## 4.1.4 Deprecated string functions

The following list of functions are also defined as methods of string and Unicode objects; see ``String Methods'' (section 3.6.1) for more information on those. You should consider these functions as deprecated, although they will not be removed until Python 3.0. The functions defined in this module are:

`atof`( | s)

  Deprecated since release 2.0. Use the `float()` built-in function.

  Convert a string to a floating point number. The string must have the standard syntax for a floating point literal in Python, optionally preceded by a sign ("`+`" or "`-`"). Note that this behaves identical to the built-in function `float()` when passed a string.

  Note: When passing in a string, values for NaN and Infinity may be returned, depending on the underlying C library. The specific set of strings accepted which cause these values to be returned depends entirely on the C library and is known to vary.

`atoi`( | s[, base])

  Deprecated since release 2.0. Use the `int()` built-in function.

  Convert string s to an integer in the given base. The string must consist of one or more digits, optionally preceded by a sign ("`+`" or "`-`"). The base defaults to 10. If it is 0, a default base is chosen depending on the leading characters of the string (after stripping the sign): "`0x`" or "`0X`" means 16, "`0`" means 8, anything else means 10. If base is 16, a leading "`0x`" or "`0X`" is always accepted, though not required. This behaves identically to the built-in function `int()` when passed a string. (Also note: for a more flexible interpretation of numeric literals, use the built-in function `eval()`.)

`atol`( | s[, base])

  Deprecated since release 2.0. Use the `long()` built-in function.

  Convert string s to a long integer in the given base. The string must consist of one or more digits, optionally preceded by a sign ("`+`" or "`-`"). The base argument has the same meaning as for `atoi()`. A trailing "`l`" or "`L`" is not allowed, except if the base is 0. Note that when invoked without base or with base set to 10, this behaves identical to the built-in function `long()` when passed a string.

`capitalize`( | word)

  Return a copy of word with only its first character capitalized.

`expandtabs`( | s[, tabsize])

  Expand tabs in a string replacing them by one or more spaces, depending on the current column and the given tab size. The column number is reset to zero after each newline occurring in the string. This doesn't understand other non-printing characters or escape sequences. The tab size defaults to 8.

`find`( | s, sub[, start[,end]])

  Return the lowest index in s where the substring sub is found such that sub is wholly contained in `s[start:end]`. Return `-1` on failure. Defaults for start and end and interpretation of negative values is the same as for slices.

`rfind`( | s, sub[, start[, end]])

  Like `find()` but find the highest index.

`index`( | s, sub[, start[, end]])

  Like `find()` but raise `ValueError` when the substring is not found.

`rindex`( | s, sub[, start[, end]])

  Like `rfind()` but raise `ValueError` when the substring is not found.

`count`( | s, sub[, start[, end]])

  Return the number of (non-overlapping) occurrences of substring sub in string `s[start:end]`. Defaults for start and end and interpretation of negative values are the same as for slices.

`lower`( | s)

  Return a copy of s, but with upper case letters converted to lower case.

`split`( | s[, sep[, maxsplit]])

  Return a list of the words of the string s. If the optional second argument sep is absent or `None`, the words are separated by arbitrary strings of whitespace characters (space, tab, newline, return, formfeed). If the second argument sep is present and not `None`, it specifies a string to be used as the word separator. The returned list will then have one more item than the number of non-overlapping occurrences of the separator in the string. The optional third argument maxsplit defaults to 0. If it is nonzero, at most maxsplit number of splits occur, and the remainder of the string is returned as the final element of the list (thus, the list will have at most `maxsplit+1` elements).

  The behavior of split on an empty string depends on the value of sep. If sep is not specified, or specified as `None`, the result will be an empty list. If sep is specified as any string, the result will be a list containing one element which is an empty string.

`rsplit`( | s[, sep[, maxsplit]])

  Return a list of the words of the string s, scanning s from the end. To all intents and purposes, the resulting list of words is the same as returned by `split()`, except when the optional third argument maxsplit is explicitly specified and nonzero. When maxsplit is nonzero, at most maxsplit number of splits - the rightmost ones - occur, and the remainder of the string is returned as the first element of the list (thus, the list will have at most `maxsplit+1` elements). New in version 2.4.

`splitfields`( | s[, sep[, maxsplit]])

  This function behaves identically to `split()`. (In the past, `split()` was only used with one argument, while `splitfields()` was only used with two arguments.)

`join`( | words[, sep])

  Concatenate a list or tuple of words with intervening occurrences of sep. The default value for sep is a single space character. It is always true that "`string.join(string.split(s, sep), sep)`" equals s.

`joinfields`( | words[, sep])

  This function behaves identically to `join()`. (In the past, `join()` was only used with one argument, while `joinfields()` was only used with two arguments.) Note that there is no `joinfields()` method on string objects; use the `join()` method instead.

`lstrip`( | s[, chars])

  Return a copy of the string with leading characters removed. If chars is omitted or `None`, whitespace characters are removed. If given and not `None`, chars must be a string; the characters in the string will be stripped from the beginning of the string this method is called on. Changed in version 2.2.3: The chars parameter was added. The chars parameter cannot be passed in earlier 2.2 versions.

`rstrip`( | s[, chars])

  Return a copy of the string with trailing characters removed. If chars is omitted or `None`, whitespace characters are removed. If given and not `None`, chars must be a string; the characters in the string will be stripped from the end of the string this method is called on. Changed in version 2.2.3: The chars parameter was added. The chars parameter cannot be passed in earlier 2.2 versions.

`strip`( | s[, chars])

  Return a copy of the string with leading and trailing characters removed. If chars is omitted or `None`, whitespace characters are removed. If given and not `None`, chars must be a string; the characters in the string will be stripped from the both ends of the string this method is called on. Changed in version 2.2.3: The chars parameter was added. The chars parameter cannot be passed in earlier 2.2 versions.

`swapcase`( | s)

  Return a copy of s, but with lower case letters converted to upper case and vice versa.

`translate`( | s, table[, deletechars])

  Delete all characters from s that are in deletechars (if present), and then translate the characters using table, which must be a 256-character string giving the translation for each character value, indexed by its ordinal.

`upper`( | s)

  Return a copy of s, but with lower case letters converted to upper case.

`ljust`( | s, width)

`rjust`( | s, width)

`center`( | s, width)

  These functions respectively left-justify, right-justify and center a string in a field of given width. They return a string that is at least width characters wide, created by padding the string s with spaces until the given width on the right, left or both sides. The string is never truncated.

`zfill`( | s, width)

  Pad a numeric string on the left with zero digits until the given width is reached. Strings starting with a sign are handled correctly.

`replace`( | str, old, new[, maxreplace])

  Return a copy of string str with all occurrences of substring old replaced by new. If the optional argument maxreplace is given, the first maxreplace occurrences are replaced.