9. Testing
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## 9. Testing

## 9.1 Introduction to testing

Testing is an integral part of enterprise software development. This chapter focuses on the value-add of the IoC principle to unit testing and on the benefits of Spring Framework integration testing. (A thorough treatment of testing in the enterprise is beyond the scope of this chapter.)

## 9.2 Unit testing

Dependency Injection should make your code less dependent on the container than it would be with traditional Java EE development. The POJOs that make up your application should be testable in JUnit or TestNG tests, with objects simply instantiated using the `new` operator, without Spring or any other container. You can use mock objects (in conjunction with other valuable testing techniques) to test your code in isolation. If you follow the architecture recommendations for Spring, the resulting clean layering and componentization of your codebase will facilitate easier unit testing. For example, you can test service layer objects by stubbing or mocking DAO or Repository interfaces, without needing to access persistent data while running unit tests.

True unit tests typically run extremely quickly, as there is no runtime infrastructure to set up. Emphasizing true unit tests as part of your development methodology will boost your productivity. You may not need this section of the testing chapter to help you write effective unit tests for your IoC-based applications. For certain unit testing scenarios, however, the Spring Framework provides the following mock objects and testing support classes.

### 9.2.1 Mock objects

#### 9.2.1.1 JNDI

The `org.springframework.mock.jndi` package contains an implementation of the JNDI SPI, which you can use to set up a simple JNDI environment for test suites or stand-alone applications. If, for example, JDBC `DataSource`s get bound to the same JNDI names in test code as within a Java EE container, you can reuse both application code and configuration in testing scenarios without modification.

#### 9.2.1.2 Servlet API

The `org.springframework.mock.web` package contains a comprehensive set of Servlet API mock objects, targeted at usage with Spring's Web MVC framework, which are useful for testing web contexts and controllers. These mock objects are generally more convenient to use than dynamic mock objects such as EasyMock or existing Servlet API mock objects such as MockObjects.

#### 9.2.1.3 Portlet API

The `org.springframework.mock.web.portlet` package contains a set of Portlet API mock objects, targeted at usage with Spring's Portlet MVC framework.

### 9.2.2 Unit testing support classes

#### 9.2.2.1 General utilities

The `org.springframework.test.util` package contains `ReflectionTestUtils`, which is a collection of reflection-based utility methods. Developers use these methods in unit and integration testing scenarios in which they need to set a non-`public` field or invoke a non-`public` setter method when testing application code involving, for example:

- ORM frameworks such as JPA and Hibernate that condone `private` or `protected` field access as opposed to `public` setter methods for properties in a domain entity.

- Spring's support for annotations such as `@Autowired` and `@Resource,` which provides dependency injection for `private` or `protected` fields, setter methods, and configuration methods

#### 9.2.2.2 Spring MVC

The `org.springframework.test.web` package contains `ModelAndViewAssert`, which you can use in combination with JUnit 4+, TestNG, and so on for unit tests dealing with Spring MVC `ModelAndView` objects.

| Unit testing Spring MVC Controllers
To test your Spring MVC `Controller`s, use `ModelAndViewAssert` combined with `MockHttpServletRequest`, `MockHttpSession`, and so on from the `org.springframework.mock.web` package.

## 9.3 Integration testing

### 9.3.1 Overview

It is important to be able to perform some integration testing without requiring deployment to your application server or connecting to other enterprise infrastructure. This will enable you to test things such as:

- The correct wiring of your Spring IoC container contexts.

- Data access using JDBC or an ORM tool. This would include such things as the correctness of SQL statements, Hibernate queries, JPA entity mappings, etc.

The Spring Framework provides first class support for integration testing in the `spring-test` module. The name of the actual jar file might include the release version and might also be in the long `org.springframework.test` form, depending on where you got it from (see the section on Dependency Management for an explanation). This library includes the `org.springframework.test` package, which contains valuable classes for integration testing with a Spring container. This testing does not rely on an application server or other deployment environment. Such tests are slower to run than unit tests but much faster than the equivalent Cactus tests or remote tests that rely on deployment to an application server.

In Spring 2.5 and later, unit and integration testing support is provided in the form of the annotation-driven Spring TestContext Framework. The TestContext Framework is agnostic of the actual testing framework in use, thus allowing instrumentation of tests in various environments including JUnit, TestNG, and so on.

| Legacy JUnit 3.8 class hierarchy is deprecated
As of Spring 3.0, the legacy JUnit 3.8 base class hierarchy (for example, `AbstractDependencyInjectionSpringContextTests`, `AbstractTransactionalDataSourceSpringContextTests`, etc.) is officially deprecated and will be removed in a later release. Migrate this code to the Spring TestContext Framework.

### 9.3.2 Goals of integration testing

Spring's integration testing support has the following goals:

- Spring IoC container caching between test execution.

- Dependency Injection of test fixture instances.

- Transaction management appropriate to integration testing.

- Spring-specific support classes that are useful in writing integration tests.

The next few sections describe each goal and provide links to implementation and configuration details.

#### 9.3.2.1 Context management and caching

The Spring TestContext Framework provides consistent loading of Spring `ApplicationContext`s and caching of those contexts. Support for the caching of loaded contexts is important, because startup time can become an issue - not because of the overhead of Spring itself, but because the objects instantiated by the Spring container take time to instantiate. For example, a project with 50 to 100 Hibernate mapping files might take 10 to 20 seconds to load the mapping files, and incurring that cost before running every test in every test fixture leads to slower overall test runs that could reduce productivity.

Test classes provide an array containing the resource locations of XML configuration metadata - typically in the classpath - that is used to configure the application. These locations are the same as or similar to the list of configuration locations specified in `web.xml` or other deployment configuration files.

By default, once loaded, the configured `ApplicationContext` is reused for each test. Thus the setup cost is incurred only once (per test fixture), and subsequent test execution is much faster. In the unlikely case that a test corrupts the application context and requires reloading -- for example, by changing a bean definition or the state of an application object-- a Spring testing support mechanism causes the test fixture to reload the configurations and rebuilds the application context before executing the next test.

See context management and caching with the TestContext Framework.

#### 9.3.2.2 Dependency Injection of test fixtures

When the TestContext framework loads your application context, it can optionally configure instances of your test classes via Dependency Injection. This provides a convenient mechanism for setting up test fixtures using preconfigured beans from your application context. A strong benefit here is that you can reuse application contexts across various testing scenarios (e.g., for configuring Spring-managed object graphs, transactional proxies, `DataSource`s, etc.), thus avoiding the need to duplicate complex test fixture set up for individual test cases.

As an example, consider the scenario where we have a class, `HibernateTitleDao`, that performs data access logic for say, the `Title` domain object. We want to write integration tests that test all of the following areas:

- The Spring configuration: basically, is everything related to the configuration of the `HibernateTitleDao` bean correct and present?

- The Hibernate mapping file configuration: is everything mapped correctly and are the correct lazy-loading settings in place?

- The logic of the `HibernateTitleDao`: does the configured instance of this class perform as anticipated?

See: dependency injection of test fixtures with the TestContext Framework.

#### 9.3.2.3 Transaction management

One common issue in tests that access a real database is their affect on the state of the persistence store. Even when you're using a development database, changes to the state may affect future tests. Also, many operations - such as inserting or modifying persistent data - cannot be performed (or verified) outside a transaction.

The TestContext framework addresses this issue. By default, the framework will create and roll back a transaction for each test. You simply write code that can assume the existence of a transaction. If you call transactionally proxied objects in your tests, they will behave correctly, according to their transactional semantics. In addition, if test methods delete the contents of selected tables while running within a transaction, the transaction will roll back by default, and the database will return to its state prior to execution of the test. Transactional support is provided to your test class via a `PlatformTransactionManager` bean defined in the test's application context.

If you want a transaction to commit - unusual, but occasionally useful when you want a particular test to populate or modify the database - the TestContext framework can be instructed to cause the transaction to commit instead of roll back via the `@TransactionConfiguration` and `@Rollback` annotations.

See transaction management with the TestContext Framework.

#### 9.3.2.4 Support classes for integration testing

The Spring TestContext Framework provides several `abstract` support classes that simplify the writing of integration tests. These base test classes provide well-defined hooks into the testing framework as well as convenient instance variables and methods, which enable you to access:

- The `ApplicationContext`, for performing explicit bean lookups or testing the state of the context as a whole.

- A `SimpleJdbcTemplate`, for querying to confirm state. For example, you use an ORM tool to query before and after testing application code that creates an object and persists it, to verify that the data appears in the database. (Spring ensures that the query runs in the scope of the same transaction.) You need to tell your ORM tool to 'flush' its changes, by using, for example, the `flush()` method on Hibernate's `Session` interface.

In addition, you may want to create your own custom, application-wide superclass with instance variables and methods specific to your project.

See support classes for the TestContext Framework.

### 9.3.3 JDBC testing support

The `org.springframework.test.jdbc` package contains `SimpleJdbcTestUtils`, which is a Java-5-based collection of JDBC related utility functions intended to simplify standard database testing scenarios. Note that `AbstractTransactionalJUnit38SpringContextTests`, `AbstractTransactionalJUnit4SpringContextTests`, and `AbstractTransactionalTestNGSpringContextTests` provide convenience methods which delegate to `SimpleJdbcTestUtils` internally.

### 9.3.4 Annotations

The Spring Framework provides the following set of Spring-specific annotations that you can use in your unit and integration tests in conjunction with the TestContext framework. Refer to the respective JavaDoc for further information, including default attribute values, attribute aliases, and so on.

- `@ContextConfiguration`

  Defines class-level metadata that is used to determine how to load and configure an `ApplicationContext`. Specifically, `@ContextConfiguration` defines the application context resource `locations` to load as well as the `ContextLoader` strategy to use for loading the context.

      @ContextConfiguration(locations={"example/test-context.xml"}, loader=CustomContextLoader.class)
      public class CustomConfiguredApplicationContextTests {
          // class body...
      }

  | Note
  `@ContextConfiguration` supports inherited resource locations by default. See Context management and caching and JavaDoc for an example and further details.

- `@DirtiesContext`

  Indicates that the underlying Spring `ApplicationContext` has been dirtied (modified)as follows during the execution of a test and should be closed, regardless of whether the test passed:

  - After the current test class, when declared on a class with class mode set to `AFTER_CLASS`, which is the default class mode.

  - After each test method in the current test class, when declared on a class with class mode set to `AFTER_EACH_TEST_METHOD.`

  - After the current test, when declared on a method.

  Use this annotation if a test has modified the context (for example, by replacing a bean definition). Subsequent tests are supplied a new context.

  | Limitations of @DirtiesContext with JUnit 3.8
  In a JUnit 3.8 environment `@DirtiesContext` is only supported on methods and thus not at the class level.

  You can use `@DirtiesContext` as a class-level and method-level annotation within the same class. In such scenarios, the `ApplicationContext` is marked as dirty after any such annotated method as well as after the entire class. If the `ClassMode` is set to `AFTER_EACH_TEST_METHOD`, the context is marked dirty after each test method in the class.

      @DirtiesContext
      public class ContextDirtyingTests {
          // some tests that result in the Spring container being dirtied
      }

      @DirtiesContext(classMode = ClassMode.AFTER_EACH_TEST_METHOD)
      public class ContextDirtyingTests {
          // some tests that result in the Spring container being dirtied
      }

      @DirtiesContext
      @Test
      public void testProcessWhichDirtiesAppCtx() {
          // some logic that results in the Spring container being dirtied
      }

  When an application context is marked dirty, it is removed from the testing framework's cache and closed; thus the underlying Spring container is rebuilt for any subsequent test that requires a context with the same set of resource locations.

- `@TestExecutionListeners`

  Defines class-level metadata for configuring which `TestExecutionListener`s should be registered with a `TestContextManager`. Typically, `@TestExecutionListeners` are used in conjunction with `@ContextConfiguration`.

      @ContextConfiguration
      @TestExecutionListeners({CustomTestExecutionListener.class, AnotherTestExecutionListener.class})
      public class CustomTestExecutionListenerTests {
          // class body...
      }

  `@TestExecutionListeners` supports inherited listeners by default. See the JavaDoc for an example and further details.

- `@TransactionConfiguration`

  Defines class-level metadata for configuring transactional tests. Specifically, the bean name of the `PlatformTransactionManager` that is to be used to drive transactions can be explicitly configured if the bean name of the desired PlatformTransactionManager is not "transactionManager". In addition, you can change the `defaultRollback` flag to `false`. Typically, `@TransactionConfiguration` is used in conjunction with `@ContextConfiguration`.

      @ContextConfiguration
      @TransactionConfiguration(transactionManager="txMgr", defaultRollback=false)
      public class CustomConfiguredTransactionalTests {
          // class body...
      }

- `@Rollback`

  Indicates whether the transaction for the annotated test method should be rolled back after the test method has completed. If `true`, the transaction is rolled back; otherwise, the transaction is committed. Use `@Rollback` to override the default rollback flag configured at the class level.

      @Rollback(false)
      @Test
      public void testProcessWithoutRollback() {
          // ...
      }

- `@BeforeTransaction`

  Indicates that the annotated `public void` method should be executed before a transaction is started for test methods configured to run within a transaction through the `@Transactional` annotation.

      @BeforeTransaction
      public void beforeTransaction() {
          // logic to be executed before a transaction is started
      }

- `@AfterTransaction`

  Indicates that the annotated `public void` method should be executed after a transaction has ended for test methods configured to run within a transaction through the `@Transactional` annotation.

      @AfterTransaction
      public void afterTransaction() {
          // logic to be executed after a transaction has ended
      }

- `@NotTransactional`

  The presence of this annotation indicates that the annotated test method must not execute in a transactional context.

      @NotTransactional
      @Test
      public void testProcessWithoutTransaction() {
          // ...
      }

  | @NotTransactional is deprecated
  As of Spring 3.0, `@NotTransactional` is deprecated in favor of moving the non-transactional test method to a separate (non-transactional) test class or to a `@BeforeTransaction` or `@AfterTransaction` method. As an alternative to annotating an entire class with `@Transactional`, consider annotating individual methods with `@Transactional`; doing so allows a mix of transactional and non-transactional methods in the same test class without the need for using `@NotTransactional`.

The following annotations are only supported when used in conjunction with JUnit (that is., with the SpringJUnit4ClassRunner or the JUnit 3.8.2 and JUnit 4.5+ support classes.

- `@IfProfileValue`

  Indicates that the annotated test is enabled for a specific testing environment. If the configured `ProfileValueSource` returns a matching `value` for the provided `name`, the test is enabled. This annotation can be applied to an entire class or to individual methods. Class-level usage overrides method-level usage.

      @IfProfileValue(name="java.vendor", value="Sun Microsystems Inc.")
      @Test
      public void testProcessWhichRunsOnlyOnSunJvm() {
          // some logic that should run only on Java VMs from Sun Microsystems
      }

  Alternatively, you can configure `@IfProfileValue` with a list of `values` (with OR semantics) to achieve TestNG-like support for test groups in a JUnit environment. Consider the following example:

      @IfProfileValue(name="test-groups", values={"unit-tests", "integration-tests"})
      @Test
      public void testProcessWhichRunsForUnitOrIntegrationTestGroups() {
          // some logic that should run only for unit and integration test groups
      }

- `@ProfileValueSourceConfiguration`

  Class-level annotation that specifies what type of `ProfileValueSource` to use when retrieving profile values configured through the `@IfProfileValue` annotation. If `@ProfileValueSourceConfiguration` is not declared for a test, `SystemProfileValueSource` is used by default.

      @ProfileValueSourceConfiguration(CustomProfileValueSource.class)
      public class CustomProfileValueSourceTests {
          // class body...
      }

- `@ExpectedException`

  Indicates that the annotated test method is expected to throw an exception during execution. The type of the expected exception is provided in the annotation, and if an instance of the exception is thrown during the test method execution then the test passes. Likewise if an instance of the exception is not thrown during the test method execution then the test fails.

      @ExpectedException(SomeBusinessException.class)
      public void testProcessRainyDayScenario() {
          // some logic that should result in an Exception being thrown
      }

  Using Spring's `@ExpectedException` annotation in conjunction with JUnit 4's `@Test(expected=...)` configuration would lead to an unresolvable conflict. Developers must therefore choose one or the other when integrating with JUnit 4, in which case it is generally preferable to use the explicit JUnit 4 configuration.

- `@Timed`

  Indicates that the annotated test method must finish execution in a specified time period (in milliseconds). If the text execution time exceeds the specified time period, the test fails.

  The time period includes execution of the test method itself, any repetitions of the test (see `@Repeat`), as well as any set up or tear down of the test fixture.

      @Timed(millis=1000)
      public void testProcessWithOneSecondTimeout() {
          // some logic that should not take longer than 1 second to execute
      }

  Spring's `@Timed` annotation has different semantics than JUnit 4's `@Test(timeout=...)` support. Specifically, due to the manner in which JUnit 4 handles test execution timeouts (that is, by executing the test method in a separate `Thread`), `@Test(timeout=...)` applies to each iteration in the case of repetitions and preemptively fails the test if the test takes too long. Spring's `@Timed`, on the other hand, times the total test execution time (including all repetitions) and does not preemptively fail the test but rather waits for the test to complete before failing.

- `@Repeat`

  Indicates that the annotated test method must be executed repeatedly. The number of times that the test method is to be executed is specified in the annotation.

  The scope of execution to be repeated includes execution of the test method itself as well as any set up or tear down of the test fixture.

      @Repeat(10)
      @Test
      public void testProcessRepeatedly() {
          // ...
      }

The following non-test-specific annotations are supported with standard semantics for all configurations of the Spring TestContext Framework.

- `@Autowired`

- `@Qualifier`

- `@Resource` (javax.annotation) if JSR-250 is present

- `@Inject` (javax.inject) if JSR-330 is present

- `@Named` (javax.inject) if JSR-330 is present

- `@Provider` (javax.inject) if JSR-330 is present

- `@PersistenceContext` (javax.persistence) if JPA is present

- `@PersistenceUnit` (javax.persistence) if JPA is present

- `@Required`

- `@Transactional`

### 9.3.5 Spring TestContext Framework

The Spring `TestContext` Framework (located in the `org.springframework.test.context` package) provides generic, annotation-driven unit and integration testing support that is agnostic of the testing framework in use, whether JUnit 3.8.2, JUnit 4.5+, TestNG 5.10, and so on. The TestContext framework also places a great deal of importance on convention over configuration with reasonable defaults that can be overridden through annotation-based configuration.

In addition to generic testing infrastructure, the TestContext framework provides explicit support for JUnit 3.8.2, JUnit 4.5+, and TestNG 5.10 in the form of `abstract` support classes. For JUnit 4.5+, the framework also provides a custom `Runner` that allows one to write test classes that are not required to extend a particular class hierarchy.

The following section provides an overview of the internals of the TestContext framework. If you are only interested in using the framework and not necessarily interested in extending it with your own custom listeners, feel free to go directly to the configuration (context management, dependency injection, transaction management), support classes, and annotation support sections.

#### 9.3.5.1 Key abstractions

The core of the framework consists of the `TestContext` and `TestContextManager` classes and the `TestExecutionListener` interface. A `TestContextManager` is created on a per-test basis. The `TestContextManager` in turn manages a `TestContext` that holds the context of the current test. The `TestContextManager` also updates the state of the `TestContext` as the test progresses and delegates to `TestExecutionListener`s, which instrument the actual test execution, by providing dependency injection, managing transactions, and so on. Consult the JavaDoc and the Spring test suite for further information and examples of various configurations.

- `TestContext`: Encapsulates the context in which a test is executed, agnostic of the actual testing framework in use.

- `TestContextManager`: The main entry point into the Spring TestContext Framework, which manages a single `TestContext` and signals events to all registered `TestExecutionListener`s at well-defined test execution points: test instance preparation, prior to any before methods of a particular testing framework, and after any after methods of a particular testing framework.

- `TestExecutionListener`: Defines a listener API for reacting to test execution events published by the `TestContextManager` with which the listener is registered.

  Spring provides three `TestExecutionListener` implementations that are configured by default: `DependencyInjectionTestExecutionListener``, DirtiesContextTestExecutionListener`, and `TransactionalTestExecutionListener`. Respectively, they support dependency injection of the test instance, handling of the `@DirtiesContext` annotation, and transactional test execution with default rollback semantics.

The following three sections explain how to configure the `TestContext` framework through annotations and provide working examples of how to write unit and integration tests with the framework.

#### 9.3.5.2 Context management and caching

Each `TestContext` provides context management and caching support for the test instance for which it is responsible. Test instances do not automatically receive access to the configured `ApplicationContext`. However, if a test class implements the `ApplicationContextAware` interface, a reference to the `ApplicationContext` is supplied to the test instance, if the `DependencyInjectionTestExecutionListener` is configured, which is the default. `AbstractJUnit38SpringContextTests`, `AbstractJUnit4SpringContextTests`, and `AbstractTestNGSpringContextTests` already implement `ApplicationContextAware` and therefore provide this functionality out-of-the-box.

| @Autowired ApplicationContext
As an alternative to implementing the `ApplicationContextAware` interface, you can inject the application context for your test class through the `@Autowired` annotation on either a field or setter method. For example:
    @RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class)
    @ContextConfiguration
    public class MyTest {

        @Autowired
        private ApplicationContext applicationContext;

        // class body...
    }

In contrast to the now deprecated JUnit 3.8 legacy class hierarchy, test classes that use the TestContext framework do not need to override any `protected` instance methods to configure their application context. Rather, configuration is achieved merely by declaring the `@ContextConfiguration` annotation at the class level. If your test class does not explicitly declare application context resource `locations`, the configured `ContextLoader` determines how and whether to load a context from a default set of locations. For example, `GenericXmlContextLoader` , which is the default `ContextLoader`, generates a default location based on the name of the test class. If your class is named `com.example.MyTest`, `GenericXmlContextLoader` loads your application context from `"classpath:/com/example/MyTest-context.xml"`.

    package com.example;

    @RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class)
    // ApplicationContext will be loaded from "classpath:/com/example/MyTest-context.xml"
    @ContextConfiguration
    public class MyTest {
        // class body...
    }

If the default location does not suit your needs, you can configure explicitly the `locations` attribute of `@ContextConfiguration` with an array that contains the resource locations of XML configuration metadata (assuming an XML-capable `ContextLoader` has been configured) - typically in the classpath - used to configure the application. (See the following code example.) This location will be the same, or nearly the same, as the list of configuration locations specified in `web.xml` or other deployment configuration. Alternatively, you can implement and configure your own custom `ContextLoader`.

    @RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class)
    // ApplicationContext will be loaded from "/applicationContext.xml" and "/applicationContext-test.xml"
    // in the root of the classpath
    @ContextConfiguration({"/applicationContext.xml", "/applicationContext-test.xml"})
    public class MyTest {
        // class body...
    }

`@ContextConfiguration` supports an alias for the `locations` attribute through the standard `value` attribute. Thus, if you do not need to configure a custom `ContextLoader`, you can omit the declaration of the `locations` attribute name and declare the resource locations by using the shorthand format demonstrated in the following example. `@ContextConfiguration` also supports a boolean `inheritLocations` attribute that denotes whether resource locations from superclasses should be inherited. The default value is `true`, which means that an annotated class inherits the resource locations defined by an annotated superclass. Specifically, the resource locations for an annotated class are appended to the list of resource locations defined by an annotated superclass. Thus, subclasses have the option of extending the list of resource locations. In the following example, the `ApplicationContext` for `ExtendedTest` is loaded from "/base-context.xml" and "/extended-context.xml", in that order. Beans defined in "/extended-context.xml" may therefore override those defined in "/base-context.xml".

    @RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class)
    // ApplicationContext will be loaded from "/base-context.xml" in the root of the classpath
    @ContextConfiguration("/base-context.xml")
    public class BaseTest {
        // class body...
    }

    // ApplicationContext will be loaded from "/base-context.xml" and "/extended-context.xml"
    // in the root of the classpath
    @ContextConfiguration("/extended-context.xml")
    public class ExtendedTest extends BaseTest {
        // class body...
    }

If `inheritLocations` is set to `false`, the resource locations for the annotated class shadows and effectively replaces any resource locations defined by a superclass.

By default, once loaded, the configured `ApplicationContext` is reused for each test. Thus the setup cost is incurred only once (per test fixture), and subsequent test execution is much faster. In the unlikely case that a test dirties (modifies) the application context, requiring reloading -- for example, by changing a bean definition or the state of an application object -- you can annotate your test method with `@DirtiesContext` (assuming `DirtiesContextTestExecutionListener` has been configured, which is the default) to cause the test fixture to reload the configurations and rebuild the application context before executing the next test.

#### 9.3.5.3 Dependency Injection of test fixtures

When you configure the `DependencyInjectionTestExecutionListener` -- which is configured by default through the `@TestExecutionListeners` annotation-- the dependencies of your test instances are injected from beans in the application context you configured through `@ContextConfiguration` by setter injection, field injection, or both, depending on which annotations you choose and whether you place them on setter methods or fields. For consistency with the annotation support introduced in Spring 2.5, you can use Spring's `@Autowired` annotation or the `@Resource` annotation from JSR 250. The semantics for both are consistent throughout the Spring Framework. For example, if you prefer autowiring by type, annotate your setter methods or fields with `@Autowired`. If you prefer to have your dependencies injected by name, annotate your setter methods or fields with `@Resource`.

| Tip
The TestContext framework does not instrument the manner in which a test instance is instantiated. Thus the use of `@Autowired` for constructors has no effect for test classes.

Because `@Autowired` performs autowiring by type, if you have multiple bean definitions of the same type, you cannot rely on this approach for those particular beans. In that case, you can use `@Resource` for injection by name. Alternatively, if your test class has access to its `ApplicationContext`, you can perform an explicit lookup by using (for example) a call to `applicationContext.getBean("titleDao")`. A third option is to use `@Autowired` in conjunction with `@Qualifier`.

If you do not want dependency injection applied to your test instances, simply do not annotate fields or setter methods with `@Autowired` or `@Resource`. Alternatively, you can disable dependency injection altogether by explicitly configuring your class with `@TestExecutionListeners` and omitting `DependencyInjectionTestExecutionListener.class` from the list of listeners.

Consider the scenario of a class, `HibernateTitleDao`, as outlined in the Goals section. (We will look at the application context configuration after all sample code listings.) A JUnit 4-based implementation of the test class itself uses `@Autowired` for field injection.

| Note
The dependency injection behavior in the following code listings is not in any way specific to JUnit 4. The same DI techniques can be used in conjunction with any testing framework. The following examples make calls to static assertion methods such as `assertNotNull()` but without prepending the call with `Assert`. In such cases, assume that the method was properly imported through an `import static` declaration that is not shown in the example.

    @RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class)
    // specifies the Spring configuration to load for this test fixture
    @ContextConfiguration("daos.xml")
    public final class HibernateTitleDaoTests {

        // this instance will be dependency injected by type
        @Autowired
        private HibernateTitleDao titleDao;

        public void testLoadTitle() throws Exception {
            Title title = this.titleDao.loadTitle(new Long(10));
            assertNotNull(title);
        }
    }

Alternatively, you can configure the class to use `@Autowired` for setter injection.

    @RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class)
    // specifies the Spring configuration to load for this test fixture
    @ContextConfiguration("daos.xml")
    public final class HibernateTitleDaoTests {

        // this instance will be dependency injected by type
        private HibernateTitleDao titleDao;

        @Autowired
        public void setTitleDao(HibernateTitleDao titleDao) {
            this.titleDao = titleDao;
        }

        public void testLoadTitle() throws Exception {
            Title title = this.titleDao.loadTitle(new Long(10));
            assertNotNull(title);
        }
    }

Here is an example of `@Resource` for field injection.

    @RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class)
    // specifies the Spring configuration to load for this test fixture
    @ContextConfiguration("daos.xml")
    public final class HibernateTitleDaoTests {

        // this instance will be dependency injected by name
        @Resource
        private HibernateTitleDao titleDao;

        public void testLoadTitle() throws Exception {
            Title title = this.titleDao.loadTitle(new Long(10));
            assertNotNull(title);
        }
    }

Here is an example of `@Resource` for setter injection.

    @RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class)
    // specifies the Spring configuration to load for this test fixture
    @ContextConfiguration("daos.xml")
    public final class HibernateTitleDaoTests {

        // this instance will be dependency injected by name
        private HibernateTitleDao titleDao;

        @Resource
        public void setTitleDao(HibernateTitleDao titleDao) {
            this.titleDao = titleDao;
        }

        public void testLoadTitle() throws Exception {
            Title title = this.titleDao.loadTitle(new Long(10));
            assertNotNull(title);
        }
    }

The preceding code listings use the same XML context file referenced by the `@ContextConfiguration` annotation (that is, `daos.xml`), which looks like this:

    <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
    <beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
           xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
           xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
               http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-3.0.xsd">

        <!-- this bean will be injected into the HibernateTitleDaoTests class -->
        <bean id="titleDao" class="com.foo.dao.hibernate.HibernateTitleDao">
            <property name="sessionFactory" ref="sessionFactory"/>
        </bean>

        <bean id="sessionFactory"
    				class="org.springframework.orm.hibernate3.LocalSessionFactoryBean">
            <!-- dependencies elided for clarity -->
        </bean>

    </beans>

| Note
If you are extending from a Spring-provided test base class that happens to use `@Autowired` on one of its setter methods, you might have multiple beans of the affected type defined in your application context: for example, multiple `DataSource` beans. In such a case, you can override the setter and use the `@Qualifier` annotation to indicate a specific target bean as follows:
    // ...

        @Autowired
        @Override
        public void setDataSource(@Qualifier("myDataSource") DataSource dataSource) {
            super.setDataSource(dataSource);
        }

    // ...
The specified qualifier value indicates the specific `DataSource` bean to inject, narrowing the set of type matches to a specific bean. Its value is matched against `<qualifier>` declarations within the corresponding `<bean>` definitions. The bean name is used as a fallback qualifier value, so you may effectively also point to a specific bean by name there (as shown above, assuming that "myDataSource" is the bean id). If there is only one `DataSource` bean to begin with, then the qualifier does not have any effect, independent from the bean name of that single matching bean. Alternatively, consider using the `@Resource` annotation on such overridden setter methods, defining the target bean name explicitly, with no type matching semantics. Note that this always points to a bean with that specific name, no matter whether there is one or more beans of the given type.
    // ...

        @Resource("myDataSource")
        @Override
        public void setDataSource(DataSource dataSource) {
            super.setDataSource(dataSource);
        }

    // ...

#### 9.3.5.4 Transaction management

In the TestContext framework, transactions are managed by the `TransactionalTestExecutionListener`, which is configured through the `@TestExecutionListeners` annotation by default, even if you do not explicitly declare `@TestExecutionListeners` on your test class. To enable support for transactions, however, you must provide a `PlatformTransactionManager` bean in the application context loaded by `@ContextConfiguration` semantics. In addition, you must declare `@Transactional` either at the class or method level.

For class-level transaction configuration (that is, setting the bean name for the transaction manager and the default rollback flag), see the `@TransactionConfiguration` entry in the annotation support section.

If transactions are not enabled for the entire test class, you can annotate methods explicitly with `@Transactional`. To control whether a transaction should commit for a particular test method, you can use the `@Rollback` annotation to override the class-level default rollback setting.

`AbstractTransactionalJUnit38SpringContextTests`, `AbstractTransactionalJUnit4SpringContextTests`, and `AbstractTransactionalTestNGSpringContextTests` are preconfigured for transactional support at the class level.

Occasionally you need to execute certain code before or after a transactional test method but outside the transactional context, for example, to verify the initial database state prior to execution of your test or to verify expected transactional commit behavior after test execution (for example, if the test was configured not to roll back the transaction). `TransactionalTestExecutionListener` supports the `@BeforeTransaction` and `@AfterTransaction` annotations exactly for such scenarios. Simply annotate any `public void` method in your test class with one of these annotations, and the `TransactionalTestExecutionListener` ensures that your before transaction method or after transaction method is executed at the appropriate time.

| Tip
Any before methods (for example, methods annotated with JUnit 4's @Before) and any after methods (such as methods annotated with JUnit 4's @After) are executed within a transaction. In addition, methods annotated with `@BeforeTransaction` or `@AfterTransaction` are naturally not executed for tests annotated with `@NotTransactional`. However, `@NotTransactional` is deprecated as of Spring 3.0.

The following JUnit 4 based example displays a fictitious integration testing scenario highlighting several transaction-related annotations. Consult the annotation support section of the reference manual for further information and configuration examples.

    @RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class)
    @ContextConfiguration
    @TransactionConfiguration(transactionManager="txMgr", defaultRollback=false)
    @Transactional
    public class FictitiousTransactionalTest {

        @BeforeTransaction
        public void verifyInitialDatabaseState() {
            // logic to verify the initial state before a transaction is started
        }

        @Before
        public void setUpTestDataWithinTransaction() {
            // set up test data within the transaction
        }

        @Test
        // overrides the class-level defaultRollback setting
        @Rollback(true)
        public void modifyDatabaseWithinTransaction() {
            // logic which uses the test data and modifies database state
        }

        @After
        public void tearDownWithinTransaction() {
            // execute "tear down" logic within the transaction
        }

        @AfterTransaction
        public void verifyFinalDatabaseState() {
            // logic to verify the final state after transaction has rolled back
        }

    }

| Avoid false positives when testing ORM code
When you test code involving an ORM framework such as JPA or Hibernate, flush the underlying session within test methods which update the state of the session. Failing to flush the ORM framework's underlying session can produce false positives: your test may pass, but the same code throws an exception in a live, production environment. In the following Hibernate-based example test case, one method demonstrates a false positive and the other method correctly exposes the results of flushing the session.
    // ...

    @Autowired
    private SessionFactory sessionFactory;

    @Test // no expected exception!
    public void falsePositive() {
        updateEntityInHibernateSession();
        // False positive: an exception will be thrown once the session is
        // finally flushed (i.e., in production code)
    }

    @Test(expected = GenericJDBCException.class)
    public void updateWithSessionFlush() {
        updateEntityInHibernateSession();
        // Manual flush is required to avoid false positive in test
        sessionFactory.getCurrentSession().flush();
    }

    // ...

#### 9.3.5.5 TestContext support classes

##### JUnit 3.8 support classes

The `org.springframework.test.context.junit38` package provides support classes for JUnit 3.8 based test cases.

- `AbstractJUnit38SpringContextTests`: Abstract `TestCase` that integrates the Spring TestContext Framework with explicit `ApplicationContext` testing support in a JUnit 3.8 environment. When you extend the `AbstractJUnit38SpringContextTests` class, you need access to the following `protected` instance variables:

  - `applicationContext`: Perform explicit bean lookups or test the state of the context as a whole.

- `AbstractTransactionalJUnit38SpringContextTests`: Abstract transactional extension of `AbstractJUnit38SpringContextTests` that also adds some convenience functionality for JDBC access. Expects a `javax.sql.DataSource` bean and a `PlatformTransactionManager` bean to be defined in the `ApplicationContext`. When you extend the `AbstractTransactionalJUnit38SpringContextTests` class, you will have access to the following `protected` instance variables:

  - `applicationContext`: Inherited from the `AbstractJUnit38SpringContextTests` superclass. Use this variable to perform explicit bean lookups or to test the state of the context as a whole.

  - `simpleJdbcTemplate`: Useful for querying to confirm state. For example, use an ORM tool to query before and after testing application code that creates an object and persists it, to verify that the data appears in the database. (Spring ensures that the query runs in the scope of the same transaction.) You need to tell your ORM tool to 'flush' its changes for this to work correctly by, for example, using the `flush()` method on Hibernate's `Session` interface.

##### JUnit 4.5+ support classes

The `org.springframework.test.context.junit4` package provides support classes for JUnit 4.5+ based test cases.

- `AbstractJUnit4SpringContextTests`: Abstract base test class that integrates the Spring TestContext Framework with explicit `ApplicationContext` testing support in a JUnit 4.5+ environment.

  When you extend `AbstractJUnit4SpringContextTests`, you can access the following `protected` instance variable:

  - `applicationContext`: Perform explicit bean lookups or test the state of the context as a whole.

- `AbstractTransactionalJUnit4SpringContextTests`: Abstract transactional extension of `AbstractJUnit4SpringContextTests` that also adds some convenience functionality for JDBC access. Expects a `javax.sql.DataSource` bean and a `PlatformTransactionManager` bean to be defined in the `ApplicationContext`. When you extend `AbstractTransactionalJUnit4SpringContextTests` you can access the following `protected` instance variables:

  - `applicationContext`: Inherited from the `AbstractJUnit4SpringContextTests` superclass. Perform explicit bean lookups or test the state of the context as a whole.

  - `simpleJdbcTemplate`: Useful for querying to confirm state. For example, use an ORM tool to query before and after testing application code that creates an object and persists it, to verify that the data appears in the database. (Spring ensures that the query runs in the scope of the same transaction.) You need to tell your ORM tool to 'flush' its changes for this to work correctly by, for example, using the `flush()` method on Hibernate's `Session` interface.

| Tip
These classes are a convenience for extension. If you do not want your test classes to be tied to a Spring-specific class hierarchy -- for example, if you want to extend directly the class you are testing -- you can configure your own custom test classes by using `@RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class)`, `@ContextConfiguration`, `@TestExecutionListeners`, and so on.

##### Custom JUnit 4.5+ Runner

The Spring TestContext Framework offers full integration with JUnit 4.5+ through a custom runner (tested on JUnit 4.5, 4.6, and 4.7). By annotating test classes with `@RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class)`, developers can implement standard JUnit 4.5+ unit and integration tests and simultaneously reap the benefits of the TestContext framework such as support for loading application contexts, dependency injection of test instances, transactional test method execution, and so on. The following code listing displays the minimal requirements for configuring a test class to run with the custom Spring Runner. `@TestExecutionListeners` is configured with an empty list in order to disable the default listeners, which otherwise would require an ApplicationContext to be configured through `@ContextConfiguration`.

    @RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class)
    @TestExecutionListeners({})
    public class SimpleTest {

        @Test
        public void testMethod() {
            // execute test logic...
        }
    }

##### TestNG support classes

The `org.springframework.test.context.testng` package provides support classes for TestNG based test cases.

- `AbstractTestNGSpringContextTests`: Abstract base test class that integrates the Spring TestContext Framework with explicit `ApplicationContext` testing support in a TestNG environment.

  When you extend `AbstractTestNGSpringContextTests` you can access the following `protected` instance variable:

  - `applicationContext`: Perform explicit bean lookups or test the state of the context as a whole.

- `AbstractTransactionalTestNGSpringContextTests`: Abstract transactional extension of `AbstractTestNGSpringContextTests` that adds some convenience functionality for JDBC access. Expects a `javax.sql.DataSource` bean and a `PlatformTransactionManager` bean to be defined in the `ApplicationContext`. When you extend `AbstractTransactionalTestNGSpringContextTests,` you can access the following `protected` instance variables:

  - `applicationContext`: Inherited from the `AbstractTestNGSpringContextTests` superclass. Perform explicit bean lookups or test the state of the context as a whole.

  - `simpleJdbcTemplate`: Useful for querying to confirm state. For example, use an ORM tool to query before and after testing application code that creates an object and persists it, to verify that the data appears in the database. (Spring ensures that the query runs in the scope of the same transaction.) You need to tell your ORM tool to 'flush' its changes for this to work correctly by, for example, using the `flush()` method on Hibernate's `Session` interface.

| Tip
These classes are a convenience for extension. If you do not want your test classes to be tied to a Spring-specific class hierarchy--for example, if you want to directly extend the class you are testing--you can configure your own custom test classes by using `@ContextConfiguration`, `@TestExecutionListeners`, and so on, and by manually instrumenting your test class with a `TestContextManager`. See the source code of `AbstractTestNGSpringContextTests` for an example of how to instrument your test class.

### 9.3.6 PetClinic example

The PetClinic application, available from the samples repository, illustrates several features of the Spring TestContext Framework in a JUnit 4.5+ environment. Most test functionality is included in the `AbstractClinicTests`, for which a partial listing is shown below:

    import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
    // import ...

    @ContextConfiguration
    public abstract class AbstractClinicTests extends AbstractTransactionalJUnit4SpringContextTests {

        @Autowired
        protected Clinic clinic;

        @Test
        public void getVets() {
            Collection<Vet> vets = this.clinic.getVets();
            assertEquals("JDBC query must show the same number of vets",
                super.countRowsInTable("VETS"), vets.size());
            Vet v1 = EntityUtils.getById(vets, Vet.class, 2);
            assertEquals("Leary", v1.getLastName());
            assertEquals(1, v1.getNrOfSpecialties());
            assertEquals("radiology", (v1.getSpecialties().get(0)).getName());
            // ...
        }

        // ...
    }

Notes:

- This test case extends the `AbstractTransactionalJUnit4SpringContextTests` class, from which it inherits configuration for Dependency Injection (through the `DependencyInjectionTestExecutionListener`) and transactional behavior (through the `TransactionalTestExecutionListener`).

- The `clinic` instance variable - the application object being tested - is set by Dependency Injection through `@Autowired` semantics.

- The `testGetVets()` method illustrates how you can use the inherited `countRowsInTable()` method to easily verify the number of rows in a given table, thus testing correct behavior of the application code being tested. This allows for stronger tests and lessens dependency on the exact test data. For example, you can add additional rows in the database without breaking tests.

- Like many integration tests that use a database, most of the tests in `AbstractClinicTests` depend on a minimum amount of data already in the database before the test cases run. You might, however, choose to populate the database in your test cases also - again, within the same transaction.

The PetClinic application supports three data access technologies: JDBC, Hibernate, and JPA. By declaring `@ContextConfiguration` without any specific resource locations, the `AbstractClinicTests` class will have its application context loaded from the default location, `AbstractClinicTests-context.xml`, which declares a common `DataSource`. Subclasses specify additional context locations that must declare a `PlatformTransactionManager` and a concrete implementation of `Clinic`.

For example, the Hibernate implementation of the PetClinic tests contains the following implementation. For this example, `HibernateClinicTests` does not contain a single line of code: we only need to declare `@ContextConfiguration`, and the tests are inherited from `AbstractClinicTests`. Because `@ContextConfiguration` is declared without any specific resource locations, the Spring TestContext Framework loads an application context from all the beans defined in `AbstractClinicTests-context.xml` (that is, the inherited locations) and `HibernateClinicTests-context.xml`, with `HibernateClinicTests-context.xml` possibly overriding beans defined in `AbstractClinicTests-context.xml`.

    @ContextConfiguration
    public class HibernateClinicTests extends AbstractClinicTests { }

As you can see in the PetClinic application, the Spring configuration is split across multiple files. As is typical of large-scale applications, configuration locations are often specified in a common base class for all application-specific integration tests. Such a base class may also add useful instance variables--populated by Dependency Injection, naturally--such as a `HibernateTemplate`, in the case of an application using Hibernate.

As far as possible, you should have exactly the same Spring configuration files in your integration tests as in the deployed environment. One likely point of difference concerns database connection pooling and transaction infrastructure. If you are deploying to a full-blown application server, you will probably use its connection pool (available through JNDI) and JTA implementation. Thus in production you will use a `JndiObjectFactoryBean` / `<jee:jndi-lookup>` for the `DataSource` and `JtaTransactionManager`. JNDI and JTA will not be available in out-of-container integration tests, so you should use a combination like the Commons DBCP `BasicDataSource` and `DataSourceTransactionManager` or `HibernateTransactionManager` for them. You can factor out this variant behavior into a single XML file, having the choice between application server and a 'local' configuration separated from all other configuration, which will not vary between the test and production environments. In addition, it is advisable to use properties files for connection settings: see the PetClinic application for an example.

## 9.4 Further Resources

Consult the following resources for more information about testing:

- JUnit: The Spring Framework's unit and integration test suite, written with JUnit 3.8.2 and JUnit 4.7 as the testing framework.

- TestNG: A testing framework inspired by JUnit 3.8 with added support for Java 5 annotations, test groups, data-driven testing, distributed testing, and so on.

- MockObjects.com: Web site dedicated to mock objects, a technique for improving the design of code within test-driven development.

- "Mock Objects": Article in Wikipedia.

- EasyMock: Used extensively by the Spring Framework in its test suite.

- JMock: Library that supports test-driven development of Java code with mock objects.

- Mockito: Java mock library based on the test spy pattern.

- DbUnit: JUnit extension (also usable with Ant and Maven) targeted for database-driven projects that, among other things, puts your database into a known state between test runs.

- Grinder: Java load testing framework.

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