# 28.1 `rexec` -- Restricted execution framework

Changed in version 2.3: Disabled module.

Warning: The documentation has been left in place to help in reading old code that uses the module.

This module contains the `RExec` class, which supports `r_eval()`, `r_execfile()`, `r_exec()`, and `r_import()` methods, which are restricted versions of the standard Python functions `eval()`, `execfile()` and the `exec` and `import` statements. Code executed in this restricted environment will only have access to modules and functions that are deemed safe; you can subclass `RExec` to add or remove capabilities as desired.

Warning: While the `rexec` module is designed to perform as described below, it does have a few known vulnerabilities which could be exploited by carefully written code. Thus it should not be relied upon in situations requiring ``production ready'' security. In such situations, execution via sub-processes or very careful ``cleansing'' of both code and data to be processed may be necessary. Alternatively, help in patching known `rexec` vulnerabilities would be welcomed.

Note: The `RExec` class can prevent code from performing unsafe operations like reading or writing disk files, or using TCP/IP sockets. However, it does not protect against code using extremely large amounts of memory or processor time.

class `RExec`( | [hooks[, verbose]])

  Returns an instance of the `RExec` class.

  hooks is an instance of the `RHooks` class or a subclass of it. If it is omitted or `None`, the default `RHooks` class is instantiated. Whenever the `rexec` module searches for a module (even a built-in one) or reads a module's code, it doesn't actually go out to the file system itself. Rather, it calls methods of an `RHooks` instance that was passed to or created by its constructor. (Actually, the `RExec` object doesn't make these calls -- they are made by a module loader object that's part of the `RExec` object. This allows another level of flexibility, which can be useful when changing the mechanics of `import` within the restricted environment.)

  By providing an alternate `RHooks` object, we can control the file system accesses made to import a module, without changing the actual algorithm that controls the order in which those accesses are made. For instance, we could substitute an `RHooks` object that passes all filesystem requests to a file server elsewhere, via some RPC mechanism such as ILU. Grail's applet loader uses this to support importing applets from a URL for a directory.

  If verbose is true, additional debugging output may be sent to standard output.

It is important to be aware that code running in a restricted environment can still call the `sys.exit()` function. To disallow restricted code from exiting the interpreter, always protect calls that cause restricted code to run with a `try`/`except` statement that catches the `SystemExit` exception. Removing the `sys.exit()` function from the restricted environment is not sufficient -- the restricted code could still use `raise SystemExit`. Removing `SystemExit` is not a reasonable option; some library code makes use of this and would break were it not available.

See Also:

Grail Home Page
  Grail is a Web browser written entirely in Python. It uses the `rexec` module as a foundation for supporting Python applets, and can be used as an example usage of this module.