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## Resources

A resource is a special variable, holding a reference to an external resource. Resources are created and used by special functions. See the appendix for a listing of all these functions and the corresponding resource types.

> Note: The resource type was introduced in PHP 4

See also the get_resource_type() function.

### Converting to resource

As resource variables hold special handlers to opened files, database connections, image canvas areas and the like, converting to a resource makes no sense.

### Freeing resources

Thanks to the reference-counting system introduced with PHP 4's Zend Engine, a resource with no more references to it is detected automatically, and it is freed by the garbage collector. For this reason, it is rarely necessary to free the memory manually.

> Note: Persistent database links are an exception to this rule. They are not destroyed by the garbage collector. See the persistent connections section for more information.

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Types
PHP Manual