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# QDBusArgument Class Reference
[QtDBus module]

The QDBusArgument class is used to marshall and demarshall D-BUS arguments. More...

     #include <QDBusArgument>

This class was introduced in Qt 4.2.

- List of all members, including inherited members

### Public Functions

- QDBusArgument ()
- QDBusArgument ( const QDBusArgument & other )
- ~QDBusArgument ()
- bool atEnd () const
- void beginArray ( int id )
- void beginArray () const
- void beginMap ( int kid, int vid )
- void beginMap () const
- void beginMapEntry ()
- void beginMapEntry () const
- void beginStructure ()
- void beginStructure () const
- void endArray ()
- void endArray () const
- void endMap ()
- void endMap () const
- void endMapEntry ()
- void endMapEntry () const
- void endStructure ()
- void endStructure () const
- QDBusArgument & operator<< ( uchar arg )
- QDBusArgument & operator<< ( bool arg )
- QDBusArgument & operator<< ( short arg )
- QDBusArgument & operator<< ( ushort arg )
- QDBusArgument & operator<< ( int arg )
- QDBusArgument & operator<< ( uint arg )
- QDBusArgument & operator<< ( qlonglong arg )
- QDBusArgument & operator<< ( qulonglong arg )
- QDBusArgument & operator<< ( double arg )
- QDBusArgument & operator<< ( const QString & arg )
- QDBusArgument & operator<< ( const QDBusVariant & arg )
- QDBusArgument & operator<< ( const QStringList & arg )
- QDBusArgument & operator<< ( const QByteArray & arg )
- QDBusArgument & operator= ( const QDBusArgument & other )
- const QDBusArgument & operator>> ( uchar & arg ) const
- const QDBusArgument & operator>> ( bool & arg ) const
- const QDBusArgument & operator>> ( ushort & arg ) const
- const QDBusArgument & operator>> ( short & arg ) const
- const QDBusArgument & operator>> ( int & arg ) const
- const QDBusArgument & operator>> ( uint & arg ) const
- const QDBusArgument & operator>> ( qlonglong & arg ) const
- const QDBusArgument & operator>> ( qulonglong & arg ) const
- const QDBusArgument & operator>> ( double & arg ) const
- const QDBusArgument & operator>> ( QString & arg ) const
- const QDBusArgument & operator>> ( QDBusVariant & arg ) const
- const QDBusArgument & operator>> ( QStringList & arg ) const
- const QDBusArgument & operator>> ( QByteArray & arg ) const

### Related Non-Members

- int qDBusRegisterMetaType ()
- T qdbus_cast ( const QDBusArgument & argument )

## Detailed Description

The QDBusArgument class is used to marshall and demarshall D-BUS arguments.

The class is used to send arguments over D-BUS to remote applications and to receive them back. D-BUS offers an extensible type system, based on a few primitive types and associations of them. See the QtDBus type system page for more information on the type system.

QDBusArgument is the central class in the QtDBus type system, providing functions to marshall and demarshall the primitive types. The compound types are then created by association of one or more of the primitive types in arrays, dictionaries or structures.

The following example illustrates how a structure containing an integer and a string can be constructed using the QtDBus type system:

             struct MyStructure
             {
                 int count;
                 QString name;
             };
             QT_DECLARE_METATYPE(MyStructure)

             // Marshall the MyStructure data into a D-BUS argument
             QDBusArgument &operator<<(QDBusArgument &argument, const MyStructure &mystruct)
             {
                 argument.beginStructure();
                 argument << mystruct.count << mystruct.name;
                 argument.endStructure();
                 return argument;
             }

             // Retrieve the MyStructure data from the D-BUS argument
             const QDBusArgument &operator>>(const QDBusArgument &argument, MyStructure &mystruct)
             {
                 argument.beginStructure();
                 argument >> mystruct.count >> mystruct.name;
                 argument.endStructure();
                 return argument;
             }

The type has to be registered with qDBusRegisterMetaType() before it can be used with QDBusArgument. Therefore, somewhere in your program, you should add the following code:

             qDBusRegisterMetaType<MyStructure>();

Once registered, a type can be used in outgoing method calls (placed with QDBusAbstractInterface::call()), signal emissions from registered objects or in incoming calls from remote applications.

It is important to note that the `operator<<` and `operator>>` streaming functions must always produce the same number of entries in case of structures, both in reading and in writing (marshalling and demarshalling), otherwise calls and signals may start to silently fail.

The following example illustrates this wrong usage in context of a class that may contain invalid data:

     // Wrongly marshall the MyTime data into a D-BUS argument
     QDBusArgument &operator<<(QDBusArgument &argument, const MyTime &mytime)
     {
         argument.beginStructure();
         if (mytime.isValid)
             argument << true << mytime.hour
                      << mytime.minute << mytime.second;
         else
             argument << false;
         argument.endStructure();
         return argument;
     }

In this example, both the `operator<<` and the `operator>>` functions may produce a different number of reads/writes. This can confuse the QtDBus type system and should be avoided.

See also QDBusAbstractInterface, The QtDBus type system, Using Adaptors, and qdbus_cast().

## Member Function Documentation

### QDBusArgument::QDBusArgument ()

Constructs an empty QDBusArgument argument.

An empty QDBusArgument object does not allow either reading or writing to be performed.

### QDBusArgument::QDBusArgument ( const QDBusArgument & other )

Constructs a copy of the other QDBusArgument object.

Both objects will therefore contain the same state from this point forward. QDBusArguments are explicitly shared and, therefore, any modification to either copy will affect the other one too.

### QDBusArgument::~QDBusArgument ()

Disposes of the resources associated with this QDBusArgument object.

### bool QDBusArgument::atEnd () const

Returns true if there are no more elements to be extracted from this QDBusArgument. This function is usually used in QDBusArgument objects returned from beginMap() and beginArray().

### void QDBusArgument::beginArray ( int id )

Opens a new D-BUS array suitable for appending elements of meta-type id.

This function is used usually in `operator<<` streaming operators, as in the following example:

             // append an array of MyElement types
             QDBusArgument &operator<<(QDBusArgument &argument, const MyArray &myarray)
             {
                 argument.beginArray( qMetaTypeId<MyElement>() );
                 for ( int i = 0; i < myarray.length; ++i )
                     argument << myarray.elements[i];
                 argument.endArray();
                 return argument;
             }

If the type you want to marshall is a QList, QVector or any of the Qt's Generic Containers that take one template parameter, you need not declare an `operator<<` function for it, since QtDBus provides generic templates to do the job of marshalling the data. The same applies for STL's sequence containers, such as `std::list`, `std::vector`, etc.

See also endArray(), beginStructure(), and beginMap().

### void QDBusArgument::beginArray () const

This is an overloaded member function, provided for convenience.

Recurses into the D-BUS array to allow extraction of the array elements.

This function is used usually in `operator>>` streaming operators, as in the following example:

             // extract a MyArray array of MyElement elements
             const QDBusArgument &operator>>(const QDBusArgument &argument, MyArray &myarray)
             {
                 argument.beginArray();
                 myarray.clear();

                 while ( !argument.atEnd() ) {
                     MyElement element;
                     argument >> element;
                     myarray.append( element );
                 }

                 argument.endArray();
                 return argument;
             }

If the type you want to demarshall is a QList, QVector or any of the Qt's Generic Containers that take one template parameter, you need not declare an `operator>>` function for it, since QtDBus provides generic templates to do the job of demarshalling the data. The same applies for STL's sequence containers, such as `std::list`, `std::vector`, etc.

See also atEnd(), beginStructure(), and beginMap().

### void QDBusArgument::beginMap ( int kid, int vid )

Opens a new D-BUS map suitable for appending elements. Maps are containers that associate one entry (the key) to another (the value), such as Qt's QMap or QHash. The ids of the map's key and value meta types must be passed in kid and vid respectively.

This function is used usually in `operator<<` streaming operators, as in the following example:

             // append a dictionary that associates ints to MyValue types
             QDBusArgument &operator<<(QDBusArgument &argument, const MyDictionary &mydict)
             {
                 argument.beginMap( QVariant::Int, qMetaTypeId<MyValue>() );
                 for ( int i = 0; i < mydict.length; ++i ) {
                     argument.beginMapEntry();
                     argument << mydict.data[i].key << mydict.data[i].value;
                     argument.endMapEntry();
                 }
                 argument.endMap();
                 return argument;
             }

If the type you want to marshall is a QMap or QHash, you need not declare an `operator<<` function for it, since QtDBus provides generic templates to do the job of marshalling the data.

See also endMap(), beginStructure(), beginArray(), and beginMapEntry().

### void QDBusArgument::beginMap () const

This is an overloaded member function, provided for convenience.

Recurses into the D-BUS map to allow extraction of the map's elements.

This function is used usually in `operator>>` streaming operators, as in the following example:

             // extract a MyDictionary map that associates ints to MyValue elements
             const QDBusArgument &operator>>(const QDBusArgument &argument, MyDictionary &mydict)
             {
                 argument.beginMap();
                 mydict.clear();

                 while ( !argMap.atEnd() ) {
                     int key;
                     MyValue value;
                     argument.beginMapEntry();
                     argument >> key >> value;
                     argument.endMapEntry();
                     mydict.append( key, value );
                 }

                 argument.endMap();
                 return argument;
             }

If the type you want to demarshall is a QMap or QHash, you need not declare an `operator>>` function for it, since QtDBus provides generic templates to do the job of demarshalling the data.

See also endMap(), beginStructure(), beginArray(), and beginMapEntry().

### void QDBusArgument::beginMapEntry ()

Opens a D-BUS map entry suitable for appending the key and value entries. This function is only valid when a map has been opened with beginMap().

See beginMap() for an example of usage of this function.

See also endMapEntry() and beginMap().

### void QDBusArgument::beginMapEntry () const

This is an overloaded member function, provided for convenience.

Recurses into the D-BUS map entry to allow extraction of the key and value pair.

See beginMap() for an example of how this function is usually used.

See also endMapEntry() and beginMap().

### void QDBusArgument::beginStructure ()

Opens a new D-BUS structure suitable for appending new arguments.

This function is used usually in `operator<<` streaming operators, as in the following example:

             QDBusArgument &operator<<(QDBusArgument &argument, const MyStructure &mystruct)
             {
                 argument.beginStructure();
                 argument << mystruct.member1 << mystruct.member2 << ... ;
                 argument.endStructure();
                 return argument;
             }

Structures can contain other structures, so the following code is also valid:

             QDBusArgument &operator<<(QDBusArgument &argument, const MyStructure &mystruct)
             {
                 argument.beginStructure();
                 argument << mystruct.member1 << mystruct.member2;

                 argument.beginStructure();
                 argument << mystruct.member3.subMember1 << mystruct.member3.subMember2;
                 argument.endStructure();

                 argument << mystruct.member4;
                 argument.endStructure();
                 return argument;
             }

See also endStructure(), beginArray(), and beginMap().

### void QDBusArgument::beginStructure () const

This is an overloaded member function, provided for convenience.

Opens a D-BUS structure suitable for extracting elements.

This function is used usually in `operator>>` streaming operators, as in the following example:

             const QDBusArgument &operator>>(const QDBusArgument &argument, MyStructure &mystruct)
             {
                 argument.beginStructure()
                 argument >> mystruct.member1 >> mystruct.member2 >> mystruct.member3 >> ...;
                 argument.endStructure();
                 return argument;
             }

See also endStructure(), beginArray(), and beginMap().

### void QDBusArgument::endArray ()

Closes a D-BUS array opened with beginArray(). This function must be called same number of times that beginArray() is called.

See also beginArray(), endStructure(), and endMap().

### void QDBusArgument::endArray () const

This is an overloaded member function, provided for convenience.

Closes the D-BUS array and allow extracting of the next element after the array.

See also beginArray().

### void QDBusArgument::endMap ()

Closes a D-BUS map opened with beginMap(). This function must be called same number of times that beginMap() is called.

See also beginMap(), endStructure(), and endArray().

### void QDBusArgument::endMap () const

This is an overloaded member function, provided for convenience.

Closes the D-BUS map and allow extracting of the next element after the map.

See also beginMap().

### void QDBusArgument::endMapEntry ()

Closes a D-BUS map entry opened with beginMapEntry(). This function must be called same number of times that beginMapEntry() is called.

See also beginMapEntry().

### void QDBusArgument::endMapEntry () const

This is an overloaded member function, provided for convenience.

Closes the D-BUS map entry and allow extracting of the next element on the map.

See also beginMapEntry().

### void QDBusArgument::endStructure ()

Closes a D-BUS structure opened with beginStructure(). This function must be called same number of times that beginStructure() is called.

See also beginStructure(), endArray(), and endMap().

### void QDBusArgument::endStructure () const

This is an overloaded member function, provided for convenience.

Closes the D-BUS structure and allow extracting of the next element after the structure.

See also beginStructure().

### QDBusArgument & QDBusArgument::operator<< ( uchar arg )

Appends the primitive value arg of type `BYTE` to the D-BUS stream.

### QDBusArgument & QDBusArgument::operator<< ( bool arg )

This is an overloaded member function, provided for convenience.

Appends the primitive value arg of type `BOOLEAN` to the D-BUS stream.

### QDBusArgument & QDBusArgument::operator<< ( short arg )

This is an overloaded member function, provided for convenience.

Appends the primitive value arg of type `INT16` to the D-BUS stream.

### QDBusArgument & QDBusArgument::operator<< ( ushort arg )

This is an overloaded member function, provided for convenience.

Appends the primitive value arg of type `UINT16` to the D-BUS stream.

### QDBusArgument & QDBusArgument::operator<< ( int arg )

This is an overloaded member function, provided for convenience.

Appends the primitive value arg of type `INT32` to the D-BUS stream.

### QDBusArgument & QDBusArgument::operator<< ( uint arg )

This is an overloaded member function, provided for convenience.

Appends the primitive value arg of type `UINT32` to the D-BUS stream.

### QDBusArgument & QDBusArgument::operator<< ( qlonglong arg )

This is an overloaded member function, provided for convenience.

Appends the primitive value arg of type `INT64` to the D-BUS stream.

### QDBusArgument & QDBusArgument::operator<< ( qulonglong arg )

This is an overloaded member function, provided for convenience.

Appends the primitive value arg of type `UINT64` to the D-BUS stream.

### QDBusArgument & QDBusArgument::operator<< ( double arg )

This is an overloaded member function, provided for convenience.

Appends the primitive value arg of type `DOUBLE` (double-precision floating-point) to the D-BUS stream.

### QDBusArgument & QDBusArgument::operator<< ( const QString & arg )

This is an overloaded member function, provided for convenience.

Appends the primitive value arg of type `STRING` (Unicode character string) to the D-BUS stream.

### QDBusArgument & QDBusArgument::operator<< ( const QDBusVariant & arg )

This is an overloaded member function, provided for convenience.

Appends the primitive value arg of type `VARIANT` to the D-BUS stream.

A D-BUS variant type can contain any type, including other variants. It is similar to the Qt QVariant type.

### QDBusArgument & QDBusArgument::operator<< ( const QStringList & arg )

This is an overloaded member function, provided for convenience.

Appends the QStringList given by arg as `ARRAY of STRING` to the D-BUS stream.

QStringList and QByteArray are the only two non-primitive types that are supported directly by QDBusArgument because of their widespread usage in Qt applications.

Other arrays are supported through compound types in QtDBus.

### QDBusArgument & QDBusArgument::operator<< ( const QByteArray & arg )

This is an overloaded member function, provided for convenience.

Appends the QByteArray given by arg as `ARRAY of BYTE` to the D-BUS stream.

QStringList and QByteArray are the only two non-primitive types that are supported directly by QDBusArgument because of their widespread usage in Qt applications.

Other arrays are supported through compound types in QtDBus.

### QDBusArgument & QDBusArgument::operator= ( const QDBusArgument & other )

Copies the other QDBusArgument object into this one.

Both objects will therefore contain the same state from this point forward. QDBusArguments are explicitly shared and, therefore, any modification to either copy will affect the other one too.

### const QDBusArgument & QDBusArgument::operator>> ( uchar & arg ) const

Extracts one D-BUS primitive argument of type `BYTE` from the D-BUS stream and puts it into arg.

### const QDBusArgument & QDBusArgument::operator>> ( bool & arg ) const

This is an overloaded member function, provided for convenience.

Extracts one D-BUS primitive argument of type `BOOLEAN` from the D-BUS stream.

### const QDBusArgument & QDBusArgument::operator>> ( ushort & arg ) const

This is an overloaded member function, provided for convenience.

Extracts one D-BUS primitive argument of type `UINT16` from the D-BUS stream.

### const QDBusArgument & QDBusArgument::operator>> ( short & arg ) const

This is an overloaded member function, provided for convenience.

Extracts one D-BUS primitive argument of type `INT16` from the D-BUS stream.

### const QDBusArgument & QDBusArgument::operator>> ( int & arg ) const

This is an overloaded member function, provided for convenience.

Extracts one D-BUS primitive argument of type `INT32` from the D-BUS stream.

### const QDBusArgument & QDBusArgument::operator>> ( uint & arg ) const

This is an overloaded member function, provided for convenience.

Extracts one D-BUS primitive argument of type `UINT32` from the D-BUS stream.

### const QDBusArgument & QDBusArgument::operator>> ( qlonglong & arg ) const

This is an overloaded member function, provided for convenience.

Extracts one D-BUS primitive argument of type `INT64` from the D-BUS stream.

### const QDBusArgument & QDBusArgument::operator>> ( qulonglong & arg ) const

This is an overloaded member function, provided for convenience.

Extracts one D-BUS primitive argument of type `UINT64` from the D-BUS stream.

### const QDBusArgument & QDBusArgument::operator>> ( double & arg ) const

This is an overloaded member function, provided for convenience.

Extracts one D-BUS primitive argument of type `DOUBLE` (double-precision floating pount) from the D-BUS stream.

### const QDBusArgument & QDBusArgument::operator>> ( QString & arg ) const

This is an overloaded member function, provided for convenience.

Extracts one D-BUS primitive argument of type `STRING` (Unicode character string) from the D-BUS stream.

### const QDBusArgument & QDBusArgument::operator>> ( QDBusVariant & arg ) const

This is an overloaded member function, provided for convenience.

Extracts one D-BUS primitive argument of type `VARIANT` from the D-BUS stream.

A D-BUS variant type can contain any type, including other variants. It is similar to the Qt QVariant type.

In case the variant contains a type not directly supported by QDBusArgument, the value of the returned QDBusVariant will contain another QDBusArgument. It is your responsibility to further demarshall it into another type.

### const QDBusArgument & QDBusArgument::operator>> ( QStringList & arg ) const

This is an overloaded member function, provided for convenience.

Extracts an array of strings from the D-BUS stream and return it as a QStringList.

QStringList and QByteArray are the only two non-primitive types that are supported directly by QDBusArgument because of their widespread usage in Qt applications.

Other arrays are supported through compound types in QtDBus.

### const QDBusArgument & QDBusArgument::operator>> ( QByteArray & arg ) const

This is an overloaded member function, provided for convenience.

Extracts an array of bytes from the D-BUS stream and return it as a QByteArray.

QStringList and QByteArray are the only two non-primitive types that are supported directly by QDBusArgument because of their widespread usage in Qt applications.

Other arrays are supported through compound types in QtDBus.

## Related Non-Members

### int qDBusRegisterMetaType ()

Registers `T` with the QtDBus type system and the Qt meta-type system, if it's not already registered.

To register a type, it must be declared as a meta-type with the Q_DECLARE_METATYPE() macro, and then registered as in the following example:

             qDBusRegisterMetaType<MyClass>();

If `T` isn't a type derived from one of Qt's container classes, the `operator<<` and `operator>>` streaming operators between `T` and QDBusArgument must be already declared. See the QtDBus type system page for more information on how to declare such types.

This function returns the Qt meta type id for the type (the same value that is returned from qRegisterMetaType()).

Note: This function is thread-safe.

This function was introduced in Qt 4.2.

See also QtDBus type system, qRegisterMetaType(), and QMetaType.

### T qdbus_cast ( const QDBusArgument & argument )

Attempts to demarshall the contents of argument into the type `T`. For example:

             MyType item = qdbus_cast<Type>(argument);

Note that it is equivalent to the following:

             MyType item;
             argument >> item;

This function was introduced in Qt 4.2.