This is cfengine-Reference.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.8 from
cfengine-Reference.texinfo.

INFO-DIR-SECTION System Utilities
START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
* cfengine Reference: (cfengine-Reference.info).
                        Cfengine is a language based tool specifically
                        designed for configuring and maintaining BSD
                        and System-5-like operating systems attached
                        to a TCP/IP network.
END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: Top,  Next: Reference introduction,  Prev: (dir),  Up: (dir)

Cfengine-Reference
******************

   Copyright (C) 2008 Mark Burgess

   This manual corresponds to CFENGINE Edition 2.2.8 for version 2.2.8
as last updated 30 July 2008.

* Menu:

* Reference introduction::
* Cfkey::
* Cfshow::
* Cfagent reference::
* Cfservd.conf and cfrun reference::
* Cfexecd reference::
* Problem solving::
* Example configuration file::
* Variable Index::
* Concept Index::
* FAQ Index::


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: Reference introduction,  Next: Cfkey,  Prev: Top,  Up: Top

1 Introduction to reference manual
**********************************

The purpose of the cfengine reference manual is to collect together and
document the raw facts about the different components of cfengine. Once
you have become proficient in the use of cfengine, you will no longer
have need of the tutorial. The reference manual, on the other hand,
changes with each version of cfengine. You will be able to use it
online, or in printed form to find out the details you require to
implement configurations in practice.

* Menu:

* Installation::
* Work directory::
* Hard classes::
* Filenames and paths::
* Debugging with signals::


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: Installation,  Next: Work directory,  Prev: Reference introduction,  Up: Reference introduction

1.1 Installation
================

In order to install cfengine, you should first ensure that the following
packages are installed.

OpenSSL
     Open source Secure Sockets Layer for encryption.
     URL: `http://www.openssl.org'

BerkeleyDB (version 3.2 or later)
     Light-weight flat-file database system.
     URL:
     `http://www.oracle.com/technology/products/berkeley-db/index.html'

The preferred method of installation is then

     tar zxf cfengine-x.x.x.tar.gz
     cd cfengine-x.x.x
     ./configure
     make
     make install

This results in binaries being installed in `/usr/local/sbin'.  Since
this is not necessarily a local file system on all hosts, users are
encouraged to keep local copies of the binaries on each host, inside
the cfengine trusted work directory.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: Work directory,  Next: Hard classes,  Prev: Installation,  Up: Reference introduction

1.2 Work directory
==================

In order to achieve the desired simplifications, it was decided to
reserve a private work area for the cfengine tool-set.  In cfengine
1.x, the administrator could choose the locations of configuration
files, locks, and logging data independently. In cfengine 2.x, this
diversity has been simplified to a single directory which defaults to
`/var/cfengine' (similar to `/var/cron'):

     /var/cfengine
     /var/cfengine/bin
     /var/cfengine/inputs
     /var/cfengine/outputs

   The installation location `/usr/local/sbin' is not necessarily a
local file system, and cannot therefore be trusted to a) be present,
and b) be authentic on an arbitrary system.

   Similarly, a trusted cache of the input files must now be maintained
in the `inputs' subdirectory. When cfengine is invoked by the
scheduler, it reads only from this directory. It is up to the user to
keep this cache updated, on each host. This simplifies and consolidates
the cfengine resources in a single place. The environment variable
`CFINPUTS' still overrides this default location, as before, but in its
absence or when called from the scheduler, this becomes the location of
trusted files.  A special configuration file `update.conf' is parsed
and run before the main configuration is parsed, which is used to
ensure that the currently caches policy is up-to-date. This has private
classes and variables.  If no value is set for `CFINPUTS', then the
default location is the trusted cfengine directory
`/var/cfengine/inputs'.

   The `outputs' directory is now a record of spooled run-reports. These
are mailed to the administrator, as previously, or can be copied to
another central location and viewed in an alternative browser..


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: Hard classes,  Next: Filenames and paths,  Prev: Work directory,  Up: Reference introduction

1.3 Cfengine hard classes
=========================

A single class can be one of several things:

   * The name of an operating system architecture e.g.  `ultrix',
     `sun4', etc.  This is referred to as a _hard class_.

   * The unqualified name of a particular host. If your system returns
     a fully qualified domain name for your host, cfagent truncates it
     at the first dot.

   * The name of a user-defined group of hosts.

   * A day of the week (in the form `Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, ..').

   * An hour of the day (in the form `Hr00, Hr01 ... Hr23').

   * Minutes in the hour (in the form `Min00, Min17 ... Min45').

   * A five minute interval in the hour (in the form `Min00_05,
     Min05_10 ... Min55_00')

   * A day of the month (in the form `Day1, Day2, ... Day31').

   * A month (in the form `January, February, ... December').

   * A year (in the form `Yr1997, Yr2004').

   * An arbitrary user-defined string.

   * The IP address octets of any active interface (in the form
     `ipv4_192_0_0_1', `ipv4_192_0_0', `ipv4_192_0', `ipv4_192').


   To see all of the classes define on a particular host, run

     host# cfagent -p -v
   as a privileged user. Note that some of the classes are set only if
a trusted link can be established with cfenvd, i.e. if both are running
with privilege, and the `/var/cfengine/state/env_data' file is secure.
More information about classes can be found in connection with
`allclasses'.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: Filenames and paths,  Next: Debugging with signals,  Prev: Hard classes,  Up: Reference introduction

1.4 Filenames and paths
=======================

Filenames in Unix-like operating systems use for their directory
separator the forward slash '/' character. All references to file
locations must be absolute pathnames in cfengine, i.e. they must begin
with a complete specification of which directory they are in. For
example:

     /etc/passwd
     /usr/local/masterfiles/distfile
   The only place where it makes sense to refer to a file without a
complete directory specification is when searching through directories
for different kinds of file, e.g.

     tidy:

       /home/user pattern=core age=0 recurse=inf

Here, one can write `core' without a path, because one is looking for
any file of that name in a number of directories.

   The Windows operating systems traditionally use a different filename
convention.  The following are all valid absolute file names under
Windows:

      c:\winnt
      c:/winnt
      /var/cfengine/inputs
      //FILESERVER/share2/dir
   The `drive' name "C:" in Windows refers to a partition or device.
Unlike Unix, Windows does not integrate these seamlessly into a single
file-tree.  This is not a valid absolute filename:

     \var\cfengine\inputs
   Paths beginning with a backslash are assumed to be win32 paths.  They
must begin with a drive letter or double-slash server name.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: Debugging with signals,  Prev: Filenames and paths,  Up: Reference introduction

1.5 Debugging with signals
==========================

It is possible to turn debugging output on or off on a running cfagent.
This is useful for troubleshooting the cause of hangups, or for
getting debugging output from a cfagent launched from cfexecd.

   A running cfagent process that receives a SIGUSR1 will immediately
begin to behave as if it had been invoked with the '-d2' option.  A
SIGUSR2 will cause a running cfagent to run as if the '-d2' option had
not been invoked.

   Note that this output is often quite verbose.

* Menu:

* Cfagent reference::
* Cfservd.conf and cfrun reference::
* Cfexecd reference::
* Problem solving::
* Example configuration file::
* Variable Index::
* Concept Index::
* FAQ Index::


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: Cfkey,  Next: Cfshow,  Prev: Reference introduction,  Up: Top

2 Cfkey reference
*****************

The very first thing you should do on every host is to establish a
public-private key pair. To do this, you need to run the program

     everyhost# cfkey
   on every host. This program needs to produce random numbers, and
needs a source of randomness. A good strategy is to install and run the
`cfenvd' program for a week or two in advance of deploying cfengine 2,
since `cfenvd' collects random events, which are an excellent source of
entropy for random number generation.  

   If you get the error message "PRNG not seeded", it means that
insufficient data were found in order to make a random key. In that
case, run `cfenvd' for a few days more and try again.  

* Menu:

* Cfagent reference::
* Cfservd.conf and cfrun reference::
* Cfexecd reference::
* Problem solving::
* Example configuration file::
* Variable Index::
* Concept Index::
* FAQ Index::


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: Cfshow,  Next: Cfagent reference,  Prev: Cfkey,  Up: Top

3 Cfshow reference
******************

The `cfshow' command was introduced in cfengine 2.1.11 in order to
provide a simple way to show some of the data stored by cfagent for
operational purposes.

     everyhost# cfshow -a
     everyhost# cfshow -l
     everyhost# cfshow -c
     everyhost# cfshow -s
     everyhost# cfshow -p
     everyhost# cfshow -f cfagent.conf -r linux.*
   The command line options are

`-a `--active''
     This prints a list of any currently active locks, i.e. tasks that
     cfengine believes it is currently enagaged in.

`-A `--audit''
     This prints a history of cfengine's behaviour collected if the
     Auditing variable is true, *Note Auditing::. The audit data are
     best viewed in html or parsed with xml, using the `--html' and
     `--xml' options.

`-c `--checksum''
     This lists all of the files and their current checksum values in
     the current checksum database.

`-C `--classes''
     This lists all of the classes that have been used on the system
     over the past year, with frequency probabilities to show their
     relative occurrance rates and last observed times.

`-H `--html''
     Generate output in web browser-friendly html.

`-l `--locks''
     This prints a list of the locks and the last times an active lock
     was secured for each cfengine acivity. This list is potentially
     very long.

`-s `--last-seen''
     This lists the IP addresses of all known peers and the times they
     were last engaged in communication with the current host. The
     expected interval between communications is also printed. See
     FriendStatus. The output format is in a form that can easily be
     parsed by user scripts. e.g.

          IP + 192.168.1.101 192.168.1.101   [Tue Jan 23 16:13] not seen for (6.42) hrs, Av 0.02 +/- 0.01 hrs
          IP - 192.168.1.101 192.168.1.101   [Tue Jan 23 16:13] not seen for (6.42) hrs, Av 0.02 +/- 0.01 hrs

     Lines marked with a + represent successful attempts made by
     cfagent on the current host to connect to another host. Lines with
     a - are connections attempted (but not necessarily succeeded) into
     cfservd from another host's cfagent or cfrun.

`-r `--regex' REGEX'
     Search the cfengine policy file (e.g. `cfagent.conf') for rules
     that belong to classes matching the named regular expression.  Note
     that the class "any" is not automatically matched and the search is
     based on the class text from the file. The output is not related to
     which classes are currently defined.

`-s `--performance''
     Shows the time in seconds required to complete copies and shell
     executions.

          (0.00 mins  Tue Feb 13 19:05) Av 0.00 +/- 0.00 for Copy(localhost:/usr/local/sbin/cfagent > /var/cfengine/bin/cfagent)
          (0.00 mins  Tue Feb 13 19:05) Av 0.00 +/- 0.00 for Copy(localhost:/usr/local/sbin/cfenvd > /var/cfengine/bin/cfenvd)
          (0.02 mins  Tue Feb 13 19:05) Av 0.02 +/- 0.00 for Copy(localhost:/usr/local/sbin/cfexecd > /var/cfengine/bin/cfexecd)
          (0.00 mins  Tue Feb 13 19:05) Av 0.00 +/- 0.00 for Copy(localhost:/usr/local/sbin/cfservd > /var/cfengine/bin/cfservd)
          (6.41 mins  Tue Feb 13 18:50) Av 0.00 +/- 0.00 for Exec(/usr/bin/updatedb --prunepaths=/media)
          (0.00 mins  Tue Feb 13 19:05) Av 0.00 +/- 0.00 for Exec(/usr/sbin/ntpdate 128.39.74.16 > /dev/null)

`-X `--xml''
     Generate output in xml for parsing by scripts etc.


* Menu:

* Cfagent reference::
* Cfservd.conf and cfrun reference::
* Cfexecd reference::
* Problem solving::
* Example configuration file::
* Variable Index::
* Concept Index::
* FAQ Index::


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: Cfagent reference,  Next: Cfservd.conf and cfrun reference,  Prev: Cfshow,  Up: Top

4 Cfagent reference
*******************

* Menu:

* Cfagent intro::
* The file cfagent.conf::
* Cfagent Runtime Options::
* Variable expansion and contexts::
* Cfengine classes::
* acl::
* alerts::
* binservers::
* broadcast::
* control::
* classes::
* copy::
* defaultroute::
* disks::
* directories::
* disable::
* editfiles::
* Editfiles on Binary Files::
* files::
* filters::
* groups::
* homeservers::
* ignore::
* import::
* interfaces::
* links::
* mailserver::
* methods::
* miscmounts::
* mountables::
* processes::
* packages::
* rename::
* required::
* resolve::
* scli::
* shellcommands::
* strategies::
* tidy::
* unmount::


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: Cfagent intro,  Next: The file cfagent.conf,  Prev: Cfagent reference,  Up: Cfagent reference

4.1 Cfagent intro
=================

Cfagent is the workhorse of cfengine. It interprets and computes the
necessary strategies for implementing convergent maintenance. In order
to carry out work efficiently, the agent groups similar actions
together. The order of these actions is goverened by a list called the
actionsequence.

   In many cases, cfagent will be able to complete all its work in a
single pass of the actionsequence. However, in complex configurations,
it is hard to resolve all of the ordering dependencies automatically in
a single pass. Cfagent keeps track both of all actions that have been
performed and of those that might still need to be performed (given that
some actions depend on the later outcomes of others). If there is a
possibility that an action ordering dilemma might occur, it runs a
second pass of the actionsequence to more quickly resolve the dependency
(avoiding the wait for next scheduled run).  No actions are performed
twice however, since the agent checks off actions that have already been
performed to avoid unnecessary duplication.

* Menu:

* The file cfagent.conf::
* Cfagent Runtime Options::


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: The file cfagent.conf,  Next: Cfagent Runtime Options,  Prev: Cfagent intro,  Up: Cfagent reference

4.2 The file cfagent.conf
=========================


      control:

        CLASSES::

            domain = ( DNS-DOMAIN-NAME )

      classes:

        CLASS/GROUP DEFINITIONS

      import:

        FILES TO IMPORT

      # other items



File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: Cfagent Runtime Options,  Next: Variable expansion and contexts,  Prev: The file cfagent.conf,  Up: Cfagent reference

4.3 Cfagent runtime options
===========================

Note that GNU long options are available with the syntax
`--longoption'.  The long names are given in brackets.

`-a'
     (`--sysadm') Print only the name of the system administrator then
     quit.

`-A'
     (`--auto') Can be used to signify an automatic run of cfengine, as
     opposed to a manual run. The distinction is not predetermined. Use
     of this option currently causes cfengine to ignore locks. This
     option is reserved for future development.

`-b'
     (`--force-net-copy') Normally cfengine detects attempts to copy
     from a server via the network that will loop back to the localhost.
     It then avoids using the network to make the copy. This option
     forces cfengine to copy using the network. _Yes, someone thinks
     this is useful!_

`-c'
     (`--no-check-files') Do not check file systems for ownership /
     permissions etc.

`-C'
     (`--no-check-mounts') Check mount points for consistency.  If this
     option is specified then directories which lie in the "mount point"
     area are checked to see whether there is anything mounted on them.
     Normally this is _off_ since not all machines use mounted file
     systems in the same way.  e.g.  HPUX does not generally operate
     with partitions, but nevertheless one might wish to mimick a
     partition-like environment there, but it would be irritating to be
     informed that nothing was mounted on the mount point.

`-d'
     (`--debug') Enable debugging output.  Normally you will want to
     send this to a file using the shell script command or a pipe.
     -d1 shows only parsing output.  -d2 shows only runtime action
     output.  -d0 shows both levels. Debugging ouput is intended mainly
     for the author's convenience and is not a supported feature. The
     details of this output may change at any time.

`-D'
     (`--define') Define a compound class symbol of the form
     _alpha.beta.gamma_.

`-e'
     (`--no-edits') Suppress file editing.

`-E'
     (`--enforce-links') Globally force links to be created where plain
     files or links already exist. Since this option is a big hammer,
     you have to use it in interactive mode and answer a yes/no query
     before cfengine will run like this.

`-f'
     (`--file') Parse filename after this switch.  By default cfengine
     looks for a file called _cfengine.conf_ in the current directory.

`-h'
     (`--help') Help information.  Display version banner and options
     summary.

`-H'
     (`--no-hard-classes'). Prevents cfengine from generating any
     built-in class name information. Can be used for emulation
     purposes.  

`-i'
     (`--no-ifconfig') Do not attempt to configure the local area
     network interface.

`-I'
     (`--inform') Switches on the inform output level, whereby cfengine
     reports everything it changes..

`-k'
     (`--no-copy') Do not copy/image any files.

`-K'
     (`--no-lock') Ignore locks when running.

`-l'
     (`--traverse-links') Normally cfengine does not follow symbolic
     links when recursively parsing directories.  This option will
     force it to do so.

`-L'
     (`--delete-stale-links') Delete links which do not point to
     existing files (except in user home directories, which are not
     touched).

`-m'
     (`--no-mount') Do not attempt to mount file systems or edit the
     filesystem table.

`-M'
     (`--no-modules') Ignore modules in actionsequence.

`-n'
     (`--recon',`--dry-run',`--just-print') No action.  Only print what
     has to be done without actually doing it.

`-N'
     (`--negate',`--undefine') Cancel a set of classes, or undefine
     (set value to _false_) a compound class of the form
     _alpha.beta.gamma_.

`-p'
     (`--parse-only') Parse file and then stop.  Used for checking the
     syntax of a program.  You do not have to be superuser to use this
     option.

`-P'
     (`--no-processes') Do not execute the processes action.

`-q'
     (`--no-splay') Switch off host splaying (sleeping).

`-Q'
     (`--quert') Query the values of the comma separated list of
     variable names.

`-s'
     (`--no-commands') Do not execute scripts or shell commands.

`-S'
     (`--silent') Silence run time warnings.

`-t'
     (`--no-tidy') Do not tidy file systems.

`-u'
     (`--use-env') Causes cfengine to generate an environment variable
     `CFALLCLASSES' which can be read by child processes (scripts). This
     variable contains a summary of all the currently defined classes
     at any given time. This option causes some System V systems to
     generate a Bus Error or segmentation fault. The same information
     is available from the cfengine built-in variable `$(allclasses)'
     and can be passed as a parameter to scripts.  When this variable
     grows too large for embedding one can also access a complete list
     of current classes in `/var/cfengine/state/allclasses'.

`-U'
     (`--underscore-classes'). When this option is set, cfengine adds
     an underscore to the beginning of the hard system classes (like
     `_sun4', `_linux' etc. The longer compound classes are not
     underscored, since these are already complex and would unlikely
     result in collisions.) This can be used to avoid naming conflicts
     if you are so unjudicious as to name a host by the name of a hard
     class. Other classes are not affected.

`-v'
     (`--verbose') Verbose mode.  Prints detailed information about
     actions and state.

`-V'
     (`--version') Print only the version string and then quit.

`-x'
     (`--no-preconf') Do not execute the `cf.preconf' net configuration
     file.

`-X'
     (`--no-links') Do not execute the `links' section of a program.

`-w'
     (`--no-warn',`--quiet') Do not print warning messages.

`-z'
     (`--schedule') Print the exec schedule for the LAN (used by
     cfexecd).


   In version 2.0.4, an abbreviation for actionsequence exclusions was
added:

     $ cfagent --avoid resolve,copy
     $ cfagent --just tidy --just shellcommands


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: Variable expansion and contexts,  Next: Cfengine classes,  Prev: Cfagent Runtime Options,  Up: Cfagent reference

4.4 Variable expansion and contexts
===================================

Variables in cfengine 2 are defined in contexts. Variables in a given
context refer to the different phases of execution of cfengine: global,
update and main.  In the "current" context, variables have the form

     $(variable) ${variable}
   and are expanded either on parsing or at execution. Variables that
cannot be expanded remain as dollar strings. Variables belonging to a
context that is not the current one may be referred to as

     $(CONTEXT.variable)  or  ${CONTEXT.variable}
   There is no difference between these forms as far as cfengine is
concered.  Some authors like to use the () form for cfengine variables,
to distinguish them with shell variables in command strings. When using
the () form in function arguments, they should be quoted to avoid
parsing errors.

   Consider the example:

     $(global.env_time)
   Some variables in cfengine are associative arrays (as made famous by
Perl).  Such arrays are referred to by square brackets:


     $(array[key])  $(array[$(key)])
   and so on. Note carefully that cfengine requires parentheses or
braces around variable names. Unlike in the shell, they cannot be
omitted.

* Menu:

* Setting variables with functions::
* Special variables::
* Iteration over lists::


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: Setting variables with functions,  Next: Special variables,  Prev: Variable expansion and contexts,  Up: Variable expansion and contexts

4.4.1 Setting variables with functions
--------------------------------------

A number of special functions can be used to set variables in cfengine.
You can import values from the execution of a shell command by
prefixing a command with the word `exec'. This method is deprecated as
of cfengine version 2; use the `ExecResult' function instead.


       control:

        # old method

        listing = ( "exec /bin/ls -l" )

        # new method

        listing = ( ExecResult(/bin/ls -l) )

This sets the variable `listing' to the output of the command in the
quotes.  

   Some other built-in functions are

`A(X,Y)'
     Makes an associative array entry, associating X and Y. For
     instance:

          control:

           assoc_array = ( A(B,"is for bird") A(C,"is for cat") )
     results in:


          OBJECT: main
             4569 : assoc_array[B]=is for bird
             4630 : assoc_array[C]=is for cat
     Another example:

          control:

           binhost = ( A(linux,machine1) A(solaris,machine2) )

          copy:

           # Contact machine 1 for linux
           # Contact machine 2 for solaris

           /etc/source dest=/etc/receve server=$(binhost[$(class)])

`ExecResult(COMMAND)'
     Executes the named command without a shell-wrapper and inserts the
     output into the variable. Note that, when this is used in cfengine
     built-in list variables, any spaces are interpreted as list
     separators. In other lists, normal rules for iteration apply.

`ExecShellResult(COMMAND)'
     Executes the named command with a shell-wrapper and inserts the
     output into the variable. Note that, when this is used in cfengine
     built-in list variables, any spaces are interpreted as list
     separators. In other lists, normal rules for iteration apply.

`RandomInt(A,B)'
     Generate a random integer between a and b.

`ReadArray(FILENAME,FILEFORMAT,SEPARATOR,COMMENT,MAX NUMBER OF BYTES)'
     Reads up to a maximum number of bytes from a properly formatted
     file into a one-dimensional associated array. File formats are:
    `autokey'
          If this format is specified, `ReadArray' tries to interpret
          the file as a table of items separated with the separator
          character. Blank lines and comments (to end of line) are
          ignored.  Items are keyed numerically starting from 1 to the
          maximum number in the file.  The newline `$(n)' is always
          considered to be a separator, no matter what the current
          separator is.  

    `textkey'
          If this format is specified, `ReadArray' tries to interpret
          the file as a list of lines of the form:

                 key,value


`ReadFile(FILENAME,MAX NUMBER OF BYTES)'
     Read a maximum number of bytes from a file.  

`ReadTable(FILENAME,FILEFORMAT,SEPARATOR,COMMENT,MAX NUMBER OF BYTES)'
     Reads up to a maximum number of bytes from a properly formatted
     file into a two-dimensional associated array.
    `autokey'
          If this format is specified, `ReadArray' tries to interpret
          the file as a table of items separated with the separator
          character. Blank lines and comments (to end of line) are
          ignored.  Items are keyed numerically starting from 1 to the
          maximum number in the file.  Any lines that do not contain
          the correct number of separators cause the function to fail
          without making any assignment.  

    `textkey'
          If this format is specified, `ReadArray' tries to interpret
          the file as a list of lines of the form:

                 key1,key2,value1
                 key3,key4,value2

          This variable would then be references as
          $(table[key1][key2]).


`ReadList(FILENAME,FILEFORMAT,COMMENT,MAX NUMBER OF BYTES)'
     Reads up to a maximum number of bytes from a properly formatted
     file into a listvariable. File formats are:
    `lines'
          If this format is specified, `ReadList' tries to interpret
          the file as a list of items on separate lines. The value
          returned is a list formatted by the `Split' character.  


          hosts = ( ReadList(/var/cfengine/inputs/datafile,lines,#,1000) )

`ReadTCP(HOST/IP,PORTNUMBER,SEND STRING,MAX NUMBER OF BYTES)'
     Reads up to a maximum number of bytes from a TCP service. Can be
     used to test whether certain services are responding to queries.
     It is recommended that this be used primarily to check services
     running on localhost. Bear in mind that this clause, executed on
     100 hosts will produce the effect of a distributed denial of
     service attack, so the probe should be restricted to a single
     representative tester-host. For example:


          one_host_only::

           # USE WITH CAUTION !

           probewww = ( ReadTCP(localhost,80,'GET index.html',1000) )
     Or testing a network service:
          control:

           checkhost::

           probesmtp = ( ReadTCP(localhost,25,"",1024) )
           probewww  = ( ReadTCP(project.iu.hio.no,80,"GET /viewcvs HTTP/1.0 ${n}${n}",1024) )

          classes:

            viewcvs_error = ( RegCmp(".*Python Traceback.*","${probewww}") )

          alerts:

            viewcvs_error::

               "Received viewcvs error from web server"

`SelectPartitionNeighbours(FILENAME,COMMENT,POLICY,GROUP SIZE)'
     This function is for use in peer to peer monitoring applications.
     It allows individual hosts to identify themselves as part of a
     group and find their peers. The function returns a list variable,
     delimited by the list separation character, for use with Split.  


           control:

             allpeers = ( SelectPartitionNeighbours(/var/cfengine/inputs/cfrun.hosts,#,random,4) )

           copy:

             /data/file dest=/p2prepository/file server=$(allpeers)

`SelectPartitionLeader(FILENAME,COMMENT,POLICY,GROUP SIZE)'
     This function is for use in peer to peer monitoring applications.
     It allows individual hosts to identify themselves as part of a
     group and select a leader.  This function reads a text file of
     hostnames or IP addresses, one host per line, with blank lines and
     comments and partitions it into groups of a fixed size. It then
     returns picks a leader for the the group and returns its name as
     the value of the function.  


           control:

             leader = ( SelectPartitionLeader(/var/cfengine/inputs/cfrun.hosts,#,random,4) )

           copy:

             /data/file dest=/p2prepository/file server=$(leader)

   Note that functions should have no spaces between the function name
and the leading parenthesis, but should themselves be surrounded by
white space.  For example:


     control:

      variable2 = ( RandomInt(0,23) )

      variable3 = ( ExecResult(/bin/ls -a /opt) )

      myexcerpt  = ( ReadFile("/etc/services",220) )

      listvar = ( ReadArray(/tmp/array,textkey,",","#",100) )

   In the latter case, the file could look like this:

     host$ more /tmp/array
     one,String to tbe read
     two,Nothing string
     three,Everything comes in threes
   and results in the definition of (verify with `cfagent -p -d3'):

     OBJECT: main
        960 : listvar[one]=String to tbe read
        259 : listvar[two]=Nothing string
        224 : listvar[three]=Everything comes in threes
   
* Menu:

* Special variables::
* Iteration over lists::


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: Special variables,  Next: Iteration over lists,  Prev: Setting variables with functions,  Up: Variable expansion and contexts

4.4.2 Special variables
-----------------------

Variables are referred to in either of two different ways, depending on
your taste.  You can use the forms `$(variable)' or `${variable}'.  The
variable in braces or parentheses can be the name of any user defined
macro, environment variable or one of the following special built-in
variables.

`AllClasses'
     A long string in the form `CFALLCLASSES=class1:class2...'.  This
     variable is a summary of all the defined classes at any given
     time. It is always kept up to date so that scripts can make use of
     cfengine's class data.  

`arch'
     The current detailed architecture string--an amalgamation of the
     information from _uname_. _A constant_.  

`binserver'
     The default server for binary data. _A constant_.  

`cfinputs_version'
     The version string of the current configuration, used for version
     control and auditing.  

`ChecksumDatabase'
     If set to the name of a file, cfagent will use this to store
     checksums of important files, and give `tripwire functionality',
     *Note ChecksumDatabase::. This option was deprecated in 2.1.22.

`ChecksumUpdates'
     If set to `on', security information is automatically updated.

`class'
     The currently defined system hard-class (e.g. `sun4', `hpux'). _A
     constant_.  

`date'
     The current date string. Note that if you use this in a shell
     command it might be interpreted as a list variable, since it
     contains the default separator `:'.  

`domain'
     The currently defined domain.  

`EmailFrom'
     The email address from whom email from cfexecd should appear to
     originate.

`EmailMaxLines'
     Most lines of output to email from a single cfexecd-induced run of
     cfagent. If undefined, defaults to 100. If set to 0, no email is
     sent by cfexecd. If set to `inf', no maximum is enforced.  

`EmailTo'
     The E-mail address to whom mail should be sent (overrides `sysadm'
     variable).

`faculty'
     The faculty or site as defined in control (see `site').  

`fqhost'
     The fully qualified hostname of the system.  

`host'
     The hostname of the machine running the program.  

`ipaddress'
     The numerical form of the Internet address of the host currently
     running cfengine found by a reverse lookup in DNS.  

`ipv4[INTERFACE]'
     The IPv4 address of the named interface as determined from a probe
     of the interfaces. This variable belongs in the global context and
     refers to as in the following examples:


          ${global.ipv4[hme0]}
          ${global.ipv4[eth0]}

`MaxCfengines'
     The maximum number of cfengines which should be allowed to run
     concurrently on the system. This can prevent excessive load due to
     unintentional spamming in situations where several cfengines are
     started independently. The default value is unlimited.  

`ostype'
     A short for of `$(arch)'.

`OutputPrefix'
     This quoted string can be used to change the default
     `cfengine:${hostname}' prefix on output lines to something else.
     You might wish to shorten the string, or have a different prefix
     for different hosts. The default is equivalent to,

            OutputPrefix = ( "cfengine:$(host):")
     
`RepChar'
     The character value of the string used by the file repository in
     constructing unique filenames from path names. This is the
     character which replaces `/'.  

`site'
     This variable is identical to `$(faculty)' and may be used
     interchangeably.  

`smtpserver'
     The name of the host to which mail output should be sent.

`split'
     The character on which list variables are split.  

`sysadm'
     The name or mail address of the system administrator.  

`timezone'
     The current timezone as defined in `control'.  

`UnderscoreClasses'
     If this is set to `on' cfengine uses hard classes which begin with
     an underscore to avoid name collisions, *Note Cfagent Runtime
     Options::.  

`version'
     The current cfengine version string as defined in the code.  

`year'
     The current year.  

These variables are kept special because they play a special role in
setting up a system configuration.  You are encouraged to use them to
define fully generalized rules in your programs.  Variables can be used
to advantage in defining filenames, directory names and in passing
arguments to shell commands.  The judicious use of variables can reduce
many definitions to a single one if you plan carefully.

   _NOTE: the above control variables are not case sensitive, unlike
user macros, so you should not define your own macros with these names._


   The following variables are also reserved and may be used to produce
troublesome special characters in strings.
`cr'
     Expands to the carriage return character.  

`colon'
     Expands to the colon `:' character.  

`dblquote'
     Expands to a double quote `"' 

`dollar'
     Expands to `$'.  

`lf'
     Expands to a line-feed character (Unix end of line).  

`n'
     Expands to a newline character.  

`quote'
     Expands to a single quote `''.  

`spc'
     Expands simply to a single space. This can be used to place spaces
     in filenames etc.  

`tab'
     Expands to a single tab character.  



File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: Iteration over lists,  Prev: Special variables,  Up: Variable expansion and contexts

4.4.3 Iteration over lists
--------------------------

Variables can be used as iterators in some situations. Iteration over
lists is currently rather limited in cfengine and is something to be
improved on in a future version. When a variable is used as an
iterator, a character is chosen to represent a list separator, as in
the shell `IFS' variable.  The default separator is the colon `:'
character:

     control:

      listvar = ( one:two:three:four )
   The action that contains a variable to be interpreted as a list
appears as separate actions, one for each case:

     shellcommand:

       "/bin/echo $(listvar)"
   is equivalent to

     shellcommand:

       "/bin/echo one"
       "/bin/echo two"
       "/bin/echo three"
       "/bin/echo four"
   If multiple iterators are used, these are handled as nested loops:

     cfengine::/bin/echo one 1:     one 1
     cfengine::/bin/echo one 2:     one 2
     cfengine::/bin/echo one 3:     one 3
     cfengine::/bin/echo one 4:     one 4
     cfengine::/bin/echo two 1:     two 1
     cfengine::/bin/echo two 2:     two 2
     cfengine::/bin/echo two 3:     two 3
     cfengine::/bin/echo two 4:     two 4
     cfengine::/bin/echo three:     three 1
     cfengine::/bin/echo three:     three 2
     cfengine::/bin/echo three:     three 3
     cfengine::/bin/echo three:     three 4
     cfengine::/bin/echo four :     four 1
     cfengine::/bin/echo four :     four 2
     cfengine::/bin/echo four :     four 3
     cfengine::/bin/echo four :     four 4
   Where iterators are not allowed, the implied lists are treated as
scalars:


     alerts:

      amnexus::

       "do $(list1) $(list2)"
   e.g.


     cfengine:: do one:two:three:four 1:2:3:4

   Iterative expansion is currently restricted to:
   * In the directory field of the admit/deny server access rules,

   * In the `from' field of a copy action,

   * In the server field of the copy action,

   * In the directory field of the disable action,

   * In the directory field of the files action,

   * In the `to' field of a multiple link action,

   * In the directory field of the required/disk action,

   * In a resolve item.

   * In the directory field of a tidy action,

   * In the arguments, replyto and server attributes of methods.

   * Names in the ignore action.

   * Ïn shellcommands body.

   * In admit/deny path and attributes of cfserver.

   

File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: Cfengine classes,  Next: acl,  Prev: Variable expansion and contexts,  Up: Cfagent reference

4.5 Cfengine classes
====================

A _cfengine action_ looks like this:


     ACTION-TYPE:

        COMPOUND-CLASS::

            DECLARATION

A single class is an identifier that may consist of any alphanumeric
character or the underscore, just like identifiers in ordinary
programming languages. Classes that are derived from data like IP
addresses or host names convert any other characters (like `.' or `-')
into underscores.  A single class can be one of several things:

   * The name of an operating system architecture e.g.  `ultrix',
     `sun4', etc.  This is referred to as a _hard class_.

   * The unqualified name of a particular host. If your system returns
     a fully qualified domain name for your host, cfagent truncates it
     at the first dot.

   * The name of a user-defined group of hosts.

   * A day of the week (in the form `Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, ..').

   * An hour of the day (in the form `Hr00, Hr01 ... Hr23').

   * Minutes in the hour (in the form `Min00, Min17 ... Min45').

   * A five minute interval in the hour (in the form `Min00_05,
     Min05_10 ... Min55_00')

   * A quart hour (in the form `Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4')

   * An abbreviated time with quarter hour specified (in the form
     `Hr00_Q1, Hr23_Q4' etc.)

   * A day of the month (in the form `Day1 ... Day31').

   * A month (in the form `January, February, ... December').

   * A year (in the form `Yr1997, Yr2004').

   * An arbitrary user-defined string.

   * The IP address octets of any active interface (in the form
     `ipv4_192_0_0_1', `ipv4_192_0_0', `ipv4_192_0', `ipv4_192').


   A compound class is a sequence of simple classes connected by dots or
`pipe' symbols (vertical bars).  For example:


     myclass.sun4.Monday::

     sun4|ultrix|osf::
   A compound class evaluates to `true' if all of the individual classes
are separately true, thus in the above example the actions which follow
`compound_class::' are only carried out if the host concerned is in
`myclass', is of type `sun4' and the day is Monday!  In the second
example, the host parsing the file must be either of type `sun4' _or_
`ultrix' _or_ `osf'.  In other words, compound classes support two
operators: AND and OR, written `.' and `|' respectively.   From
cfengine version 2.1.1, I bit the bullet and added `&' as a synonym for
the AND operator.  Cfengine doesn't care how many of these operators
you use (since it skips over blank class names), so you could write
either


     solaris|irix::

or


     solaris||irix::

depending on your taste. On the other hand, the order in which cfengine
evaluates AND and OR operations _does_ matter, and the rule is that AND
takes priority over OR, so that `.' binds classes together tightly and
all AND operations are evaluated before ORing the final results
together. This is the usual behaviour in programming languages. You can
use round parentheses in cfengine classes to override these preferences.

   Cfengine allows you to define switch on and off dummy classes so that
you can use them to select certain subsets of action.  In particular,
note that by defining your own classes, using them to make compound
rules of this type, and then switching them on and off, you can also
switch on and off the corresponding actions in a controlled way.  The
command line options `-D' and `-N' can be used for this purpose.  See
also `addclasses' in the Reference manual.  

   A logical NOT operator has been added to allow you to exclude
certain specific hosts in a more flexible way. The logical NOT operator
is (as in C and C++) `!'. For instance, the following example would
allow all hosts except for `myhost':

        ACTION:

         !myhost::

             COMMAND

and similarly, so allow all hosts in a user-defined group `mygroup',
_except_ for `myhost', you would write

        ACTION:

         mygroup.!myhost::

             COMMAND

which reads `mygroup AND NOT myhost'. The NOT operator can also be
combined with OR. For instance


        CLASS1|!CLASS2

would select hosts which were either in class 1, or those which were
not in class 2.

   Finally, there is a number of reserved classes.  The following are
hard classes for various operating system architectures.  They do not
need to be defined because each host knows what operating system it is
running.  Thus the appropriate one of these will always be defined on
each host.  Similarly the day of the week is clearly not open to
definition, unless you are running cfengine from outer space.  The
reserved classes are:

     ultrix, sun4, sun3, hpux, hpux10, aix, solaris, osf, irix4, irix, irix64
        sco, freebsd, netbsd, openbsd, bsd4_3, newsos, solarisx86, aos,
               nextstep, bsdos, linux, debian, cray, unix_sv, GnU, NT

If these classes are not sufficient to distinguish the hosts on your
network, cfengine provides more specific classes which contain the name
and release of the operating system. To find out what these look like
for your systems you can run cfengine in `parse-only-verbose' mode:


       cfagent -p -v
   and these will be displayed. For example, Solaris 2.4 systems
generate the additional classes `sunos_5_4' and `sunos_sun4m',
`sunos_sun4m_5_4'.

   Cfengine uses both the unqualified and fully host names as classes.
Some sites and operating systems use fully qualified names for their
hosts. i.e. `uname -n' returns to full domain qualified hostname. This
spoils the class matching algorithms for cfengine, so cfengine
automatically truncates names which contain a dot `.'  at the first `.'
it encounters. If your hostnames contain dots (which do not refer to a
domain name, then cfengine will be confused. The moral is: don't have
dots in your host names! _NOTE: in order to ensure that the fully
qualified name of the host becomes a class you must define the domain
variable._ The dots in this string will be replaced by underscores.  

   In summary, the operator ordering in cfengine classes is as follows: 

`()'
     Parentheses override everything.

`!'
     The NOT operator binds tightest.

`. &'
     The AND operator binds more tightly than OR.

`|'
     OR is the weakest operator.


* Menu:

* Setting classes with special functions::


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: Setting classes with special functions,  Prev: Cfengine classes,  Up: Cfengine classes

4.5.1 Setting classes with special functions
--------------------------------------------

Cfengine provides a number of built-in functions for evaluating classes,
based on file tests. Using these built-in functions is quicker than
calling the shell `test' function. The time functions place their
arguments in chronological order.

`AccessedBefore(F1,F2)'
     True if file 1 was accessed more recently than file 2 (UNIX atime)

`ChangedBefore(F1,F2)'
     True if file 1's attributes were changed in any way more recently
     than file 2's (UNIX ctime)

`ClassMatch(REGEXP)'
     True if the quoted regular expression matches one of the currently
     defined classes.  It is wise to place ClassMatch at the end of
     your parsing in order to capture as many of the user-defined
     classes as possible.

          classes:

             userdef = ( ClassMatch(.*linux.*) )

`FileExists(FILE)'
     True if the named file object (file/directory or link) exists.

`GroupExists(GROUPNAME|GID)'
     True if the groupname or group id is registered on the system.

`HostRange(BASENAME,START-STOP)'
     True if the current relative domain name begins with basename and
     ends with an integer between start and stop.  Note well: matching
     is case insensitive (both hostname and basename are converted to
     all lower case for comparison.)

`IsDefined(VARIABLE-ID)'
     True if the named variable is defined. Note well: use the variable
     name, not its contents (that is, `IsDefined(var)', and not
     `IsDefined(${var})')

`IsDir(F)'
     True if the file f is a directory

`IsLink(F)'
     True if the file f is a symbolic link

`IsPlain(F)'
     True if the file f is a plain file

`IsNewerThan(F1,F2)'
     True if file 2 was modified more recently than file 1 (UNIX mtime)

`IPRange(ADDRESS-RANGE)'
     True if the current host lies within the specified IP range

`PrepModule(MODULE,ARG1 ARG2...)'
     True if the named module exists and can be executed. The module is
     assumed to follow the standard programming interface for modules
     (see Writing plugin modules in tutorial).  Unlike actionsequence
     modules, these modules are evaluated immediately on parsing.  Note
     that the module should be specified relative to the authorized
     module directory.  

`Regcmp(REGEXP,STRING OR LIST SEPARATED STRING)'
     True if the string matched the regular expression regexp.

`ReturnsZero(COMMAND)'
     True if the named shell command returns with exit code zero
     (success).  The command is executed without a shell wrapper.

`ReturnsZeroShell(COMMAND)'
     True if the named shell command returns with exit code zero
     (success) when executed in the environment of a shell wrapper.

`Strcmp(S1,S2)'
     True if the string s1 exactly matches s2

`UserExists(USERNAME|UID)'
     True if the username or user id is registered on the system (this
     does not imply that the user can log in or has a home directory).

`IsGreaterThan(S1,S2)'
     Returns true if the value of s1 is greater than the value of s2.
     Note that, if the strings have numerical values, a numerical
     comparison is performed, otherwise a string comparison is used.

`IsLessThan(S1,S2)'
     Returns true if the value of s1 is less than the value of s2. Note
     that, if the strings have numerical values, a numerical comparison
     is performed, otherwise a string comparison is used.

          	control:

            	 actionsequence = ( files )

          	 a = ( 2.12 )
           	 b = ( 2.11 )

          	classes:

          	lt = ( IsLessThan(${a},${b}) )
             	gt = ( IsGreaterThan(${a},${b}) )

          	alerts:

          	  lt:: "$(a) LESS THAN $(b)"
          	  gt:: "$(a) GREATER THAN $(b)"

For example:


     classes:

      access_to_dir = ( ReturnsZero(/bin/cd /mydir) )
      compare       = ( ChangedBefore(/etc/passwd_master,/etc/passwd) )
      isplain       = ( IsPlain(/tmp/import) )
      inrange       = ( IPRange(128.39.89.10-15) )
      CIDR          = ( IPRange(128.39.89.10/24) )
      compute_nodes = ( HostRange(cpu-,01-32)
      gotinit       = ( PrepModule(startup2,"arg1 arg2") )
   

File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: acl,  Next: alerts,  Prev: Cfengine classes,  Up: Cfagent reference

4.6 acl
=======


        acl:

           CLASS::

              { ACL-ALIAS

              ACTION
              }

Cfengine's `ACL' feature is a common interface for managing filesystem
access control lists (ACLs). An access control list is an extended file
permission. It allows you to open or close a file to a named list of
users (without having to create a group for those users); similarly, it
allows you to open or close a file for a list of groups.  Several
operating systems have access control lists, but each typically has a
different syntax and different user interface to this facility, making
it very awkward to use.  This part of a cfengine configuration
simplifies the management of ACLs by providing a more convenient user
interface for controlling them and--as far as possible--a common syntax.

   An ACL may, by its very nature, contain a lot of information.
Normally you would set ACLs in a `files' command, *Note files::, or a
`copy' command, *Note copy::. It would be too cumbersome to repeat all
of the information in every command in your configuration, so cfengine
simplifies this by first associating an alias together with a complex
list of ACL information. This alias is then used to represent the whole
bundle of ACL entries in a `files' or `copy' command.  The form of an
ACL is similar to the form of an `editfiles' command.  It is a bundle
of information concerning a file's permissions.


      { ACL-ALIAS

       method:overwrite/APPEND
       fstype:POSIX/SOLARIS/DFS/AFS/HPUX/NT

       ACL_TYPE:USER/GROUP:PERMISSIONS
       ACL_TYPE:USER/GROUP:PERMISSIONS
       ...
      }

The name ACL-ALIAS can be any identifier containing alphanumeric
characters and underscores. This is what you will use to refer to the
ACL entries in practice. The method entry tells cfengine how to
interpret the entries: should a file's ACLs be overwritten or only
adjusted?  Since the filesystems from different developers all use
different models for ACLs, you must also tell cfengine what kind of
filesystem the file resides on. Currently only Solaris and DCE/DFS ACLs
are implemented.

   NOTE: if you set both file permissions and ACLs the file permissions
override the ACLs.

* Menu:

* ACEs::
* Solaris ACLs::
* DFS ACLs::
* NT ACLs::
* ACL Example::


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: ACEs,  Next: Solaris ACLs,  Prev: acl,  Up: acl

4.6.1 Access control entries
----------------------------

An access control list is build of any number of individual access
control entries (ACEs). The ACEs has the following general syntax:

         ACL_TYPE:USER/GROUP:PERMISSIONS

The user or group is sometimes referred to as a _key_.  

   For an explanation of ACL types and their use, refer to your local
manual page.  However, note that for each type of filesystem, there are
certain entries which must exist in an ACL. If you are creating a new
ACL from scratch, you must specify these.  For example, in Solaris ACLs
you must have entries for `user', `group' and `other'.  Under DFS you
need what DFS calls a `user_obj', `group_obj' and an `other_obj', and
in some cases `mask_obj'. In cfengine syntax these are called
`user:*:', `other:*:' and `mask:*:', as described below.  If you are
appending to an existing entry, you do not have to re-specify these
unless you want to change them.

   Cfengine can overwrite (replace) or append to one or more ACL
entries.

`overwrite'
     `method:overwrite' is the default. This sets the ACL according to
     the specified entries which follow.  The existing ACL will be
     overwritten completely.

`append'
     `method:append' adds or modifies one or more specified ACL entries.
     If an entry already exists for the specified type and user/group,
     the specified permission bits will be added to the old
     permissions. If there is no ACL entry for the given type and
     user/group, a new entry will be appended.

   If the new ACL exactly matches the existing ACL, the ACL is not
replaced.

   The individual bits in an ACE may be either added subtracted or set
equal to a specified mask. The `+' symbol means add, the `-' symbol
subtract and `=' means set equal to.  Here are some examples:


       ACLTYPE:ID/*:MASK

       user:mark:+rx,-w
       user:ds:=r
       user:jacobs:noaccess
       user:forgiven:default

       user:*:rw
       group:*:r
       other:*:r

The keyword `noaccess' means set all access bits to zero for that user,
i.e. remove all permissions. The keyword `default' means remove the
named user from the access crontrol list altogether, so that the
default permissions apply. A star/asterisk in the centre field
indicates that the user or group ID is implicitly specified as of the
owner of the file, or that no ID is applicable at all (as is the case
for `other').


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: Solaris ACLs,  Next: DFS ACLs,  Prev: ACEs,  Up: acl

4.6.2 Solaris ACLs
------------------

Under Solaris, the ACL type can be one of the following:

             user
             group
             mask
             other
             default_user
             default_group
             default_mask
             default_other
   A user or group can be specified to the user, group, default_user and
default_group types.  Solaris ACL permissions are the normal UNIX
permissions bits `rwx', where:


             R - GRANTS READ PRIVILEGES.
             W - GRANTS WRITE PRIVILEGES.
             X - GRANTS EXECUTE PRIVILEGES.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: DFS ACLs,  Next: NT ACLs,  Prev: Solaris ACLs,  Up: acl

4.6.3 DFS ACLs
--------------

In DCE, the ACL type can be one of the following:

             other
             mask
             any
             unauthenticated
             user
             group
             foreign_other
             foreign_user
             foreign_group
   The `user', `group', `foreign_user' and `foreign_group'  types
require that you specify a user or group. The DCE documentation refers
to types `user_obj', `group_obj' and so on. In the cfengine
implementation, the ugly `_obj' suffix has been dropped to make these
more in keeping with the POSIX names. `user_obj::', is equivalent to
`user:*:' is cfengine. The star/asterisk implies that the ACL applies
to the owner of the file object.

   DFS permissions are comprised of the bits `crwxid', where:

             c - Grants control privileges, to modify an acl.
             r - Grants read  privileges.
             w - Grants write privileges.
             x - Grants execute privileges.
             i - Grants insert privileges.
             d - Grants delete privileges.
   See the DCE/DFS documentation for more information about this.

   It is not possible to set ACLs in foreign cells currently using
cfengine, but you can still have all of your ACL definitions in the same
file. You must however arrange for the file to be executed on the server
for the cell concerned.  Note also that you must perform a DCE login
(normally as user `cell_admin') in order to set ACLs on files which are
not owned by the owner of the cfengine-process.  This is because you
must have a valid security ticket.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: NT ACLs,  Next: ACL Example,  Prev: DFS ACLs,  Up: acl

4.6.4 NT ACLs
-------------

NT ACEs are written as follows:

            acl_type:user/group:permissions:accesstype

   The actual change consists of the extra field containing the access
type. A star/asterisk in the field for USER/GROUP would normally imply
that the ACL applies to the owner of the file object. However this
functionality is as of today not yet implemented.

   In NT, the ACL type can be one of the following:

                user
                group
   Both types require that you specify the name of a user or a group.

   NT permissions are comprised of the bits `rwxdpo', where:

         r - Read privileges
         w - Write privileges
         x - Execute privileges
         d - Delete privileges
         p - Privileges to change the permissions on the file
         o - Privileges to take ownership of the file
   In addition to any combination of these bits, the word `noaccess' or
`default' can be used as explained in the previous section. NT comes
with some standard, predefined permissions. The standards are only a
predefined combination of the different bits specified above and are
provided with cfengine as well. You can use the standards by setting the
permission to `read', `change' or `all'. The bit implementation of each
standard is as on NT:

                read   - rx
                change - rwxd
                all    - rwxdpo
   where the bits follow the earlier definition. The keywords mentioned
above can only be used alone, and not in combination with `+', `-', `='
and/or other permission bits.

   NT defines several different access types, of which only two are
used in connection with the ACL type that is implemented in cfengine
for NT. The access type can be one of the following:

                allowed
                denied
   Intuitively, `allowed' access grants the specified permissions to
the user, whilst `denied' denies the user the specified permissions. If
no access type is specified, the default is `allowed'. This enables
cfengine's behaviour as on UNIX systems without any changes to the
configuration file. If the permissions `noaccess' or `default' is used,
the access type will be irrelevant.

4.7 ACL Example
===============

Here is an example of a configuration file for an NT ACL:

     control:
             actionsequence = ( files )
             domain = ( iu.hioslo.no )

     files:
             $(HOME)/tt    acl=acl_alias1    action=fixall

     acl:
             { acl_alias1

             method:overwrite
             fstype:nt

             user:gustafb:rwx:allowed
             user:mark:all:allowed
             user:toreo:read:allowed
             user:torej:default:allowed
             user:ds2:+rwx:allowed

             group:dummy:all:denied
             group:iu:read:allowed
             group:root:all:allowed
             group:guest:dpo:denied
             }


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: ACL Example,  Prev: NT ACLs,  Up: acl

4.7.1 ACL Example
-----------------

Here is an example of a configuration file for one Solaris ACL and one
DCE/DFS ACL:

     control:
             actionsequence = ( files )
             domain = ( iu.hioslo.no )

     files:
             $(HOME)/tt    acl=acl_alias1    action=fixall
             /:/bigfile    acl=acl_alias2    action=fixall

     acl:
             { acl_alias1

             method:overwrite
             fstype:posix

             user:*:rwx
             user:mark:=rwx
             user:sowille:=rx
             user:toreo:=rx
             user:torej:default
             user:ds2:+rwx
             group:*:rx
             group:iu:r
             group:root:x
             mask:*:rx
             other:*:rx

             default_user:*:=rw
             default_user:mark:+rwx
             default_user:ds:=rwx
             default_group::=r
             default_group:iu:+r
             default_mask::w
             default_other::rwx
             }

             { acl_alias2

             method:overwrite
             fstype:dfs

             user:*:rwxcid
             group:*:rxd
             other:*:wxir
             mask:*:rxw
             user:/.../iu.hioslo.no/cell_admin:rc
             group:/.../iu.hioslo.no/acct-admin:rwxcid
             user:/.../iu.hioslo.no/root:rx
             }


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: alerts,  Next: binservers,  Prev: acl,  Up: Cfagent reference

4.8 alerts
==========

Alerts are normally just messages that are printed when classes become
activated in order to alert the system administrator to some condition
that has arisen.  Alerts can also be special functions, like
`ShowState()' that generate system output.

   Alerts cannot belong to the class `any', that would generate a
message from every host. In a huge network this could result in vast
amounts of Email. This behaviour can be forced, however, by creating an
alias for the class `any' that is defined on the affected hosts.


     alerts:

        class::

           QUOTED MESSAGE

             ifelapsed=TIME
             audit=TRUE/FALSE

           ShowState(PARAMETER)
           SysLog(PRIORITY,MESSAGE)
           SetState(NAME,TTL,POLICY)
           UnSetState(NAME)
           FriendStatus(HOURS)
           PrintFile(`filename',LINES)
   For example: 


     alerts:

       myclass::

       "Reminder: say hello every hour" ifelapsed=60

       nfsd_in_high_dev2::

       "High NFS server access rate 2dev at $(host) value $(value_nfsd_in) av $(average_nfsd_in) pm $(stddev_nfsd_in)"
       ShowState(incoming.nfs)

      # ROOT PROCS

       anomaly_hosts.RootProcs_high_dev2::

        "RootProc anomaly high 2 dev on $(host) value $(value_rootprocs) av $(average_rootprocs) pm $(stddev_rootprocs)"
       ShowState(rootprocs)

   The `ShowState()' function reports on state gathered by the cfenvd
daemon.

     ShowState(incoming.tcpsyn)
     ShowState(outgoing.smtp)
     ShowState(incoming.www)
     ShowState(outgoing.www)
     ShowState(procs)
     ShowState(rootprocs)
     ShowState(otherprocs)
     ShowState(users)

   To limit the frequency of alerts, you can set locking times:

      # ROOT PROCS

       anomaly_hosts.RootProcs_high_dev2::

        "RootProc anomaly high 2 dev on $(host) value $(value_rootprocs) av $(average_rootprocs) pm $(stddev_rootprocs)"

        ShowState(rootprocs)  ifelapsed=10 expireafter=20
   Alerts can also be channeled directly to syslog, to avoid extraneous
console messages or email.


       SysLog(LOG_ERR,"Test syslog message")
   One application for alerts is to pass signals from one cfengine to
another by persistent, shared memory.  For example, suppose a
short-lived anomaly event triggers a class that relates to a security
alert. The event class might be too short-lived to be followed up by
cfagent in full. One could thus set a long term class that would
trigger up several follow-up checks.  A persistent class could also be
used to exclude an operation for an interval of time.

   Persistent class memory can be added through a system alert
functions to give timer behaviour.  For example, consider setting a
class that acts like a non-resettable timer. It is defined for exactly
10 minutes before expiring.


       SetState("preserved_class",10,Preserve)
   Or to set a class that acts as a resettable timer. It is defined for
60 minutes unless the SetState call is called again to extend its
lifetime.


       SetState(non_preserved_class,60,Reset)
   Existing persistent classes can be deleted with:


               UnsetState(myclass)

   The `FriendStatus' function is available from version 2.1.4 and
displays a message if hosts that normally have a cfengine protocol
connection with the current host have not connected for more than than
specified number of hours. If the number of hours is set to zero,
cfengine uses a machine-learned expectation value for the time and uses
this to report. The friend status of a host is thus the expectation that
there is a problem with a remote peer. Expected contact rates of more
than the variable `LastSeenExpireAfter' are ignored as spurious, *Note
lastseenexpireafter::.

   The `PrintFile' function can be used to display short excerpts from
text files.  The arguments are the filename and a maximum number of
lines to be printed.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: binservers,  Next: broadcast,  Prev: alerts,  Up: Cfagent reference

4.9 binservers
==============

The `binservers' declaration need only be used if you are using
cfengine's model for mounting NFS filesystems.  This declaration informs
hosts of which other hosts on the network possess filesystems containing
software (binary files) which client hosts should mount.  This includes
resources like programs in `/usr/local' and so on.  A host may have
several binary servers, since there may be several machines to which
disks are physically attached.  In most cases, on a well organized
network, there will be only one _architecture server_ per UNIX platform
type, for instance a SunOS server, an ULTRIX server and so on.

   Binary servers are defined as follows:


     binservers:

        physics.sun4::   sunserver sunserver2
        physics.linux::  linuxserver

The meaning of this declaration is the following.  All hosts of type
`sun4' which are members of the group `physics' should mount any
binaries declared in the `mountables' resource list which belong to
hosts `sunserver' or `sunserver2'.  Similarly all `linux' machines
should mount binary filesystems in the mountables list from
`linuxserver'.

   Cfengine knows the difference between binaries and home directories
in the `mountables' list, because home directories match the pattern
given by `homepattern'.  *Note homepattern::.  *Note homeservers::.

   Note that every host is a binary server for itself, so that the first
binary server (and that with highest priority) is always the current
host.  This ensures that local filesystems are always used in preference
to NFS mounted filesystems.  This is only relevant in connection with
the variable `$(binserver)'.  


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: broadcast,  Next: control,  Prev: binservers,  Up: Cfagent reference

4.10 broadcast
==============

This information is used to configure the network interface for each
host.

   Every local area network has a convention for determining which
internet address is used for broadcast requests.  Normally this is an
address of the form `aaa.bbb.ccc.255' or `aaa.bbb.ccc.0'.  The
difference between these two forms is whether all of the bits in the
last number are ones or zeroes respectively.  You must find out which
convention is used at your establishment and tell cfengine using a
declaration of the form:

     broadcast:

       any::

          ones     # or zeros, or zeroes
   
In most cases you can use the generic class `any', since all of the
hosts on the same subnet have to use the same convention.  If your
configuration file encompasses several different subnets with different
conventions then you will need to use a more specific.

   Cfengine computes the actual value of the broadcast address using the
value specified above and the netmask *Note netmask::.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: control,  Next: classes,  Prev: broadcast,  Up: Cfagent reference

4.11 control
============

The fundamental piece of any cfengine script or configuration file is
the control section.  If you omit this part of a cfengine script, it
will not do anything! The control section is used to define certain
variables, set default values and define the order in which the various
actions you have defined will be carried out.  Because cfengine is a
declarative or descriptive language, the order in which actions appear
in the file does not necessarily reflect the order in which they are
executed. The syntax of declarations here is:

       control:

          CLASSES::

             VARIABLE = ( LIST OR VALUE FUNCTION(ARGS) )

   The control section is a sequence of declarations which looks
something like the following example:


     control:

       site     = ( univ )
       domain   = ( univ.edu )
       sysadm   = ( admin@computing.univ.edu )
       netmask  = ( 255.255.252.0 )
       timezone = ( EDT )
       nfstype  = ( nfs )

       childlibpath = ( /usr/local:/mylibs )

       sensiblesize  = ( 1000 )
       sensiblecount = ( 2 )
       editfilesize  = ( 4000 )

       actionsequence =
          (
          links.some
          mountall
          links.others
          files
          )

       myvariable = ( something )
       mymacro    = ( somethingelse )
       myrandom   = ( RandomInt(3,6) )
       myexcerpt  = ( ReadFile("/etc/services",220))

Parentheses are required when making a declaring information in
cfengine.  Note that a limited number of built-in functions exists: 
   * `ExecResult'(COMMAND) Executes the named shell command and inserts
     the output into the variable.  Note that, when this is used in
     cfengine built-in list variables, any spaces are interpreted as
     list separators. In other lists, normal rules for iteration apply.

   * `RandomInt(a,b)' Is substituted for a random number between (a,b).

   * `ReadFile'(FILENAME,MAX NUMBER OF BYTES) A maximum number of bytes
     is read from the named file and placed in a variable.
   For more functions, *Note Setting variables with functions::.

   The meaning of each of these lines is described below.

* Menu:

* AbortClasses::
* access::
* actionsequence::
* addclasses::
* addinstallable::
* AllowRedefinitionOf::
* Auditing::
* AutoDefine::
* BinaryPaddingChar::
* BindToInterface(cfagent)::
* ChecksumDatabase::
* ChecksumPurge::
* ChecksumUpdates::
* CompressCommand::
* childlibpath::
* copylinks::
* defaultcopytype::
* defaultpkgmgr::
* deletenonuserfiles::
* deletenonownerfiles::
* deletenonusermail::
* deletenonownermail::
* domain::
* dpkginstallcommand::
* dryrun::
* editbinaryfilesize::
* editfilesize::
* emptyresolvconf::
* exclamation::
* excludecopy::
* excludelinks::
* ExpireAfter::
* FreeBSDInstallCommand::
* FreeBSDRemoveCommand::
* FullEncryption::
* homepattern::
* HostnameKeys::
* IfElapsed::
* IgnoreFriendRegex::
* IgnoreInterfaceRegex::
* Inform::
* interfacename::
* fileextension::
* lastseen::
* lastseenexpireafter::
* linkcopies::
* LogDirectory::
* LogTidyHomeFiles::
* moduledirectory::
* mountpattern::
* netmask::
* nonalphanumfiles::
* nfstype::
* PortageInstallCommand::
* repchar::
* repository::
* RPMcommand::
* rpminstallcommand::
* schedule::
* secureinput::
* sensiblecount::
* sensiblesize::
* showactions::
* singlecopy::
* site::
* SkipIdentify::
* Smtpserver::
* SplayTime::
* split::
* spooldirectories::
* suninstallcommand::
* suspiciousnames::
* sysadm::
* Syslog::
* SyslogFacility::
* timezone::
* TimeOut::
* Verbose::
* Warnings::
* warnnonuserfiles::
* warnnonownerfiles::
* warnnonusermail::
* warnnonownermail::


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: AbortClasses,  Next: access,  Prev: control,  Up: control

4.11.1 AbortClasses
-------------------

The `AbortClasses' list is a list of class identifiers that will result
in the abortion of the current cfagent instanitation with an error
message containing the name of the offending class.


      AbortClasses = ( emergency nologin_exists )
   This mechanism allows one to make controlled exceptions at the agent
level. For example

     control:

      actionsequence = ( shellcommands )

      AbortClasses = ( danger_will_robinson )

     shellcommands:

       "shellcom 1"
       "shellcom 2" define=ok elsedefine=danger_will_robinson


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: access,  Next: actionsequence,  Prev: AbortClasses,  Up: control

4.11.2 access
-------------

The `access' list is a list of users who are to be allowed to execute a
cfengine program.  If the list does not exist then all users are
allowed to run a program.

        access = ( USER1 USER2 ...  )

The list may consist of either numerical user identifiers or valid
usernames from the password database.  For example:

        access = ( mark aurora 22 456 )

would restrict a script to users mark, aurora and user id 22 and 456.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: actionsequence,  Next: addclasses,  Prev: access,  Up: control

4.11.3 actionsequence
---------------------

The action sequence determines the order in which collective actions are
carried out.  Here is an example containing the full list of
possibilities:

        actionsequence =
           (
           mountall               # mount filesystems in fstab
           mountinfo              # scan mounted filesystems
           checktimezone          # check timezone
           netconfig              # check net interface config
           resolve                # check resolver setup
           unmount                # unmount any filesystems
           packages               # install/upgrade/remove packages
           shellcommands          # execute shell commands
           editfiles              # edit files
           addmounts              # add new filesystems to system
           directories            # make any directories
           links                  # check and maintain links (single and child)
           mailcheck              # check mailserver
           mountall               # (again)
           required               # check required filesystems
           tidy                   # tidy files
           disable                # disable files
           files                  # check file permissions
           copy                   # make a copy/image of a master file
           processes              # signal / check processes
           module:name            # execute a user-defined module
           )

Here is a more complete description of the meaning of these keywords.

`addmounts'
     causes cfengine to compute which NFS filesystems are missing from
     the current host and add them. This includes editing the
     filesystem table, creating the mount-directory, if required.  This
     command relies on information provided by `mountinfo', so it
     should normally only be called after `mountinfo'. If the
     filesystem already appears to be in the filesystem table, a
     warning is issued.

`checktimezone'
     runs a check on the timezone defined for the shell running
     cfengine.

`directories'
     executes all the commands defined under the `directories' section
     of the program. It builds new directories.

`disable'
     executes all the commands defined under the `disable' section of
     the program.

`editfiles'
     executes all the commands defined under the `editfiles' section of
     the program.

`files'
     executes all the commands defined under the `files' section of the
     program.

`links'
     executes all the commands defined under the `links' section of the
     program.

`mailcheck'
     tests for the presence of the NFS-mounted mail spooling directory
     on the current host. The name of the mail spool directory is
     defined in the `mailserver' section of the cfengine program. If
     the current host is the same as the mailserver (the host which has
     the physical spool directory disk) nothing is done. Otherwise the
     filesystem table is edited so as to include the mail directory.

`module'
     Normally cfengine's ability to detect the systems condition is
     limited to what it is able to determine while excuting predefined
     actions. Classes may be switched on as a result of actions cfengine
     takes to correct a problem. To increase the flexibility of
     cfengine, a mechanism has been introduced in version 1.5 which
     allows you to include a module of your own making in order to
     define or undefine a number of classes.  The syntax

            module:mytests

            "module:mytests arg1 arg2 .."
     declares a user defined module which can potentially set the
     classes CLASS1 etc. Classes returned by the module must be
     declared so that cfengine knows to pay attention to rules which
     use these classes when parsing; this is done using
     `AddInstallable'. If arguments are passed to the module, the whole
     string must be quoted like a shellcommand.  *Note Writing plugin
     modules: (cfengine-Tutorial)Writing plugin modules.  Whether or
     not these classes become set or not depends on the behaviour of
     your module. The classes continue to apply for all actions which
     occur after the module's execution. The module must be owned by
     the user executing cfengine or root (for security reasons), it
     must be named `module:MODULE-NAME' and must lie in a special
     directory, *Note moduledirectory::.

`mountall'
     mounts all filesystems defined in the hosts filesystem table.  This
     causes new NFS filesystems added by `addmounts' and `mailcheck' to
     be actually mounted. This should probably be called both before
     `mountinfo' and after `addmounts' etc.  A short timeout is placed
     on this operation to avoid hanging RPC connections when parsing
     NFS mounted file systems.

`mountinfo'
     builds internal information about which filesystems are presently
     mounted on the current host.  Cfengine assumes that
     required-filesystems which are not found need to be mounted. A
     short timeout is placed on this operation to avoid hanging RPC
     connections when parsing NFS mounted file systems. If this times
     out, no further mount operations are considered reliable and are
     summarily cancelled.

`netconfig'
     checks the netmask, hostname, IP address and broadcast address for
     the current host. The correct values for the netmask and broadcast
     address are set if there is an error. The defaultroute is matched
     against the static routing table and added if no default route
     exists. This does not apply to DHCP clients, which set a default
     route automatically.  

`required'
     executes all the commands defined under the `required' section of
     the program. It checks for the absence of important NFS resources.

`resolve'
     checks and corrects the DNS domain name and the order of
     nameservers in the file `/etc/resolv.conf'.

`packages'
     executes commands defined under the `packages' section of the
     program.  This will query the system's package database for the
     specified packages, at the specified versions, set classes based
     on whether or not those packages exist, and optionally install,
     upgrade or remove those packages using a pre-defined package
     manager command.

`shellcommands'
     executes all the commands defined under the `shellcommands'
     section of the program.

`tidy'
     executes all the commands defined under the `tidy' section of the
     program.

`unmount'
     executes all the commands defined under the `unmount' section of
     the program. The filesystem table is edited so as to remove the
     unwanted filesystems and the unmount operation is executed.

`processes'
     executes commands defined under the `processes' section of the
     program.


   Under normal circumstances this coarse ordering is enough to suit
most purposes.  In some cases you might want to, say, only perform half
the link operations before mounting filesystems and then, say, perform
the remainder.  You can do this (and similar things) by using the idea
of defining and undefining classes. *Note Defining classes:
(cfengine-Tutorial)Defining classes.

   The syntax


     actionsequence =
        (
        links.firstpass.include
        ...
        links.secondpass
        )

means that cfengine first executes `links' with the classes `firstpass'
and `include' _defined_.  Later it executes `links' with `secondpass'
defined.  You can use this method of adding classes to distinguish more
finely the flow of control in programs.  

   A note about style: if you define and undefine lots of classes to do
what you want to do, you might stop and ask yourself if your `groups'
are defined as well as they should be.  *Note groups::.  Programming in
cfengine is about doing a lot for only a little writing.  If you find
yourself writing a lot, you are probably not going about things in the
right way.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: addclasses,  Next: addinstallable,  Prev: actionsequence,  Up: control

4.11.4 AddClasses
-----------------

        AddClasses  = ( LIST OF IDENTIFIERS )

   The `AddClasses' directive is used to define a list of class
attributes for the current host.  Normally only the hard classes defined
by the system are `true' for a given host.  It is convenient though to
be able to define classes of your own to label certain actions, mainly
so that they can later be excluded so as to cut short or filter out
certain actions.  This can be done in two ways.  *Note actionsequence::.

   To define a list of classes for the current session, you write:

     AddClasses = ( exclude shortversion )

This is equivalent to (though more permanent than) defining classes on
the command line with the `-D' option.  You can now use these to
qualify actions.  For example


       any.exclude::
           ...

   Under normal circumstances `exclude' is always true -- because you
have defined it to be so, but you can _undefine_ it in two ways so as
to prevent the action from being carried out.  One way is to undefine a
class on the command line when you invoke cfengine: 

     host#  cfengine -N exclude

or

     host#  cfengine -N exclude.shortversion

     host#  cfengine -N a.b.c.d

These commands run cfengine with the named classes _undefined_.  That
means that actions labelled with these classes are excluded during that
run.

   Another way to restrict classes is to add a list of classes to be
undefined in the actionsequence.  See next section.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: addinstallable,  Next: AllowRedefinitionOf,  Prev: addclasses,  Up: control

4.11.5 AddInstallable
---------------------

        AddInstallable  = ( LIST OF IDENTIFIERS )

   Some actions in your cfengine program will be labelled by classes
which only become defined at run time using a `define=' option. Cfengine
is not always able to see these classes until it meets them and tries to
save space by only loading actions for classes which is believes will
become defined at some point in the program. This can lead to some
actions being missed if the action is parsed before the place where the
class gets switched on, since cfengine is a one-pass interpreter,.  To
help cfengine determine classes which _might become defined_ during a
run, you can declare them in this list. It does no harm to declare
classes here anyway.  Here is an example where you need to declare a
class because of the ordering of the actions.


     control:

         AddInstallable  = ( myclass )

     files:

        myclass::

          /tmp/test mode=644 action=fixall

     copy:

          /tmp/foo dest=/tmp/test define=myclass

If we remove the declaration, then when cfengine meets the files
command, it skips it because it knows nothing about the class
`myclass'--when the copy command follows, it is too late.  Remember
that imported files are always parsed after the main program so
definitions made in imported files always come later than things in the
main program.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: AllowRedefinitionOf,  Next: Auditing,  Prev: addinstallable,  Up: control

4.11.6 AllowRedefinitionOf
--------------------------

Normally cfagent warns about redefinitions of variables during parsing.
This is presumed to be a mistake. To avoid this behaviour, add the name
of the variable to this list, and the warning disappears.

     control:

     actionsequence = ( copy )

     AllowRedefinitionOf = ( cfrep )

     cfrep = ( bla )

     cfrep = ( blo )
   

File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: Auditing,  Next: AutoDefine,  Prev: AllowRedefinitionOf,  Up: control

4.11.7 Auditing
---------------

If this variable is set to true then cfengine conducts extensive
auditing of its actions to a database in the work directory. When rules
are applied, their locations and policy version are recorded also so
that it is possible to see exactly which rule was applied and when. It
is assumed that the version is recorded as below:

     control:

       cfinputs_version = ( 1.2.1 )
       Auditing = true

   This variable acts as the global default behaviour and may be
overriden locally by `audit=true/false' attributes, where applicable.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: AutoDefine,  Next: BinaryPaddingChar,  Prev: Auditing,  Up: control

4.11.8 AutoDefine
-----------------


     control:

        hup_syslogd::

          autodefine = ( /etc/syslog.c* )

   Referring to the class that prefixes the command, `autodefine' is a
list of file patterns that will define the said class, if a named file
is copied in any statement.  This helps to avoid having to write a
large number of file-specific copy: lines with define=class configured.
In the example above, the class `hup_syslogd' would be defined if
`/etc/syslog.conf' is copied at any time.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: BinaryPaddingChar,  Next: BindToInterface(cfagent),  Prev: AutoDefine,  Up: control

4.11.9 BinaryPaddingChar
------------------------

     BinaryPaddingChar = ( \0 )
This specifies the type of character used to pad strings of unequal
length in `editfiles' during binary editing.  The default value is the
space character, since this is normally used to edit filenames or text
messages within program code.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: BindToInterface(cfagent),  Next: ChecksumDatabase,  Prev: BinaryPaddingChar,  Up: control

4.11.10 BindToInterface
-----------------------

If this is set to a specific IP address of an IP configured interface,
cfagent will use that address for outgoing connections.  On Multi-homed
hosts this allows one to restrict the traffic to a known interface. An
interface must be configured with an IP address in order to be bound.

   This feature is not available for old operating systems.  


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: ChecksumDatabase,  Next: ChecksumPurge,  Prev: BindToInterface(cfagent),  Up: control

4.11.11 ChecksumDatabase
------------------------

     ChecksumDatabase = ( /var/cfengine/cfdb )

   If this filename is defined, cfengine will use it to store message
digests (i.e. cryptographic checksums) of files for security purposes,
*Note files::, `checksum='.

   This option was deprecated in 2.1.22.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: ChecksumPurge,  Next: ChecksumUpdates,  Prev: ChecksumDatabase,  Up: control

4.11.12 ChecksumPurge
---------------------

     ChecksumPurge = ( on )

   This variable defaults to `off'. If set to true, cfagent will look
at all of the registered files in the database and check whether thet
still exist. If the file no longer exists, it is removed from the
database and a warning is issued.

   To purge files now and then, but at no particular time, one could do
something like this:


     strategies:

      { purging

      NowAndThen: 1
      ElseWhen:   49
      }

     control:

      NowAndThen::

        ChecksumPurge = ( on )


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: ChecksumUpdates,  Next: CompressCommand,  Prev: ChecksumPurge,  Up: control

4.11.13 ChecksumUpdates
-----------------------

     ChecksumUpdates = ( on )

   This variable defaults to `off'. If set to true, cfagent will
automatically update the checksum of a file, if it changes on the disk.
This means that a security warning will be issued only once about files
which have changed, and the changed version will be re-registered as
the correct version. This option could be switched on after a system
upgrade, for instance, in order to update the database, and then
switched to `off' again to reduce the risk of missing a security alert.
Alternatively, if you are confident that the first message is
sufficient, it can be left as `on' so that only one message is given.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: CompressCommand,  Next: childlibpath,  Prev: ChecksumUpdates,  Up: control

4.11.14 CompressCommand
-----------------------

Specified the name of a program that is used in the files
`action=compress' attribute.

     CompressCommand = ( /usr/bin/gzip )


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: childlibpath,  Next: copylinks,  Prev: CompressCommand,  Up: control

4.11.15 ChildLibPath
--------------------

Sets a value for LD_LIBRARY_PATH in child processes:

      childlibpath = ( /usr/local/lib:/local/mysql/lib )
   Note that the variables LD_LIBRARY_PATH is special. This library
path is needed to run processes as children of cfengine.  Often, if the
agent is started from cron (which is started by init), there is no
suitable library path set, and shellcommands will fail with strange
errors about not being able to load shared objects. Setting a library
path here is a useful way of correcting this problem.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: copylinks,  Next: defaultcopytype,  Prev: childlibpath,  Up: control

4.11.16 CopyLinks
-----------------

This list is used to define a global list of names or patterns which
are to be copied rather than linked symbolically. For example

     CopyLinks = ( *.config )
   The same facility can be specified for each individual link
operation using the `copy' option *Note links::.  Copying is performed
using a file age comparison.

   Note that all entries defined under a specified class are valid only
as long as that class is defined. For instance

       CLASS::

           CopyLinks = ( PATTERN )
   would define a pattern which was only valid when CLASS is defined.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: defaultcopytype,  Next: defaultpkgmgr,  Prev: copylinks,  Up: control

4.11.17 DefaultCopyType
-----------------------

This parameter determines the default form of copying for all copy
operations parsed after this variable. The legal values are `ctime'
(intial default), `mtime', `checksum' and `binary'.  e.g.


      DefaultCopyType = ( mtime )


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: defaultpkgmgr,  Next: deletenonuserfiles,  Prev: defaultcopytype,  Up: control

4.11.18 DefaultPkgMgr
---------------------

Sets the default value of the `pkgmgr' attribute for `packages' items.

     DefaultPkgMgr = ( rpm )

   By default, this variable is not set, meaning there will be no
package manager selected, and each item in the `packages' section must
specify its own package manager, or it will not be checked.  For
information on the values of this variable, *Note packages::.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: deletenonuserfiles,  Next: deletenonownerfiles,  Prev: defaultpkgmgr,  Up: control

4.11.19 DeleteNonUserFiles
--------------------------

If this parameter is set to true, cfengine will delete files which do
not have a name belonging to a known user id.

     DeleteNonUserFiles = ( true )

     SpoolDirectories = ( /var/spool/cron/crontabs )

   This is an generalization of DeleteNonUserMail and makes it
redundant.  it is formally executed as a part of the "tidy" action.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: deletenonownerfiles,  Next: deletenonusermail,  Prev: deletenonuserfiles,  Up: control

4.11.20 DeleteNonOwnerFiles
---------------------------

If this parameter is set to true, cfengine will delete files on
mailservers whose names do not correspond to a known user name, but
might be owned by a known user.

     DeleteNonOwnerFiles = ( true )

     SpoolDirectories = ( /var/spool/cron/crontabs )

   This is an generalization of DeleteNonOwnerMail and makes it
redundant.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: deletenonusermail,  Next: deletenonownermail,  Prev: deletenonownerfiles,  Up: control

4.11.21 DeleteNonUserMail
-------------------------

If this parameter is set to true, cfengine will delete mail files on
mailservers which do not have a name belonging to a known user id. This
does not include lock files.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: deletenonownermail,  Next: domain,  Prev: deletenonusermail,  Up: control

4.11.22 DeleteNonOwnerMail
--------------------------

If this parameter is set to true, cfengine will delete files on
mailservers whose names do not correspond to a known user name, but
might be owned by a known user.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: domain,  Next: dpkginstallcommand,  Prev: deletenonownermail,  Up: control

4.11.23 domain
--------------

       domain = ( DOMAIN NAME )

   This variable defines the domainname for your site.  You must define
it here, because your system might not know its domainname when you run
cfengine for the first time.  The domainname can be used as a cfengine
variable subsequently by referring to $(domain).  The domainname
variable is used by the action `resolve'. The domain is also used
implicitly by other matching routines. You should define the domain as
early as possible in your configuration file so as to avoid problems,
especially if you have the strange practice of naming hosts with their
fully qualified host names since groups which use fully qualified names
can fail to be defined if cfengine is not able to figure out the domain
name.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: dpkginstallcommand,  Next: dryrun,  Prev: domain,  Up: control

4.11.24 DPKGInstallCommand
--------------------------

Sets the command used to install packages that need to be installed
under the DPKG package manager.

     DPKGInstallCommand = ( "/usr/bin/pkgmgr %s" )

   By default, this variable is not set, meaning that any packages with
action=install will NOT be installed if installation is required.  Note
the "'s around the string, and the %s is replaced with the name of the
package to be installed.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: dryrun,  Next: editbinaryfilesize,  Prev: dpkginstallcommand,  Up: control

4.11.25 DryRun
--------------


       DryRun = ( ON/off )

   This variable has the same effect as the command line options
`--dry-run' or `-n'. It tells cfengine to only report what it should do
without actually doing it.


      CLASSES::

        DryRun = ( on )


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: editbinaryfilesize,  Next: editfilesize,  Prev: dryrun,  Up: control

4.11.26 editbinaryfilesize
--------------------------

        EditBinaryFileSize  = ( SIZE )

   Cfengine will refuse to edit a file which is larger than the value of
`editbinaryfilesize' in bytes.  This is to prevent possible accidents
from occurring.  The default value for this variable is 10000000 bytes.
If you don't like this feature, simply set the value to be a very
large number or to zero.  If the value is zero, cfengine will ignore it.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: editfilesize,  Next: emptyresolvconf,  Prev: editbinaryfilesize,  Up: control

4.11.27 editfilesize
--------------------

        EditfileSize  = ( SIZE )

   This variable is used by cfengine every time it becomes necessary to
edit a file.  Since file editing applies only to text files, the files
are probably going to be relatively small in most cases.  Asking to edit
a very large (perhaps binary) file could therefore be the result of an
error.

   A check is therefore made as a security feature.  Cfengine will
refuse to edit a file which is larger than the value of `editfilesize'
in bytes.  This is to prevent possible accidents from occurring.  The
default value for this variable is 10000 bytes.  If you don't like this
feature, simply set the value to be a very large number or to zero.  If
the value is zero, cfengine will ignore it.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: emptyresolvconf,  Next: exclamation,  Prev: editfilesize,  Up: control

4.11.28 EmptyResolvConf
-----------------------

        EmptyResolvConf  = ( true )

   Normally cfengine does not tidy up old entries in the
`/etc/resolv.conf' file. This option causes cfengine to remove all
existing content from the file.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: exclamation,  Next: excludecopy,  Prev: emptyresolvconf,  Up: control

4.11.29 Exclamation
-------------------

This variable defaults to "on". If set to "off", no exclamation marks
(Br. pling, Am: shriek) are printed during security alerts, e.g. for
checksum violations.

        Exclamation  = ( off )


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: excludecopy,  Next: excludelinks,  Prev: exclamation,  Up: control

4.11.30 ExcludeCopy
-------------------

This list is used to define a global list of names or patterns which
are to be excluded from copy operations. For example

      ExcludeCopy = ( *~ *% core )
   The same facility can be specified for each individual link
operation using the `exclude' option *Note copy::.

   Note that all entries defined under a specified class are valid only
as long as that class is defined. For instance

       CLASS::

           ExcludeCopy = ( PATTERN )
   would define a pattern which was only valid when CLASS is defined.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: excludelinks,  Next: ExpireAfter,  Prev: excludecopy,  Up: control

4.11.31 ExcludeLink
-------------------

This list is used to define a global list of names or patterns which
are to be excluded from linking operations. For example

      ExcludeLink = ( *~ *% core )
   The same facility can be specified for each individual link
operation using the `exclude' option *Note links::.

   Note that all entries defined under a specified class are valid only
as long as that class is defined. For instance

       CLASS::

           ExcludeLink = ( PATTERN )
   would define a pattern which was only valid when CLASS is defined.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: ExpireAfter,  Next: FreeBSDInstallCommand,  Prev: excludelinks,  Up: control

4.11.32 ExpireAfter
-------------------

If you change the value of this parameter, it should be one of the
first things you do in your configuration script.

   This parameter controls the global value of the ExpireAfter
parameter.  *Note Spamming and security: (cfengine-Tutorial)Spamming
and security. This parameter controls the maximum time in minutes which
a cfengine action is allowed to live. After this time a second cfengine
agent will try to kill the cfengine which seems to have hung and
attempt to restart the action. This is different from a TimeOut, where
an internal alarm interrupt is used.


      ExpireAfter = ( TIME-IN-MINUTES )

This parameter may also be set per action in the action sequence by
appending a pseudo-class called `ExpireAfterTIME'.  For instance,


      actionsequence = ( copy.ExpireAfter15 )

sets the expiry time parameter to 15 minutes for this copy command.
This method should be considered old and deprecated however.  As of
version 2.1.0, you can define the expiry time on a per-command basis,
as options of the form `expireafter=10'.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: FreeBSDInstallCommand,  Next: FreeBSDRemoveCommand,  Prev: ExpireAfter,  Up: control

4.11.33 FreeBSDInstallCommand
-----------------------------

Sets the path to `pkg_add' which is used to install packages that need
to be installed under FreeBSD.


          FreeBSDInstallCommand = ( "/usr/sbin/pkg_add -r %s" )

   By default, this variable is not set, meaning that any packages with
action=install will NOT be installed. Note the quotes around the string,
and the `%s' is replaced with the name of the package to be installed.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: FreeBSDRemoveCommand,  Next: FullEncryption,  Prev: FreeBSDInstallCommand,  Up: control

4.11.34 FreeBSDRemoveCommand
----------------------------

Sets the path to `pkg_delete' which is used to remove packages that need
to be uninstalled under FreeBSD.


          FreeBSDRemoveCommand = ( "/usr/sbin/pkg_delete %s" )

   By default, this variable is set to /usr/sbin/pkg_delete, meaning
that any packages with action=remove will be removed.  Note the quotes
around the string, and the `%s' is replaced with the name of the
package to be installed.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: FullEncryption,  Next: homepattern,  Prev: FreeBSDRemoveCommand,  Up: control

4.11.35 FullEncryption
----------------------

From version 2.1.22. This is false for protocol compatability with older
servers.

   If this is set to true, directory filenames are encrypted in addition
to file contents. If transferred data are not especially secret or
travel over public networks this is a waste of CPU time. In high
security environments it provides full privacy of data transmission.


      FullEncryption = ( true )


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: homepattern,  Next: HostnameKeys,  Prev: FullEncryption,  Up: control

4.11.36 HomePattern
-------------------

        HomePattern  = ( LIST OF PATTERNS )

   The `homepattern' variable is used by the cfengine model for
mounting nfs filesystems.  *Note NFS resources: (cfengine-Tutorial)NFS
resources.  It is also used in the evaluation of the pseudo variable
`home', See *Note files::, *Note tidy::.

   `homepattern' is in fact a list and is used like a wildcard or
_pattern_ to determine which filesystems in the list of mountables are
home directories.  *Note mountables::.  This relies on your sticking to
a rigid naming convention as described in the first reference above.

   For example, you might wish to mount (or locate directly if you are
not using a separate partition for home directories) your home
directories under `mountpattern' in directories `u1', `u2' and so on.
In this case you would define `homepattern' to match these numbers:

     homepattern = ( u? )

Cfengine now regards any directory matching `$(mountpattern)/u?' as
being a user login directory.

   Suppose you want to create mount home directories under
`$(mountpattern)/home' and make subdirectories for staff and students.
Then you would be tempted to write:

      HomePattern = ( home/staff home/students )

Unfortunately this is not presently possible. (This is, in principle, a
bug which should be fixed in the future.) What you can do instead is to
achieve the same this as follows:

      MountPattern = ( /$(site)/$(host) /$(site)/$(host)/home )
      HomePattern = ( staff students )


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: HostnameKeys,  Next: IfElapsed,  Prev: homepattern,  Up: control

4.11.37 HostnameKeys
--------------------

If this variable is set to true/on, it causes cfagent to lookup and
store trusted public keys according to their DNS fully qualified host
name, instead of using the IP address.  This can be useful in
environments where hosts do not have fixed IP addresses, but do have
fixed hostnames.


       HostnameKeys = ( on )
   This method of storing keys is not recommended for sites with fixed
IP addresses, since it removes one security barrier from a potential
attacker by potentially allowing DNS spoofing.

   Note that there is a corresponding variable to be set in
`cfrun.hosts' which must be set for consistency.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: IfElapsed,  Next: IgnoreFriendRegex,  Prev: HostnameKeys,  Up: control

4.11.38 IfElapsed
-----------------

If you change the value of this parameter, it should be one of the
first things you do in your configuration script.

   This parameter controls the global value of the IfElapsed parameter,
*Note Spamming and security: (cfengine-Tutorial)Spamming and security.
This parameter controls the minimum time which must have elapsed for an
action in the action sequence before which it will be executed again.


      IfElapsed = ( TIME-IN-MINUTES )

This parameter may also be set per action in the action sequence by
appending a pseudo-class called `IfElapsedTIME'.  For instance,


      ActionSequence = ( copy.IfElapsed15 )

sets the elapsed time parameter to 15 minutes for this copy command.
This method should be considered old and deprecated however.  As of
version 2.1.0, you can define the expiry time on a per-command basis,
as options of the form `ifelapsed=15'.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: IgnoreFriendRegex,  Next: IgnoreInterfaceRegex,  Prev: IfElapsed,  Up: control

4.11.39 FriendIgnoreRegex
-------------------------

Use this regular expression to suppress FriendStatus warnings for
matching hosts. e.g.

          IgnoreFriendRegex = ( "2001:700:.*|host1|host2" )


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: IgnoreInterfaceRegex,  Next: Inform,  Prev: IgnoreFriendRegex,  Up: control

4.11.40 IgnoreInterfaceRegex
----------------------------

Use this regular expression to delete class information about
interfaces that you do not want to see on a host.  This is useful for
tamig virtual machines and their multitudinous interfaces.


          IgnoreInterfaceRegex = ( "vm.*" )
   

File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: Inform,  Next: interfacename,  Prev: IgnoreInterfaceRegex,  Up: control

4.11.41 Inform
--------------


       Inform = ( ON/off )

   This variable switches on the output level whereby cfengine reports
changes it makes during a run. Normally only urgent messages or clear
errors are printed. Setting `Inform' to `on' makes cfengine report on
all actions not explicitly cancelled with a `silent' option.  To set
this output level one writes:


      CLASSES::

        Inform = ( on )


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: interfacename,  Next: fileextension,  Prev: Inform,  Up: control

4.11.42 InterfaceName
---------------------

If you have an operating system which is installed on some non-standard
hardware, you might have to specifically set the name of the network
interface. For example:


       control:

         nextstep.some::

            InterfaceName = ( en0 )

         nextstep.others::

            InterfaceName = ( ec0 )
   It is only necessary to set the interface name in this fashion if
you have an operating system which is running on special hardware. Most
users will not need this.  The choice set here overrides the system
defaults and the choices made in the `cfrc' file, *Note cfrc resource
file::.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: fileextension,  Next: lastseen,  Prev: interfacename,  Up: control

4.11.43 FileExtensions
----------------------

This list may be used to define a number of extensions which are
regarded as being plain files by the system.  As part of the general
security checking cfengine will warn about any directories which have
names using these extensions. They may be used to conceal directories.


       FileExtensions = ( c o gif jpg html )
   

File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: lastseen,  Next: lastseenexpireafter,  Prev: fileextension,  Up: control

4.11.44 LastSeen
----------------

This option is true by default. If set to off or false it prevents
cfengine and/or cfservd from learning about last times hosts were
observed connecting to one another. Some users with broken resolvers
(particularly in view of the change over to IPv6 compatible libraries)
might find this useful when processes appear to hang on connecting.  


       LastSeen = ( off )
   

File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: lastseenexpireafter,  Next: linkcopies,  Prev: lastseen,  Up: control

4.11.45 LastSeenExpireAfter
---------------------------

This value (in days) sets the time after which unseen friend hosts are
purged from the `last seen' database, as viewed by the `FriendStatus'
function, *Note alerts::.


       LastSeenExpireAfter = ( 2 )
   

File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: linkcopies,  Next: LogDirectory,  Prev: lastseenexpireafter,  Up: control

4.11.46 LinkCopies
------------------

This list is used to define a global list of names or patterns which
are to be linked symbolically rather than copied. For example

     excludelinks = ( *.gif *.jpg )
   The same facility can be specified for each individual link
operation using the `symlink' option *Note copy::.

   Note that all entries defined under a specified class are valid only
as long as that class is defined. For instance

       CLASS::

           LinkCopies = ( PATTERN )
   would define a pattern which was only valid when CLASS is defined.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: LogDirectory,  Next: LogTidyHomeFiles,  Prev: linkcopies,  Up: control

4.11.47 LogDirectory
--------------------

This is now deprecated.

   Specify an alternative directory for keeping cfengine's log data.
This defaults to `/var/run/cfengine' or `/var/cfengine'.


       LogDirectory = ( /var/cfengine )


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: LogTidyHomeFiles,  Next: moduledirectory,  Prev: LogDirectory,  Up: control

4.11.48 LogTidyHomeFiles
------------------------


       LogTidyHomeFiles = ( off )

   If set to "off", no log is made of user files, in their home
directories, of the files which are tidied by cfengine.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: moduledirectory,  Next: mountpattern,  Prev: LogTidyHomeFiles,  Up: control

4.11.49 moduledirectory
-----------------------

        moduledirectory  = ( DIRECTORY FOR PLUGIN MODULES )

   This is the directory where cfengine will look for plug-in modules
for the actionsequence, *Note actionsequence::. Plugin modules may be
used to activate classes using special algorithms.  *Note Writing
plugin modules: (cfengine-Tutorial)Writing plugin modules.  This
variable defaults to `/var/cfengine/modules' for privileged users and
to `$HOME)/.cfengine/modules' for non-privileged users.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: mountpattern,  Next: netmask,  Prev: moduledirectory,  Up: control

4.11.50 mountpattern
--------------------

        mountpattern  = ( MOUNT-POINT )

   The `mountpattern' list is used by the cfengine model for mounting
nfs filesystems.  *Note NFS resources: (cfengine-Tutorial)NFS
resources.  It is also used in the evaluation of the pseudo variable
`home', See *Note files::, *Note tidy::.

   It is used together with the value of `homepattern' to locate and
identify what filesystems are local to a given host and which are
mounted over the network.  For this list to make sense you need to
stick to a rigid convention for mounting your filesystems under a single
naming scheme as described in the section mentioned above.  If you
follow the recommended naming scheme then you will want to set the value
of mountpattern to

     mountpattern = ( /$(site)/$(host) )

which implies that cfengine will look for local disk partitions under a
unique directory given by the name of the host and site.  Any
filesystems which are physically located on the current host lie in this
directory.  All mounted filesystems should lie elsewhere. If you insist
on keeping mounted file systems in more than one location, you can make
a list like this:

     mountpattern = ( /$(site)/users /$(site)/projects )


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: netmask,  Next: nonalphanumfiles,  Prev: mountpattern,  Up: control

4.11.51 netmask
---------------

        netmask = ( AAA.BBB.CCC.DDD )

   The netmask variable defines the partitioning of the subnet
addresses on your network.  Its value is defined by your network
administrator.  On most systems it is likely to be `255.255.255.0'.
This is used to configure the network interface in `netconfig'.  *Note
actionsequence::.

   Every host on the internet has its own unique address.  The addresses
are assigned hierarchically.  Each network gets a _domain name_ and can
attach something like 65,000 hosts to that network.  Since this is
usually too many to handle in one go, every such network may be divided
up into subnets.  The administrator of the network can decide how the
division into subnets is made.  The decision is a trade-off between
having many subnets with few hosts, or many hosts on few subnets.  This
choice is made by setting the value of a variable called `netmask'.
The netmask looks like an internet address.  It takes the form:


        aaa.bbb.ccc.mmm

The first two numbers `aaa.bbb' are the address of the domain.  The
remainder `ccc.mmm' specifies both the subnet and the hostname.  The
value of `netmask' tells all hosts on the network: how many of the bits
in the second half label different subnets and how many label different
hosts on each of the subnets?

   The most common value for the netmask is `255.255.255.0'.  It is
most helpful to think of the netmask in terms of bits.  Each base-10
number between 0-255 represents 8 bits which are either set or not set.
Every bit which is set is a network address and every bit which is zero
is part of a host address.  The first two parts of the address
`255.255' always takes these values.  If the third number is `255', it
means that the domain is divided up into 256 sub networks and then the
remaining bits which are zero can be used to give 255 different host
addresses on each of the subnets.

   If the value had been `255.255.255.254', the network would be
divided up into 2^15 subnets, since fifteen of the sixteen bits are
one.  The remaining bit leaves enough room for two addresses 0 and 1.
One of those is reserved for _broadcasts_ to all hosts, the other can
be an actual host -- there would only be room for one host per subnet.
This is a stupid example of course, the main point with the subnet mask
is that it can be used to trade subnets for hosts per subnet.  A value
of `255.255.254.0' would allow 128 different subnets with 2*256-1 = 511
hosts on each.

   We needn't be concerned with the details of the netmask here.
Suffice it to say that its value is determined for your entire domain
by the network administrator and each host has to be told what the
value is.

   Each host must also know what convention is used for the _broadcast
address_.  This is an address which hosts can send to if they wish to
send a message to every other host on their subnet simultaneously.  It
is used a lot by services like NIS to ask if any hosts are willing to
perform a particular service.  There are two main conventions for the
broadcast address: address zero (all host bits are zero) and the highest
address on the subnet (all host bits are ones).  The convention can be
different on every subnet and it is decided by the network
administrator.  When you write a cfengine program you just specify the
convention used on your subnet and cfengine works out the value of the
broadcast address from the netmask and the host address *Note
broadcast::.  Cfengine works out the value of the broadcast address
using the value of the netmask.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: nonalphanumfiles,  Next: nfstype,  Prev: netmask,  Up: control

4.11.52 NonAlphaNumFiles
------------------------

If enabled, this option causes cfengine to detect and disable files
which have purely non-alphanumeric filenames, i.e. files which might be
accidental or deliberately concealed. The files are then marked with a
suffix `.cf-nonalpha' and are rendered visible.


       NonAlphaNumFiles = ( on )

   These files can then be tidied by searching for the suffix. Note
that alphanumeric means ascii codes less than 32 and greater than 126.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: nfstype,  Next: PortageInstallCommand,  Prev: nonalphanumfiles,  Up: control

4.11.53 nfstype
---------------

        nfstype = ( NFS-TYPE )

   This variable is included only for future expansion.  If you do not
define this variable, its value defaults to "nfs".

   At present cfengine operates only with NFS (the network file system).
When cfengine looks for network file systems to mount, it adds lines in
the filesystem table (`/etc/fstab',`/etc/checklist' etc.)  to try to
mount filesystems of type "nfs".  In principle you might want to use a
completely different system for mounting filesystems over the network,
in which case the `mount type' would not be "nfs" but something else.

   At the time of writing certain institutions are replacing NFS with
AFS (the Andrew filesystem) and DFS (from the distributed computing
environment).  The use of these filesystems really excludes the need to
use the mount protocol at all.  In other words if you are using AFS or
DFS, you don't need to use cfengine's mounting commands at all.  


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: PortageInstallCommand,  Next: repchar,  Prev: nfstype,  Up: control

4.11.54 PortageInstallCommand
-----------------------------

Sets the path to `emerge' which is used to install packages that need
to be installed under Gentoo Portage.


      gentoo.some::
          DefaultPkgMgr = ( portage )
          PortageInstallCommand = ( "/usr/bin/emerge --nocolor %s" )

      gentoo.other::

         DefaultPkgMgr = ( portage )
         PortageInstallCommand = ( "/usr/lib/portage/bin/emerge --color=n %s"

   By default, this variable is not set, meaning that any packages with
action=install will NOT be installed if installation is required. Note
the quotes around the string, and the `%s' is replaced with the name of
the package to be installed.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: repchar,  Next: repository,  Prev: PortageInstallCommand,  Up: control

4.11.55 RepChar
---------------

        RepChar = ( CHARACTER )

   The value of this variable determines the characters which is used by
cfengine in creating the unique filenames in the file repository.
Normally, its value is set to `_' and each `/' in the path name of the
file is changed to `_' and stored in the repository. If you prefer a
different character, define it here. Note that the character can be
quoted with either single or double quotes in order to encompass spaces
etc.  


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: repository,  Next: RPMcommand,  Prev: repchar,  Up: control

4.11.56 Repository
------------------

        Repository  = ( DIRECTORY )

   Defines a special directory where all backup and junk files are
collected. Files are assigned a unique filename which identifies the
path from which they originate.  This affects files saved using
`disable', `copy', `links' and `editfiles' *Note Disabling and the file
repository: (cfengine-Tutorial)Disabling and the file repository.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: RPMcommand,  Next: rpminstallcommand,  Prev: repository,  Up: control

4.11.57 RPMcommand
------------------

The default value of the Red Hat Package manager command `/bin/rpm' can
be altered for non-standard systems with this variable.
     RPMcommand = ( /usr/bin/rpm )


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: rpminstallcommand,  Next: schedule,  Prev: RPMcommand,  Up: control

4.11.58 RPMInstallCommand
-------------------------

Sets the command used to install packages that need to be installed
under the RPM package manager.

     RPMInstallCommand = ( "/usr/bin/pkgmgr %s" )

   By default, this variable is not set, meaning that any packages with
action=install will NOT be installed if installation is required.  Note
the quotes around the string, and the `%s' is replaced with the name of
the package to be installed.

     control:
       DefaultPkgMgr = ( rpm )
       RPMInstallCommand = ( "/usr/bin/yum -d 0 -e 0 -y install %s" )

       # This would remove all dependencies (!)
       #
       # RPMRemoveCommand = ( "/usr/bin/yum -d 0 -e 0 -y remove %s" )

       # This might be less drastic

        RPMRemoveCommand = ( "/bin/rpm -e --nodeps %s" )

     packages:

     # this will remove this package regardless of version.

       some_rpm_name version=0:0.0 cmp=ge action=remove


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: schedule,  Next: secureinput,  Prev: rpminstallcommand,  Up: control

4.11.59 Schedule
----------------

        schedule  = (  Min00_05 Min30_35 TIME CLASS )

   When `cfexecd' is used in daemon mode, it defaults to running once
an hour, on the hour, i.e..
        schedule  = (  Min00_05 )
   This can be extended to make the agent run more often. The time
specifiers are cfengine classes, and are written as intervals of time
rather the precise times.  Cfengine's time resolution is purposely
limited to five minutes because the auto-correlation time of user
resources is generally greater than this. Thus, it is assumed that
precision timing is not required and the start time of cfengine, when
scheduled in daemon mode, is not better than a few minutes.  The daemon
does not require precision, but offers many other strategic features
for load balancing and security.

   Other time classes can be used in the schedule list, but note that
cfexecd will not run the agent more than once every five minutes.  This
is treated as a fundamental granularity.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: secureinput,  Next: sensiblecount,  Prev: schedule,  Up: control

4.11.60 SecureInput
-------------------

        SecureInput = ( on )

   If this is set cfengine will not import files which are not owned by
the uid running the program, or    which are writable by groups or
others.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: sensiblecount,  Next: sensiblesize,  Prev: secureinput,  Up: control

4.11.61 SensibleCount
---------------------

        SensibleCount  = ( COUNT )

   This variable is used by the action `required'.  It defines for
cfengine what you consider to be the minimum number of files in a
`required' directory.  If you declare a directory as being required,
cfengine will check to see if it exists.  Then, if the directory
contains fewer than the value of `sensiblecount' files, a warning is
issued.  The default value for this variable is 2.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: sensiblesize,  Next: showactions,  Prev: sensiblecount,  Up: control

4.11.62 SensibleSize
--------------------

        SensibleSize  = ( SIZE )

   This variable is used by the action `required'.  It defines for
cfengine what you consider to be the minimum size for a `required' file.
If you declare a file as being required, cfengine will check to see if
the file exists.  Of course, the file may exist but be empty, so the
size of the file is also checked against this constant.  If the file is
smaller than the value of `sensiblesize' a warning is issued.  The
default value for this variable is 1000 bytes.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: showactions,  Next: singlecopy,  Prev: sensiblesize,  Up: control

4.11.63 ShowActions
-------------------

        ShowActions  = ( ON )

   This causes cfengine to produce detailed output of what action is
being carried out as part of the prefix information during output.
This is intended only for third party tools which collect and parse the
cfengine output. It will be of little interest to humans.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: singlecopy,  Next: site,  Prev: showactions,  Up: control

4.11.64 SingleCopy
------------------


     	singlecopy = ( path_and_filename_wildcard )

   If a `singlecopy' pattern is defined the behavior of copy: is
modified so that a given destination file, matching the pattern, will
only be updated once. In other words, if someone tries to copy more
then one source file to the same location, the destination will not be
overwritten in the same run. If the path name and wildcard is any of
'*', 'on' or 'true', then the list applies to all files.  For example:

     control:

       actionsequence = ( copy )

       singlecopy = ( /tmp/* )

       addinstallables = ( zzz )

      zzz::

       autodefine = ( /tmp/* )

     copy:

      /etc/passwd dest=/tmp/destination type=binary
      /etc/group  dest=/tmp/destination type=binary

     alerts:

      zzz::

       "Copied something in /tmp"

   Note (Warning) that this feature has several problems. It assumes an
order dependence that cfengine generally tries to avoid. The first copy
that takes place wins. Also, if files are locked at different times,
this can result in oscillations between several different source files.
e.g.


     copy:

      /etc/passwd dest=/tmp/bla type=binary ifelapsed=2
      /etc/group  dest=/tmp/bla type=binary ifelapsed=1

   In order to avoid explicit looping, cfengine assumes that a file has
been copied even if no actual copy took place - i.e. as long as a file
is apparently up to date, that counts as a valid copy update and the
promise/action is considered done. If this were not the case, then the
following promises would still be in line for execution and cfengine
would loop between the different versions on subsequent invocations.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: site,  Next: SkipIdentify,  Prev: singlecopy,  Up: control

4.11.65 site/faculty
--------------------

       site    = ( SITENAME )
       faculty = ( FACULTYNAME )

   This variable defines a convenient name for your site configuration.
It is useful for making generic rules later on, because it means for
instance that you can define the name of a directory to be

     /$(site)/$(host)/local

without having to redefine the rule for a specific site.  This is a
handy trick for making generic rules in your files which can be imported
into a configuration for any site.

   `faculty' is a synonym for `site'.  The two names may be used
interchangeably.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: SkipIdentify,  Next: Smtpserver,  Prev: site,  Up: control

4.11.66 SkipIdentify
--------------------

       SkipIdentify = ( true )

   This is the client side directive corresponding to the server
directive `SkipVerify'. It tells cfengine not to assume that the client
is registered in the Domain Name Service (DNS). Sometimes the
assumption of DNS registration can break connectivity between hosts,
particularly if firewalls or Network Address Translation is in use.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: Smtpserver,  Next: SplayTime,  Prev: SkipIdentify,  Up: control

4.11.67 smtpserver
------------------

       smtpserver = ( MAILHOST )

   This variable specified the destination for Email sent by cfexecd.  


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: SplayTime,  Next: split,  Prev: Smtpserver,  Up: control

4.11.68 SplayTime
-----------------

       SplayTime = ( TIME-IN-MINUTES )

   This variable is used to set the maximum time over which cfengine
will share its load on a server, *Note Splaying host times:
(cfengine-Tutorial)Splaying host times.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: split,  Next: spooldirectories,  Prev: SplayTime,  Up: control

4.11.69 Split
-------------

        Split  = ( CHARACTER )

   The value of this variable is used to define the list separator in
variables which are expected to be treated as lists. The default value
of this variable is the colon `:'.  Cfengine treats variables
containing this character as lists to be broken up and iterated over,
*Note Iteration over lists::.

   This typically allows communication with PATH-like environment
variables in the shell.  


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: spooldirectories,  Next: suninstallcommand,  Prev: split,  Up: control

4.11.70 SpoolDirectories
------------------------

A list of additional spool directories for cfengine to police. In these
directories, filenames should correspond to existing users of the
system.  When users lost their accounts, this list plus the mail spool
directory will be checked for files owned by deprecated users.  See
also: `DeleteNonOwnerFiles', `DeleteNonUserFiles'.

       SpoolDirectories = ( /var/spool/cron/crontabs /var/spool/cron/atjobs )


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: suninstallcommand,  Next: suspiciousnames,  Prev: spooldirectories,  Up: control

4.11.71 SUNInstallCommand
-------------------------

Sets the command used to install packages that need to be installed
under the SUN package manager.

     SUNInstallCommand = ( "/usr/bin/pkgmgr %s" )

   By default, this variable is not set, meaning that any packages with
action=install will NOT be installed if installation is required.  Note
the quotes around the string, and the `%s' is replaced with the name of
the package to be installed.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: suspiciousnames,  Next: sysadm,  Prev: suninstallcommand,  Up: control

4.11.72 suspiciousnames
-----------------------

       SuspiciousNames = ( .mo lrk3 )

   Filenames in this list are treated as suspicious and generate a
warning as cfengine scans directories. This might be used to detect
hacked systems or concealed programs. Checks are only made in
directories which cfengine scans in connection with a command such as
files, tidy or copy.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: sysadm,  Next: Syslog,  Prev: suspiciousnames,  Up: control

4.11.73 sysadm
--------------

        sysadm = ( MAIL ADDRESS )

   The mail address of your system administrator should be placed here.
This is used in two instances.  If cfengine is invoked with the option
`-a', then it simply prints out this value.  This is a handy feature
for making scripts.

   The administrators mail address is also written into the personal log
files which cfengine creates for each user after tidying files, so you
should make this an address which users can mail if they have troubles.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: Syslog,  Next: SyslogFacility,  Prev: sysadm,  Up: control

4.11.74 Syslog
--------------


       Syslog = ( ON/off )

   This variable activates syslog logging of cfengine output at the
`inform' level.

   To set this output level one writes:


      CLASSES::

        Syslog = ( on )


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: SyslogFacility,  Next: timezone,  Prev: Syslog,  Up: control

4.11.75 SyslogFacility
----------------------


       SyslogFacility = ( FACILITY )

   This variable alters the syslog facility level.  e.g.


        SyslogFacility = ( LOG_LOCAL1 )

   Valid arguments are

     LOG_USER
     LOG_DAEMON
     LOG_LOCAL0
     LOG_LOCAL1
     LOG_LOCAL2
     LOG_LOCAL3
     LOG_LOCAL4


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: timezone,  Next: TimeOut,  Prev: SyslogFacility,  Up: control

4.11.76 timezone
----------------

        timezone = ( 3-CHARACTER TIMEZONE )

   The timezone variable is a list of character strings which define
your local timezone.  Normally you will only need a single timezone,
but sometimes there are several aliases for a given timezone e.g. MET
and CET are synonymous.  Currently only the first three characters of
this string are checked against the timezone which cfengine manages to
glean from the system.  If a mismatch is detected a warning message is
printed.  cfengine does not attempt to configure the timezone.  This
feature works only as a reminder, since the timezone should really be
set once and for all at the time the system is installed.  On some
systems you can set the timezone by editing a file, a procedure which
you can automate with cfengine *Note editfiles::.

   The value of the `timezone' can be accessed by variable substitution
in the usual way. It expands to the first item in your list.

     shellcommands:

            "echo ${timezone} | mail ${sysadm}"


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: TimeOut,  Next: Verbose,  Prev: timezone,  Up: control

4.11.77 TimeOut
---------------


       TimeOut = ( 10 )

   The default timeout for network connections is 10 seconds. This is
too short on some routed networks. It is not permitted to set this
variable smaller than 3 seconds or larger than 60 seconds.  A timeout
is generated by an `alarm' interrupt within an executing agent. This is
constrasted with ExpireAfter, in which a second agent is required to
interrupt the activity.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: Verbose,  Next: Warnings,  Prev: TimeOut,  Up: control

4.11.78 Verbose
---------------


       Verbose = ( ON/off )

   This variable switches on the output level whereby cfengine reports
everything it does during a run in great detail. Normally only urgent
messages or clear errors are printed, *Note Inform::.  This option is
almost equivalent to using the `--verbose' of `-v' command-line
options. The only difference is that system environment reporting
information, which is printed prior to parsing, is not shown.  To set
this output level on selected hosts one writes:


      CLASSES::

        Verbose = ( on )

   For related more limited output, *Note Inform::.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: Warnings,  Next: warnnonuserfiles,  Prev: Verbose,  Up: control

4.11.79 Warnings
----------------


       Warnings = ( ON/off )

   This variable switches on the parser-output level whereby cfengine
reports non-fatal warnings.  This is equivalent to setting the command
line switch `--no-warn', or `-w'.  To set this output level on selected
hosts one writes:


      CLASSES::

        Warnings = ( on )


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: warnnonuserfiles,  Next: warnnonownerfiles,  Prev: Warnings,  Up: control

4.11.80 WarnNonUserFiles
------------------------

If this parameter is set to true, cfengine will warn about files in
spool directories which do not have a name belonging to a known user id.

   See also `DeleteNonUserFiles'.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: warnnonownerfiles,  Next: warnnonusermail,  Prev: warnnonuserfiles,  Up: control

4.11.81 WarnNonOwnerFiles
-------------------------

If this parameter is set to true, cfengine will warn about files on
mailservers whose names do not correspond to a known user name, but
might be owned by a known user.


     SpoolDirectories = ( /var/spool/cron/crontabs )

     WarnNonOwnerFiles = ( true )

   See also `DeleteNonOwnerFiles'. This generalizes and succeeds
`DeleteNonOwnerMail'.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: warnnonusermail,  Next: warnnonownermail,  Prev: warnnonownerfiles,  Up: control

4.11.82 WarnNonUserMail
-----------------------

If this parameter is set to true, cfengine will warn about mail files on
mailservers which do not have a name belonging to a known user id. This
does not include lock files.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: warnnonownermail,  Prev: warnnonusermail,  Up: control

4.11.83 WarnNonOwnerMail
------------------------

If this parameter is set to true, cfengine will warn about files on
mailservers whose names do not correspond to a known user name, but
might be owned by a known user.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: classes,  Next: copy,  Prev: control,  Up: Cfagent reference

4.12 classes
============

The `classes' keyword is an alias for `groups' as of version 1.4.0 of
cfengine.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: copy,  Next: defaultroute,  Prev: classes,  Up: Cfagent reference

4.13 copy
=========

Cfengine copies files between locally mounted filesystems and via the
network from registered servers.  The copy algorithm avoids
race-conditions which can occur due to network and system latencies by
copying first to a file called `FILE.cfnew' on the local filesystem,
and then renaming this quickly into place.  The aim of this roundabout
procedure is to avoid situations where the direct rewriting of a file
is interrupted midway, leaving a partially written file to be read by
other processes.  Cfengine attempts to preserve hard links to
non-directory file-objects, but see the caution below.  

   _Caution should be exercised in copying files which change rapidly
in size.  This can lead to file corruption, if the size changes during
copying. Cfengine attempts to prevent this during remote copies._

   The syntax summary is:


     copy:

        CLASS::

           MASTER-FILE
                             dest=DESTINATION-FILE

                             mode=MODE
                             owner=OWNER
                             group=GROUP
                             action=WARN/SILENT/FIX
                             backup=true/FALSE/TIMESTAMP
                             repository=BACKUP DIRECTORY
                             stealth=TRUE/ON/FALSE/OFF
                             checkroot=TRUE/ON/FALSE/OFF
                             timestamps=preserve/keep
                             symlink=PATTERN

                             include=PATTERN
                             exclude=PATTERN
                             ignore=PATTERN
                             filter=FILTERALIAS
                             xdev=TRUE/ON/false/off

                             recurse=NUMBER/INF/0
                             type=ctime/MTIME/CHECKSUM/SUM/BYTE/BINARY/ANY
                             linktype=absolute/symbolic/RELATIVE/HARD/NONE/COPY
                             typecheck=true/on/FALSE/OFF
                             define=CLASS-LIST(,:.)
                             elsedefine=CLASS-LIST(,:.)

                             force=TRUE/ON/false/off
                             forcedirs=TRUE/ON/false/off
                             forceipv4=TRUE/ON/false/off
                             size=SIZE LIMITS
                             server=SERVER-HOST
                             failover=CLASSES

                             trustkey=TRUE/false
                             secure=[deprecated]
                             encrypt=TRUE/false
                             verify=TRUE/false
                             oldserver=TRUE/false

                             purge=TRUE/false

                             syslog=TRUE/ON/FALSE/OFF
                             inform=TRUE/ON/FALSE/OFF
                             audit=TRUE/FALSE

                             findertype=MACOSX FINDER TYPE

Note that the `$(this)' contains the name of the server used. This
variable may be used in the source and destination strings in order to
tailor the filename when downloading from multiple sources (see below).

`dest'
     The destination file is the only obligatory item. This must be the
     name of an object which matches the type of the master object i.e.
     if the master is a plain file, the destination must also be the
     explicit name of a plain file. An implicit `copy file to
     directory' syntax is not allowed.  Symbolic links are copied as
     symbolic links, plain files are copied as plain files and special
     files are copied as special files.  The `recurse' option is
     required to copy the contents of subdirectories.

     If the destination file name is of the form
     `filename/..namedfork/rsrc', then it is assumed that you are
     copying the resource fork of a file to an HFS+ file system on OS X
     Jaguar. In the absence of the destination file being in this form
     (just dest=filename), cfengine will assume that you are working
     with the data fork of the file. See *Note dest::.

     For a resource fork copy to properly work, the data fork must have
     already been copied. Ie the OS will not allow you to copy the
     resource fork for a file that does not exist. And, copying a data
     fork after the resource fork will overwrite the resource fork. So,
     order is important.  Copy the data fork, first. Then, copy the
     resource fork.

     To split the data and resource forks of a file into two parts,
     open up a terminal.  The following commands will copy MyFile 's
     data and resource forks into two separate files which can then be
     recombined by cfengine:

          	cp MyFile MyFile-datafork
          	cp MyFile/..namedfork/rsrc MyFile-rsrcfork

`mode, owner, group'
     The file mode, owner and group of the images are specified as in
     the `files' function *Note files::.

`action'
     The action may take the values `warn', `silent' or `fix'. The
     default action is `fix', i.e.  copy files. If `warn' is specified,
     only a warning is issued about files which require updating. If
     `silent' is given, then cfengine will copy the files but not
     report the fact.

`force'
     If set to `true', this option causes cfengine to copy files
     regardless of whether it is up to date.

`forceipv4'
     If you are working on an ipv6 enabled pair of hosts, cfengine will
     normally select ipv6 for communication between them. If you wish
     to force the use of ipv4 for some reason, set this option to true.

`forcedirs'
     If set to `true', this option causes files or links which block the
     creation of directories, during recursive copying, to be moved
     aside forcably. A single non-supressable warning is given when this
     occurs; the file is moved to filename`.cf-moved'.

`backup'
     If the `backup' option is set to "false", cfengine will not make a
     backup copy of the file before copying. The default value is
     "true".  If the option "timestamp" is chosen, a unique timestamp
     will be appended to the saved filename.  

`repository'
     This allows a local override of the `Repository' variable, on an
     item by item basis. If set to "off" or "none" it cancels the value
     of a global repository.

     Copy makes a literal image of the master file at the destination,
     checking whether the master is newer than the image. If the image
     needs updating it is copied. Existing files are saved by appending
     `.cfsaved' to the filename.

`stealth'
     If set to `on' causes cfengine to preserve atime and mtime on the
     source files during _local_ file copies. File times cannot be
     preserved on remote copies. This option should normally only be
     used together with a checksum copy, since preserving atime and
     mtime implies changing ctime which will force continual copying.
     This is a weakness in the Unix file system. Ctime cannot be
     preserved. Before version 1.5.0, there was a typo which made this
     option active on many file copies.  

`checkroot'
     Default value `false', this option causes cfengine to check the
     permissions of the root directory during recursive directory
     copies. If not true, cfengine sets its own permissions on the root.

`timestamps'
     If this is set to `preserve' or `keep', the times of the source
     files are inherited by the destination files during copying. This
     is like the `p' option of the `tar' command.  

`recurse'
     Specifies the depth of recursion when copying whole file-trees
     recursively. The value may be a number or the keyword `inf'.
     Cfengine crosses device boundaries or mounted filesystems when
     descending recursively through file trees. To prevent this it is
     simplest to specify a maximum level of recursion.  

`symlink'
     This option may be repeated a number of times to specify the names
     of files, or wildcards which match files which are to be
     symbolically linked instead of copied. A global list of patterns
     can also be defined in the control section of the program *Note
     linkcopies::.

`ignore'
     This works like the global ignore directive but here you may
     provide a private list of ignorable directories and files.  Unlike
     include, exclude this affects the way cfengine parses directory
     trees.

`include'
     This option may be repeated a number of times to specify the names
     of files, or wildcards which match files which are to be included
     in a copy operation. Specifying one of these automatically
     excludes everything else except further include patterns.  A
     global list of patterns can also be defined in the control section
     of the program.

     If the `purge' option is used in copying, then the `ignore' option
     has the effect of the excluding files from the purge, i.e.
     `ignore' means `keep' the named files.

`exclude'
     This option may be repeated a number of times to specify the names
     of files, or wildcards which match files which are to be excluded
     from a copy operation. A global list of patterns can also be
     defined in the control section of the program `excludes' override
     `includes'.  *Note excludelinks::.

`xdev'
     Prevents cfengine from descending into file systems that are not
     on the same device as the root of the rescurion path.  

`type'
     Normally cfengine uses the ctime date-stamps on files to determine
     whether a file needs to be copied: a file is only copied if the
     master is newer than the copy or if the copy doesn't exist. If the
     type is set to `checksum' or `sum', then a secure MD5 checksum is
     used to determine whether the source and destination files are
     identical. If `byte' or `binary' is specified, a byte by byte
     comparison is initiated.  An `mtime' comparison does not take into
     account changes of file permissions, only modifications to the
     contents of the files.

`findertype'
     	Sets the four letter file type code in an HFS+ file system on Mac
     OS X 	Jaguar. For example, the four letter code APPL
     indicates the file is an 	Application (and will be executed
     when double-clicked). The four letter 	code TEXT indicates
     the file is a text file and will be opened by the 	default text
     editor.

     	If the file also has an extension (for example `.txt'), then if
     setting the finder type code, you should make sure your finder
     type code does not conflict with the file extension.

     	Files both without extensions and finder type codes are mostly
     useless 	to OS X, so be sure to do one or the other!

     	Also note that finder type codes should not be applied to the
     resource 	forks of files.

`server'
     If you want to copy a file remotely from a server, you specify the
     name of the server here. This must be the name of a host which is
     running the `cfservd' daemon, and you must make sure that you have
     defined the variable `domain' in the control section of the
     `cfagent.conf' file. If you don't define a domain you will
     probably receive an error of the form `cfengine: Hey! cannot stat
     file'. If the server name is `localhost', cfengine will perform a
     local copy, without using a connection to cfservd.  

`failover'
     If a file copy fails due to an error, the classes in this
     assignment will become active, allowing failover rules to become
     active.  

`oldserver'
     If this is true, cfengine uses the old protocol specification for
     temporary compatibility with early version 2 alphas.

`trustkey'
     This option defaults to 'no' or 'false'. If set to true, cfagent
     will accept a public key from a server whose public key is
     presently unknown to the agent, on trust. This option should be
     used to bootstrap public key transfer between hosts. Once a public
     key has been accepted, it will not be replaced automatically.
     Dated public keys must be removed by hand.  

`encrypt'
     Has an effect only when used in conjuction with copy from a remote
     file server.  This causes cfengine to use encryption and one-time
     keys on transferred data.  (This requires RSA keys to be installed
     on both client and server hosts, and provides strong
     authentication and encryption, using random session keys.) The
     preferred algorithm is Blowfish, with a 128 bit key. Generally
     speaking the only case in which this function makes sense is in
     transferring shadow password files.  Encrypting the transfer of
     system binaries makes little sense. Note: the encryption keys
     required to get files from cfservd are those for the user under
     which cfservd is running (normally root).

`verify'
     If verify is true, cfagent attempts to verify the integrity of a
     remote file transfer before the new file is installed. This takes
     time, since an MD5 computation and transaction must take place.

`size'
     With this option you can specify that a file is only to be copied
     if the source file meets a size critereon. This could be used to
     avoid installing a corrupted file (the copying of an empty
     password file, for instance). Sizes are in bytes by default, but
     may also be quoted in kilobytes or megabytes using the notation:


          NUMBERbytes
          NUMBERkbytes
          NUMBERmbytes
     Only the first characters of these strings are significant, so
     they may be written however is convenient: e.g. `14kB', `14k',
     `14kilobytes' etc.   Examples are:


             size=<400  # copy if file size is < 400 bytes
             size=400   # copy if file size is equal to 400 bytes
             size=>400  # copy if file size > 400 bytes

`linktype'
     This option determines the type of link used to make links. This
     only applies if the file is linked rather than copied because it
     matches a pattern set by `symlink'. The default type is a direct
     symbolic link. The values `relative' or `absolute' may be used, but
     hard links may not be created in place of copied files, since hard
     links must normally reside on the same filesystem as their files,
     and it is assumed that most links will be between filesystems. If
     this value is set to `copy' or `none', symbolic links will be
     replaced by actual copies of the files they point to. Note that
     for directories, this option is ignored.

`typecheck'
     Controls whether cfengine allows files of one type to overwrite
     files of another type, i.e. switches on/off errors if source and
     existing destination files do not match in type, e.g. if a file
     would overwrite a directory or link. The default is on for safety
     reasons.

`define'
     This option is followed by a list of classes which are to be
     `switched on' if and only if the named file was copied.  In
     multiple (recursive) copy operations the classes become defined if
     any of the files in the file tree were copied. This feature is
     useful for switching on other actions which are to be performed
     after the installation of key files (e.g.  package installation
     scripts etc).

`purge'
     If this option is set to true, cfengine will remove files in the
     destination directory which are not also in the source directory.
     This allows exact images of filesystems to be mantained. Note that
     if the copy command has includes or excludes or ignored files,
     cfengine will purge only those files on the client machine which
     are also on the server. Included files are not purged.  This means
     that some files (such as system specific work files) can be
     excluded from copies without them being destroyed.  Note that
     purging is disallowed if contact with a remote server fails.  This
     means that local files will not be destroyed by a denial of service
     attack. _You should not use this option to synchronize NFS mounted
     file systems. If the NFS server goes down, cfengine cannot then
     tell the difference between a valid empty directory and a missing
     NFS file system.  If you use purge, use a remote copy also._ If we
     specify purge, then the following options will also be set and
     cannot be altered: `forcedirs=true', `typecheck=false', since
     other defaults could be very destructive.


* Menu:

* copy example::
* hard links in copy::
* Too many open files::


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: copy example,  Next: hard links in copy,  Prev: copy,  Up: copy

4.13.1 copy example
-------------------

Example:


     copy:

           /local/etc/aliases dest=/etc/aliases m=644 o=root g=other
           /local/backup-etc  dest=/etc

        solaris::

           /local/etc/nsswitch.conf dest=/etc/nsswitch.conf

In the first example, a global aliases file is copied from the master
site file `/local/etc/aliases' to `/etc/aliases', setting the owner and
protection as specified. The file gets installed if `/etc/aliases'
doesn't exist and updated if `/local/etc/aliases' is newer than
`/etc/aliases'. In the second example, `backup-etc' is a directory
containing master configuration files (for instance, `services',
`aliases', `passwd'...). Each of the files in `backup-etc' is installed
or updated under `/etc'. Finally, a global `nsswitch.conf' file is kept
up to date for Solaris systems.

   The `home' directive can be used as a destination, in which case
cfengine will copy files to every user on the system. This is handy for
distributing setup files and keeping them updated:


     copy:

        /local/masterfiles/.cshrc  dest=home/.cshrc mode=0600

You can force the copying of files, regardless of the date stamps by
setting the option `force=true' or `force=on'. The default is
`force=false' or `force=off'.  

* Menu:

* hard links in copy::
* Too many open files::


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: hard links in copy,  Next: Too many open files,  Prev: copy example,  Up: copy

4.13.2 Hard links in copying
----------------------------

Hard links are not like symbolic links, they are not merely pointers to
other files, but alternative names for the same file. The name of every
file is a hard link, the first so to speak. You can add additional names
which _really are_ the file, they are not just pointers. For the
technically minded, they are not separate inodes, they are additional
directory references to the same inode.  When you perform a copy
operation on multiple files, cfengine attempts to preserve hard links
but this is a difficult task.

   Because a hard link just looks like an ordinary file (it cannot be
distingiushed from the original, the way a symbolic link can) there is
a danger that any copy operation will copy two hard links to the same
file as two separate copies of the same file. The difference is that
changes a hard-linked file propagate to the links, whereas two copies
of a file are completely independent thereafter.  In order to
faithfully reproduce all hardlinks to all files, cfengine needs to
examine every file on the same filesystem and check whether they have
the same inode-number. This would be an enourmous overhead, so it is
not done. Instead what happens is that cfengine keeps track of only the
files which it is asked to examine, for each atomic copy-command, and
makes a note of any repeated inodes within this restricted set.  It
does not try to go off, wandering around file systems looking to other
files which might be hardlinks.

   To summarize, cfengine preserves hardlinks during copying, only
within the scope of the present search. No backups are made of hard
links, only of the first link or name of the file is backed up. This is
a necessary precaution to avoid dangling references in the inode table.
As a general rule, hard links are to be avoided because they are
difficult to keep track of.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: Too many open files,  Prev: hard links in copy,  Up: copy

4.13.3 Too many open files
--------------------------

In long recursive copies, where you descend into many levels of
diretories, you can quickly run out of file descriptors. The number of
file descriptors is a resource which you can often set in the shell. It
is a good idea to set this limit to a large number on a host which will
be copying a lot of files. For instance, in the C shell you would write,


     limit descriptors 1024

Most systems should have adequate defaults for this parameter, but on
some systems it appears to be set to a low value such as 64, which is
not sufficient for large recursive tree searches.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: defaultroute,  Next: disks,  Prev: copy,  Up: Cfagent reference

4.14 defaultroute
=================

Dynamical routing is not configurable in cfengine, but for machines with
static routing tables it is useful to check that a default route is
configured to point to the nearest gateway or router.  The syntax for
this statement is simply:


     defaultroute:

        CLASS::

           my_gateway

For example:


     defaultroute:

       most::

          129.240.22.1

       rest::

          small_gw

       no_default_route::

          192.168.1.1

Gateways and routers usually have internet address `aaa.bbb.ccc.1' --
i.e.  the first address on the subnet.  You may use the numerical form
or a hostname for the gateway.

   The class `no_default_route' is defined if the current host does not
have a currently defined default route, but specifies one in its
configuration.  


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: disks,  Next: directories,  Prev: defaultroute,  Up: Cfagent reference

4.15 disks
==========

This is a synonyn for `required', *Note required::.  This action tests
for the existence of a file or filesystem.  It should be called after
all NFS filesystems have been mounted.  You may use the special
variable `$(binserver)' here.


       disks:

         /FILESYSTEM freespace=SIZE-LIMIT define=CLASS-LIST(,:.)

          inform=TRUE
          log=TRUE
          audit=TRUE/FALSE

          scanarrivals=TRUE
          force=TRUE

          ifelapsed=MINS
          expireafter=MINS

   Files or filesystems which you consider to be essential to the
operation of the system can be declared as `required'.  Cfengine will
warn if such files are not found, or if they look funny.

   Suppose you mount your filesystem `/usr/local' via NFS from some
binary server.  You might want to check that this filesystem is not
empty! This might occur if the filesystem was actually _not_ mounted as
expected, but failed for some reason.  It is therefore not enough to
check whether the directory `/usr/local' exists, one must also check
whether it contains anything sensible.

   Cfengine uses two variables: `sensiblesize' and `sensiblecount' to
figure out whether a file or filesystem is sensible or not.  You can
change the default values of these variables (which are 1000 and 2
respectively) in the `control' section.  *Note control::.

   If a file is smaller than `sensiblesize' or does not exist, it fails
the `required' test.  If a directory does not exist, or contains fewer
than `sensiblecount' files, then it also fails the test and a warning
is issued.


     disks:

        any::

           /$(site)/$(binserver)/local

   If you set the `freespace' variable to a value and set `inform=true',
cfagent issues warnings when free disk space falls below this threshold.
Any define-classes also become defined in this instance.  (the default
units are kilobytes, but you may specify bytes or megabytes), e.g.  


     required:

       /site/host/home1 freespace=50mb define=dotidy
       /site/host/home2 freespace=10% define=dotidy
   
then cfengine will warn when the filesystem concerned has less than this
amount of free space. By adding a `define' tag, you can switch on any
number of classes if this happens. This allows you to activate special
measures for dealing with a filesystem which is in danger of becoming
full.

   If the option `force=true' is used, cfengine will parse filesystems
even on NFS mounted filesystems. Normally it does not make sense to
check filesystems that are not native to the local host, but
occasionally ne would like to force such a check in order to set a
class, based on the result, for instance.  

   If the `scanarrivals' option is set, the agent will recursively
descend through the file system building a database of file
modification times. This data is used for research purposes and will
eventually be used to trigger classes that determine optimal times for
backup of filesystem.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: directories,  Next: disable,  Prev: disks,  Up: Cfagent reference

4.16 directories
================

Directories declarations consist of a number of directories to be
created.  Directories and files may also be checked and created using
the `touch' option in the `files' actions.  *Note files::.

   The form of a declaration is:


       directories:

          CLASSES::

              /DIRECTORY
                              mode=MODE
                              owner=UID
                              group=GID
                              rxdirs=TRUE/ON/FALSE/OFF

                              define=CLASSLIST
                              elsedefine=CLASSLIST
                              syslog=TRUE/ON/FALSE/OFF
                              inform=TRUE/ON/FALSE/OFF
                              audit=TRUE/ON/FALSE/OFF

                              ifelapsed=MINS
                              expireafter=MINS

For example


     directories:

       CLASS::

          /usr/local/bin  mode=755 owner=root group=wheel

The form of the command is similar to that of `files' but this command
is only used to create new directories.  Valid options are `mode',
`owner', `group' and `rxdirs'; these are described under `files' *Note
files::. This interface is only for convenience.  It is strictly a part
of the `files' functionality and is performed together with other
`files' actions at run time.

   The creation of a path will fail if one of the links in the path is a
plain file or device node.  A list of classes may optionally be defined
here if a directory is created.

   If the `owner' value is set to the literal "LastNode", then the
owner will be exchanged for the last node of the path. This allows the
creation of home directories owned by users.


     control:

       homedirs = ( mark:simen:luke:aeleen )

     directories:

       /home/$(listcontent) owner=LastNode


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: disable,  Next: editfiles,  Prev: directories,  Up: Cfagent reference

4.17 disable
============

Disabling a file means renaming it so that it becomes harmless.  This
feature is useful if you want to prevent certain dangerous files from
being around, but you don't want to delete them-- a deleted file cannot
be examined later.  The syntax is


      disable:

        CLASS::

           /FILENAME
                           dest=FILENAME

                           type=PLAIN/FILE/LINK/LINKS
                           rotate=EMPTY/TRUNCATE/NUMERICAL-VALUE
                           size=NUMERICAL-VALUE
                           define=CLASSLIST
                           syslog=TRUE/ON/false/off
                           inform=TRUE/ON/false/off
                           audit=TRUE/ON/FALSE/OFF

                           repository=DESTINATION DIRECTORY
                           action=disable/WARN

                           ifelapsed=MINS
                           expireafter=MINS

If a destination filename is specified, cfagent renames the source file
to the destination, where possible (renaming across filesystems is not
allowed).  If no destination is given, cfagent renames a given file by
appending the name of the file with the suffix `.cfdisabled'.  Note
that directories are only renamed if they have a specific destination
specified.

   A typical example of a file you would probably want to disable would
be the `/etc/hosts.equiv' file which is often found with the `+' symbol
written in it, opening the system concerned to the entire NIS universe
without password protection!  Here is an example:


     disable:

           /etc/hosts.equiv
           /etc/nologin
           /usr/lib/sendmail.fc

        sun4::

           /var/spool/cron/at.allow

Hint: The last example disables a file which restricts access to the
`at' utility.  Such a command could be followed by a file action, *Note
files::,

     files:

        some::

           /var/spool/cron/at.allow =0644 N owner=root group=wheel touch

which would create an empty security file `at.allow'.  See also your
system manual pages for the `at' command if you don't understand why
this could be useful.

   Disabling a link deletes the link. If you wish you may use the
optional syntax


     disable:

         /directory/name type=file

to specify that a file object should only be disabled if it is a plain
file. The optional element `type=' can take the values `plain', `file',
`link' or `links'. If one of these is specified, cfengine checks the
type and only disables the object if there is a match. This allows you
to disable a file and replace it by a link to another file for instance.  

   NOTE that if you regularly disable a file which then gets recreated
by some process, the disabled file `FILENAME.cfdisabled' will be
overwritten each time cfengine disables the file and therefore the
contents of the original are lost each time. The `rotate' facility was
created for just this contingency.  

   The disable feature can be used to control the size of system log
files, such as `/var/adm/messages' using a further option `rotate'.  If
the value rotate is set to 4, say,


      disable:

         FILENAME  rotate=4

then cfengine renames the file concerned by appending `.1' to it and a
new, empty file is created in its place with the same owner and
permissions. The next time disable is executed `.1' is renamed to `.2'
and the file is renamed `.1' and a new empty file is created with the
same permissions. Cfengine continues to rotate the files like this
keeping a maximum of four files. This is similar to the behaviour of
syslog.

   If you simply want to empty the contents of a log file, without
retaining a copy then you can use `rotate=empty' or `rotate=truncate'.
For instance, to keep control of your World Wide Web server logs:

     disable:

        Sunday|Wednesday::

            /usr/local/httpd/logs/access_log  rotate=empty

This keeps a running log which is emptied each Sunday and Wednesday.  

   The `size=' option in disable allows you to carry out a disable
operation only if the size of the file is less than, equal to or greater
than some specified size. Sizes are in bytes by default, but may also
be quoted in kilobytes or megabytes using the notation:


     NUMBERbytes
     NUMBERkbytes
     NUMBERmbytes
   Only the first characters of these strings are significant, so they
may be written however is convenient: e.g. `14kB', `14k', `14kilobytes'
etc.   Examples are:


        size=<400  # disable if file size is < 400 bytes
        size=400   # disable if file size is equal to 400 bytes
        size=>400  # disable if file size > 400 bytes
   This options works with `rotate' or normal disabling; it is just an
extra condition which must be satisfied.  

   If a disable command results in action being taken by cfengine, an
optional list of classes becomes can be switched on with the aid of a
statement `define=CLASSLIST' in order to trigger knock-on actions.

   The `repository' declaration allows a local override of the
`Repository' variable, on an item by item basis. If set to "off" or
"none" it cancels the value of a global repository and leaves the
disabled file in the same directory.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: editfiles,  Next: Editfiles on Binary Files,  Prev: disable,  Up: Cfagent reference

4.18 editfiles
==============

Performs ascii (line-based) editing on text-files or limited binary
editing of files.  If editing a file which has hard links to it, be
aware that editing the file will destroy the hard link references. This
is also the case with shell commands. You should avoid hard links
whenever possible.  The form of an editing command is `editfiles' can
also search directories recursively through directories and edit all
files matching a pattern, using `Include', `Exclude', and `Ignore' (see
Recursive File Sweeps in the tutorial).


     editfiles:

        CLASS::

           { FILE-TO-BE-EDITED

           ACTION "QUOTED-STRING..."
           }

           { DIRECTORY-TO-BE-EDITED

           Recurse "inf"          # iterated over all files
           Filter  "filteralias"
           Include ".cshrc"
           Ignore  "bin"
           Ignore  ".netscape"
           ACTION "QUOTED-STRING..."
           }

Here are some examples:

     editfiles:

        sun4::

           { /etc/netmasks

           DeleteLinesContaining "255.255.254.0"
           AppendIfNoSuchLine "128.39  255.255.255.0"
           }

        PrintServers::
           { /etc/hosts.lpd

           AppendIfNoSuchLine "tor"
           AppendIfNoSuchLine "odin"
           AppendIfNoSuchLine "borg"
           }

The first of these affects the file `/etc/netmasks' on all SunOS 4
systems, deleting any lines containing the string "255.255.254.0" and
Appending a single line to the file containing "128.39 255.255.255.0"
if none exists already.  The second affects only hosts in the class
`PrintServers' and adds the names of three hosts: tor, odin and borg to
the file `/etc/hosts.lpd' which specifies that they are allowed to
connect to the printer services on any host in the class `PrintServers'.

Note that single or double quotes may be used to enclose strings in
cfengine. If you use single quotes, your strings may contain double
quotes and vice-versa. Otherwise a double quoted string may not
currently contain double quotes and likewise for single quoted strings.

   As of version 2.0.6 quoted strings may contain escaped quotes using
`\"'.

   As of version 1.3.0, you can use the `home' directive in edit
filenames, enabling you to edit files for every user on the system,
provided they exist. For example, to edit every user's login files, you
would write


       { home/.cshrc

        AppendIfNoSuchLine "setenv PRINTER default-printer"
        AppendIfNoSuchLine "set path = ( $path /new/directory )"
       }

If a user does not possess the named file, cfengine just skips that
user. A new file is not created.

The meanings of the file-editing actions should be self-explanatory.
Commands containing the word 'comment' are used to `comment out' certain
lines in a file rather than deleting them.  `Hash' implies a shell
comment of the type

     # comment

`Slash' implies a comment of the C++ type:

     // comment

`Percent' implies a comment of the type:

     % comment

   More general comment types may be defined using the
`SetCommentStart', `SetCommentEnd' and `CommentLinesMatching',
`CommentLinesStarting' functions.

   A special group of editing commands is based on the POSIX Regular
Expression package. These use regular expressions to search line by
line through text and perform various editing functions. Searches are
of two different types: "LineMatching" and "LineContaining". In the
first case the regular expression must match the entire line exactly;
in the latter, a substring is searched for in the file.

   Some of these commands are based on the concept of a file pointer.
The pointer starts at line one of the file and can be reset by
'locating' a certain line, or by using the reset-pointer commands. The
current position of the pointer is used by commands such as
`InsertLine' to allow a flexible way of editing the middle of files.

   A simple decision mechanism is incorporated to allow certain editing
actions to be excluded. For instance, to insert a number of lines in a
file once only, you could write:


        { FILE

         LocateLineMatching "INSERT POINT..."
         IncrementPointer   "1"

         BeginGroupIfNoMatch "# cfengine - 2/Jan/95"
           IncrementPointer "-1"
           InsertLine "# cfengine - 2/Jan/95"
           InsertLine "/local/bin/start-xdm"
           DefineInGroup "AddedXDM"
         EndGroup
        }

Since the first inserted line matches the predicate on subsequent calls,
the grouped lines will only be carried out once. When the grouped lines
are run, the `AddedXDM' class will be activated for use by a later part
of the script.

   The full list of editing actions is given below in alphabetical
order.  Note that some commands refer to regular expressions and some
refer to 'literal strings' (i.e. any string which is not a regular
expression). Variable substitution is performed on all strings.  Be
aware that symbols such as `.', `*' and so on are meta-characters in
regular expressions and a backslash must be used to make them literal.
The regular expression matching functions are POSIX extended regular
expressions.  *Note Regular expressions: (cfengine-Tutorial)Regular
expressions.

   Editfile caution.  It is suggested that you use these editing
functions with caution. Although all possible safeguards have been
incorporated into them, it is still possible through carelessness to do
damage to important files on your system. Always test editing programs
carefully before committing them to your global site configuration.

* Menu:

* AbortAtLineMatching::
* Append::
* AppendIfNoLineMatching::
* AppendIfNoSuchLine::
* AppendIfNoSuchLinesFromFile::
* AppendToLineIfNotContains::
* Audit::
* AutoCreate::
* AutomountDirectResources::
* Backup in editfiles::
* BeginGroupIfDefined::
* BeginGroupIfNotDefined::
* BeginGroupIfFileExists::
* BeginGroupIfFileIsNewer::
* BeginGroupIfLineContaining::
* BeginGroupIfLineMatching::
* BeginGroupIfMatch::
* BeginGroupIfNoLineContaining::
* BeginGroupIfNoLineMatching::
* BeginGroupIfNoMatch::
* BeginGroupIfNoSuchLine::
* BreakIfLineMatches::
* CatchAbort::
* CommentLinesMatching::
* CommentLinesStarting::
* CommentNLines::
* CommentToLineMatching::
* DefineClasses::
* DefineInGroup::
* DeleteLinesAfterThisMatching::
* DeleteLinesContaining::
* DeleteLinesMatching::
* DeleteLinesStarting::
* DeleteLinesNotContaining::
* DeleteLinesNotMatchingFileItems::
* DeleteLinesNotStartingFileItems::
* DeleteNLines::
* DeleteToLineMatching::
* EditMode (binary)::
* EditSplit::
* EmptyEntireFilePlease::
* ElseDefineClasses::
* EndGroup::
* EndLoop::
* ExpandVariables::
* ExpireAfter (editing)::
* Filter::
* FixEndOfLine::
* ForEachLineIn::
* GotoLastLine::
* HashCommentLinesContaining::
* HashCommentLinesMatching::
* HashCommentLinesStarting::
* IfElapsed (editing)::
* IncrementPointer::
* Inform (editing)::
* InsertFile::
* InsertLine::
* LocateLineMatching::
* PercentCommentLinesContaining::
* PercentCommentLinesMatching::
* PercentCommentLinesStarting::
* Prepend (editing)::
* PrependIfNoLineMatching::
* PrependIfNoSuchLine::
* Recurse (editing)::
* ReplaceLineWith::
* ReplaceAll With::
* ReplaceFirst::
* ReplaceLinesMatchingField::
* Repository::
* ResetSearch::
* RunScript::
* RunScriptIfLineMatching::
* RunScriptIfNoLineMatching::
* SetCommentStart::
* SetCommentEnd::
* SetLine::
* SetScript::
* SlashCommentLinesContaining::
* SlashCommentLinesMatching::
* SlashCommentLinesStarting::
* SplitOn::
* SysLog::
* Umask::
* UnCommentLinesContaining::
* UnCommentLinesMatching::
* UnCommentsNLines::
* UnCommentToLineMatching::
* UnsetAbort::
* UseShell::
* WarnIfFileMissing::
* WarnIfLineContaining::
* WarnIfLineMatching::
* WarnIfLineStarting::
* WarnIfNoLineContaining::
* WarnIfNoLineMatching::
* WarnIfNoLineStarting::
* WarnIfNoSuchLine::


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: AbortAtLineMatching,  Next: Append,  Prev: editfiles,  Up: editfiles

4.18.1 AbortAtLineMatching QUOTED-REGEX
---------------------------------------

This command sets the value of a regular expression. In all editing
operations (except `FixEndOfLine' and `GotoLastLine') which involve
multiple replacements and searches, this expression marks a boundary
beyond which cfengine will cease to look any further. In other words,
if cfengine encounters a line matching this regular expression, it
aborts the current action. BE CAREFUL with this feature: once set, the
string remains set for the remainder of the current file. It might
therefore interact in unsuspected ways with other search parameters.
Editing actions are always aborted as soon as the abort expression is
matched.  Use `UnsetAbort' to unset the feature.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: Append,  Next: AppendIfNoLineMatching,  Prev: AbortAtLineMatching,  Up: editfiles

4.18.2 Append QUOTED-STRING
---------------------------

Add a line containing the quoted string to the end of the file.  This
should be used in conjunction with the decision structures
`BeginGroupIfNoLineMatching' and `BreakIfLineMatches'.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: AppendIfNoLineMatching,  Next: AppendIfNoSuchLine,  Prev: Append,  Up: editfiles

4.18.3 AppendIfNoLineMatching  QUOTED-REGEX/ "ThisLine"
-------------------------------------------------------

A new version of the older `AppendIfNoSuchLine' which uses a regular
expression instead of a literal string. The line which gets appended
must be set previously using `SetLine'. If ```ThisLine''' is given as
the argument, the current value of then line buffer is assumed. This
allows constructions for merging files on a convergent line-by-line
basis:


     editfiles:

      { /tmp/bla

      ForEachLineIn "/tmp/in"
         AppendIfNoLineMatching "ThisLine"
      EndLoop
      }
   

File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: AppendIfNoSuchLine,  Next: AppendIfNoSuchLinesFromFile,  Prev: AppendIfNoLineMatching,  Up: editfiles

4.18.4 AppendIfNoSuchLine QUOTED-STRING
---------------------------------------

Add a line containing the quoted string to the end of the file if the
file doesn't contain the exact line already.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: AppendIfNoSuchLinesFromFile,  Next: AppendToLineIfNotContains,  Prev: AppendIfNoSuchLine,  Up: editfiles

4.18.5 AppendIfNoSuchLinesFromFile FILENAME
-------------------------------------------

For each line in the named file, call AppendIfNoSuchLine.  This adds
lines containing the strings listed in the named file to the end of the
current file if the file doesn't contain the exact line already.  


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: AppendToLineIfNotContains,  Next: Audit,  Prev: AppendIfNoSuchLinesFromFile,  Up: editfiles

4.18.6 AppendToLineIfNotContains QUOTED-STRING
----------------------------------------------

This commands looks for an exact match of the quoted string in the
current line. If the quoted string is not contained in the line, it is
appended. This may be used for adding entries to a list.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: Audit,  Next: AutoCreate,  Prev: AppendToLineIfNotContains,  Up: editfiles

4.18.7 Audit TRUE/FALSE
-----------------------

Local decision about whether this edit stanza will be audited. Requires
auditing to be on globally for this to have an effect.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: AutoCreate,  Next: AutomountDirectResources,  Prev: Audit,  Up: editfiles

4.18.8 AutoCreate
-----------------

If this command is listed anywhere in the file action list, cfengine
will create the named file if it doesn't exist. Normally cfengine issues
an error if the named file does not exist, but if this is set,
notification of the file's absence is only in verbose output. New files
are created with mode 644 (see also Umask), read access for everyone
and write access for the cfengine user (normally root). Note that if
you set this, BeginGroupIfFileIsNewer will always be true.  


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: AutomountDirectResources,  Next: Backup in editfiles,  Prev: AutoCreate,  Up: editfiles

4.18.9 AutomountDirectResources QUOTED-STRING
---------------------------------------------

This command is designed to assist with automounter configuration for
users wishing to use the automounter for NFS filesystems, but still use
the cfengine mount model.  Applied to the current file, it is
equivalent to saying: for each of the mountable resources in the list
*Note mountables::, append if not found a line for a direct automount
map command, to the current file.  The string which follows can be used
to specify any special mount options e.g. ```-nosuid''' for non setuid
mounting (of all the mountables). Note that this is added to the
current file and not to a file named `/etc/auto_direct'.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: Backup in editfiles,  Next: BeginGroupIfDefined,  Prev: AutomountDirectResources,  Up: editfiles

4.18.10 Backup QUOTED-STRING
----------------------------

Set to true or false, on or off to set backup policy for this file.
Default is on.  The default is to produce time-stamped backups of
files; this may be coded explicitly by setting to "timestamp" or
"stamp". If set to "false" or "off", no backup is kept of the edited
file. If the value is set to "single" or "one" then only the last
version of the file is kept, overwriting any previously saved versions.

   See *Note copybackup::.

        Backup "single"
   

File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: BeginGroupIfDefined,  Next: BeginGroupIfNotDefined,  Prev: Backup in editfiles,  Up: editfiles

4.18.11 BeginGroupIfDefined QUOTED-STRING
-----------------------------------------

The lines following, up to the first `EndGroup' are executed if the
quoted class is defined. Edit groups may be nested.  


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: BeginGroupIfNotDefined,  Next: BeginGroupIfFileExists,  Prev: BeginGroupIfDefined,  Up: editfiles

4.18.12 BeginGroupIfNotDefined QUOTED-STRING
--------------------------------------------

The lines following, up to the first `EndGroup' are executed if the
quoted class is not defined. Edit groups may be nested.  


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: BeginGroupIfFileExists,  Next: BeginGroupIfFileIsNewer,  Prev: BeginGroupIfNotDefined,  Up: editfiles

4.18.13 BeginGroupIfFileExists QUOTED-STRING
--------------------------------------------

The lines following, up to the first `EndGroup' are executed if the
quoted filename exists (can be statted).  Files which are not readable
by the running process are for all intents and purposes non-existent.
Edit groups may be nested.  


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: BeginGroupIfFileIsNewer,  Next: BeginGroupIfLineContaining,  Prev: BeginGroupIfFileExists,  Up: editfiles

4.18.14 BeginGroupIfFileIsNewer QUOTED-STRING
---------------------------------------------

The lines following, up to the first `EndGroup' are executed if the
quoted filename is newer than the file being edited. Edit groups may be
nested.  


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: BeginGroupIfLineContaining,  Next: BeginGroupIfLineMatching,  Prev: BeginGroupIfFileIsNewer,  Up: editfiles

4.18.15 BeginGroupIfLineContaining QUOTED-STRING
------------------------------------------------

The lines following, up to the first `EndGroup' are executed if the
quoted string appears in any line in the file. Edit groups may be
nested.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: BeginGroupIfLineMatching,  Next: BeginGroupIfMatch,  Prev: BeginGroupIfLineContaining,  Up: editfiles

4.18.16 BeginGroupIfLineMatching QUOTED-REGEX
---------------------------------------------

The lines following, up to the first `EndGroup' are executed if the
quoted regular expression matches any line in the file. Edit groups may
be nested.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: BeginGroupIfMatch,  Next: BeginGroupIfNoLineContaining,  Prev: BeginGroupIfLineMatching,  Up: editfiles

4.18.17 BeginGroupIfMatch QUOTED-REGEX
--------------------------------------

The lines following, up to the first `EndGroup' are executed if the
quoted regular expression matches the current line. Edit groups may be
nested.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: BeginGroupIfNoLineContaining,  Next: BeginGroupIfNoLineMatching,  Prev: BeginGroupIfMatch,  Up: editfiles

4.18.18 BeginGroupIfNoLineContaining QUOTED-STRING
--------------------------------------------------

The lines following, up to the first `EndGroup' are executed if the
quoted string does not appear in any line in the file. Edit groups may
be nested.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: BeginGroupIfNoLineMatching,  Next: BeginGroupIfNoMatch,  Prev: BeginGroupIfNoLineContaining,  Up: editfiles

4.18.19 BeginGroupIfNoLineMatching QUOTED-REGEX
-----------------------------------------------

The lines following, up to the first `EndGroup' are executed if the
quoted regular expression does not match any line in the file. Edit
groups may be nested.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: BeginGroupIfNoMatch,  Next: BeginGroupIfNoSuchLine,  Prev: BeginGroupIfNoLineMatching,  Up: editfiles

4.18.20 BeginGroupIfNoMatch QUOTED-REGEX
----------------------------------------

The lines following, up to the first `EndGroup' are executed if the
quoted regular expression does not match the current line. Edit groups
may be nested.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: BeginGroupIfNoSuchLine,  Next: BreakIfLineMatches,  Prev: BeginGroupIfNoMatch,  Up: editfiles

4.18.21 BeginGroupIfNoSuchLine QUOTED-STRING
--------------------------------------------

The lines following, up to the first `EndGroup' are executed if the
quoted literal string does not match any line in the file. Edit groups
may be nested.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: BreakIfLineMatches,  Next: CatchAbort,  Prev: BeginGroupIfNoSuchLine,  Up: editfiles

4.18.22 BreakIfLineMatches  QUOTED-REGEX
----------------------------------------

Terminates further editing of the current file if the current line
matches the quoted regular expression.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: CatchAbort,  Next: CommentLinesMatching,  Prev: BreakIfLineMatches,  Up: editfiles

4.18.23 CatchAbort
------------------

Edit actions which abort on failure (such as `LocateLineMatching') will
jump to the first instance of this marker instead of completely
aborting an edit if this keyword occurs in an editing script.  You can
catch the exceptions thrown by the following commands:
`CommentNLines',`CommentToLineMatching',`DeleteNLines',`DeleteToLineMatching',
`HashCommentToLineMatching',`IncrementPointer',
`LocateLineMatching',`PercentCommentToLineMatching',
`RunScriptIf(No)LineMatching',`UnCommentNLines'.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: CommentLinesMatching,  Next: CommentLinesStarting,  Prev: CatchAbort,  Up: editfiles

4.18.24 CommentLinesMatching  QUOTED-REGEX
------------------------------------------

Use the current value of the comment delimiters set using
`SetCommentStart' and `SetCommentEnd' to comment out lines matching the
given regular expression in quotes.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: CommentLinesStarting,  Next: CommentNLines,  Prev: CommentLinesMatching,  Up: editfiles

4.18.25 CommentLinesStarting  QUOTED-STRING
-------------------------------------------

Use the current value of the comment delimiters set using
`SetCommentStart' and `SetCommentEnd' to comment out lines starting
with the quoted literal string.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: CommentNLines,  Next: CommentToLineMatching,  Prev: CommentLinesStarting,  Up: editfiles

4.18.26 CommentNLines QUOTED-STRING
-----------------------------------

Comments up to N lines from the current file, starting from the
location of the current line pointer. If the end of the file is reached
and less than N lines are deleted, a warning is issued, but editing
continues. The current value of the comment delimiters is used to
determine the method of commenting, (see `SetCommentStart').  After the
operation the pointer points to the line after the commented lines.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: CommentToLineMatching,  Next: DefineClasses,  Prev: CommentNLines,  Up: editfiles

4.18.27 CommentToLineMatching  QUOTED-REGEX
-------------------------------------------

Use the current value of the comment delimiters set using
`SetCommentStart' and `SetCommentEnd' to comment out lines from the
current position in a file to a line matching the given regular
expression in quotes.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: DefineClasses,  Next: DefineInGroup,  Prev: CommentToLineMatching,  Up: editfiles

4.18.28 DefineClasses "CLASS1:CLASS2:..."
-----------------------------------------

Activate the following colon, comma or dot-separated list of classes if
and only if the file is edited.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: DefineInGroup,  Next: DeleteLinesAfterThisMatching,  Prev: DefineClasses,  Up: editfiles

4.18.29 DefineInGroup "CLASS1:CLASS2:..."
-----------------------------------------

Activate the following colon, comma or dot-separated list of classes if
the edit group is entered. This can be combined with other classes to
identify what particular edits took place.  Use DefineInGroup if you
want to define a class or list of classes conditional on entry to a
BeginGroup ... EngGroup block. For example,

     editfiles:
         { /etc/inetd.conf
           BeginGroupIfNoSuchLine "$(myservice1)"
             Append "$(myservice1)"
     	DefineInGroup "myservice1_added"
           EndGroup

           BeginGroupIfNoSuchLine "$(myservice2)"
             Append "$(myservice2)"
     	DefineInGroup "myservice2_added"
           EndGroup
         }
   This will define service_added and service_added_another_way if
either line is added, but additionally myservice1_added if myservice1
was added and likewise for myservice2_added.

   Activate the following colon, comma or dot-separated list of classes
if execution reaches the `BeginGroup' ... `EndGroup' section(s)
containing this command. If you think you want to put DefineClasses
within a `BeginGroup' ... `EndGroup' section, you actually want this.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: DeleteLinesAfterThisMatching,  Next: DeleteLinesContaining,  Prev: DefineInGroup,  Up: editfiles

4.18.30 DeleteLinesAfterThisMatching QUOTED-REGEX
-------------------------------------------------

Delete lines after the current position which match the quoted
expression.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: DeleteLinesContaining,  Next: DeleteLinesMatching,  Prev: DeleteLinesAfterThisMatching,  Up: editfiles

4.18.31 DeleteLinesContaining QUOTED-STRING/DeleteLinesNotContaining QUOTED-STRING
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Delete all lines (not) containing the exact string quoted.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: DeleteLinesMatching,  Next: DeleteLinesStarting,  Prev: DeleteLinesContaining,  Up: editfiles

4.18.32 DeleteLinesMatching QUOTED-REGEX/DeleteLinesNotMatching QUOTED-REGEX
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

Delete all lines (not) fully matching the tied quoted regular
expression.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: DeleteLinesStarting,  Next: DeleteLinesNotContaining,  Prev: DeleteLinesMatching,  Up: editfiles

4.18.33 DeleteLinesStarting QUOTED-STRING/DeleteLinesNotStarting QUOTED-STRING
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Delete all lines (not) beginning with the exact string quoted.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: DeleteLinesNotContaining,  Next: DeleteLinesNotMatchingFileItems,  Prev: DeleteLinesStarting,  Up: editfiles

4.18.34 DeleteLinesNotContainingFileItems FILENAME
--------------------------------------------------

Delete lines in the file that do not contain the any of the substrings
in the file.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: DeleteLinesNotMatchingFileItems,  Next: DeleteLinesNotStartingFileItems,  Prev: DeleteLinesNotContaining,  Up: editfiles

4.18.35 DeleteLinesNotMatchingFileItems FILENAME
------------------------------------------------

Delete lines in the file that do not match the any of the regular
expressions in the file.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: DeleteLinesNotStartingFileItems,  Next: DeleteNLines,  Prev: DeleteLinesNotMatchingFileItems,  Up: editfiles

4.18.36 DeleteLinesNotStartingFileItems FILENAME
------------------------------------------------

Delete lines in the file that do not start with any of the substrings
in the file.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: DeleteNLines,  Next: DeleteToLineMatching,  Prev: DeleteLinesNotStartingFileItems,  Up: editfiles

4.18.37 DeleteNLines QUOTED-STRING
----------------------------------

Deletes up to N lines from the current file, starting from the location
of the current line pointer. If the end of the file is reached and less
than N lines are deleted, a warning is issued, but editing continues.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: DeleteToLineMatching,  Next: EditMode (binary),  Prev: DeleteNLines,  Up: editfiles

4.18.38 DeleteToLineMatching QUOTED-REGEX
-----------------------------------------

Delete lines from the current position, up to but not including a line
matching the regular expression in the quoted string. If no line
matches the given expression, a warning is only printed in verbose
mode, but all edits are immediately abandoned.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: EditMode (binary),  Next: EditSplit,  Prev: DeleteToLineMatching,  Up: editfiles

4.18.39 EditMode "Binary"
-------------------------

If set to binary, the file will be edited as if it were a non-ASCII
file.  See discussion below.

        EditMode "Binary"


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: EditSplit,  Next: EmptyEntireFilePlease,  Prev: EditMode (binary),  Up: editfiles

4.18.40 EditSplit CHAR
----------------------

Editfiles treats lists as private interpretations, since iteration over
lists could lead to unpredictable behaviour if text variables
accidentally contain the list separator. The control option `Split'
therefore has no effect on editfiles. This definition makes list
expansion work in editfiles.

        EditSplit ","
   
   Be careful not to confuse this with the `SplitOn' character.


     editfiles:

      { /tmp/bla1

      EditSplit "!"
      AppendIfNoSuchLine "alpha1!beta1"
      EditSplit ":"
      AppendIfNoSuchLine "alpha2!beta2"
      EditSplit "@"
      AppendIfNoSuchLine "alpha3@beta3"
      }

      { /tmp/bla2

      AppendIfNoSuchLine "new1@new2"
      }


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: EmptyEntireFilePlease,  Next: ElseDefineClasses,  Prev: EditSplit,  Up: editfiles

4.18.41 EmptyEntireFilePlease
-----------------------------

Deletes all lines from the current file.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: ElseDefineClasses,  Next: EndGroup,  Prev: EmptyEntireFilePlease,  Up: editfiles

4.18.42 ElseDefineClasses
-------------------------

See `DefineClasses'


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: EndGroup,  Next: EndLoop,  Prev: ElseDefineClasses,  Up: editfiles

4.18.43 EndGroup
----------------

Terminates a begin-end conditional structure.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: EndLoop,  Next: ExpandVariables,  Prev: EndGroup,  Up: editfiles

4.18.44 EndLoop
---------------

Terminates a loop. See `ForEachLineIn'


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: ExpandVariables,  Next: ExpireAfter (editing),  Prev: EndLoop,  Up: editfiles

4.18.45 ExpandVariables
-----------------------

This causes cfengine to run through the contents of the file and expand
any recognisable editfile strings in the file, if they are defined
within the scope of the cfagent script. This gives cfengine an m4 like
capacity.  


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: ExpireAfter (editing),  Next: Filter,  Prev: ExpandVariables,  Up: editfiles

4.18.46 ExpireAfter MINS
------------------------


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: Filter,  Next: FixEndOfLine,  Prev: ExpireAfter (editing),  Up: editfiles

4.18.47 Filter FILTERALIAS
--------------------------

Name a fiter for pruning file searches.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: FixEndOfLine,  Next: ForEachLineIn,  Prev: Filter,  Up: editfiles

4.18.48 FixEndOfLine
--------------------

The quoted string which follows may be either `dos' or `Unix' to fix
the end of line character conventions to match these systems. This
command should be executed last of all, since cfengine appends new
lines with the conventions of the system on which is was complied
during edit operations.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: ForEachLineIn,  Next: GotoLastLine,  Prev: FixEndOfLine,  Up: editfiles

4.18.49 ForEachLineIn QUOTED-FILENAME
-------------------------------------

This marks the beginning of a for-loop which reads successive lines
from a named file. The result is like using `SetLine' for each line in
the file. Nested loops are not permitted.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: GotoLastLine,  Next: HashCommentLinesContaining,  Prev: ForEachLineIn,  Up: editfiles

4.18.50 GotoLastLine
--------------------

Moves the file pointer to the last line in the current file.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: HashCommentLinesContaining,  Next: HashCommentLinesMatching,  Prev: GotoLastLine,  Up: editfiles

4.18.51 HashCommentLinesContaining QUOTED-STRING
------------------------------------------------

Add a `#' to the start of any line containing the quoted string.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: HashCommentLinesMatching,  Next: HashCommentLinesStarting,  Prev: HashCommentLinesContaining,  Up: editfiles

4.18.52 HashCommentLinesMatching QUOTED-REGEX
---------------------------------------------

Add a `#' to the start of any line exactly matching the quoted regular
expression.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: HashCommentLinesStarting,  Next: IfElapsed (editing),  Prev: HashCommentLinesMatching,  Up: editfiles

4.18.53 HashCommentLinesStarting QUOTED-STRING
----------------------------------------------

Add a `#' to the start of any line starting with the quoted string.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: IfElapsed (editing),  Next: IncrementPointer,  Prev: HashCommentLinesStarting,  Up: editfiles

4.18.54 IfElapsed MINS
----------------------

As usual.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: IncrementPointer,  Next: Inform (editing),  Prev: IfElapsed (editing),  Up: editfiles

4.18.55 IncrementPointer QUOTED-NUMBER
--------------------------------------

Increments the value (in lines) of the file pointer by the number of
lines specified in the quoted string (as a denary number). e.g. ```4'''.
Negative values are equivalent to decrementing the pointer. If a
request is made to increment/decrement outside of the file boundaries
the pointer `bumps' into the boundary and remains there, i.e. either at
start of file or end of file.  


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: Inform (editing),  Next: InsertFile,  Prev: IncrementPointer,  Up: editfiles

4.18.56 Inform QUOTED-STRING
----------------------------

Set to true or false, on or off to set the inform level for this file.
Default is off. Note that, owing to the way that cfengine re-uses code,
this feature does not work very well. Detailed messages are not
available, only a summary of whether or not the file changed.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: InsertFile,  Next: InsertLine,  Prev: Inform (editing),  Up: editfiles

4.18.57 InsertFile QUOTED-STRING
--------------------------------

Inserts the named file after the current line position in the file.
This should be used in conjunction with a begin-end construction in
order to avoid including the file every time cfengine is run.  If the
file does not exist, or cannot be opened, there is only a warning
issued in verbose mode.  Note if the file is empty, or if the current
line pointer is not set, the file is inserted at the start of the file.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: InsertLine,  Next: LocateLineMatching,  Prev: InsertFile,  Up: editfiles

4.18.58 InsertLine QUOTED-STRING
--------------------------------

Inserts the quoted string as a line after the current line pointer in
the file. After the insert, the line pointer is incremented by one so
that subsequent inserted lines are placed after the first.  This should
probably be used in conjunction with the conditional begin-end tests to
avoid lines being inserted on every run.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: LocateLineMatching,  Next: PercentCommentLinesContaining,  Prev: InsertLine,  Up: editfiles

4.18.59 LocateLineMatching QUOTED-REGEX
---------------------------------------

Moves the current line pointer to the line matching the quoted regular
expression. If there is no match, a warning is only issued in verbose
mode, but all editing is immediately aborted. See also
`WarnIfNoLineMatching' so that you can get an explicit warning, even
out of verbose mode.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: PercentCommentLinesContaining,  Next: PercentCommentLinesMatching,  Prev: LocateLineMatching,  Up: editfiles

4.18.60 PercentCommentLinesContaining QUOTED-STRING
---------------------------------------------------

Add a `%' to the start of any line containing the quoted string.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: PercentCommentLinesMatching,  Next: PercentCommentLinesStarting,  Prev: PercentCommentLinesContaining,  Up: editfiles

4.18.61 PercentCommentLinesMatching QUOTED-REGEX
------------------------------------------------

Add a `%' to the start of any line exactly matching the quoted regular.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: PercentCommentLinesStarting,  Next: Prepend (editing),  Prev: PercentCommentLinesMatching,  Up: editfiles

4.18.62 PercentCommentLinesStarting QUOTED-STRING
-------------------------------------------------

Add a `%' to the start of any line starting with the quoted string.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: Prepend (editing),  Next: PrependIfNoLineMatching,  Prev: PercentCommentLinesStarting,  Up: editfiles

4.18.63 Prepend QUOTED-STRING
-----------------------------

Add a line containing the quoted string to the start of the file.  This
should be used in conjunction with the decision structures
`BeginGroupIfNoLineMatching' and `BreakIfLineMatches'.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: PrependIfNoLineMatching,  Next: PrependIfNoSuchLine,  Prev: Prepend (editing),  Up: editfiles

4.18.64 PrependIfNoLineMatching QUOTED-REGEX
--------------------------------------------

A new version of the older `PrependIfNoSuchLine' with uses a regular
expression instead of a literal string.  The string prepended is the
one set using `SetLine'.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: PrependIfNoSuchLine,  Next: Recurse (editing),  Prev: PrependIfNoLineMatching,  Up: editfiles

4.18.65 PrependIfNoSuchLine QUOTED-STRING
-----------------------------------------

Add a line containing the quoted string to the start of the file if the
file doesn't contain the exact line already.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: Recurse (editing),  Next: ReplaceLineWith,  Prev: PrependIfNoSuchLine,  Up: editfiles

4.18.66 Recurse DIGIT/INF
-------------------------

For recursive descents when editing whole file trees.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: ReplaceLineWith,  Next: ReplaceAll With,  Prev: Recurse (editing),  Up: editfiles

4.18.67 ReplaceLineWith QUOTED-STRING
-------------------------------------

Replace the line at the current position with the text in the quoted
string. The file pointer remains pointing to this line after the change.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: ReplaceAll With,  Next: ReplaceFirst,  Prev: ReplaceLineWith,  Up: editfiles

4.18.68 ReplaceAll QUOTED-REGEX With QUOTED-STRING
--------------------------------------------------

Replace all instances of strings matching the regular expression in the
first quotes with the exact string in the second set of quotes,
throughout the current file. Note that cfengine matches on a left to
right basis, with the first match taking precedence, so if your regular
expression matches text ambiguously it is the first occurrence which is
replaced. For example, if you replace `cf.*' with `CFENGINE' and
cfengine encounters a line `hello cfengine cfengine', then this will be
replaced with `hello CFENGINE' even though two possible strings match
the regular expression. On the other hand if the expression is not
ambiguous, say replacing `cfengine' with `CFENGINE', then the result
would be `hello CFENGINE CFENGINE'.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: ReplaceFirst,  Next: ReplaceLinesMatchingField,  Prev: ReplaceAll With,  Up: editfiles

4.18.69 ReplaceFirst QUOTED-REGEX With QUOTED-STRING
----------------------------------------------------

For each line of the current file, replace the first string matching the
regular expression in the first quotes (QUOTED-REGEX) with the string
given in the second set of quotes (QUOTED-STRING).  Matching is done
left to right.  For example, if you replace ```YY =
[[:digit:]][[:digit:]]''' with ```YY = 04''' and cfengine encounters
```YY = 03 but old YY = 70''' then it will be replaced with ```YY = 04
but old YY = 70'''


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: ReplaceLinesMatchingField,  Next: Repository,  Prev: ReplaceFirst,  Up: editfiles

4.18.70 ReplaceLinesMatchingField QUOTED-NUMBER
-----------------------------------------------

This command replaces any lines in the current file with the current
line set by `SetLine' or `ForEachLineIn', if the lines are split into
fields (e.g. the password file) separated by the `SplitOn' character
(':' by default), and the corresponding fields match.

   The idea behind this command was to be able to override global
passwords (from a file which gets distributed) by new passwords in a
local file. Rather than maintaining the files separately, this simply
overrides the entries with the new ones.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: Repository,  Next: ResetSearch,  Prev: ReplaceLinesMatchingField,  Up: editfiles

4.18.71 Repository QUOTED STRING
--------------------------------

This allows a local override of the `Repository' variable, on an item
by item basis. If set to "off" or "none" it cancels the value of a
global repository.

   See *Note copybackup::.  See *Note Backup in editfiles::.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: ResetSearch,  Next: RunScript,  Prev: Repository,  Up: editfiles

4.18.72 ResetSearch QUOTED-STRING
---------------------------------

Sets the current-position pointer to the line number in the quoted
string. `EOF' indicates the end of the file.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: RunScript,  Next: RunScriptIfLineMatching,  Prev: ResetSearch,  Up: editfiles

4.18.73 RunScript QUOTED-STRING
-------------------------------

Executes the named script command. Before executing the script any edits
are saved to disk. After the script has executed, cfengine reloads the
file for any further editing operations. The script (which may be any
executable program) is appended with two arguments: the name of the
file which is being edited and the system hard class (e.g. sun4, ultrix
etc.) of the system executing the script.

   CAUTION: cfengine knows nothing about the success or failure of
anything that is done during the execution of user scripts. This
feature is to be used at the users own peril!


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: RunScriptIfLineMatching,  Next: RunScriptIfNoLineMatching,  Prev: RunScript,  Up: editfiles

4.18.74 RunScriptIfLineMatching QUOTED-STRING
---------------------------------------------

Executes the script named with the `SetScript' command only if the
current file contains a line matching the quoted regular expression.

   CAUTION: cfengine knows nothing about the success or failure of
anything that is done during the execution of user scripts. This
feature is to be used at the users own peril!


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: RunScriptIfNoLineMatching,  Next: SetCommentStart,  Prev: RunScriptIfLineMatching,  Up: editfiles

4.18.75 RunScriptIfNoLineMatching QUOTED-REGEX
----------------------------------------------

Executes the script named with the `SetScript' command if the current
file contains no line matching the quoted regular expression.

   CAUTION: cfengine knows nothing about the success or failure of
anything that is done during the execution of user scripts. This
feature is to be used at the users own peril!


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: SetCommentStart,  Next: SetCommentEnd,  Prev: RunScriptIfNoLineMatching,  Up: editfiles

4.18.76 SetCommentStart QUOTED-STRING
-------------------------------------

Specify which string should be used for starting a comment using the
commands `CommentLineMatching' and `CommentLineStarting'. The default
is the hash symbol `#' followed by a single space.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: SetCommentEnd,  Next: SetLine,  Prev: SetCommentStart,  Up: editfiles

4.18.77 SetCommentEnd  QUOTED-STRING
------------------------------------

Specify which string should be used for ending a comment using the
commands `CommentLineMatching' and `CommentLineStarting'. The default
is the empty string. For example, you could make C style comments by
setting CommentStart to `/*' and comment end to `*/'.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: SetLine,  Next: SetScript,  Prev: SetCommentEnd,  Up: editfiles

4.18.78 SetLine QUOTED-STRING
-----------------------------

Sets a current line value which can be appended using
`AppendIfNoLineMatching' using a regular expression.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: SetScript,  Next: SlashCommentLinesContaining,  Prev: SetLine,  Up: editfiles

4.18.79 SetScript QUOTED-STRING
-------------------------------

Sets the name of a user-supplied script for editing the current file.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: SlashCommentLinesContaining,  Next: SlashCommentLinesMatching,  Prev: SetScript,  Up: editfiles

4.18.80 SlashCommentLinesContaining QUOTED-STRING
-------------------------------------------------

Add a `//' to the start of any line containing the quoted string.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: SlashCommentLinesMatching,  Next: SlashCommentLinesStarting,  Prev: SlashCommentLinesContaining,  Up: editfiles

4.18.81 SlashCommentLinesMatching QUOTED-REGEX
----------------------------------------------

Add a `//' to the start of any line exactly matching the quoted regular
expression.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: SlashCommentLinesStarting,  Next: SplitOn,  Prev: SlashCommentLinesMatching,  Up: editfiles

4.18.82 SlashCommentLinesStarting QUOTED-STRING
-----------------------------------------------

Add a `//' to the start of any line starting with the quoted string.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: SplitOn,  Next: SysLog,  Prev: SlashCommentLinesStarting,  Up: editfiles

4.18.83 SplitOn QUOTED-STRING
-----------------------------

This defines a single character which is to be interpreted as a field
separator for editing files with columns. The default value for this is
`:', as is used in the password and group files.  It is used in
conjunction with `ReplaceLinesMatchingField'.  Note, be careful not to
confuse this with the `EditSplit' character.  


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: SysLog,  Next: Umask,  Prev: SplitOn,  Up: editfiles

4.18.84 Syslog QUOTED-STRING
----------------------------

Set to true or false, on or off to set inform level for this file.
Default is off.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: Umask,  Next: UnCommentLinesContaining,  Prev: SysLog,  Up: editfiles

4.18.85 Umask QUOTE MODE
------------------------

Set local umask for file creation and script execution.  


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: UnCommentLinesContaining,  Next: UnCommentLinesMatching,  Prev: Umask,  Up: editfiles

4.18.86 UnCommentLinesContaining  QUOTED-STRING
-----------------------------------------------

Uncomment all lines in file containing the quoted string as a
substring. The comment delimiters are assumed to be those set using
SetCommentStart and SetCommentEnd.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: UnCommentLinesMatching,  Next: UnCommentsNLines,  Prev: UnCommentLinesContaining,  Up: editfiles

4.18.87 UnCommentLinesMatching  QUOTED-REGEX
--------------------------------------------

Uncomment all lines in file matching the quoted regular expression.  The
comment delimiters are assumed to be those set using SetCommentStart and
SetCommentEnd.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: UnCommentsNLines,  Next: UnCommentToLineMatching,  Prev: UnCommentLinesMatching,  Up: editfiles

4.18.88 UnCommentNLines QUOTED-STRING
-------------------------------------

Uncomments N lines starting from the current position, using the
currently defined method for commenting. Note that the comment start
and end symbols are removed independently, i.e.  they are not matched,
so that a comment may be spread over several lines. e.g. If using C
style `/*' and `*/' comments, the command `UnCommentNLines "3"' would
uncomment

      /* 1 */
      /* 2 */
      /* 3 */
   and also

      /* 1
         2
         3 */


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: UnCommentToLineMatching,  Next: UnsetAbort,  Prev: UnCommentsNLines,  Up: editfiles

4.18.89 UnCommentToLineMatching QUOTED-STRING
---------------------------------------------

Uncomments from the current position up to and including the first line
matching the named regular expression.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: UnsetAbort,  Next: UseShell,  Prev: UnCommentToLineMatching,  Up: editfiles

4.18.90 UnsetAbort  QUOTED-STRING
---------------------------------

Switches off the feature `AbortAtLineMatching'.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: UseShell,  Next: WarnIfFileMissing,  Prev: UnsetAbort,  Up: editfiles

4.18.91 UseShell "false"
------------------------

Normally cfengine uses a shell based exec function to run scripts
during editing. This involves the inheritance of environment variables
and path, which carries with it an inherent security risk. Setting this
value to false causes execution to execute without an encapsulating
shell.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: WarnIfFileMissing,  Next: WarnIfLineContaining,  Prev: UseShell,  Up: editfiles

4.18.92 WarnIfFileMissing QUOTED-STRING
---------------------------------------

If the file to be edited does not exist, a visible alert is issued.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: WarnIfLineContaining,  Next: WarnIfLineMatching,  Prev: WarnIfFileMissing,  Up: editfiles

4.18.93 WarnIfLineContaining QUOTED-STRING
------------------------------------------

Issue a warning if the quoted string is found as a substring of one or
more lines in the file.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: WarnIfLineMatching,  Next: WarnIfLineStarting,  Prev: WarnIfLineContaining,  Up: editfiles

4.18.94 WarnIfLineMatching QUOTED-REGEX
---------------------------------------

Issue a warning if the quoted regular expression matches one or more
lines in the file.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: WarnIfLineStarting,  Next: WarnIfNoLineContaining,  Prev: WarnIfLineMatching,  Up: editfiles

4.18.95 WarnIfLineStarting QUOTED-STRING
----------------------------------------

Issue a warning if the quoted string matches the start of one or more
lines in the file.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: WarnIfNoLineContaining,  Next: WarnIfNoLineMatching,  Prev: WarnIfLineStarting,  Up: editfiles

4.18.96 WarnIfNoLineContaining QUOTED-STRING
--------------------------------------------

Issue a warning if the quoted string is not contained in one or more
lines in the file.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: WarnIfNoLineMatching,  Next: WarnIfNoLineStarting,  Prev: WarnIfNoLineContaining,  Up: editfiles

4.18.97 WarnIfNoLineMatching REG-EX
-----------------------------------

Issue a warning if the quoted regular expression does not match one or
more lines in the file.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: WarnIfNoLineStarting,  Next: WarnIfNoSuchLine,  Prev: WarnIfNoLineMatching,  Up: editfiles

4.18.98 WarnIfNoLineStarting QUOTED-STRING
------------------------------------------

Issue a warning if the quoted string is not found at the start of one
or more lines in the file.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: WarnIfNoSuchLine,  Prev: WarnIfNoLineStarting,  Up: editfiles

4.18.99 WarnIfNoSuchLine QUOTED-REGEX
-------------------------------------

Issue a warning if the quoted regular expression does not match one or
more lines in the file.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: Editfiles on Binary Files,  Next: files,  Prev: editfiles,  Up: Cfagent reference

4.19 Editfiles on Binary Files
==============================

A limited number of operations can also be performed on purely binary
files, e.g.  compiled programs, in order to search for strings or viral
code, or to modify strings within a program. Binary mode is a mutually
exclusive, separate mode to normal editing. The limit on the size of
binary files is set by `editbinaryfilesize' in `control'.

   * ReplaceAll REGEX With LITERAL

     Replaces occurrences of the matched regular expression with\ the
     provided literal text, only if the length of the literal substitute
     is less than or equal to the length of the located string. If the
     replacement string is shorter, it is padded with ascii spaces
     (character 32) by default.  The padding character can be changed
     by setting `BinaryPaddingChar' in `control'.  Padding with a null
     byte would lead to corruption of text within a program.

   * WarnIfContainsString REGEX/LITERAL Yields a warning if the literal
     string or regular expression matches.  Cfengine first attempts a
     literal match and then a regular expression match.

   * WarnIfContainsFile FILENAME Yields a warning if the contents of
     the named file exactly match part of the file which is being
     edited. This can be used to search for binary data which cannot be
     typed directly into the cfengine program, e.g. virus signatures.



File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: files,  Next: filters,  Prev: Editfiles on Binary Files,  Up: Cfagent reference

4.20 files
==========

The `files' facility allows you to touch (create), check for the
existence, owner and permissions of files, change the permissions and
test for setuid root programs.

* Menu:

* Syntax::
* Recursion::
* Directory permissions::
* Checksums and change management::
* home directive::
* Owner and group wildcards::
* Files linkchildren::
* touch::
* create::


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: Syntax,  Next: Recursion,  Prev: files,  Up: files

4.20.1 Syntax
-------------

A files-statement can have several options.  We can begin by examining
the form of the statement in pseudo-code:

       files:

          CLASSES::

             /FILE-OBJECT
                               mode=MODE
                               owner=UID-LIST
                               group=GID-LIST
                               action=FIXALL/OTHER-OPTIONS/warnall
                               links=false/stop/TRAVERSE/FOLLOW/TIDY
                               rxdirs=true/on/FALSE/OFF

                               ignore=PATTERN
                               include=PATTERN
                               exclude=PATTERN
                               filter=FILTER ALIAS
                               xdev=TRUE/ON/false/off

                               define=CLASSLIST
                               elsedefine=CLASSLIST

                               checksum=MD5/SHA/BEST
                               syslog=TRUE/ON/false/off
                               inform=TRUE/ON/false/off

                               audit=TRUE/ON/FALSE/OFF

                               ifelapsed=MINS
                               expireafter=MINS

          SPECIAL OS FLAGS:
                               flags=BSD FLAGS

An example would be the following:

        any::

           /var/spool/printQ  mode=0775  r=0 o=daemon g=daemon  act=fixdirs

The meaning of these item is sketched out below and becomes clearer on
looking at a number of examples.  Note that, each of the options below
can be written in either upper or lower case and abbreviated by any
unique abbreviation.  

`/FILE-OBJECT'
     This is the only obligatory part of a file action. This may be a
     single file or a directory.  If it is a directory then it indicates
     where does the file search should begin.  The recursion specifier
     may be used to force cfengine to descend into subdirectories in a
     controlled fashion, starting from this point, checking files there
     also.  The wildcard `home' may also be used.  *Note home
     directive::.

     A file object is interpreted as a directory if you write it in the
     following form: `/directory-path/.'. i.e. a trailing dot signifies
     a directory. This then becomes the same as the `directory' command.  

`mode=MODESTRING'
     Specifies what the allowed permissions for files are.  If cfengine
     finds that a file's mode is incorrect, the value of the `action'
     option determines what will be done about it.  The modestring
     should consist of either a three digit octal numbers with `+', `-'
     or `=' symbols, or a text string like that used by the command
     `chmod'.  For instance: `mode=u=rwx,og+rx' would mean set the
     read/write and execute flags for the user (file owner) and add the
     read/execute flags for others and group bits.  An example of the
     numerical form might be `-002' which would mean that the
     read-for-others flag should either not be set or should be unset,
     depending on the action you choose.  `+2000' would mean that the
     setgid flag should be present or set, depending on the action.
     `+2000,-002' would be a combination of these.  The `=' sign sets
     to an absolute value, so `=755' would set the file mode to mode
     755.

`flags=BSD FLAGS'
     The free BSD Unices have additional filesystem flags which can be
     seton files.  Refer to the BSD `chflags' documentation for this.
     For example,


             /tmp/flags.01  mode=0600 owner=0 group=0
                            flags=uappnd,uchg,uunlnk,nodump,opaque,sappnd,schg,sunlnk
                            action=touch

`recurse=NUMBER/INF'
     This specifier tells cfengine whether or not to recurse into
     subdirectories.  If the value is zero, only the named file or
     directory is affected.  If the value is 1, it will open at most
     one level of subdirectory and affect the files within this scope.
     If the value is `inf' then cfengine opens all subdirectories and
     files beginning from the specified filename.*Note Recursion::.

`owner=OWNER LIST'
     This is a list of allowed owners, or uids by number, separated by
     commas.  For example `root,2,3,sysadm'.  In cases where you ask
     cfengine to fix the ownership automatically, the owner will be set
     to the first recogized owner in the list if and only if it is not
     one of the named uids in the list.

`group=GROUP LIST'
     This is a list of allowed groups, or gids by number, separated by
     commas.  For example `wheel,2,3,sysadm'.  In cases where you ask
     cfengine to fix the ownership automatically, the group will be set
     to the first recognized group in the list if and only if it is not
     one of the named gids in the list.

`action=ACTION'
     The action is one of the following keywords.

          warnall warndirs warnplain
           fixall fixdirs fixplain
          touch linkchildren create compress alert

     The upper line results only in warnings being issued.  The actions
     beginning `fix' prompt cfengine to fix encountered problems without
     bothering the user.  No message is issued unless in verbose mode.
     The special features on the third line will be explained
     separately.  Alert is like `-print' in the find command, it
     triggers on the existence of files which have not been ignored,
     excluded or filtered. This should normally be used together
     `filter', in order to locate files of particular types.

`include=WILDCARD/PATTERN'
     You can include this option several times to specify specific
     patterns which are to be included in the search. Once you specify
     one pattern you exclude all files not matching at least one of the
     patterns. The case be useful for restricting a search, or for
     modifying the permissions of only certain files.  

`exclude=WILDCARD/PATTERN'
     You can include this option several times to specify specific
     patterns which are to be excluded from the search. This overrides
     any patterns given in the `include=' list.  

`ignore'
     This works like the global ignore directive but here you may
     provide a private list of ignorable directories and files.  Unlike
     include, exclude this affects the way cfengine parses directory
     trees.

`links=STOP/TRAVERSE/TIDY'
     Normally cfengine does not descend into subdirectories which are
     pointed to by symbolic links.  If you wish to force it to do so
     (without using the `-l' command line option) you may give this
     option the value `true', or `traverse', or `follow'.  To specify no
     recursion you set the value `false' or `stop'.  Note that the
     value set here in the cfengine program _always overrides_ the
     value set by the `-l' command line option, so you can protect
     certain actions from this command line option by specifying a
     negative value here.  If you specify no value here, the behaviour
     is determined by what you specify on the command line.

     The value `links=tidy' has the same effect as the `-L' command
     line option except that here it may be specified per item rather
     than globally.  Setting this value causes links which point to
     non-existent files to be deleted.  

     If the warn directive is used (for directories, plain files or
     both) then only a warning message is issued if the file being
     tested does not match the specification given.  If the fix
     directives are used then cfengine does not issue a warning, it
     simply fixes the value silently.  Non-existent files are created
     by the `touch' command.  A directory may be touched (created) by
     writing the filename `/a/b/c/.' with a dot as the last character.
     (This may also be achieved with the `directories' directive, *Note
     directories::.)

`define=CLASSLIST'
     If a file operation results in action being taken to fix a file,
     the colon, comma or dot separated list of classes becomes defined.
     Warnings do not activate the classes.

`checksum=MD5/SHA/BEST'
     If set this option causes cfengine to add a checksum for the named
     file to a database. Changes in the value of this checksum are then
     warned as a security issue. This should normally only be used to
     monitor binary files which one would not expect to change often.
     Note also that the use of this option can mean a significant
     performance penalty. If the value `best' is used for this option
     then the best known pair of checksum methods are cross-checked for
     each file. (The best value are determined by the algorithms
     supported in the OpenSSL interfaces used to compile the program).

     If `ChecksumUpdates' is set, then security warning messages are
     issued only once and the value in the database is then changed to
     the new value of the file automatically i.e. the behaviour is
     similar to that of setuid root program detection, *Note
     ChecksumPurge::.  Also, *Note ChecksumUpdates::.  

`xdev'
     Prevents cfengine from descending into file systems that are not
     on the same device as the root of the rescurion path.  

`rxdirs'
     If true (the default) cfengine assumes that a directory that is
     readable should also have its execute flag set, allowing users to
     enter it and perform directory browsing.  If false, cfengine will
     not make this assumption. Note that if set to false, it will
     affect recursive file checks. Thus setting to false with `mode=644
     recurse=true' could lead to unintended permissions on directories.

   The default values are `mode=+000', `recurse=0', `action=warnall'
and any owner or group is acceptable.  The default for `links' is to
not traverse links unless the `-l' option is set on the command line.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: Recursion,  Next: Directory permissions,  Prev: Syntax,  Up: files

4.20.2 Recursion
----------------

The recursion specifier tells cfengine what to do, starting from
`/directory name'.  A value of `r=0' means `no recursion' and any
checking is limited only to the named file or directory.  A value of
`r=inf' implies unlimited recursion.  Cfengine then descends into all
subdirectories checking or setting the permissions of files until it
`bottoms out' at a plain file.  A value such as `R=4' means descend
recursively into subdirectories, but no more than four levels.  This is
a useful safety net in preventing unforeseen accidents.  A recursive
search also bottoms out on device boundaries and symbolic links
(provided the `-l' option is not used).  


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: Directory permissions,  Next: Checksums and change management,  Prev: Recursion,  Up: files

4.20.3 Directory permissions
----------------------------

When you specify the permissions for a whole file tree, using the
recursion specifier it is awkward to have to remember that directories
must be executable.  cfengine will do this for you automatically.  If
you specify that a file tree is to have a read flag set, cfengine will
ensure that the corresponding execute flag is also set for directories
which live in the tree.  So the command

     files:

       myclass::

           /dir  mode=a+rw r=inf fixall

would set all plain files to mode 644 and all directories to 755, that
is read/write for everyone on plain files and read/write/execute for
everyone on directories.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: Checksums and change management,  Next: home directive,  Prev: Directory permissions,  Up: files

4.20.4 Checksums and change management
--------------------------------------

Integrity checks are a good way of detecting tampering with a system,
or simply for monitoring upgrades that happen as a result of software
unrelated to cfengine. The `checksum' option asks cfengine to compute
and cache the value of the cryptographic checksum of the named file.

     files:

       /my/file

        checksum=best
        action=warnall
   The checksum type can be `md5', `sha' or `best'.  The option best
cross checks the best two available algorithms.  At present cfengine is
waiting for improvements to the OpenSSL library supporting sha2
algorithms.

   Once a value has been computed and placed in the database each new
computation will be checked against the old one. Any change will lead
to a mismatch and the following will happen:

   * A warning is printed about the change

   * As of 2.2.8 a class called `checksum_alerts' will be defined,
     indicating that a change has occurred. This can be used to trigger
     followup actions. The class is a persistant class that lasts for
     60 minutes.

   * If ChecksumUpdates is set to true, the new value will replace the
     old in the database


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: home directive,  Next: Owner and group wildcards,  Prev: Checksums and change management,  Up: files

4.20.5 `home' directive
-----------------------

If you want to check the files of all the users who have their login
areas on the current host, you can use a wildcard directive `home'
instead of a directory name.  In this case the file action iterates over
all home directories physically on the current host.  The home
directories are, of course, located by searching for files which match

     $(mountpattern)/$(homepattern)

i.e.  the values which are specified in the `control' part of the
program.  For example the following line is a very useful service to
ignorant users.

     files:

       any::

         home mode=o-w r=inf act=fixall

It ensures automatically that no user has files which can be written to
by other arbitrary users.

   As a corollary to this, you may write something like


       any::

          home/www mode=a+r fixall

to specify a special subdirectory of every users' home directory.  This
statement would check that all of the files in users' world wide web
directories were readable for everyone.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: Owner and group wildcards,  Next: Files linkchildren,  Prev: home directive,  Up: files

4.20.6 Owner and group wildcards
--------------------------------

If you do not want to explicitly state the owner or group of a file you
may simply omit the group or owner options.


       /FILE-OBJECT m=0664 r=inf
   This example generate a warning if any files under the named
directory do not have permission read/write for all users.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: Files linkchildren,  Next: touch,  Prev: Owner and group wildcards,  Up: files

4.20.7 Files linkchildren
-------------------------

The `linkchildren' facility is almost identical to that already
described under `links'.  *Note Link Children::.  The only difference
here is that the ownership and permissions on the links are set all in
one operation.  For example:

     MYCLASS::

        /local/lib/emacs m=0770 o=me g=mygroup act=linkchildren


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: touch,  Next: create,  Prev: Files linkchildren,  Up: files

4.20.8 touch
------------

The `touch' facility creates a new file with the specified permissions
and ownership, or corrects the permissions and ownership of an existing
file, in addition to updating the time stamps.

     MYCLASS::

        /NEWFILE mode=0644 action=touch


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: create,  Prev: touch,  Up: files

4.20.9 create
-------------

This is like `touch' except that an existing file's time stamps,
permissions and ownership will not be modified if the file already
exists. If the file does not exist, the attributes are set to the
values specified, or to the default values of `0644'.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: filters,  Next: groups,  Prev: files,  Up: Cfagent reference

4.21 filters
============

A filter is a way of selecting or pruning during a search over files or
processes. Since filter rules could apply to several objects, cfengine
allows you to define filter conditions as separate objects to be
applied in different contexts.

   Filter objects can be used in `copy', `editfiles', `files', `tidy'
and `processes'. In most cases one writes

     .. filter=<i>filteralias</i>
   in the appropriate command. The exception is `editfiles', where the
syntax is

     {
     ..
     Filter "filteralias"
     ..
     }
   Example:


     files:

      /tmp filter=testfilteralias action=alert r=inf

   Filters are defined in a separate section. Filters for files and
processes are defined together. They differ only in the criteria they
contain. Here is are examples of file filters:

     Filters:

       { filteralias1

       Owner:     "mark|cell|motd"
       Group:     "ecg|mark"
       Mode:      "700"

       FromCtime: "date(2000,1,1,0,0,0)"    # absolute date
       ToCtime:   "now"

       FromMtime: "tminus(1,0,0,2,30,0)"    # relative "ago" from now
       ToMtime:   "inf"                     # end of time

       FromAtime: "date(1997,2,22,0,0,0)"
       ToAtime:   "inf"

       FromSize:  "10000"                   # File size interval
       ToSize:    "10mb"

       ExecRegex: "/usr/bin/file $(this) (.*ascii.*)"# Result from "files" command

       Type:      "dir|link"                # reg|link|dir|socket|fifo|door|char|block

       NameRegex: ".*.asc"                  # regex matching file name

       IsSymLinkTo: "/dev/null"             # True if file is a link to object name regex

       Result:    "Type"                    # Result which shouldbe returned

       }

      #########################################

       { testfilteralias2

       ExecProgram: "/bin/ls $(this)"       # True if the program returns true. $(this) is the current object
       }

      #########################################

       { testfilteralias3

       Owner: "mark"
       }

   Filters are evaluated like classes. In fact, the filtering works by
evaluating the class attributes for each file.

   File filters:

`Owner:'
     and Group can use numerical id's or names, or ```none''' for users
     or groups which are undefined in the system passwd/group file.

`'
     Mode: applies only to file objects. It shares syntax with the
     `mode=' strings in the files command. This test returns true if
     the bits which are specified as `should be set' are indeed set,
     and those which are specified as `should not be set' are not set.

`Atime:,Ctime:,Mtime:'
     apply only to file objects.  These specify ranges From and To. If
     the file's time stamps lie in the specified range, this returns
     true. Times are specfied by a six component vector

          (year,month,day,hour,minutes,seconds)
     This may be evaluated as two functions: date() or tminus() which
     give absolute times and times relative to the current time
     respectively.  In addition, the words now and inf may be used.
     e.g.

            FromCtime: "date(2000,1,1,0,0,0)"   # absolute date
            ToCtime:   "now"

            FromMtime: "tminus(1,0,0,2,30,0)"     # relative "ago" from now
            ToMtime:   "inf"                     # end of time

`Type:'
     applies only to file objects may be a list of file types which are
     to be matched. The list should be separated by the OR symbol `|',
     since these types are mutually exclusive. The possible values are
     currently

          file|reg|link|dir|socket|fifo|door|char|block
     Note that `file' and `reg' are synonymous.

`ExecRegex:'
     matches the test string against the output of the specified
     command.

`NameRegex:'
     matches the name of the file with a regular expression.

`IsSymLinkTo:'
     applies only when the file object $(this) is a symbolic link. It
     is true if the regular expression matches the contents of the link.

`ExecProgram:'
     matches if the command returns successfully (with return code 0).
     Note that this feature introduces an implicit dependency on the
     command being called. This might be exploitable as a security
     weakness by advanced intruders.

`Result:'
     specifies the way in which the above elements are combined into a
     single filter.

   Process filters:

`Owner'
     process owner UID (quoted regex)

`PID:'
     process ID (quoted regex)

`PPID:'
     parent process ID (quoted regex)

`PGID:'
     process group ID (quoted regex)

`RSize:'
     resident size (quoted regex)

`VSize:'
     virtual memory size (quoted regex)

`Status:'
     status (quoted regex)

`Command:'
     CMD or COMMAND fields (quoted regex)

`(From/To)TTime:'
     Total elasped time in TIME field (accumulated time)

`(From/To)STime:'
     Starting time for process in STIME or START field (accumulated
     time)

`TTY:'
     terminal type, or none (quoted regex)

`Priority:'
     PRI or NI field (quoted regex)

`Threads:'
     NLWP field for SVR4 (quoted regex)

`Result:'
     logical combination of above returned by filter (quoted regex)
   Examples: processes started between 18th Nov 2000 and now.

       { filteralias

       FromSTime: "date(2000,11,18,0,0,0)"
       ToSTime:   "now"
       }
   All processes which have accumulated between 1 and 20 hours of CPU
time.

       { filteralias

       FromTTime:  "accumulated(0,0,0,1,0,0)"
       ToTTime:    "accumulated(0,0,0,20,0,0)"
       }

* Menu:

* Complete filter examples::


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: Complete filter examples,  Prev: filters,  Up: filters

4.21.1 Complete filter examples
-------------------------------

Here is an example filter to search for all files which are either
directories or links, or any kind of file owned by mark, in group
cfengine.


     control:

      actionsequence = ( files )

     files:

      /tmp       filter=testfilteralias action=alert r=inf
      /cfengine  filter=testfilteralias action=fixall r=inf mode=644

     filters:

       { testfilteralias

       Owner:     "mark"
       Group:     "cfengine"
       Type:      "dir|link"

       Result:    "Type|(Owner.Group)"  # Both owner AND group required correct
       }
   Find all ELF executables using data from the Unix `file' command.
Caution, this takes a long time if used indescriminately.


     control:

      actionsequence = ( files )

     files:

      /tmp       filter=testfilteralias action=alert r=inf
      /cfengine  filter=testfilteralias action=fixall r=inf mode=644

     filters:

       { testfilteralias

       ExecRegex: "/bin/file (.*ELF.*)"

       Result: "ExecRegex"
       }
   Here is an example which warns of any process coupled to a terminal
started in November:

     control:

      actionsequence = ( processes )

     filters:

       { filteralias
       FromSTime: "date(2000,11,0,0,0,0)"
       ToSTime:   "date(2000,11,30,0,0,0)"
       TTY: ".*pt.*"
       Result: "TTY.STime"
       }

     processes:

      "." filter=filteralias action=warn


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: groups,  Next: homeservers,  Prev: filters,  Up: Cfagent reference

4.22 groups/classes
===================

The `groups' action (equivalently referred to as `classes' as of
version 1.4.0) is used to define classes which stand for groups of
hosts.  If you use the NIS (network information service) facility for
defining _netgroups_ then this idea will already be familiar to you and
you can probably use your already-defined netgroups in cfengine.  

   To define a group, you simply make a list and assign it a name.
Here is an example of the syntax:


     groups:

       ANDed_class::

         science = ( saga tor odin )

         packages = ( saga )

         AllHomeServers   = ( saga )
         AllBinaryServers = ( saga )

         OIH_servers = ( saga )
         OIH_clients = ( tor odin )

         notthis = ( !this )

         ip_in_range = ( IPRange(129.0.0.1-15) )  # host is in ip address range
         ip_in_range = ( IPRange(129.0.0.1/24) )  # host is in ip address range (CIDR notation)

         compute_nodes = ( HostRange(cpu-,1-32) ) # host name in the cpu-01 through cpu-32 range
   
To include a list of hosts from a NIS netgroup, you use the `+' symbol,
or the `+@' construction.  For example:


     groups:

        science = ( +science-allhosts )

        physics = ( +physics-allhosts )

        physics_theory = ( +@physics-theory-sun4 dirac feynman schwinger )

Using an enormous netgroup does not use up any space.  A group
declaration results in the storage of only the class name regardless of
how many hosts are in the list.  The rule is that the left hand side of
the assignment becomes defined (true) if the list on the right hand side
includes the host which is parsing the file -- i.e.  `$(host)'.

   In some cases your netgroups will not correspond exactly to the list
you want, but it might be more convenient to use a netgroup _except_
for certain hosts.  You can `undefine' or remove hosts from the netgroup
list by using the minus `-' symbol.  For example:


     group = ( +mynetgroup -specialhost -otherhost )

which means, of course, all hosts in netgroup `mynetgroup' except for
`specialhost' and `otherhost'.  Finally, you may also subtract two
netgroups in the following manner.

     group = ( +bignetgroup -smallnetgroup )

The `minus' command effectively eliminates its members from
`bignetgroup' if they exist within that group.  If none of the hosts in
`smallnetgroup' exist in `bignetgroup' then the command has no effect.

   Groups may contain previously defined cfengine groups too. This
allows one class to inherit the attributes of another class, for
instance:


       AllSun4Hosts   = ( sonny sunny solar stella )
       AllUltrixHosts = ( ully olly wally golly )

       AllBSD = ( AllSun4Hosts AllUltrixHosts )

The classes on the right hand side are effectively ORed together into
the left hand side.  This enables complex classes to be constructed from
several other basic classes, e.g.


       SpecialTimes = ( Hr00 Monday Day1 )

which evaluates to true every day when it between 00:00 hours and 00:59,
all day Monday and all day on the first day of every month.

   If you apply a class predicate before a definition then the result
is effectively the AND of the classes:


      Hr00::

       SpecialTime = ( Monday Tuesday )
   defines `SpecialTime' at Hr00 on Monday or Tuesday.

   Finally, you can define groups (strictly classes) by the result of a
shell command. A shell command or program is deemed to be `true' if it
exits with a status of zero, i.e. it calls `exit(0)'. Any other value
is taken to be false. You can include shell commands as the members of
groups in order to define classes based on the outcomes of your own
scripts by enclosing the script in single or double quotes:


        have_cc = ( '/bin/test -f /usr/ucb/cc' )

The class `have_cc' will then be defined if the shell command returns
true. Of course, you can put any script or program in the single quotes
as long as they adhere to the convention that zero exit status means
true.  If you have several members which are shell commands, then the
effect is to make the class the logical OR of the scripts' results.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: homeservers,  Next: ignore,  Prev: groups,  Up: Cfagent reference

4.23 homeservers
================

The `homeservers' declaration need only be used if you are using
cfengine's model for mounting NFS filesystems.  This declaration informs
hosts of which other hosts on the network possess filesystems containing
home directories (login areas) which client hosts should mount.

   A sample homeserver declaration looks like this:


     homeservers:

        Physics::  einstein
        Math::     riemann euler

The meaning of this declaration is the following.  Any host which finds
itself to be a member of the classes on the left hand side of the
assignment need to mount all home directory resources from the hosts on
the right hand side of the assignment.  The pattern variable
`homepattern' is used to determine which resources are home directories
in the list of `mountables'.  *Note mountables::.

   Let us consider an example in which `homepattern' is set to the
wildcard value `home?' and the mountables list is given by

     mountables:

        einstein:/mysite/einstein/home1
        einstein:/mysite/einstein/home2  mountoptions=soft,bg,intr,rsize=8192,wsize=8192
        riemann:/mysite/riemann/local    readonly=true
        euler:/mysite/euler/home1
   
   Any host in the group `Physics' would now want to mount all home
directories from the host `einstein'.  There are two of these.  Both
the filesystems listed for `einstein' match the `homepattern' variable
since they end in `home?'.  cfengine would therefore take this to mean
that all hosts in `Physics' should mount both of these filesystems.

   Hosts in `Math', on the other hand, should mount only
homedirectories from the hosts `riemann' and `euler'.  There is only a
single filesystem on `riemann' and it does not match `homepattern', so
it is not mounted.  On `euler' there is a match, so this filesystem
will be added to the appropriate hosts.

   _Cfengine picks out home directory resources from the `mountables'
list by trying to match the `homepattern' variable, starting from the
end of the directory name.  You do not therefore have to use the
designation `/site/host/home?'  but this is a simple choice and is
highly recommended._


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: ignore,  Next: import,  Prev: homeservers,  Up: Cfagent reference

4.24 ignore
===========

When you specify a recursive search as part of a `files', `tidy' or
`copy' action, you would sometimes like to exclude certain directories
from the list of sub directories.  In most cases you will want to do
this on a per-command basis (see the pages for these actions
separately), but you can also make a global ignore list.  This can be
accomplished by adding the directory to the ignore-list.  The syntax is


       ignore:

          WILDCARDS/DIRECTORIES/FILENAMES

   For example: 


     ignore:

        any::

           #
           # Prevent tidying .X11 directories in /tmp where
           # window managers write semaphores
           #

           .X11

           #
           # Don't tidy emacs locks
           #

           !*
           /local/lib/gnu/emacs/lock/
           /local/tmp
           /local/bin/top
           /local/lib/tex/fonts
           /local/etc
           /local/www
           /local/mutils/etc/finger.log

None of the above directories will be checked or entered during
recursive descents unless a specific command is initiated to search
those directories with their names as the top of the search tree.  

   A handy tip if you are tidying `/tmp' recursively is to include the
directory `.X11' here.  This directory is used by the X-windows system
and deleting it while a window manager has an open session can cause
the user some trouble.

   Ignore refers to all recursive searches in tidy, files, copy and
links.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: import,  Next: interfaces,  Prev: ignore,  Up: Cfagent reference

4.25 import
===========

To break up a large configuration file into smaller files you can use
the include directive.  This conditionally reads in files if the class
on the left hand side of the assignment matches the host parsing the
file.  This enables also a variety of cfengine configuration scripts to
read in a standard set of default settings.  The syntax of the statement
is:


     import:

        any::

           cf.global_classes


        linux::

           cf.linux_classes

   Note that, if you define variables in an imported file they will not
be defined for operations in their parent files. This because cfengine
reads in all the import files after the main file has been parsed--not
at the place where you call import in your script. This means that
variables or macros defined in imported files are only defined after
the main program. Variables from earlier files are inherited by later
includes, but not _vice-versa_.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: interfaces,  Next: links,  Prev: import,  Up: Cfagent reference

4.26 interfaces
===============


      interfaces:

        CLASSES::

          INTERFACENAME netmask=NETMASK broadcast=BROADCAST

If you have more than one network interface, or you do not wish to use
the default interface name, this section may be used to define further
interfaces to be checked. This feature can replace the older method of
setting netmask and broadcast address in `control:'. If the `netmask'
variable is not set, cfengine ignores the default interface
configuration.  Example:


       interfaces:

         "le1" netmask=255.255.255.0 broadcast=ones
         "le2" netmask=255.255.255.0 broadcast=ones


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: links,  Next: mailserver,  Prev: interfaces,  Up: Cfagent reference

4.27 links
==========

The symbolic links function is one of the greatest plusses in cfengine
as a system administration tool.  It allows you to do two things: check
single links for correctness and consistency (or make them if they do
not exist), and check or make links to every file in a designated
directory.  This latter feature is called multiple linking or linking
children.  The `linkchildren' feature is also available from the
`files' action  *Note files::. The syntax of a link item is:


       FROM-LINK ->[!] TO-OBJECT
      OR
       FROM-LINK +>[!] TO-OBJECT

                 type=symbolic/absolute/abs/HARD/RELATIVE/REL
                 copy=PATTERN
                 recurse=NUMBER/INF/0
                 copytype=CHECKSUM/ctime
                 include=PATTERN
                 exclude=PATTERN
                 ignore=PATTERN
                 action=SILENT
                 deadlinks=kill/FORCE
                 define=CLASSLIST
                 nofile=kill/FORCE
                 syslog=TRUE/ON/FALSE/OFF

                 inform=TRUE/ON/FALSE/OFF
                 audit=TRUE/ON/FALSE/OFF

                 ifelapsed=MINS
                 expireafter=MINS

_The special variable `$(binserver)' can be used in `links'._

* Menu:

* Single links::
* Multiple Links::
* Link Children::
* Relative and absolute links::
* Hard links::


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: Single links,  Next: Multiple Links,  Prev: links,  Up: links

4.27.1 Single links
-------------------

To define a single link, you create an entry of the following form:


     links:

       CLASS::

          LINKNAME -> OBJECT_TO_LINK_TO
          LINKNAME -> ./RELATIVE_LINK
          LINKNAME -> ../RELATIVE_LINK

If links exists and point to their intended destinations then no action
is taken.  If a link exists but points incorrectly then a warning is
issued, unless the pling operator `!' is given, in which case the
correct value is forced.  If the link exists and points to a file which
does not exist a warning is issued unless the command line option `-L'
is used, in which case the link is deleted.  

   Here is an example of some valid link statements.


     links:

       Physics.sun4::

        /usr/local       -> /$(site)/$(host)/local
        /home            -> /$(site)/$(host)/u1
        /etc/sendmail.cf -> /usr/local/mail/etc/global-sendmail.cf

        /usr/lib/sendmail ->! /local/lib/sendmail

cfengine makes any directories which are required leading up to the link
name on the left hand side of the arrow automatically. In the last
example the `pling' forces cfengine to make the link even if a file for
link exists previously. Plain files are saved by appending `.cfsaved'
to the filename, or by moving to a repository, whereas old links are
removed.  The same effect can be enforced globally using the `-E'
option, but only if the program is run interactively. (In this case a
prompt is issued to make sure that you wish to use such a big hammer on
your system!)

   The link operation accepts a number of parameters

`type=HARD/RELATIVE/ABSOLUTE'
     If the link type is hard, a hard link is created *Note Hard
     links::.  Symbolic links may specify two special types. If
     `relative' is selected, and the `to' object is an absolute path
     name, the link name will be rewritten as a pathname relative to
     the source file, using `.' and `..' to move relative to the
     current directory. For instance, a link from `/usr/local/file' to
     `/usr/file' would be linked as `./../file'.  If the `to' object is
     already relative, this has no effect.

     If `absolute' is specified, cfengine will try to resolve the true
     path location of the `to' object, expanding any symbolic links or
     dots in the path name, up to a maximum of four levels of symbolic
     links.

`copy=PATTERN'
     This option can be repeated any number of times to build up a list
     of filenames or wildcards which are to be copied rather than linked
     symbolically. The copy is made on an age-comparison basis. A global
     variable may also be set to invoke this feature *Note copylinks::.
     Directories cannot be copied in this way.

`copytype=CHECKSUM/CTIME'
     This specifies the basis for deciding whether to update a file
     which is to be copied instead of linked *Note copy::.

`nofile=kill/FORCE'
     This decides what happens to links which point to non-existent
     files. The default action is to remove such links, or refuse to
     create them. By setting the FORCE option you can force cfengine to
     make symbolic links to files which do not exist.  This is useful
     for setting up links to filesystems which are not permanently
     mounted.  

`exclude=PATTERN'
     This option can be repeated any number of times to build up a list
     of filenames or wildcards which are to be excluded from the linking
     process. A global variable may also be set to invoke this feature
     *Note excludelinks::.

`ignore'
     This works like the global ignore directive but here you may
     provide a private list of ignorable directories and files.  Unlike
     include, exclude this affects the way cfengine parses directory
     trees.

`recurse=NUMBER/inf'
     This option can only be used with multiple link operations *Note
     Multiple Links::.  If this option is specified, cfengine links
     only non-directory objects. Directories are instead created and
     links within those directories are also created. The value of this
     option specifies the maximum number of levels to which cfengine
     should recursively descend a link tree. `inf' means infinite
     recursion. Cfengine also ignores files and directories in the
     ignore list *Note ignore::.

`define=CLASSLIST'
     If a link is created or replaced, the colon, comma or dot separated
     list of classes becomes defined.


   The final feature of the links facility is connected to the use of
the cfengine model for mounting NFS filesystems.  In particular it
concerns the variable `$(binserver)'.  The easiest way to understand
this feature is to illustrate a couple of examples.  Consider the
following:

     links:

        any::

           /local -> /${site}/${binserver}/local

The result of this command is quite different depending on which host is
executing it.  The variable `$(site)' clearly has a fixed value, but
the variable `$(binserver)' might expand to any valid binary server for
the host executing the program.  *Note binservers::.  The procedure
cfengine adopts is to go through its list of mountables, keeping only
those mountable resources which belong to defined binary servers for
the current host.  It then attempts to match a filesystem by
substituting `$(binserver)' with each of its valid binservers in turn
and it matches the first one binary server which yields an existing
file.

   Note that every host is a binary server for itself, so that the
value of `$(binserver)' which has absolute priority is alway the same
as the value of `$(host)'.  This ensures that the link will always be
made to a local filesystem if the rules of the model are upheld.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: Multiple Links,  Next: Link Children,  Prev: Single links,  Up: links

4.27.2 Multiple Links
---------------------

With the link symbol `+>', you opt to link all of the files in a
directory to corresponding files in another directory.  This procedure
is sometimes useful for installing software.  In the example


     links:

       myclass::

          /usr/local/bin +>  /usr/local/lib/perl/bin
          /opt           +>! /local

every file in the directory `/usr/local/lib/perl/bin' is linked
symbolically to a corresponding file in `/usr/local/bin'. The `pling'
character forces cfengine to replace old links or plain files already
existing. Old links are removed, whereas old files are saved by
appending `.cfsaved' to the filename *Note repository::.  

   Each time cfengine runs it goes through all of the files in the
directory concerned and checks the appropriate link accordingly.  If new
files appear, new links will be added.  If a file disappears but the
link to it remains, a warning will be issued, unless the `-L' command
line option is used, in which case the link is deleted.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: Link Children,  Next: Relative and absolute links,  Prev: Multiple Links,  Up: links

4.27.3 Link Children
--------------------

The linkchildren directive is a closely related to the cfengine model
for NFS filesystems.  It is a way of making links which embodies a
rudimentary kind of `intelligence'.

   Consider the following:

     links:

        any::

           /usr/local/lib/emacs +> linkchildren

The word `linkchildren' automatically tells cfengine that it should
look for an appropriate file to link to on a binary server for the
current host.  The exact meaning of the above statement is as follows.
cfengine begins searching though the list of mountable resources,
discarding any filesystems which do not belong to valid binary servers.
It looks for a filesystem ending in `emacs' (the last link of the left
hand side).  If all is well, these file systems are already mounted and
they can be searched.  If no resource is found ending in `emacs', we go
to the next link `lib' and look for a filesystem ending in `lib'.  If
this is not found we go to `local' and so on.  When a match is made,
cfengine then tries to locate the file by checking whether it exists
relative to the matched filesystem.  For example, suppose `local'
matched with `host:/site/host/local'.  It would then try to locate
`host:/site/host/local/lib/emacs' and link all of the children therein
to the local file directory `/usr/local/lib/emacs'.

   Here is another example which makes reference to the cfengine model
for mounting NFS filesystems.  Suppose you have a host with some spare
disk space.  You want to mount `/usr/local' from the binary architecture
server, but you also want to use the disk you have locally.  The
following lines

     links:

        electron::

           /$(site)/electron/local +> linkchildren

        any::

           /usr/local              -> /$(site)/$(binserver)/local

have the effect of creating a directory `/$(site)/electron/local' and
filling it with links to all of the files and directories on the binary
server's mounted filesystem.  It results in an exact copy (by linkage)
on the local disk, but does not use up your local disk space.  The
space you have remaining could, for example, be used for software with
a special license for that host.  The second link links `/usr/local' to
the `nearest' binary server.  But the nearest binary server is always
`$(host)' which means this evaluates to a file which now exists because
of the first command, so on the host `electron' the directory
`/usr/local' ends up being a link to `/$(site)/electron/local' which is
full of links to the binary server.

   If you've caught your breath after that mouthful you probably have
mixed feelings about creating a bunch of links in this way.  What
happens if the files they point to are removed? Then you are left with
a lot of useless links.  Actually this is no problem for cfengine,
since you can ask cfengine to simply remove links which point to
non-existent files *Note files::.  Nevertheless, this feature clearly
requires some caution and is mainly a spice for advanced users of the
cfengine model.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: Relative and absolute links,  Next: Hard links,  Prev: Link Children,  Up: links

4.27.4 Relative and absolute links
----------------------------------

When specifying symbolic linking, you can ask cfengine to change the
link type to be either relative to the source or to be an absolute
path. What this means is the following. Consider the following link:


        /var/tmp/cfengine -> /local/cfengine

If we add the option `type=relative', then instead of creating a link
which points to `/local/cfengine', the link is created pointing to the
location

       ./../../local/cfengine

In other words, the link is relative to the calling directory
`/var/tmp'.

   If a link is specified as being absolute with the option
`type=absolute', then cfengine attempts to resolve to value of the link
so as to be the true path of the target. If the target name contains a
symbolic link, then this is expanded as far as possible to give the true
path to the file. For example, if `/local' is really a link to
`/site/myhost/local' then the link would point to
`/site/myhost/local/cfengine'.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: Hard links,  Prev: Relative and absolute links,  Up: links

4.27.5 Hard Links
-----------------

Cfengine will also allow you to create hard links to regular files.  A
hard link is in every way identical to the original file, it merely has
a different name (technically, it is a duplicate inode). To create a
hard link you use the link-option `type=hard'. For example:


     links:

        /DIRECTORY/NEWNAME -> /DIRECTORY/OTHERNAME type=hard

Cfengine will not create hard links to directories or other special
files.  This is always a slightly dubious practice and is best avoided
anyway.  POSIX says that the hard link can be on a different device to
the file it points to, but both BSD and System V restrict hard links to
be on the same device as their predecessors. Cfengine has no policy on
this, but--in the theoretical case in which the hard link and the
predecessor were on different file systems--it becomes near impossible
to determine with certainly between a hard link and a very similar
regular file, and thus cfengine issues a warning in verbose mode about
this eventuality.  Provided both link and predecessor are on the same
filesystem cfengine determines the status of hard links by comparing
the device and inode numbers of the file pointed to.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: mailserver,  Next: methods,  Prev: links,  Up: Cfagent reference

4.28 mailserver
===============

The `mailserver' declaration need only be used if you are using
cfengine's model for mounting NFS filesystems.  This declaration informs
hosts of which NFS filesystem contains mail for its users.  All hosts
apart from the mail-host itself must then mount the mail spool directory
across the network.  The declaration looks like this:


     mailserver:

        CLASS::      mailhost:/var/spool/mail

The result of the `mailcheck' command in the action-sequence is now to
mount the filesystem `/var/spool/mail' on the host `mailhost'.  This
action is carried out on any machine which does not already have that
filesystem mounted.  

   The mail spool directory is mounted, by default, onto the official
mail spool directory for the system which is parsing the program.  In
other words, on an HPUX system, the spool directory is mounted on
`/usr/mail' by default, whereas on a Sun system it would be mounted on
`/var/spool/mail'.  The default location can be changed by using the
resource file.  *Note cfrc resource file::.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: methods,  Next: miscmounts,  Prev: mailserver,  Up: Cfagent reference

4.29 methods
============

From version 2.1.0, cfagent provides for the execution of closed
functions or "methods".  Methods are similar to the old idea of modules,
but they are implemented in a way that allows collaboration between
different hosts within a network, using a common standard. Methods must
be cfengine programs however, wheras the module interface can be written
in any script language.

   _Methods are designed to offer a firewall-like proxy interface for
remote method execution. We can call methods a form of `voluntary RPC',
in which hosts execute methods for one another on a purely voluntary
basis. This builds in anti-spamming protection. The principle used is
that hosts should be immune to Denial of Service attacks; they should
only be able to disadvanatge themselves with the attempt._

   (Remote method execution was not implemented until version 2.1.3. It
is still considered experimental and should be tested carefully for
production environments with at least version 2.2.2.  List expansion is
particularly fragile in cfengine 2. This problem cannot be resolved in
version 2, so this should not be reported as a bug.  )

   Methods allow you to call an independent cfengine program, pass it
arguments and classes, and collect the results for use in your main
program. It thus introduces parent-child semantics into cfengine
"imports". A method is more than an import.  (Import is analagous to a C
#include, while a method is like a C function.)  Communication is peer
to peer, by mutual consent. There is no "method server" that executes
methods on remote hosts. Hosts exchange information by invitation only.
This is an unreliable service (in the sense of UDP).

   The order of method exeuction is not guaranteed. This results from
the decoupling between client request and service provision.


       methods:

          CLASS::


           FUNCTION_NAME(PARAMETERS OR NONE)

           action=`filename'

           sendclasses=COMMA SEPARATED CLASS LIST

           returnvars=COMMA SEPARATED VARIABLE LIST OR VOID
           returnclasses=COMMA SEPARATED CLASS LIST

           server=IP-HOST/LOCALHOST/NONE

           forcereplyto=IP ADDRESS

           owner=SETUID
           group=SETGID
           chdir=CD FOR CHILD
           chroot=SANDBOX DIRECTORY
Most of these functions will be familiar from other cfengine
commands. Some special ones are noted below:

`action'
     The name of the method file that should be defined in the modules
     directory of the server host.

`forcereplyto'
     Sometimes nameservice problems (especially with remote devices)
     can lead to confusion about where a method should be sent. The
     caller can therefore declare to the server which address it wants
     the reply to be marked for.

`returnvars'
     Returns the values of the variables to the parent process. This
     acts as an access control list for variable names transmitted by
     the child process. The names returned by the child must match this
     list.

`returnclasses'
     Returns the classes to the parent process, if and only if they are
     defined at the end of the current method. This acts as an access
     control list for class names transmitted by the child process. The
     names returned by the child must match this list.

`sendclasses'
     Transmits the current status of the named classes to the child
     process. In other words, if the listed classes are defined, they
     become defined in the child process, else they remain undefined.
     The class may still be defined in the child by independent local
     definitions.

   If the server is set to `localhost', the method will be evaluated on
the local machine. If the server is set of `none', the method will not
be executed at all.  

   The function arguments may not be empty, but a null value can be
transmitted with a dummy value, e.g. `Function(null)' or
`function(void)'.  Here is an example method call.


      # cfagent.conf

     control:

        actionsequence = ( methods )

     #################################################

     methods:

      any::

        SimpleMethod(null)

           action=cf.simple
           returnvars=null
           returnclasses=null
           server=localhost
   With method file (located in the ModulesDirectory),


      # cf.simple

       control:

         MethodName       = ( SimpleMethod )
         MethodParameters = ( null )
         actionsequence   = ( timezone )


       classes:

          dummy = ( any )

     ####################################################

     alerts:

      dummy::

       "This simple method does nothing"

       ReturnVariables(void)
       ReturnClasses(void)
   On executing this example, the output is:
     nexus$ ./cfagent -f ./cftest
     cfengine:myhost:SimpleMethod: cfengine:nexus: This simple method does nothing

   If the server name is a wildcard, e.g. `*' then this acts as a
multicast or broadcast.

* Menu:

* localhost examples::
* remotehost examples::


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: localhost examples,  Next: remotehost examples,  Prev: methods,  Up: methods

4.29.1 Localhost examples
-------------------------

The following example collects the tar file, unpacks it, configures and
compiles it, then tidies its files.

     ####################################################
     #
     # This is a cfengine file that calls a method.
     # It should be in the usual place for cfinputs
     #
     ####################################################

     control:

        actionsequence = ( methods )

     #####################################################

     methods:

        InstallTar(cfengine-2.1.0b7,/local/gnu)

           action=cf.install
           returnvars=null
           returnclasses=null
           server=localhost
   We must install the method in the trusted modules directory
(normally /var/cfengine/modules or WORKDIR/modules).

     ####################################################
     #
     # This is an example method file, that needs to be
     # in the module directory /var/cfengine/modules
     # since this is the trusted directory
     #
     # e.g. InstallFromTar(cfengine-2.1.0,/usr/local/gnu)
     #
     ####################################################

     control:


      MethodName       = ( InstallTar )
      MethodParameters = ( filename gnuprefix )

      path = ( /usr/local/gnu/bin )


      TrustedWorkDir = ( /tmp )

      TrustedSources = ( /iu/nexus/ud/mark/tmp )
      TrustedSourceServer = ( localhost )

      actionsequence = ( copy editfiles shellcommands tidy )

     ####################################################

     classes:

       Force = ( any )

     ####################################################

     copy:

      $(TrustedSources)/$(filename).tar.gz

         dest=$(TrustedWorkDir)/$(filename).tar.gz
         server=$(TrustedSourceServer)

     ####################################################

     shellcommands:

      "$(path)/tar zxf $(filename).tar.gz"

          chdir=$(TrustedWorkDir)

      "$(TrustedWorkDir)/$(filename)/configure --prefix=$(gnuprefix)"

         chdir=$(TrustedWorkDir)/$(filename)
         define=okay

      okay::

      "$(path)/make"

          chdir=$(TrustedWorkDir)/$(filename)

     ####################################################

     tidy:

       $(TrustedWorkDir) pattern=$(filename) r=inf rmdirs=true age=0


     ####################################################

     #editfiles:
     #
     #{ $(TrustedWorkDir)/$(filename)/configure-opts
     #
     #AppendIfNoSuchLine "Something ???"
     #}

     ####################################################

     alerts:

      Force::

       ReturnVariables(none)
       ReturnClasses(success)

   A more complex example is given below:

       GetAnalysis("${parent1}",param2,ReadFile("/etc/passwd",300))

         # The name of the method that is in modulesdir

         action=cf.methodtest

         # The variables that we get back should be called these names
         # with method name prefix

         returnvars=a,b,c,d

         # This is an access list for returned classes. Classes will
         # only be handed back if they are included here

         returnclasses=define1,define2,class1

         # The host(s) that should execute the method

         server=localhost

         # Only localhost can decide these - not a remote caller
         #    owner=25
         #    group=root
         #    chdir=/var/cfengine
         #    chroot=/tmp
   Here the function being called is the cfengine program
`cf.methodtest'.  It is passed three arguments: the contents of
variable PARENT1, the literal string "param2" and the first 300 bytes
of the file `/etc/passwd'.  On return, if the method gets executed, the
values will be placed in the four variables:

     $(GetAnalysis.a) $(GetAnalysis.b) $(GetAnalysis.c) $(GetAnalysis.d)
   If the classes `define1' etc, are returned by the method, then we
set them also in the main program as
     GetAnalysis_define::
   In other words, the class name is also prefixed with the method name
to distinguish it.  (`returnclasses' works like an access control list
for setting classes, deciding whether or not the main script should
accept the results from the child method.). The remaining options are
as those for executing shell commands, and apply only on the host that
executes the function.

   Both the client and server hosts must have a copy of the same method
declaration. The client should have a non-empty `server=' declaration.
The server side should have no `server=' declaration unless it is
sending the request on recursively to other hosts.  At present only
requests to localhost are allowed, so only there is automatic access to
the rule.

   The cfagent file that contains the method code must have the
following declarations:

   control:

   MethodName       = ( IDENTIFIER )     MethodParameters = ( SPACED
LIST OF RECIPIENT VARIABLES OR FILES )

   # ....

   alerts:

   # Return variables are alerts to parent

   ReturnVariables(COMMA SEPARATED LIST OF VARIABLES OR FUNCTIONS OR
VOID)     ReturnClasses(COMMA SEPARATED LIST OF CLASSES)

   e.g.

     control:

      MethodName       = ( GetAnalysis )
      MethodParameters = ( value1 value2 /tmp/file1 )

      # ....

     alerts:

       # Return variables are alerts to parent

       ReturnVariables("${var1}","${var2}","var3",literal_value)
       ReturnClasses(class1,class2)

   The parameters transmitted by the parent are read into the formal
parameters `value1', `value2' and the the file excerpt is placed in the
temporary file `/tmp/file1'.

   The return classes are passed in their current state to the parent;
i.e. if class1 is defined then it is offered to the parent, but if it
is not defined in the method, it is not passed on. The parent can then
choose to accept or ignore the value.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: remotehost examples,  Prev: localhost examples,  Up: methods

4.29.2 Remote host examples
---------------------------

Methods can also be scheduled for execution on remote hosts.
   * Both hosts must have an identical copy of the method stanza

   * Public keys must be exchanged between the cooperating hosts

   * Access must be granted to `/var/cfengine/rpc_out' in cfservd.

   Remote method execution is the same as local method execution except
for some additional requirements. A list of collaborating peers must be
added to the control section of `update.conf'.  In order the the
requests to be collected automatically, you must have `copy' in the
action sequence of the `update.conf' file.

     control:

      MethodPeers = ( HOSTNAME LIST ) # Must have copy in actionsequence
   This list tells the agent which remote hosts to collaborate with,
i.e.  whom should we contact to look for work that we have promised to
perform?  In order the the requests to be collected automatically, you
must have `copy' in the action sequence of the `update.conf' file.

   For example, to make two hosts collaborate:

     methods:

      host1|host2::

       MethodTest("my test!")

       action=cf.methodtest
       server=host2.iu.hio.no
       returnclasses=null
       returnvars=retval
       ifelapsed=120

   Note that an important aspect of remote method invocation is that
there is only voluntary cooperation between the parties. A reply bundle
from a finished method can collected from a server by the client many
times, causing the classes and variables associated with it to be
defined at regular intervals, controlled by the ifelapsed time. To
avoid multiple actions, you should lock methods or their follow-up
actions with long ifelapsed times. This is a fundamental `feature' of
voluntary cooperation: each party must take responsibilty for the sense
of what it receives from the other. This feature will not be to
everyone's taste, and it is unconventional. However, voluntary
cooperation provides a way of collaborating without trust in a
framework that forces us to confront the security issues directly.  As
such, it is a successful experiment.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: miscmounts,  Next: mountables,  Prev: methods,  Up: Cfagent reference

4.30 miscmounts
===============

If you do not use the cfengine model for statically mounting NFS
filesystems (or if there are filesystems which do not naturally fall
into the bounds of that model) then you can still statically mount
miscellaneous filesystems using a statement of the form:


     miscmounts:

        CLASS::

           INFOHOST:SOURCE-DIRECTORY DESTINATION MODE

           INFOHOST:SOURCE-DIRECTORY DESTINATION mode=MODE

          ifelapsed=MINS expireafter=MINS

For example


        physics::

         # old syntax

           libraryserver:/$(site)/libraryserver/data1
                               /$(site)/libraryserver/data1 ro

         # consistent syntax

           libraryserver:/$(site)/libraryserver/data2
                               /$(site)/libraryserver/data2 mode=ro

           host:/foo /foo mode=rw,bg,hard,intr

This statement would mount the directory `/$(site)/libraryserver/data'
physically attached to host libraryserver onto a directory of the same
name on all hosts in the group `physics'.  The modes `ro' and `rw'
signify read-only and read-write respectively.  If no mode is given,
read-write is assumed.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: mountables,  Next: processes,  Prev: miscmounts,  Up: Cfagent reference

4.31 mountables
===============

The `mountables' declaration need only be used if you are using
cfengine's model for mounting NFS filesystems.  This declaration informs
hosts of what filesystem resources are available for mounting.  This
list is used in conjunction with `binservers' and `homeservers' to
determine which filesystems a given host should mount, according to the
cfengine model.

   The syntax of the list is:

     mountables:

        CLASS::
            "filesystem to mount"
     	   readonly=false/off/TRUE/ON
     	   mountoptions=NFS-OPTIONS
   e.g.


     mountables:

        CLASS::

        server:/site/server/u1
        server:/site/server/local
        linuxhost:/site/linuxhost/local
        linuxhost:/site/linuxhost/u1

Notice that binary and home-directory filesystems are mixed freely here.
Cfengine determines which of the entries are homedirectories using the
`homepattern' variable.  

   Every time you add a disk or a mountable partition to your network,
you should add the partition to the list of mountables.

   _NOTE: This list is read in order, top down.  Cfengine looks for the
first filesystem matching a given binary server when expanding the
variable `$(binserver)', so sometimes the ordering of filesystems
matters._

   This list can be accessed in editfiles, to allow straightforward
configuration of the automounter, using the command
`AutomountDirectResources'.


File: cfengine-Reference.info,  Node: processes,  Next: packages,  Prev: mountables,  Up: Cfagent reference

4.32 processes
==============

Using the processes facility, you can test for the existence of
processes, signal (kill) processes and optionally restart them again.
Cfengine opens a pipe from the system ps command and searches through
the output from this command using regular expressions to match the
lines of output from `ps'.  The regular expression does not have to be
an exact match, only a substring of the process line.  The form of a
process command is

     processes:

       CLASS::

         "QUOTED REGULAR EXPRESSION"

                             restart "SHELL COMMAND"
                             useshell=true/FALSE/DUMB
                             owner=RESTART-UID
                             group=RESTART-GID
                             chroot=DIRECTORY
                             chdir=DIRECTORY
                             umask=MASK

                             signal=SIGNAL NAME
                             matches=NUMBER
                             define=CLASSLIST
                             elsedefine=CLASSLIST

                             action=signal/DO/WARN/BYMATCH
                             include=LITERAL
                             exclude=LITERAL
                             filter=FILTER_NAME

                             syslog=TRUE/ON/FALSE/OFF
                             inform=TRUE/ON/FALSE/OFF
                             audit=TRUE/ON/FALSE/OFF

                             ifelapsed=MINS
                             expireafter=MINS

         SetOptionString "QUOTED OPTION STRING"

   By default, the options sent to ps are "-aux" for BSD systems and
"-ef" for System V.  You can use the `SetOptionString' command to
redefine the option string. Cfengine assumes only that the first
identifiable number on each line is the process identifier for the
processes, so you must not choose options for ps which change this
basic requirement (this is not a problem in practice). Cfengine reads
the output of the ps-command normally only once, and searches through
it in memory. The process table is only re-consulted if
`SetOptionString' is called. The options have the following meanings:

`signal=SIGNAL NAME'
     This option defines the name of a signal which is to be sent to
     all processes matching the quoted regular expression. If this
     option is omitted, no signal is sent. The signal names have the
     usual meanings. The full list, with largely standardized meanings,
     is

             hup       1   hang-up
             int       2   interrupt
             quit      3   quit
             ill       4   illegal instruction
             trap      5   trace trap
             iot       6   iot instruction
             emt       7   emt instruction
             fpe       8   floating point exception
             kill      9   kill signal
             bus      10   bus error
             segv     11   segmentation fault
             sys      12   bad argument to system call
             pipe     13   write to non existent pipe
             alrm     14   alarm clock
             term     15   software termination signal
             urg      16   urgent condition on I/O channel
             stop     17   stop signal (not from tty)
             tstp     18   stop from tty
             cont     19   continue
             chld     20   to parent on child exit/stop
             gttin    21   to readers pgrp upon background tty read
             gttou    22   like TTIN for output if (tp->t_local&LTOSTOP)
             io       23   input/output possible signal
             xcpu     24   exceeded CPU time limit
             xfsz     25   exceeded file size limit
             vtalrm   26   virtual time alarm
             prof     27   profiling time alarm
             winch    28   window changed
             lost     29   resource lost (eg, record-lock lost)
             usr1     30   user defined signal 1
             usr2     31   user defined signal 2
     Note that cfengine will not attempt to signal or restart processes
     0 to 3 on any system since such an attempt could bring down the
     system. The only exception is that the hangup (hup) signal may be
     sent to process 1 (init) which normally forces init to reread its
     terminal configuration files.  

`restart "SHELL COMMAND"'
     Note the syntax: there is no equals sign here.  If the keyword
     `restart' appears, then the next quoted string is interpreted as a
     shell command which is to be executed after any signals have been
     sent.  This command is only issued if the number of processes
     matching the specified regular expression is zero, or if the
     signal sent was signal 9 (sigkill) or 15 (sigterm) , i.e.  the
     normal termination signals.  This could be used to restart a
     daemon for instance. Cfengine executes this command and _waits_
     for its completion so you should normally only use this feature to
     execute non-blocking commands, such as daemons which dissociate
     themselves from the I/O stream and place themselves in the
     background. Some unices leave a hanging pipe on restart (they never
     manage to detect the end of file condition). This occurs on
     POSIX.1 and SVR4 popen calls which use wait4. For some reason they
     fail to find and end-of-file for an exiting child process and go
     into a deadlock trying to read from an already dead process. This
     leaves a zombie behind (the parent daemon process which forked and
     was supposed to exit) though the child continues.  A way around
     this is to use a wrapper script which prints the line
     "cfengine-die" to STDOUT after restarting the process. This causes
     cfengine to close the pipe forcibly and continue.  Cfengine places
     a timeout on the restart process and attempts to clean up zombies,
     but you should be aware of this possibility.  

`owner=,group='
     Sets the process uid and gid (setuid,gid) for processes which are
     restarted. This applies only to cfengine run by root.

`chroot'
     Changes the process root directory of the restarted process,
     creating a `sandbox' which the process cannot escape from. Best
     used together with a change of owner, since a root process can
     break out of such a confinement in principle.

`chdir'
     Change the current working directory of the restarted process.

`useshell=TRUE/FALSE/DUMB'
     When restarting processes, cfengine normally uses a shell to
     interpret and execute the restart command. This has inherent
     security problems associated with it. If you set this option to
     false, cfengine executes restart commands without using a shell.
     This is recommended, but it does mean that you cannot use any
     shell operators or features in the restart command-line.

     Some programs (like cron) do not handle I/O properly when they fork
     their daemon parts, this causes a zombie process and normally
     hangs cfengine. By choosing the value `dumb' for this, cfengine
     ignores all output from a program and does not use a startup shell.
     This prevents programs like cron from hanging cfengine.

`matches=NUMBER'
     This option may be used to set a maximum, minimum or exact number
     of matches. If cfengine doesn't find a number of matches to the
     regular expression which is in accordance with this value it
     signals a warning.  The `<', `>' symbols are used  to specify
     upper and lower limits. For example,

            matches=>6  # warn number of matches is greater than or equal to 6
            matches=1   # warn if not exactly 1 matching process
            matches=<2  # warn if there are less than or equal to 2 matching processes
     
`include=LITERAL'
     Items listed as includes provide an extra level of selection after
     the regular expression matches have been expanded. If you include
     one include option, then only lines containing one or more of the
     literal strings or wildcards will be matched.

`exclude=LITERAL'
     Process lines containing literal strings or wildcards in exclude
     statements are not matched. Excludes are processed after regular
     expression matching and after includes.

`define=CLASSLIST'
     The colon, comma or dot separated list of classes becomes
     activated if the number of regular expression matches is non-zero.

`elsedefine=CLASSLIST'
     The colon, comma or dot separated list of classes becomes
     activated if the number of regular expression matches is zero.

`action=SIGNAL/DO/WARN/BYMATCH'
     The default value of this option is to silently send a signal (if
     one was defined using the `signal' option) to matching processes.
     This is equivalent to setting the value of this parameter to
     `signal' or `do'. If you set this option to `warn', cfengine sends
     no signal, but prints a message detailing the processes which
     match the regular expression.  If the option is set to `bymatch',
     then signals are only sent to the processes if the matches
     criteria fail.  


   Here is an example script which sends the hang-up signal to cron,
forcing it to reread its crontab files:


     processes:

        "cron" signal=hup

Here is a second example which may be used to restart the nameservice
on a Solaris system:


     processes:

        solaris::

            "named" signal=kill restart "/usr/sbin/in.named"

A more complex match could be used to look for processes belonging to a
particular user. Here is a script which kills ftp related processes
belonging to a particular user who is known to spend the whole day
FTP-ing files:


     control:

         actionsequence = ( processes )

       #
       # Set a kill signal here for convenience
       #

         sig = ( kill )

       #
       # Better not find that dumpster here!
       #

         matches = ( 1 )

     processes:

        #
        #  Look for Johnny Mnemonic trying to dump his head, user = jmnemon
        #

        ".*jmnemon.*ftp.*" signal=$(sig) matches=<$(matches) action=$(do)

        # No mercy!

The regular expression `.*' matches any number of characters, so this
command searches for a line containing both the username and something
to do with ftp and sends these processes the kill signal.

   You can arrange for signals to be sent, only if the number of matches
fails the test. The `action=bymatch' option is used for this.  For
instance, to kill process `XXX' only if the number of matches is
greater than 20, one would write:


     processes:

     "XXX" matches=<20  action=bymatch signal=kill

   See also filters *Note filters::, for more complex searches.

