who are unable to
press two or more keys simultaneously. </para>
<para>To enable and configure the sticky keys feature, perform the following
steps:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>From the <application>Keyboard Accessibility Preferences (AccessX)</application> select the <guilabel>Basic</guilabel> tab.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Select the <guilabel>Enable Sticky Keys</guilabel> option.</para>
<tip>
<para>To enable the sticky keys feature from the keyboard, press <keycap>Shift</keycap> five times. This will present a dialog confirming that you with to enable sticky keys.  The <keycap>Shift</keycap> keyboard shortcut automatically
selects all of the sticky keys options. If you selected the <guilabel>Beep
when features turned on or off from the keyboard</guilabel> option, the system
beeps to indicate that the system is about to select or deselect the feature.
When active, pressing <keycap>shift</keycap> five times in a row will present a dialog asking if you want to disable sticky keys.</para>
</tip>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Select the <guilabel>Beep when modifier is pressed</guilabel>
option to receive an audible indication each time you press a modifier key
such as <keycap>Ctrl</keycap>, <keycap>Alt</keycap>, or <keycap>Shift</keycap>.
This option is useful to remind you whether a modifier key is active or inactive. </para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Selecting the <guilabel>Disable if two keys pressed
together</guilabel> option will present a dialog with the option to disable sticky keys if two keys are pressed at the same time.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para>You can use the sticky keys feature in latch or lock mode. The following
table describes how to choose a mode and the difference between the two modes.</para>
<table frame="topbot" id="dtconfig-TBL-3">
<title>Sticky Keys Latch or Lock Mode</title>
<tgroup cols="3" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="52.78*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="47.22*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec2" colwidth="47.22*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>To use the sticky keys feature in...</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Press the modifier key...</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec2" valign="top">
<para>The modifier key remains active
until...</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Latch mode</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Once.</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec2" valign="top">
<para>You press
a non-modifier key.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>Lock mode</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Twice in quick succession.</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec2" valign="top">
<para>You press the modifier key again.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
<para>Example 1: If you want to press <keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F1</keycap></keycombo>,
do the following:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Press <keycap>Alt</keycap> to latch the modifier key. The <keycap>Alt</keycap> key remains active.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Press <keycap>F1</keycap>. The key combination is now complete.
After you press <keycap>F1</keycap>, the <keycap>Alt</keycap> modifier key
is no longer active.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para>Example 2: If you want to press <keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>Tab</keycap></keycombo>, do the following:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Press <keycap>Ctrl</keycap> twice to lock the modifier key.
The <keycap>Ctrl</keycap> key remains active.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Press <keycap>Alt</keycap>. </para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Press <keycap>Tab</keycap>. The key combination is now complete. </para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>To unlock the modifier key, press <keycap>Ctrl</keycap> again.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</section>
<section id="dtconfig-18">
<title>To Enable Audible Notifications for Toggle Keys</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Umschalttasten</primary>
<secondary>enabling audio notifications</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>A toggle key is any key on the keyboard that
can switch between two states. The <keycap>Num Lock</keycap>, <keycap>Caps
Lock</keycap>, and <keycap>Scroll Lock</keycap> keys are toggle keys. Most
toggle keys have an associated light emitting diode (LED) on the keyboard
that lights when the toggle key is active. To assist users with visual impairments,
you can customize the keyboard to emit an audible notification when a user
presses a toggle key. For example, when you press <keycap>Num Lock</keycap>,
you can determine whether the key is toggled or not toggled by the sound that
the keyboard emits. </para>
<para>To enable accessible toggle keys, perform the following steps: </para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>From the <application>Keyboard Accessibility Preferences (AccesX)</application> select the <guilabel>Filters</guilabel> tab.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Select the <guilabel>Enable Toggle Keys</guilabel> option.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para>When you activate the <keycap>Num Lock</keycap>, <keycap>Caps Lock</keycap>,
or <keycap>Scroll Lock</keycap> keys, the system beeps once. When you deactivate
a toggle key, the system beeps twice.</para>
</section>
<section id="dtconfig-19">
<title>To Enable the Repeat Keys Feature</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Anschlagcharakteristik der Tasten</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>The repeat keys
feature enables you to repeat a keystroke multiple times without pressing
the key more than once. This feature is designed for users who cannot release
keys quickly, for example users who operate a mouth stick. When you enable
repeat keys, you can specify the duration for which you must press a key before
the key starts to repeat.</para>
<para>To enable and configure the repeat keys feature, perform the following
steps: </para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>From the <application>Keyboard Accessibility Preferences (AccessX)</application> select the <guilabel>Basic</guilabel> tab.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Select the <guilabel>Enable Repeat Keys</guilabel> option.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Use the <guilabel>Delay</guilabel> slider or spin box to specify
the duration for which you must press a key before the keyboard interprets
the action as a repeat key. If you have difficulty releasing keys, select
a long time delay. </para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Use the <guilabel>Speed</guilabel> slider or spin box to specify
the speed at which the keyboard repeats the keypress as input.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</section>
</section>
<section id="dtconfig-21">
<title>Using the Keyboard Accessibility Status Panel Application</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Keyboard Accessibility Status panel application</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>The <application>Keyboard Accessibility Status</application>
panel application shows you the status of the keyboard accessibility features.
This panel application displays icons to indicate which keyboard accessibility
features are enabled in the <application>Keyboard Accessibility</application>
preference tool.</para>
<para>To add the <application>Keyboard Accessibility Status</application>
panel application to a panel, right-click on the panel, then choose <menuchoice><guimenu>Add to Panel</guimenu></menuchoice> and select the <guimenuitem>Keyboard Accessibility Status</guimenuitem>.</para>
<para>The following table describes the icons that the panel application displays
and the status that each icon represents.</para>
<table frame="topbot" id="dtconfig-TBL-25">
<title>Keyboard Accessibility Status Icons</title>
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="21.97*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="78.03*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry>
<para>Symbol</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>Keyboard Accessibility
Status</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/accessx.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>Keyboard Accessibility Features enabled icon</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
</entry>
<entry valign="middle">
<para>Keyboard accessibility in general
is available but none of the individual key features are enabled.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/bouncekeys.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>Bounce keys enabled icon</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
</entry>
<entry valign="middle">
<para>The bounce keys feature is
enabled.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/mousekeys.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>Mouse keys enabled icon</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
</entry>
<entry valign="middle">
<para>The mouse keys feature is enabled.  The dot in the mouse button shows which button is currently associated with the <guilabel>Mouse button click</guilabel> key.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/slowkeys.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>Slow keys enabled icon</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
</entry>
<entry valign="middle">
<para>The slow keys feature is enabled.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/stickyaltlatch.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>Alt key latched icon</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
</entry>
<entry valign="middle">
<para>The sticky keys feature is
enabled and the <keycap>Alt</keycap> key is latched.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/stickyaltlock.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>Alt key locked icon</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
</entry>
<entry valign="middle">
<para>The sticky keys feature is
enabled and the <keycap>Alt</keycap> key is locked.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0">
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/stickyctrllatch.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>Ctrl key latched icon</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="middle">
<para>The sticky
keys feature is enabled and the <keycap>Ctrl</keycap> key is latched.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0">
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/stickyctrllock.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>Ctrl key locked icon</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="middle">
<para>The sticky
keys feature is enabled and the <keycap>Ctrl</keycap> key is locked.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0">
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/stickyshiftlatch.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>Shift key latched icon</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="middle">
<para>The sticky
keys feature is enabled and the <keycap>Shift</keycap> key is latched.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0">
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/stickyshiftlock.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>Shift key locked icon</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="middle">
<para>The sticky
keys feature is enabled and the <keycap>Shift</keycap> key is locked.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0">
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/stickywindowlatch.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>Super/Windows key latched icon</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="middle">
<para>The sticky
keys feature is enabled and the <keycap>Super</keycap>/<keycap>Windows</keycap>
key is latched.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0">
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/stickywindowlock.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>Super/Windows key locked icon</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="middle">
<para>The sticky
keys feature is enabled and the <keycap>Super</keycap>/<keycap>Windows</keycap>
key is locked.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
</section>
</section>







</chapter>


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&sysadmin;
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</book>
