# SQLAlchemy 0.5.5 Documentation

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Version: 0.5.5 Last Updated: 07/13/2009 15:02:35

# PostgreSQL

Support for the PostgreSQL database.

## Driver

The psycopg2 driver is supported, available at http://pypi.python.org/pypi/psycopg2/ . The dialect has several behaviors which are specifically tailored towards compatibility with this module.

Note that psycopg1 is not supported.

## Connecting

URLs are of the form postgres://user:password@host:port/dbname[?key=value&key=value...].

PostgreSQL-specific keyword arguments which are accepted by `create_engine()` are:

- server_side_cursors - Enable the usage of “server side cursors” for SQL statements which support this feature. What this essentially means from a psycopg2 point of view is that the cursor is created using a name, e.g. connection.cursor(‘some name’), which has the effect that result rows are not immediately pre-fetched and buffered after statement execution, but are instead left on the server and only retrieved as needed. SQLAlchemy’s `ResultProxy` uses special row-buffering behavior when this feature is enabled, such that groups of 100 rows at a time are fetched over the wire to reduce conversational overhead.

## Sequences/SERIAL

PostgreSQL supports sequences, and SQLAlchemy uses these as the default means of creating new primary key values for integer-based primary key columns. When creating tables, SQLAlchemy will issue the `SERIAL` datatype for integer-based primary key columns, which generates a sequence corresponding to the column and associated with it based on a naming convention.

To specify a specific named sequence to be used for primary key generation, use the `Sequence()` construct:

    Table('sometable', metadata,
            Column('id', Integer, Sequence('some_id_seq'), primary_key=True)
        )

Currently, when SQLAlchemy issues a single insert statement, to fulfill the contract of having the “last insert identifier” available, the sequence is executed independently beforehand and the new value is retrieved, to be used in the subsequent insert. Note that when an `insert()` construct is executed using “executemany” semantics, the sequence is not pre-executed and normal PG SERIAL behavior is used.

PostgreSQL 8.3 supports an `INSERT...RETURNING` syntax which SQLAlchemy supports as well. A future release of SQLA will use this feature by default in lieu of sequence pre-execution in order to retrieve new primary key values, when available.

## INSERT/UPDATE...RETURNING

The dialect supports PG 8.3’s `INSERT..RETURNING` and `UPDATE..RETURNING` syntaxes, but must be explicitly enabled on a per-statement basis:

    # INSERT..RETURNING
    result = table.insert(postgres_returning=[table.c.col1, table.c.col2]).\
        values(name='foo')
    print result.fetchall()

    # UPDATE..RETURNING
    result = table.update(postgres_returning=[table.c.col1, table.c.col2]).\
        where(table.c.name=='foo').values(name='bar')
    print result.fetchall()

## Indexes

PostgreSQL supports partial indexes. To create them pass a postgres_where option to the Index constructor:

    Index('my_index', my_table.c.id, postgres_where=tbl.c.value > 10)

## Transactions

The PostgreSQL dialect fully supports SAVEPOINT and two-phase commit operations.