Table of Contents

## Name

bitmap, bmtoa, atobm - bitmap editor and converter utilities for the X Window System

## Synopsis

bitmap [ -options ... ] [ filename ] [ basename ]

bmtoa [ -chars ... ] [ filename ]

atobm [ -chars cc ] [ -name variable ] [ -xhot number ] [ -yhot number ] [ filename ]

## Description

The bitmap program is a rudimentary tool for creating or editing rectangular images made up of 1's and 0's. Bitmaps are used in X for defining clipping regions, cursor shapes, icon shapes, and tile and stipple patterns.

The bmtoa and atobm filters convert bitmap files (FILE FORMAT) to and from ASCII strings. They are most commonly used to quickly print out bitmaps and to generate versions for including in text.

## Command Line Options

Bitmap supports the standard X Toolkit command line arguments (see X(1) ). The following additional arguments are supported as well.

-size WIDTHxHEIGHT
  Specifies size of the grid in squares.
-sw dimension
  Specifies the width of squares in pixels.
-sh dimension
  Specifies the height of squares in pixels.
-gt dimension
  Grid tolerance. If the square dimensions fall below the specified value, grid will be automatically turned off.
-grid, +grid
  Turns on or off the grid lines.
-axes, +axes
  Turns on or off the major axes.
-dashed, +dashed
  Turns on or off dashing for the frame and grid lines.
-stippled, +stippled
  Turns on or off stippling of highlighted squares.
-proportional, +proportional
  Turns proportional mode on or off. If proportional mode is on, square width is equal to square height. If proportional mode is off, bitmap will use the smaller square dimension, if they were initially different.
-dashes filename
  Specifies the bitmap to be used as a stipple for dashing.
-stipple filename
  Specifies the bitmap to be used as a stipple for highlighting.
-hl color
  Specifies the color used for highlighting.
-fr color
  Specifies the color used for the frame and grid lines.
filename
  Specifies the bitmap to be initially loaded into the program. If the file does not exist, bitmap will assume it is a new file.
basename
  Specifies the basename to be used in the C code output file. If it is different than the basename in the working file, bitmap will change it when saving the file.

Bmtoa accepts the following option:

-chars cc
  This option specifies the pair of characters to use in the string version of the bitmap. The first character is used for 0 bits and the second character is used for 1 bits. The default is to use dashes (-) for 0's and sharp signs (#) for 1's.

Atobm accepts the following options:

-chars cc
  This option specifies the pair of characters to use when converting string bitmaps into arrays of numbers. The first character represents a 0 bit and the second character represents a 1 bit. The default is to use dashes (-) for 0's and sharp signs (#) for 1's.
-name variable
  This option specifies the variable name to be used when writing out the bitmap file. The default is to use the basename of the filename command line argument or leave it blank if the standard input is read.
-xhot number
  This option specifies the X coordinate of the hotspot. Only positive values are allowed. By default, no hotspot information is included.
-yhot number
  This option specifies the Y coordinate of the hotspot. Only positive values are allowed. By default, no hotspot information is included.

## Usage

Bitmap displays grid in which each square represents a single bit in the picture being edited. Actual size of the bitmap image, as it would appear normaly and inverted, can be obtained by pressing Meta-I key. You are free to move the image popup out of the way to continue editing. Pressing the left mouse button in the popup window or Meta-I again will remove the real size bitmap image.

If the bitmap is to be used for defining a cursor, one of the squares in the images may be designated as the hot spot. This determines where the cursor is actually pointing. For cursors with sharp tips (such as arrows or fingers), this is usually at the end of the tip; for symmetric cursors (such as crosses or bullseyes), this is usually at the center.

Bitmaps are stored as small C code fragments suitable for including in applications. They provide an array of bits as well as symbolic constants giving the width, height, and hot spot (if specified) that may be used in creating cursors, icons, and tiles.

## Editing

To edit a bitmap image simply click on one of the buttons with drawing commands (Point, Curve, Line, Rectangle, etc.) and move the pointer into the bitmap grid window. Press one of the buttons on your mouse and the appropriate action will take place. You can either set, clear or invert the gird squares. Setting a grid square corresponds to setting a bit in the bitmap image to 1. Clearing a grid square corresponds to setting a bit in the bitmap image to 0. Inverting a grid square corresponds to changing a bit in the bitmap image from 0 to 1 or 1 to 0, depending what its previous state was. The default behavior of mouse buttons is as specified below.

            MouseButton1        Set
            MouseButton2        Invert
            MouseButton3        Clear
            MouseButton4        Clear
            MouseButton5        Clear

This default behavior can be changed by setting the button function resources. An example is provided below.

            bitmap*button1Function: Set
            bitmap*button2Function: Clear
            bitmap*button3Function: Invert
            etc.

The button function applies to all drawing commands, including copying, moving and pasting, flood filling and setting the hot spot.

## Drawing Commands

Here is the list of drawing commands accessible through the buttons at the left side of the application's window. Some commands can be aborted by pressing A inside the bitmap window, allowing the user to select different guiding points where applicable.

Clear
  This command clears all bits in the bitmap image. The grid squares will be set to the background color. Pressing C inside the bitmap window has the same effect.
Set
  This command sets all bits in the bitmap image. The grid squares will be set to the foreground color. Pressing S inside the bitmap window has the same effect.
Invert
  This command inverts all bits in the bitmap image. The grid squares will be inverted appropriately. Pressing I inside the bitmap window has the same effect.
Mark
  This command is used to mark an area of the grid by dragging out a rectangular shape in the highlighting color. Once the area is marked, it can be operated on by a number of commands (see Up, Down, Left, Right, Rotate, Flip, Cut, etc.) Only one marked area can be present at any time. If you attempt to mark another area, the old mark will vanish. The same effect can be achieved by pressing Shift-MouseButton1 and dragging out a rectangle in the grid window. Pressing Shift-MouseButton2 will mark the entire grid area.
Unmark
  This command will cause the marked area to vanish. The same effect can be achieved by pressing Shift-MouseButton3.
Copy
  This command is used to copy an area of the grid from one location to another. If there is no marked grid area displayed, Copy behaves just like Mark described above. Once there is a marked grid area displayed in the highlighting color, this command has two alternative behaviors. If you click a mouse button inside the marked area, you will be able to drag the rectangle that represents the marked area to the desired location. After you release the mouse button, the area will be copied. If you click outside the marked area, Copy will assume that you wish to mark a different region of the bitmap image, thus it will behave like Mark again.
Move
  This command is used to move an area of the grid from one location to another. Its behavior resembles the behavior of Copy command, except that the marked area will be moved instead of copied.
Flip Horizontally
  This command will flip the bitmap image with respect to the horizontal axes. If a marked area of the grid is highlighted, it will operate only inside the marked area. Pressing H inside the bitmap window has the same effect.
Up
  This command moves the bitmap image one pixel up. If a marked area of the grid is highlighted, it will operate only inside the marked area. Pressing UpArrow inside the bitmap window has the same effect.
Flip Vertically
  This command will flip the bitmap image with respect to the vertical axes. If a marked area of the grid is highlighted, it will operate only inside the marked area. Pressing V inside the bitmap window has the same effect.
Left
  This command moves the bitmap image one pixel to the left. If a marked area of the grid is highlighted, it will operate only inside the marked area. Pressing LeftArrow inside the bitmap window has the same effect.
Fold
  This command will fold the bitmap image so that the opposite corners become adjacent. This is useful when creating bitmap images for tiling. Pressing F inside the bitmap window has the same effect.
Right
  This command moves the bitmap image one pixel to the right. If a marked area of the grid is highlighted, it will operate only inside the marked area. Pressing RightArrow inside the bitmap window has the same effect.
Rotate Left
  This command rotates the bitmap image 90 degrees to the left (counter clockwise.) If a marked area of the grid is highlighted, it will operate only inside the marked area. Pressing L inside the bitmap window has the same effect.
Down
  This command moves the bitmap image one pixel down. If a marked area of the grid is highlighted, it will operate only inside the marked area. Pressing DownArrow inside the bitmap window has the same effect.
Rotate Right
  This command rotates the bitmap image 90 degrees to the right (clockwise.) If a marked area of the grid is highlighted, it will operate only inside the marked area. Pressing R inside the bitmap window has the same effect.
Point
  This command will change the grid squares underneath the mouse pointer if a mouse button is being pressed down. If you drag the mouse button continuously, the line may not be continuous, depending on the speed of your system and frequency of mouse motion events.
Curve
  This command will change the grid squares underneath the mouse pointer if a mouse button is being pressed down. If you drag the mouse button continuously, it will make sure that the line is continuous. If your system is slow or bitmap receives very few mouse motion events, it might behave quite strangely.
Line
  This command will change the gird squares in a line between two squares. Once you press a mouse button in the grid window, bitmap will highlight the line from the square where the mouse button was initially pressed to the square where the mouse pointer is located. By releasing the mouse button you will cause the change to take effect, and the highlighted line will disappear.
Rectangle
  This command will change the gird squares in a rectangle between two squares. Once you press a mouse button in the grid window, bitmap will highlight the rectangle from the square where the mouse button was initially pressed to the square where the mouse pointer is located. By releasing the mouse button you will cause the change to take effect, and the highlighted rectangle will disappear.
Filled Rectangle
  This command is identical to Rectangle, except at the end the rectangle will be filled rather than outlined.
Circle
  This command will change the gird squares in a circle between two squares. Once you press a mouse button in the grid window, bitmap will highlight the circle from the square where the mouse button was initially pressed to the square where the mouse pointer is located. By releasing the mouse button you will cause the change to take effect, and the highlighted circle will disappear.
Filled Circle
  This command is identical to Circle, except at the end the circle will be filled rather than outlined.
Flood Fill
  This command will flood fill the connected area underneath the mouse pointer when you click on the desired square. Diagonally adjacent squares are not considered to be connected.
Set Hot Spot
  This command designates one square in the grid as the hot spot if this bitmap image is to be used for defining a cursor. Pressing a mouse button in the desired square will cause a diamond shape to be displayed.
Clear Hot Spot
  This command removes any designated hot spot from the bitmap image.
Undo
  This command will undo the last executed command. It has depth one, that is, pressing Undo after Undo will undo itself.

## File Menu

The File menu commands can be accessed by pressing the File button and selecting the appropriate menu entry, or by pressing Ctrl key with another key. These commands deal with files and global bitmap parameters, such as size, basename, filename etc.

New
  This command will clear the editing area and prompt for the name of the new file to be edited. It will not load in the new file.
Load
  This command is used to load a new bitmap file into the bitmap editor. If the current image has not been saved, user will be asked whether to save or ignore the changes. The editor can edit only one file at a time. If you need interactive editing, run a number of editors and use cut and paste mechanism as described below.
Insert
  This command is used to insert a bitmap file into the image being currently edited. After being prompted for the filename, click inside the grid window and drag the outlined rectangle to the location where you want to insert the new file.
Save
  This command will save the bitmap image. It will not prompt for the filename unless it is said to be <none>. If you leave the filename undesignated or -, the output will be piped to stdout.
Save As
  This command will save the bitmap image after prompting for a new filename. It should be used if you want to change the filename.
Resize
  This command is used to resize the editing area to the new number of pixels. The size should be entered in the WIDTHxHEIGHT format. The information in the image being edited will not be lost unless the new size is smaller that the current image size. The editor was not designed to edit huge files.
Rescale
  This command is used to rescale the editing area to the new width and height. The size should be entered in the WIDTHxHEIGHT format. It will not do antialiasing and information will be lost if you rescale to the smaller sizes. Feel free to add you own algorithms for better rescaling.
Filename
  This command is used to change the filename without changing the basename nor saving the file. If you specify - for a filename, the output will be piped to stdout.
Basename
  This command is used to change the basename, if a different one from the specified filename is desired.
Quit
  This command will terminate the bitmap application. If the file was not saved, user will be prompted and asked whether to save the image or not. This command is preferred over killing the process.

## Edit Menu

The Edit menu commands can be accessed by pressing the Edit button and selecting the appropriate menu entry, or by pressing Meta key with another key. These commands deal with editing facilities such as grid, axes, zooming, cut and paste, etc.

Image
  This command will display the image being edited and its inverse in its actual size in a separate window. The window can be moved away to continue with editing. Pressing the left mouse button in the image window will cause it to disappear from the screen.
Grid
  This command controls the grid in the editing area. If the grid spacing is below the value specified by gridTolerance resource (8 by default), the grid will be automatically turned off. It can be enforced by explicitly activating this command.
Dashed
  This command controls the stipple for drawing the grid lines. The stipple specified by dashes resource can be turned on or off by activating this command.
Axes
  This command controls the highlighting of the main axes of the image being edited. The actual lines are not part of the image. They are provided to aid user when constructing symmetrical images, or whenever having the main axes highlighted helps your editing.
Stippled
  This command controls the stippling of the highlighted areas of the bitmap image. The stipple specified by stipple resource can be turned on or off by activating this command.
Proportional
  This command controls the proportional mode. If the proportional mode is on, width and height of all image squares are forced to be equal, regardless of the proportions of the bitmap window.
Zoom
  This command controls the zoom mode. If there is a marked area of the image already displayed, bitmap will automatically zoom into it. Otherwise, user will have to highlight an area to be edited in the zoom mode and bitmap will automatically switch into it. One can use all the editing commands and other utilities in the zoom mode. When you zoom out, undo command will undo the whole zoom session.
Cut
  This commands cuts the contents of the highlighted image area into the internal cut and paste buffer.
Copy
  This command copies the contents of the highlighted image area into the internal cut and paste buffer.
Paste
  This command will check if there are any other bitmap applications with a highlighted image area, or if there is something in the internal cut and paste buffer and copy it to the image. To place the copied image, click in the editing window and drag the outlined image to the position where you want to place i, and then release the button.

## Cut and Paste

Bitmap supports two cut and paste mechanisms; the internal cut and paste and the global X selection cut and paste. The internal cut and paste is used when executing copy and move drawing commands and also cut and copy commands from the edit menu. The global X selection cut and paste is used whenever there is a highlighted area of a bitmap image displayed anywhere on the screen. To copy a part of image from another bitmap editor simply highlight the desired area by using the Mark command or pressing the shift key and dragging the area with the left mouse button. When the selected area becomes highlighted, any other applications (such as xterm, etc.) that use primary selection will discard their selection values and unhighlight the appropriate information. Now, use the Paste command for the Edit menu or control mouse button to copy the selected part of image into another (or the same) bitmap application. If you attempt to do this without a visible highlighted image area, the bitmap will fall back to the internal cut and paste buffer and paste whatever was there stored at the moment.

## Widgets

Below is the widget structure of the bitmap application. Indentation indicates hierarchical structure. The widget class name is given first, followed by the widget instance name. All widgets except the bitmap widget are from the standard Athena widget set.

        Bitmap bitmap
            TransientShell image
                Box box
                    Label normalImage
                    Label invertedImage
            TransientShell input
                Dialog dialog
                    Command okay
                    Command cancel
            TransientShell error
                Dialog dialog
                    Command abort
                    Command retry
            TransientShell qsave
                Dialog dialog
                    Command yes
                    Command no
                    Command cancel
            Paned parent
                Form formy
                    MenuButton fileButton
                    SimpleMenu fileMenu
                        SmeBSB  new
                        SmeBSB  load
                        SmeBSB  insert
                        SmeBSB  save
                        SmeBSB  saveAs
                        SmeBSB  resize
                        SmeBSB  rescale
                        SmeBSB  filename
                        SmeBSB  basename
                        SmeLine line
                        SmeBSB  quit
                    MenuButton editButton
                    SimpleMenu editMenu
                        SmeBSB  image
                        SmeBSB  grid
                        SmeBSB  dashed
                        SmeBSB  axes
                        SmeBSB  stippled
                        SmeBSB  proportional
                        SmeBSB  zoom
                        SmeLine line
                        SmeBSB  cut
                        SmeBSB  copy
                        SmeBSB  paste
                    Label status
                Pane pane
                    Bitmap bitmap
                    Form form
                        Command clear
                        Command set
                        Command invert
                        Toggle  mark
                        Command unmark
                        Toggle  copy
                        Toggle  move
                        Command flipHoriz
                        Command up
                        Command flipVert
                        Command left
                        Command fold
                        Command right
                        Command rotateLeft
                        Command down
                        Command rotateRight
                        Toggle  point
                        Toggle  curve
                        Toggle  line
                        Toggle  rectangle
                        Toggle  filledRectangle
                        Toggle  circle
                        Toggle  filledCircle
                        Toggle  floodFill
                        Toggle  setHotSpot
                        Command clearHotSpot
                        Command undo

## Colors

If you would like bitmap to be viewable in color, include the following in the #ifdef COLOR section of the file you read with xrdb:

*customization: -color

This will cause bitmap to pick up the colors in the app-defaults color customization file:

/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/app-defaults/Bitmap-color

## Bitmap Widget

Bitmap widget is a stand-alone widget for editing raster images. It is not designed to edit large images, although it may be used in that purpose as well. It can be freely incorporated with other applications and used as a standard editing tool. The following are the resources provided by the bitmap widget.

    Bitmap Widget
    Header file         Bitmap.h
    Class            bitmapWidgetClass
    Class Name        Bitmap
    Superclass        Bitmap
    All the Simple Widget resources plus ...
    Name    Class    Type    Default Value
    foreground    Foreground    Pixel    XtDefaultForeground
    highlight    Highlight    Pixel    XtDefaultForeground
    framing    Framing    Pixel    XtDefaultForeground
    gridTolerance    GridTolerance    Dimension    8
    size    Size    String    32x32
    dashed    Dashed    Boolean    True
    grid    Grid    Boolean    True
    stippled    Stippled    Boolean    True
    proportional    Proportional    Boolean    True
    axes    Axes    Boolean    False
    squareWidth    SquareWidth    Dimension    16
    squareHeight    SquareHeight    Dimension    16
    margin    Margin    Dimension    16
    xHot    XHot    Position    NotSet (-1)
    yHot    YHot    Position    NotSet (-1)
    button1Function    Button1Function    DrawingFunction    Set
    button2Function    Button2Function    DrawingFunction    Invert
    button3Function    Button3Function    DrawingFunction    Clear
    button4Function    Button4Function    DrawingFunction    Invert
    button5Function    Button5Function    DrawingFunction    Invert
    filename    Filename    String    None ("")
    basename    Basename    String    None ("")

## Author

Davor Matic, MIT X Consortium

Table of Contents

- Name
- Synopsis
- Description
- Command Line Options
- Usage
- Editing
- Drawing Commands
- File Menu
- Edit Menu
- Cut and Paste
- Widgets
- Colors
- Bitmap Widget
- Author