rxvt(7)

NAME
RXVT REFERENCE - FAQ, command sequences and other background information

SYNOPSIS
   # set a new font set
   printf '\33]50;%s\007' 9x15,xft:Kochi" Mincho"

   # change the locale and tell rxvt-unicode about it
   export LC_CTYPE=ja_JP.EUC-JP; printf "\33]701;$LC_CTYPE\007"

   # set window title
   printf '\33]2;%s\007' "new window title"

DESCRIPTION
This document contains the FAQ, the RXVT TECHNICAL REFERENCE documenting all escape sequences, and other background information.

The newest version of this document is also available on the World Wide Web at <http://cvs.schmorp.de/browse/*checkout*/rxvt-unicode/doc/rxvt.7.html>.

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

How do I know which rxvt-unicode version I'm using?
    The version number is displayed with the usage (-h). Also the escape sequence "ESC [ 8 n" sets the window title to the version number.

I am using Debian GNU/Linux and have a problem...
    The Debian GNU/Linux package of rxvt-unicode in sarge contains large patches that considerably change the behaviour of rxvt-unicode. Before reporting a bug to the original rxvt-unicode author please download and install the genuine version (<http://software.schmorp.de#rxvt-unicode>) and try to reproduce the problem. If you cannot, chances are that the problems are specific to Debian GNU/Linux, in which case it should be reported via the Debian Bug Tracking System (use "reportbug" to report the bug).

    For other problems that also affect the Debian package, you can and probably should use the Debian BTS, too, because, after all, it's also a bug in the Debian version and it serves as a reminder for other users that might encounter the same issue.

When I log-in to another system it tells me about missing terminfo data?
    The terminal description used by rxvt-unicode is not as widely available as that for xterm, or even rxvt (for which the same problem often arises).

    The correct solution for this problem is to install the terminfo, this can be done like this (with ncurses' infocmp):

       REMOTE=remotesystem.domain
       infocmp rxvt-unicode | ssh $REMOTE "cat >/tmp/ti && tic /tmp/ti"

    ... or by installing rxvt-unicode normally on the remote system,

    If you cannot or do not want to do this, then you can simply set "TERM=rxvt" or even "TERM=xterm", and live with the small number of problems arising, which includes wrong keymapping, less and different colours and some refresh errors in fullscreen applications. It's a nice quick-and-dirty workaround for rare cases, though.

    If you always want to do this (and are fine with the consequences) you can either recompile rxvt-unicode with the desired TERM value or use a resource to set it:

       URxvt.termName: rxvt

    If you don't plan to use rxvt (quite common...) you could also replace the rxvt terminfo file with the rxvt-unicode one.

"tic" outputs some error when compiling the terminfo entry.
    Most likely it's the empty definition for "enacs=". Just replace it by "enacs=\E[0@" and try again.

"bash"'s readline does not work correctly under urxvt.
I need a termcap file entry.
    One reason you might want this is that some distributions or operating systems still compile some programs using the long-obsoleted termcap library (Fedora Core's bash is one example) and rely on a termcap entry for "rxvt-unicode".

    You could use rxvt's termcap entry with resonable results in many cases. You can also create a termcap entry by using terminfo's infocmp program like this:

       infocmp -C rxvt-unicode

    Or you could use this termcap entry, generated by the command above:

       rxvt-unicode|rxvt-unicode terminal (X Window System):\
               :am:bw:eo:km:mi:ms:xn:xo:\
               :co#80:it#8:li#24:lm#0:\
               :AL=\E[%dL:DC=\E[%dP:DL=\E[%dM:DO=\E[%dB:IC=\E[%d@:\
               :K1=\EOw:K2=\EOu:K3=\EOy:K4=\EOq:K5=\EOs:LE=\E[%dD:\
               :RI=\E[%dC:SF=\E[%dS:SR=\E[%dT:UP=\E[%dA:ae=\E(B:al=\E[L:\
               :as=\E(0:bl=^G:cd=\E[J:ce=\E[K:cl=\E[H\E[2J:\
               :cm=\E[%i%d;%dH:cr=^M:cs=\E[%i%d;%dr:ct=\E[3g:dc=\E[P:\
               :dl=\E[M:do=^J:ec=\E[%dX:ei=\E[4l:ho=\E[H:\
               :i1=\E[?47l\E=\E[?1l:ic=\E[@:im=\E[4h:\
               :is=\E[r\E[m\E[2J\E[H\E[?7h\E[?1;3;4;6l\E[4l:\
               :k1=\E[11~:k2=\E[12~:k3=\E[13~:k4=\E[14~:k5=\E[15~:\
               :k6=\E[17~:k7=\E[18~:k8=\E[19~:k9=\E[20~:kD=\E[3~:\
               :kI=\E[2~:kN=\E[6~:kP=\E[5~:kb=\177:kd=\EOB:ke=\E[?1l\E>:\
               :kh=\E[7~:kl=\EOD:kr=\EOC:ks=\E[?1h\E=:ku=\EOA:le=^H:\
               :mb=\E[5m:md=\E[1m:me=\E[m\017:mr=\E[7m:nd=\E[C:rc=\E8:\
               :sc=\E7:se=\E[27m:sf=^J:so=\E[7m:sr=\EM:st=\EH:ta=^I:\
               :te=\E[r\E[?1049l:ti=\E[?1049h:ue=\E[24m:up=\E[A:\
               :us=\E[4m:vb=\E[?5h\E[?5l:ve=\E[?25h:vi=\E[?25l:\
               :vs=\E[?25h:

Why does "ls" no longer have coloured output?
    The "ls" in the GNU coreutils unfortunately doesn't use terminfo to decide wether a terminal has colour, but uses it's own configuration file. Needless to say, "rxvt-unicode" is not in it's default file (among with most other terminals supporting colour). Either add:

       TERM rxvt-unicode

    to "/etc/DIR_COLORS" or simply add:

       alias ls='ls --color=auto'

    to your ".profile" or ".bashrc".

Why doesn't vim/emacs etc. use the 88 colour mode?
Why doesn't vim/emacs etc. make use of italic?
Why are the secondary screen-related options not working properly?
    Make sure you are using "TERM=rxvt-unicode". Some pre-packaged distributions (most notably Debian GNU/Linux) break rxvt-unicode by setting "TERM" to "rxvt", which doesn't have these extra features. Unfortunately, some of these (most notably, again, Debian GNU/Linux) furthermore fail to even install the "rxvt-unicode" terminfo file, so you will need to install it on your own (See the question When I log-in to another system it tells me about missing terminfo data? on how to do this).

My numerical keypad acts weird and generates differing output?
    Some Debian GNUL/Linux users seem to have this problem, although no specific details were reported so far. It is possible that this is caused by the wrong "TERM" setting, although the details of wether and how this can happen are unknown, as "TERM=rxvt" should offer a compatible keymap. See the answer to the previous question, and please report if that helped.

Rxvt-unicode does not seem to understand the selected encoding?
Unicode does not seem to work?
    If you encounter strange problems like typing an accented character but getting two unrelated other characters or similar, or if program output is subtly garbled, then you should check your locale settings.

    Rxvt-unicode must be started with the same "LC_CTYPE" setting as the programs. Often rxvt-unicode is started in the "C" locale, while the login script running within the rxvt-unicode window changes the locale to something else, e.g. "en_GB.UTF-8". Needless to say, this is not going to work.

    The best thing is to fix your startup environment, as you will likely run into other problems. If nothing works you can try this in your .profile.

      printf '\e]701;%s\007' "$LC_CTYPE"

    If this doesn't work, then maybe you use a "LC_CTYPE" specification not supported on your systems. Some systems have a "locale" command which displays this (also, "perl -e0" can be used to check locale settings, as it will complain loudly if it cannot set the locale). If it displays something like:

      locale: Cannot set LC_CTYPE to default locale: ...

    Then the locale you specified is not supported on your system.

    If nothing works and you are sure that everything is set correctly then you will need to remember a little known fact: Some programs just don't support locales :(

Why do some characters look so much different than others?
How does rxvt-unicode choose fonts?
    Most fonts do not contain the full range of Unicode, which is fine. Chances are that the font you (or the admin/package maintainer of your system/os) have specified does not cover all the characters you want to display.

    rxvt-unicode makes a best-effort try at finding a replacement font. Often the result is fine, but sometimes the chosen font looks bad/ugly/wrong. Some fonts have totally strange characters that don't resemble the correct glyph at all, and rxvt-unicode lacks the artificial intelligence to detect that a specific glyph is wrong: it has to believe the font that the characters it claims to contain indeed look correct.

    In that case, select a font of your taste and add it to the font list, e.g.:

       urxvt -fn basefont,font2,font3...

    When rxvt-unicode sees a character, it will first look at the base font. If the base font does not contain the character, it will go to the next font, and so on. Specifying your own fonts will also speed up this search and use less resources within rxvt-unicode and the X-server.

    The only limitation is that none of the fonts may be larger than the base font, as the base font defines the terminal character cell size, which must be the same due to the way terminals work.

Why do some chinese characters look so different than others?
    This is because there is a difference between script and language -- rxvt-unicode does not know which language the text that is output is, as it only knows the unicode character codes. If rxvt-unicode first sees a japanese/chinese character, it might choose a japanese font for display. Subsequent japanese characters will use that font. Now, many chinese characters aren't represented in japanese fonts, so when the first non-japanese character comes up, rxvt-unicode will look for a chinese font -- unfortunately at this point, it will still use the japanese font for chinese characters that are also in the japanese font.

    The workaround is easy: just tag a chinese font at the end of your font list (see the previous question). The key is to view the font list as a preference list: If you expect more japanese, list a japanese font first. If you expect more chinese, put a chinese font first.

    In the future it might be possible to switch language preferences at runtime (the internal data structure has no problem with using different fonts for the same character at the same time, but no interface for this has been designed yet).

    Until then, you might get away with switching fonts at runtime (see "Can I switch the fonts at runtime?" later in this document).

Why does rxvt-unicode sometimes leave pixel droppings?
    Most fonts were not designed for terminal use, which means that character size varies a lot. A font that is otherwise fine for terminal use might contain some characters that are simply too wide. Rxvt-unicode will avoid these characters. For characters that are just "a bit" too wide a special "careful" rendering mode is used that redraws adjacent characters.

    All of this requires that fonts do not lie about character sizes, however: Xft fonts often draw glyphs larger than their acclaimed bounding box, and rxvt-unicode has no way of detecting this (the correct way is to ask for the character bounding box, which unfortunately is wrong in these cases).

    It's not clear (to me at least), wether this is a bug in Xft, freetype, or the respective font. If you encounter this problem you might try using the "-lsp" option to give the font more height. If that doesn't work, you might be forced to use a different font.

    All of this is not a problem when using X11 core fonts, as their bounding box data is correct.

On Solaris 9, many line-drawing characters are too wide.
    Seems to be a known bug, read <http://nixdoc.net/files/forum/about34198.html>. Some people use the following ugly workaround to get non-double-wide-characters working:

       #define wcwidth(x) wcwidth(x) > 1 ? 1 : wcwidth(x)

My Compose (Multi_key) key is no longer working.
    The most common causes for this are that either your locale is not set correctly, or you specified a preeditStyle that is not supported by your input method. For example, if you specified OverTheSpot and your input method (e.g. the default input method handling Compose keys) does not support this (for instance because it is not visual), then rxvt-unicode will continue without an input method.

    In this case either do not specify a preeditStyle or specify more than one pre-edit style, such as OverTheSpot,Root,None.

I cannot type "Ctrl-Shift-2" to get an ASCII NUL character due to ISO 14755
    Either try "Ctrl-2" alone (it often is mapped to ASCII NUL even on international keyboards) or simply use ISO 14755 support to your advantage, typing <Ctrl-Shift-0> to get a ASCII NUL. This works for other codes, too, such as "Ctrl-Shift-1-d" to type the default telnet escape character and so on.

How can I keep rxvt-unicode from using reverse video so much?
    First of all, make sure you are running with the right terminal settings ("TERM=rxvt-unicode"), which will get rid of most of these effects. Then make sure you have specified colours for italic and bold, as otherwise rxvt-unicode might use reverse video to simulate the effect:

       URxvt.colorBD:  white
       URxvt.colorIT:  green

Some programs assume totally weird colours (red instead of blue), how can I fix that?
    For some unexplainable reason, some rare programs assume a very weird colour palette when confronted with a terminal with more than the standard 8 colours (rxvt-unicode supports 88). The right fix is, of course, to fix these programs not to assume non-ISO colours without very good reasons.

    In the meantime, you can either edit your "rxvt-unicode" terminfo definition to only claim 8 colour support or use "TERM=rxvt", which will fix colours but keep you from using other rxvt-unicode features.

I am on FreeBSD and rxvt-unicode does not seem to work at all.
    Rxvt-unicode requires the symbol "__STDC_ISO_10646__" to be defined in your compile environment, or an implementation that implements it, wether it defines the symbol or not. "__STDC_ISO_10646__" requires that wchar_t is represented as unicode.

    As you might have guessed, FreeBSD does neither define this symobl nor does it support it. Instead, it uses it's own internal representation of wchar_t. This is, of course, completely fine with respect to standards.

    However, that means rxvt-unicode only works in "POSIX", "ISO-8859-1" and "UTF-8" locales under FreeBSD (which all use Unicode as wchar_t.

    "__STDC_ISO_10646__" is the only sane way to support multi-language apps in an OS, as using a locale-dependent (and non-standardized) representation of wchar_t makes it impossible to convert between wchar_t (as used by X11 and your applications) and any other encoding without implementing OS-specific-wrappers for each and every locale. There simply are no APIs to convert wchar_t into anything except the current locale encoding.

    Some applications (such as the formidable mlterm) work around this by carrying their own replacement functions for character set handling with them, and either implementing OS-dependent hacks or doing multiple conversions (which is slow and unreliable in case the OS implements encodings slightly different than the terminal emulator).

    The rxvt-unicode author insists that the right way to fix this is in the system libraries once and for all, instead of forcing every app to carry complete replacements for them :)

I use Solaris 9 and it doesn't compile/work/etc.
    Try the diff in doc/solaris9.patch as a base. It fixes the worst problems with "wcwidth" and a compile problem.

How can I use rxvt-unicode under cygwin?
    rxvt-unicode should compile and run out of the box on cygwin, using the X11 libraries that come with cygwin. libW11 emulation is no longer supported (and makes no sense, either, as it only supported a single font). I recommend starting the X-server in "-multiwindow" or "-rootless" mode instead, which will result in similar look&feel as the old libW11 emulation.

    At the time of this writing, cygwin didn't seem to support any multi-byte encodings (you might try "LC_CTYPE=C-UTF-8"), so you are likely limited to 8-bit encodings.

How does rxvt-unicode determine the encoding to use?
Is there an option to switch encodings?
    Unlike some other terminals, rxvt-unicode has no encoding switch, and no specific "utf-8" mode, such as xterm. In fact, it doesn't even know about UTF-8 or any other encodings with respect to terminal I/O.

    The reasons is that there exists a perfectly fine mechanism for selecting the encoding, doing I/O and (most important) communicating this to all applications so everybody agrees on character properties such as width and code number. This mechanism is the locale. Applications not using that info will have problems (for example, "xterm" gets the width of characters wrong as it uses it's own, locale-independent table under all locales).

    Rxvt-unicode uses the "LC_CTYPE" locale category to select encoding. All programs doing the same (that is, most) will automatically agree in the interpretation of characters.

    Unfortunately, there is no system-independent way to select locales, nor is there a standard on how locale specifiers will look like.

    On most systems, the content of the "LC_CTYPE" environment variable contains an arbitrary string which corresponds to an already-installed locale. Common names for locales are "en_US.UTF-8", "de_DE.ISO-8859-15", "ja_JP.EUC-JP", i.e. "language_country.encoding", but other forms (i.e. "de" or "german") are also common.

    Rxvt-unicode ignores all other locale categories, and except for the encoding, ignores country or language-specific settings, i.e. "de_DE.UTF-8" and "ja_JP.UTF-8" are the normally same to rxvt-unicode.

    If you want to use a specific encoding you have to make sure you start rxvt-unicode with the correct "LC_CTYPE" category.

Can I switch locales at runtime?
    Yes, using an escape sequence. Try something like this, which sets rxvt-unicode's idea of "LC_CTYPE".

      printf '\e]701;%s\007' ja_JP.SJIS

    See also the previous answer.

    Sometimes this capability is rather handy when you want to work in one locale (e.g. "de_DE.UTF-8") but some programs don't support it (e.g. UTF-8). For example, I use this script to start "xjdic", which first switches to a locale supported by xjdic and back later:

       printf '\e]701;%s\007' ja_JP.SJIS
       xjdic -js
       printf '\e]701;%s\007' de_DE.UTF-8

    You can also use xterm's "luit" program, which usually works fine, except for some locales where character width differs between program- and rxvt-unicode-locales.

Can I switch the fonts at runtime?
    Yes, using an escape sequence. Try something like this, which has the same effect as using the "-fn" switch, and takes effect immediately:

       printf '\e]50;%s\007' "9x15bold,xft:Kochi Gothic"

    This is useful if you e.g. work primarily with japanese (and prefer a japanese font), but you have to switch to chinese temporarily, where japanese fonts would only be in your way.

    You can think of this as a kind of manual ISO-2022 switching.

Why do italic characters look as if clipped?
    Many fonts have difficulties with italic characters and hinting. For example, the otherwise very nicely hinted font "xft:Bitstream Vera Sans Mono" completely fails in it's italic face. A workaround might be to enable freetype autohinting, i.e. like this:

       URxvt.italicFont:        xft:Bitstream Vera Sans Mono:italic:autohint=true
       URxvt.boldItalicFont:    xft:Bitstream Vera Sans Mono:bold:italic:autohint=true

My input method wants <some encoding> but I want UTF-8, what can I do?
    You can specify separate locales for the input method and the rest of the terminal, using the resource "imlocale":

       URxvt*imlocale: ja_JP.EUC-JP

    Now you can start your terminal with "LC_CTYPE=ja_JP.UTF-8" and still use your input method. Please note, however, that you will not be able to input characters outside "EUC-JP" in a normal way then, as your input method limits you.

Rxvt-unicode crashes when the X Input Method changes or exits.
    Unfortunately, this is unavoidable, as the XIM protocol is racy by design. Applications can avoid some crashes at the expense of memory leaks, and Input Methods can avoid some crashes by careful ordering at exit time. kinput2 (and derived input methods) generally succeeds, while SCIM (or similar input methods) fails. In the end, however, crashes cannot be completely avoided even if both sides cooperate.

    So the only workaround is not to kill your Input Method Servers.

Rxvt-unicode uses gobs of memory, how can I reduce that?
    Rxvt-unicode tries to obey the rule of not charging you for something you don't use. One thing you should try is to configure out all settings that you don't need, for example, Xft support is a resource hog by design, when used. Compiling it out ensures that no Xft font will be loaded accidentally when rxvt-unicode tries to find a font for your characters.

    Also, many people (me included) like large windows and even larger scrollback buffers: Without "--enable-unicode3", rxvt-unicode will use 6 bytes per screen cell. For a 160x?? window this amounts to almost a kilobyte per line. A scrollback buffer of 10000 lines will then (if full) use 10 Megabytes of memory. With "--enable-unicode3" it gets worse, as rxvt-unicode then uses 8 bytes per screen cell.

Can I speed up Xft rendering somehow?
    Yes, the most obvious way to speed it up is to avoid Xft entirely, as it is simply slow. If you still want Xft fonts you might try to disable antialiasing (by appending ":antialiasing=false"), which saves lots of memory and also speeds up rendering considerably.

Rxvt-unicode doesn't seem to anti-alias its fonts, what is wrong?
    Rxvt-unicode will use whatever you specify as a font. If it needs to fall back to it's default font search list it will prefer X11 core fonts, because they are small and fast, and then use Xft fonts. It has antialiasing disabled for most of them, because the author thinks they look best that way.

    If you want antialiasing, you have to specify the fonts manually.

Mouse cut/paste suddenly no longer works.
    Make sure that mouse reporting is actually turned off since killing some editors prematurely may leave the mouse in mouse report mode. I've heard that tcsh may use mouse reporting unless it otherwise specified. A quick check is to see if cut/paste works when the Alt or Shift keys are depressed. See urxvt(7)

What's with this bold/blink stuff?
    If no bold colour is set via "colorBD:", bold will invert text using the standard foreground colour.

    For the standard background colour, blinking will actually make the text blink when compiled with "--enable-blinking". with standard colours. Without "--enable-blinking", the blink attribute will be ignored.

    On ANSI colours, bold/blink attributes are used to set high-intensity foreground/background colors.

    color0-7 are the low-intensity colors.

    color8-15 are the corresponding high-intensity colors.

I don't like the screen colors.  How do I change them?
    You can change the screen colors at run-time using ~/.Xdefaults resources (or as long-options).

    Here are values that are supposed to resemble a VGA screen, including the murky brown that passes for low-intensity yellow:

       URxvt.color0:   #000000
       URxvt.color1:   #A80000
       URxvt.color2:   #00A800
       URxvt.color3:   #A8A800
       URxvt.color4:   #0000A8
       URxvt.color5:   #A800A8
       URxvt.color6:   #00A8A8
       URxvt.color7:   #A8A8A8

       URxvt.color8:   #000054
       URxvt.color9:   #FF0054
       URxvt.color10:  #00FF54
       URxvt.color11:  #FFFF54
       URxvt.color12:  #0000FF
       URxvt.color13:  #FF00FF
       URxvt.color14:  #00FFFF
       URxvt.color15:  #FFFFFF

    And here is a more complete set of non-standard colors described (not by me) as "pretty girly".

       URxvt.cursorColor:  #dc74d1
       URxvt.pointerColor: #dc74d1
       URxvt.background:   #0e0e0e
       URxvt.foreground:   #4ad5e1
       URxvt.color0:       #000000
       URxvt.color8:       #8b8f93
       URxvt.color1:       #dc74d1
       URxvt.color9:       #dc74d1
       URxvt.color2:       #0eb8c7
       URxvt.color10:      #0eb8c7
       URxvt.color3:       #dfe37e
       URxvt.color11:      #dfe37e
       URxvt.color5:       #9e88f0
       URxvt.color13:      #9e88f0
       URxvt.color6:       #73f7ff
       URxvt.color14:      #73f7ff
       URxvt.color7:       #e1dddd
       URxvt.color15:      #e1dddd

How can I start urxvtd in a race-free way?
    Try "urxvtd -f -o", which tells urxvtd to open the display, create the listening socket and then fork.

What's with the strange Backspace/Delete key behaviour?
    Assuming that the physical Backspace key corresponds to the BackSpace keysym (not likely for Linux ... see the following question) there are two standard values that can be used for Backspace: "^H" and "^?".

    Historically, either value is correct, but rxvt-unicode adopts the debian policy of using "^?" when unsure, because it's the one only only correct choice :).

    Rxvt-unicode tries to inherit the current stty settings and uses the value of `erase' to guess the value for backspace. If rxvt-unicode wasn't started from a terminal (say, from a menu or by remote shell), then the system value of `erase', which corresponds to CERASE in <termios.h>, will be used (which may not be the same as your stty setting).

    For starting a new rxvt-unicode:

       # use Backspace = ^H
       $ stty erase ^H
       $ urxvt

       # use Backspace = ^?
       $ stty erase ^?
       $ urxvt

    Toggle with "ESC [ 36 h" / "ESC [ 36 l" as documented in urxvt(7).

    For an existing rxvt-unicode:

       # use Backspace = ^H
       $ stty erase ^H
       $ echo -n "^[[36h"

       # use Backspace = ^?
       $ stty erase ^?
       $ echo -n "^[[36l"

    This helps satisfy some of the Backspace discrepancies that occur, but if you use Backspace = "^H", make sure that the termcap/terminfo value properly reflects that.

    The Delete key is a another casualty of the ill-defined Backspace problem. To avoid confusion between the Backspace and Delete keys, the Delete key has been assigned an escape sequence to match the vt100 for Execute ("ESC [ 3 ~") and is in the supplied termcap/terminfo.

    Some other Backspace problems:

    some editors use termcap/terminfo, some editors (vim I'm told) expect Backspace = ^H, GNU Emacs (and Emacs-like editors) use ^H for help.

    Perhaps someday this will all be resolved in a consistent manner.

I don't like the key-bindings.  How do I change them?
    There are some compile-time selections available via configure. Unless you have run "configure" with the "--disable-resources" option you can use the `keysym' resource to alter the keystrings associated with keysyms.

    Here's an example for a URxvt session started using "urxvt -name URxvt"

       URxvt.keysym.Home:          \033[1~
       URxvt.keysym.End:           \033[4~
       URxvt.keysym.C-apostrophe:  \033<C-'>
       URxvt.keysym.C-slash:       \033<C-/>
       URxvt.keysym.C-semicolon:   \033<C-;>
       URxvt.keysym.C-grave:       \033<C-`>
       URxvt.keysym.C-comma:       \033<C-,>
       URxvt.keysym.C-period:      \033<C-.>
       URxvt.keysym.C-0x60:        \033<C-`>
       URxvt.keysym.C-Tab:         \033<C-Tab>
       URxvt.keysym.C-Return:      \033<C-Return>
       URxvt.keysym.S-Return:      \033<S-Return>
       URxvt.keysym.S-space:       \033<S-Space>
       URxvt.keysym.M-Up:          \033<M-Up>
       URxvt.keysym.M-Down:        \033<M-Down>
       URxvt.keysym.M-Left:        \033<M-Left>
       URxvt.keysym.M-Right:       \033<M-Right>
       URxvt.keysym.M-C-0:         list \033<M-C- 0123456789 >
       URxvt.keysym.M-C-a:         list \033<M-C- abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz >
       URxvt.keysym.F12:           command:\033]701;zh_CN.GBK\007

    See some more examples in the documentation for the keysym resource.

I'm using keyboard model XXX that has extra Prior/Next/Insert keys. How do I make use of them?  For example, the Sun Keyboard type 4 has the following mappings that rxvt-unicode doesn't recognize.
       KP_Insert == Insert
       F22 == Print
       F27 == Home
       F29 == Prior
       F33 == End
       F35 == Next

    Rather than have rxvt-unicode try to accommodate all the various possible keyboard mappings, it is better to use `xmodmap' to remap the keys as required for your particular machine.

How do I distinguish wether I'm running rxvt-unicode or a regular xterm? I need this to decide about setting colors etc.
    rxvt and rxvt-unicode always export the variable "COLORTERM", so you can check and see if that is set. Note that several programs, JED, slrn, Midnight Commander automatically check this variable to decide whether or not to use color.

How do I set the correct, full IP address for the DISPLAY variable?
    If you've compiled rxvt-unicode with DISPLAY_IS_IP and have enabled insecure mode then it is possible to use the following shell script snippets to correctly set the display. If your version of rxvt-unicode wasn't also compiled with ESCZ_ANSWER (as assumed in these snippets) then the COLORTERM variable can be used to distinguish rxvt-unicode from a regular xterm.

    Courtesy of Chuck Blake <cblake@BBN.COM> with the following shell script snippets:

       # Bourne/Korn/POSIX family of shells:
       [ ${TERM:-foo} = foo ] && TERM=xterm # assume an xterm if we don't know
       if [ ${TERM:-foo} = xterm ]; then
          stty -icanon -echo min 0 time 15 # see if enhanced rxvt or not
          echo -n '^[Z'
          read term_id
          stty icanon echo
          if [ ""${term_id} = '^[[?1;2C' -a ${DISPLAY:-foo} = foo ]; then
             echo -n '^[[7n'        # query the rxvt we are in for the DISPLAY string
             read DISPLAY           # set it in our local shell
          fi
       fi

How do I compile the manual pages for myself?
    You need to have a recent version of perl installed as /usr/bin/perl, one that comes with pod2man, pod2text and pod2html. Then go to the doc subdirectory and enter "make alldoc".

My question isn't answered here, can I ask a human?
    Before sending me mail, you could go to IRC: "irc.freenode.net", channel "#rxvt-unicode" has some rxvt-unicode enthusiasts that might be interested in learning about new and exciting problems (but not FAQs :).

RXVT TECHNICAL REFERENCE

DESCRIPTION
The rest of this document describes various technical aspects of rxvt-unicode. First the description of supported command sequences, followed by menu and pixmap support and last by a description of all features selectable at "configure" time.

Definitions

"c" The literal character c.

"C" A single (required) character.

"Ps"
    A single (usually optional) numeric parameter, composed of one or more digits.

"Pm"
    A multiple numeric parameter composed of any number of single numeric parameters, separated by ";" character(s).

"Pt"
    A text parameter composed of printable characters.

Values

"ENQ"
    Enquiry (Ctrl-E) = Send Device Attributes (DA) request attributes from terminal. See "ESC [ Ps c".

"BEL"
    Bell (Ctrl-G)

"BS"
    Backspace (Ctrl-H)

"TAB"
    Horizontal Tab (HT) (Ctrl-I)

"LF"
    Line Feed or New Line (NL) (Ctrl-J)

"VT"
    Vertical Tab (Ctrl-K) same as "LF"

"FF"
    Form Feed or New Page (NP) (Ctrl-L) same as "LF"

"CR"
    Carriage Return (Ctrl-M)

"SO"
    Shift Out (Ctrl-N), invokes the G1 character set. Switch to Alternate Character Set

"SI"
    Shift In (Ctrl-O), invokes the G0 character set (the default). Switch to Standard Character Set

"SPC"
    Space Character

Escape Sequences

"ESC # 8"
    DEC Screen Alignment Test (DECALN)

"ESC 7"
    Save Cursor (SC)

"ESC 8"
    Restore Cursor

"ESC ="
    Application Keypad (SMKX). See also next sequence.

"ESC"
    Normal Keypad (RMKX)

    Note: If the numeric keypad is activated, eg, Num_Lock has been pressed, numbers or control functions are generated by the numeric keypad (see Key Codes).

"ESC D"
    Index (IND)

"ESC E"
    Next Line (NEL)

"ESC H"
    Tab Set (HTS)

"ESC M"
    Reverse Index (RI)

"ESC N"
    Single Shift Select of G2 Character Set (SS2): affects next character only unimplemented

"ESC O"
    Single Shift Select of G3 Character Set (SS3): affects next character only unimplemented

"ESC Z"
    Obsolete form of returns: "ESC [ ? 1 ; 2 C" rxvt-unicode compile-time option

"ESC c"
    Full reset (RIS)

"ESC n"
    Invoke the G2 Character Set (LS2)

"ESC o"
    Invoke the G3 Character Set (LS3)

"ESC ( C"
    Designate G0 Character Set (ISO 2022), see below for values of "C".

"ESC ) C"
    Designate G1 Character Set (ISO 2022), see below for values of "C".

"ESC * C"
    Designate G2 Character Set (ISO 2022), see below for values of "C".

"ESC + C"
    Designate G3 Character Set (ISO 2022), see below for values of "C".

"ESC $ C"
    Designate Kanji Character Set

    Where "C" is one of:
    C = 0 | DEC Special Character and Line Drawing Set
    C = A | United Kingdom (UK)
    C = B | United States (USASCII)
    C = < | Multinational character set unimplemented
    C = 5 | Finnish character set unimplemented
    C = C | Finnish character set unimplemented
    C = K | German character set unimplemented

CSI (Command Sequence Introducer) Sequences

"ESC [ Ps @"
    Insert "Ps" (Blank) Character(s) [default: 1] (ICH)

"ESC [ Ps A"
    Cursor Up "Ps" Times [default: 1] (CUU)

"ESC [ Ps B"
    Cursor Down "Ps" Times [default: 1] (CUD)

"ESC [ Ps C"
    Cursor Forward "Ps" Times [default: 1] (CUF)

"ESC [ Ps D"
    Cursor Backward "Ps" Times [default: 1] (CUB)

"ESC [ Ps E"
    Cursor Down "Ps" Times [default: 1] and to first column

"ESC [ Ps F"
    Cursor Up "Ps" Times [default: 1] and to first column

"ESC [ Ps G"
    Cursor to Column "Ps" (HPA)

"ESC [ Ps;Ps H"
    Cursor Position [row;column] [default: 1;1] (CUP)

"ESC [ Ps I"
    Move forward "Ps" tab stops [default: 1]

"ESC [ Ps J"
    Erase in Display (ED)
    Ps = 0 | Clear Below (default)
    Ps = 1 | Clear Above
    Ps = 2 | Clear All

"ESC [ Ps K"
    Erase in Line (EL)
    Ps = 0 | Clear to Right (default)
    Ps = 1 | Clear to Left
    Ps = 2 | Clear All

"ESC [ Ps L"
    Insert "Ps" Line(s) [default: 1] (IL)

"ESC [ Ps M"
    Delete "Ps" Line(s) [default: 1] (DL)

"ESC [ Ps P"
    Delete "Ps" Character(s) [default: 1] (DCH)

"ESC [ Ps;Ps;Ps;Ps;Ps T"
    Initiate . unimplemented Parameters are [func;startx;starty;firstrow;lastrow].

"ESC [ Ps W"
    Tabulator functions
    Ps = 0 | Tab Set (HTS)
    Ps = 2 | Tab Clear (TBC), Clear Current Column (default)
    Ps = 5 | Tab Clear (TBC), Clear All

"ESC [ Ps X"
    Erase "Ps" Character(s) [default: 1] (ECH)

"ESC [ Ps Z"
    Move backward "Ps" [default: 1] tab stops

"ESC [ Ps '"
    See "ESC [ Ps G"

"ESC [ Ps a"
    See "ESC [ Ps C"

"ESC [ Ps c"
    Send Device Attributes (DA) "Ps = 0" (or omitted): request attributes from terminal returns: "ESC [ ? 1 ; 2 c" (``I am a VT100 with Advanced Video Option'')

"ESC [ Ps d"
    Cursor to Line "Ps" (VPA)

"ESC [ Ps e"
    See "ESC [ Ps A"

"ESC [ Ps;Ps f"
    Horizontal and Vertical Position [row;column] (HVP) [default: 1;1]

"ESC [ Ps g"
    Tab Clear (TBC)
    Ps = 0 | Clear Current Column (default)
    Ps = 3 | Clear All (TBC)

"ESC [ Pm h"
    Set Mode (SM). See "ESC [ Pm l" sequence for description of "Pm".

"ESC [ Ps i"
    Printing. See also the "print-pipe" resource.
    Ps = 0 | print screen (MC0)
    Ps = 4 | disable transparent print mode (MC4)
    Ps = 5 | enable transparent print mode (MC5)

"ESC [ Pm l"
    Reset Mode (RM)

    "Ps = 4"
        h | Insert Mode (SMIR)
        l | Replace Mode (RMIR)
    "Ps = 20" (partially implemented)
        h | Automatic Newline (LNM)
        l | Normal Linefeed (LNM)
"ESC [ Pm m"
    Character Attributes (SGR)
    Ps = 0 | Normal (default)
    Ps = 1 / 21 | On / Off Bold (bright fg)
    Ps = 3 / 23 | On / Off Italic
    Ps = 4 / 24 | On / Off Underline
    Ps = 5 / 25 | On / Off Slow Blink (bright bg)
    Ps = 6 / 26 | On / Off Rapid Blink (bright bg)
    Ps = 7 / 27 | On / Off Inverse
    Ps = 8 / 27 | On / Off Invisible (NYI)
    Ps = 30 / 40 | fg/bg Black
    Ps = 31 / 41 | fg/bg Red
    Ps = 32 / 42 | fg/bg Green
    Ps = 33 / 43 | fg/bg Yellow
    Ps = 34 / 44 | fg/bg Blue
    Ps = 35 / 45 | fg/bg Magenta
    Ps = 36 / 46 | fg/bg Cyan
    Ps = 38;5 / 48;5 | set fg/bg to color #m (ISO 8613-6)
    Ps = 37 / 47 | fg/bg White
    Ps = 39 / 49 | fg/bg Default
    Ps = 90 / 100 | fg/bg Bright Black
    Ps = 91 / 101 | fg/bg Bright Red
    Ps = 92 / 102 | fg/bg Bright Green
    Ps = 93 / 103 | fg/bg Bright Yellow
    Ps = 94 / 104 | fg/bg Bright Blue
    Ps = 95 / 105 | fg/bg Bright Magenta
    Ps = 96 / 106 | fg/bg Bright Cyan
    Ps = 97 / 107 | fg/bg Bright White
    Ps = 99 / 109 | fg/bg Bright Default

"ESC [ Ps n"
    Device Status Report (DSR)
    Ps = 5 | Status Report ESC [ 0 n (``OK'')
    Ps = 6 | Report Cursor Position (CPR) [row;column] as ESC [ r ; c R
    Ps = 7 | Request Display Name
    Ps = 8 | Request Version Number (place in window title)

"ESC [ Ps;Ps r"
    Set Scrolling Region [top;bottom] [default: full size of window] (CSR)

"ESC [ s"
    Save Cursor (SC)

"ESC [ Ps;Pt t"
    Window Operations
    Ps = 1 | Deiconify (map) window
    Ps = 2 | Iconify window
    Ps = 3 | ESC [ 3 ; X ; Y t Move window to (X|Y)
    Ps = 4 | ESC [ 4 ; H ; W t Resize to WxH pixels
    Ps = 5 | Raise window
    Ps = 6 | Lower window
    Ps = 7 | Refresh screen once
    Ps = 8 | ESC [ 8 ; R ; C t Resize to R rows and C columns
    Ps = 11 | Report window state (responds with Ps = 1 or Ps = 2)
    Ps = 13 | Report window position (responds with Ps = 3)
    Ps = 14 | Report window pixel size (responds with Ps = 4)
    Ps = 18 | Report window text size (responds with Ps = 7)
    Ps = 19 | Currently the same as Ps = 18, but responds with Ps = 9
    Ps = 20 | Reports icon label (ESC ] L NAME 234)
    Ps = 21 | Reports window title (ESC ] l NAME 234)
    Ps = 24.. | Set window height to Ps rows

"ESC [ u"
    Restore Cursor

"ESC [ Ps x"
    Request Terminal Parameters (DECREQTPARM)

DEC Private Modes

"ESC [ ? Pm h"
    DEC Private Mode Set (DECSET)

"ESC [ ? Pm l"
    DEC Private Mode Reset (DECRST)

"ESC [ ? Pm r"
    Restore previously saved DEC Private Mode Values.

"ESC [ ? Pm s"
    Save DEC Private Mode Values.

"ESC [ ? Pm t"
    Toggle DEC Private Mode Values (rxvt extension). where

    "Ps = 1" (DECCKM)
        h | Application Cursor Keys
        l | Normal Cursor Keys
    "Ps = 2" (ANSI/VT52 mode)
        h | Enter VT52 mode
        l | Enter VT52 mode
    "Ps = 3"
        h | 132 Column Mode (DECCOLM)
        l | 80 Column Mode (DECCOLM)
    "Ps = 4"
        h | Smooth (Slow) Scroll (DECSCLM)
        l | Jump (Fast) Scroll (DECSCLM)
    "Ps = 5"
        h | Reverse Video (DECSCNM)
        l | Normal Video (DECSCNM)
    "Ps = 6"
        h | Origin Mode (DECOM)
        l | Normal Cursor Mode (DECOM)
    "Ps = 7"
        h | Wraparound Mode (DECAWM)
        l | No Wraparound Mode (DECAWM)
    "Ps = 8" unimplemented
        h | Auto-repeat Keys (DECARM)
        l | No Auto-repeat Keys (DECARM)
    "Ps = 9" X10 XTerm
        h | Send Mouse X & Y on button press.
        l | No mouse reporting.
    "Ps = 10" (rxvt)
        h | menuBar visible
        l | menuBar invisible
    "Ps = 25"
        h | Visible cursor {cnorm/cvvis}
        l | Invisible cursor {civis}
    "Ps = 30"
        h | scrollBar visisble
        l | scrollBar invisisble
    "Ps = 35" (rxvt)
        h | Allow XTerm Shift+key sequences
        l | Disallow XTerm Shift+key sequences
    "Ps = 38" unimplemented
        Enter Tektronix Mode (DECTEK)

    "Ps = 40"
        h | Allow 80/132 Mode
        l | Disallow 80/132 Mode
    "Ps = 44" unimplemented
        h | Turn On Margin Bell
        l | Turn Off Margin Bell
    "Ps = 45" unimplemented
        h | Reverse-wraparound Mode
        l | No Reverse-wraparound Mode
    "Ps = 46" unimplemented
    "Ps = 47"
        h | Use Alternate Screen Buffer
        l | Use Normal Screen Buffer

    "Ps = 66"
        h | Application Keypad (DECPAM) == ESC =
        l | Normal Keypad (DECPNM) == ESC >
    "Ps = 67"
        h | Backspace key sends BS (DECBKM)
        l | Backspace key sends DEL
    "Ps = 1000" (X11 XTerm)
        h | Send Mouse X & Y on button press and release.
        l | No mouse reporting.
    "Ps = 1001" (X11 XTerm) unimplemented
        h | Use Hilite Mouse Tracking.
        l | No mouse reporting.
    "Ps = 1010" (rxvt)
        h | Don't scroll to bottom on TTY output
        l | Scroll to bottom on TTY output
    "Ps = 1011" (rxvt)
        h | Scroll to bottom when a key is pressed
        l | Don't scroll to bottom when a key is pressed
    "Ps = 1047"
        h | Use Alternate Screen Buffer
        l | Use Normal Screen Buffer - clear Alternate Screen Buffer if returning from it
    "Ps = 1048"
        h | Save cursor position
        l | Restore cursor position
    "Ps = 1049"
        h | Use Alternate Screen Buffer - clear Alternate Screen Buffer if switching to it
        l | Use Normal Screen Buffer

XTerm Operating System Commands

"ESC ] Ps;Pt ST"
    Set XTerm Parameters. 8-bit ST: 0x9c, 7-bit ST sequence: ESC \ (0x1b, 0x5c), backwards compatible terminator BEL (0x07) is also accepted. any octet can be escaped by prefixing it with SYN (0x16, ^V).
    Ps = 0 | Change Icon Name and Window Title to Pt
    Ps = 1 | Change Icon Name to Pt
    Ps = 2 | Change Window Title to Pt
    Ps = 3 | If Pt starts with a ?, query the (STRING) property of the window and return it. If Pt contains a =, set the named property to the given value, else delete the specified property.
    Ps = 4 | Pt is a semi-colon separated sequence of one or more semi-colon separated number/name pairs, where number is an index to a colour and name is the name of a colour. Each pair causes the numbered colour to be changed to name. Numbers 0-7 corresponds to low-intensity (normal) colours and 8-15 corresponds to high-intensity colours. 0=black, 1=red, 2=green, 3=yellow, 4=blue, 5=magenta, 6=cyan, 7=white
    Ps = 10 | Change colour of text foreground to Pt (NB: may change in future)
    Ps = 11 | Change colour of text background to Pt (NB: may change in future)
    Ps = 12 | Change colour of text cursor foreground to Pt
    Ps = 13 | Change colour of mouse foreground to Pt
    Ps = 17 | Change colour of highlight characters to Pt
    Ps = 18 | Change colour of bold characters to Pt
    Ps = 19 | Change colour of underlined characters to Pt
    Ps = 20 | Change default background to Pt
    Ps = 39 | Change default foreground colour to Pt.
    Ps = 46 | Change Log File to Pt unimplemented
    Ps = 49 | Change default background colour to Pt.
    Ps = 50 | Set fontset to Pt, with the following special values of Pt (rxvt) #+n change up n #-n change down n if n is missing of 0, a value of 1 is used empty change to font0 n change to font n
    Ps = 55 | Log all scrollback buffer and all of screen to Pt
    Ps = 701 | Change current locale to Pt, or, if Pt is ?, return the current locale (Compile frills).
    Ps = 703 | Menubar command Pt (Compile menubar).
    Ps = 704 | Change colour of italic characters to Pt
    Ps = 705 | Change background pixmap tint colour to Pt (Compile transparency).
    Ps = 710 | Set normal fontset to Pt. Same as Ps = 50.
    Ps = 711 | Set bold fontset to Pt. Similar to Ps = 50 (Compile styles).
    Ps = 712 | Set italic fontset to Pt. Similar to Ps = 50 (Compile styles).
    Ps = 713 | Set bold-italic fontset to Pt. Similar to Ps = 50 (Compile styles).
    Ps = 720 | Move viewing window up by Pt lines, or clear scrollback buffer if Pt = 0 (Compile frills).
    Ps = 721 | Move viewing window down by Pt lines, or clear scrollback buffer if Pt = 0 (Compile frills).

menuBar
The exact syntax used is almost solidified. In the menus, DON'T try to use menuBar commands that add or remove a menuBar.

Note that in all of the commands, the /path/ cannot be omitted: use ./ to specify a menu relative to the current menu. For the menuBar XTerm escape sequence "ESC ] 703 ; Pt ST", the syntax of "Pt" can be used for a variety of tasks:

At the top level is the current menuBar which is a member of a circular linked-list of other such menuBars.

The menuBar acts as a parent for the various drop-down menus, which in turn, may have labels, separator lines, menuItems and subMenus.

The menuItems are the useful bits: you can use them to mimic keyboard input or even to send text or escape sequences back to rxvt.

The menuBar syntax is intended to provide a simple yet robust method of constructing and manipulating menus and navigating through the menuBars.

The first step is to use the tag [menu:name] which creates the menuBar called name and allows access. You may now or menus, subMenus, and menuItems. Finally, use the tag [done] to set the menuBar access as readonly to prevent accidental corruption of the menus. To re-access the current menuBar for alterations, use the tag [menu], make the alterations and then use [done]

[menu:+name]
    access the named menuBar for creation or alteration. If a new menuBar is created, it is called name (max of 15 chars) and the current menuBar is pushed onto the stack

[menu]
    access the current menuBar for alteration

[title:+string]
    set the current menuBar's title to string, which may contain the following format specifiers:

       B<%n>  rxvt name (as per the B<-name> command-line option)
       B<%v>  rxvt version
       B<%%>  literal B<%> character

[done]
    set menuBar access as readonly. End-of-file tag for [read:+file] operations.

[read:+file]
    read menu commands directly from file (extension ".menu" will be appended if required.) Start reading at a line with [menu] or [menu:+name and continuing until [done] is encountered.

    Blank and comment lines (starting with #) are ignored. Actually, since any invalid menu commands are also ignored, almost anything could be construed as a comment line, but this may be tightened up in the future ... so don't count on it!.

[read:+file;+name]
    The same as [read:+file], but start reading at a line with [menu:+name] and continuing until [done:+name] or [done] is encountered.

[dump]
    dump all menuBars to the file /tmp/rxvt-PID in a format suitable for later rereading.

[rm:name]
    remove the named menuBar

[rm] [rm:]
    remove the current menuBar

[rm*] [rm:*]
    remove all menuBars

[swap]
    swap the top two menuBars

[prev]
    access the previous menuBar

[next]
    access the next menuBar

[show]
    Enable display of the menuBar

[hide]
    Disable display of the menuBar

[pixmap:+name]
[pixmap:+name;scaling]
    (set the background pixmap globally

    A Future implementation may make this local to the menubar)

[:+command:]
    ignore the menu readonly status and issue a command to or a menu or menuitem or change the ; a useful shortcut for setting the quick arrows from a menuBar.

The following commands may also be + prefixed.

/+  access menuBar top level

./+ access current menu level

../+
    access parent menu (1 level up)

../../
    access parent menu (multiple levels up)

/path/menu
    add/access menu

/path/menu/*
    add/access menu and clear it if it exists

/path/{-}
    add separator

/path/{item}
    add item as a label

/path/{item} action
    add/alter menuitem with an associated action

/path/{item}{right-text}
    add/alter menuitem with right-text as the right-justified text and as the associated action

/path/{item}{rtext} action
    add/alter menuitem with an associated action and with rtext as the right-justified text.

Special characters in action must be backslash-escaped:
    \a \b \E \e \n \r \t \octal

or in control-character notation:
    ^@, ^A .. ^Z .. ^_, ^?

To send a string starting with a NUL (^@) character to the program, start action with a pair of NUL characters (^@^@), the first of which will be stripped off and the balance directed to the program. Otherwise if action begins with NUL followed by non-+NUL characters, the leading NUL is stripped off and the balance is sent back to rxvt.

As a convenience for the many Emacs-type editors, action may start with M- (eg, M-$ is equivalent to \E$) and a CR will be appended if missed from M-x commands.

As a convenience for issuing XTerm ESC ] sequences from a menubar (or quick arrow), a BEL (^G) will be appended if needed.

For example,
    M-xapropos is equivalent to \Exapropos\r

and \E]703;mona;100 is equivalent to \E]703;mona;100\a

The option {right-rtext} will be right-justified. In the absence of a specified action, this text will be used as the action as well.

For example,
    /File/{Open}{^X^F} is equivalent to /File/{Open}{^X^F} ^X^F

The left label is necessary, since it's used for matching, but implicitly hiding the left label (by using same name for both left and right labels), or explicitly hiding the left label (by preceeding it with a dot), makes it possible to have right-justified text only.

For example,
    /File/{Open}{Open} Open-File-Action

or hiding it
    /File/{.anylabel}{Open} Open-File-Action

-/*+
    remove all menus from the menuBar, the same as [clear]

-+/pathmenu+
    remove menu

-+/path{item}+
    remove item

-+/path{-}
    remove separator)

-/path/menu/*
    remove all items, separators and submenus from menu

The menus also provide a hook for quick arrows to provide easier user access. If nothing has been explicitly set, the default is to emulate the curror keys. The syntax permits each arrow to be altered individually or all four at once without re-entering their common beginning/end text. For example, to explicitly associate cursor actions with the arrows, any of the following forms could be used:

<r>+Right
<l>+Left
<u>+Up
<d>+Down
    Define actions for the respective arrow buttons

<b>+Begin
<e>+End
    Define common beginning/end parts for quick arrows which used in conjunction with the above <r> <l> <u> <d> constructs

For example, define arrows individually,
     <u>\E[A

     <d>\E[B

     <r>\E[C

     <l>\E[D

or all at once
     <u>\E[AZ<><d>\E[BZ<><r>\E[CZ<><l>\E[D

or more compactly (factoring out common parts)
     <b>\E[<u>AZ<><d>BZ<><r>CZ<><l>D

A short summary of the most common commands:

[menu:name]
    use an existing named menuBar or start a new one

[menu]
    use the current menuBar

[title:string]
    set menuBar title

[done]
    set menu access to readonly and, if reading from a file, signal EOF

[done:name]
    if reading from a file using [read:file;name] signal EOF

[rm:name]
    remove named menuBar(s)

[rm] [rm:]
    remove current menuBar

[rm*] [rm:*]
    remove all menuBar(s)

[swap]
    swap top two menuBars

[prev]
    access the previous menuBar

[next]
    access the next menuBar

[show]
    map menuBar

[hide]
    unmap menuBar

[pixmap;file]
[pixmap;file;scaling]
    set a background pixmap

[read:file]
[read:file;name]
    read in a menu from a file

[dump]
    dump out all menuBars to /tmp/rxvt-PID

/   access menuBar top level

./
../
../../
    access current or parent menu level

/path/menu
    add/access menu

/path/{-}
    add separator

/path/{item}{rtext} action
    add/alter menu item

-/* remove all menus from the menuBar

-/path/menu
    remove menu items, separators and submenus from menu

-/path/menu
    remove menu

-/path/{item}
    remove item

-/path/{-}
    remove separator

<b>Begin<r>Right<l>Left<u>Up<d>Down<e>End
    menu quick arrows

XPM
For the XPM XTerm escape sequence "ESC ] 20 ; Pt ST" then value of "Pt" can be the name of the background pixmap followed by a sequence of scaling/positioning commands separated by semi-colons. The scaling/positioning commands are as follows:

query scale/position
    ?

change scale and position
    WxH+X+Y

    WxH+X (== WxH+X+X)

    WxH (same as WxH+50+50)

    W+X+Y (same as WxW+X+Y)

    W+X (same as WxW+X+X)

    W (same as WxW+50+50)

change position (absolute)
    =+X+Y

    =+X (same as =+X+Y)

change position (relative)
    +X+Y

    +X (same as +X+Y)

rescale (relative)
    Wx0 -> W *= (W/100)

    0xH -> H *= (H/100)

For example:

\E]20;funky\a
    load funky.xpm as a tiled image

\E]20;mona;100\a
    load mona.xpm with a scaling of 100%

\E]20;;200;?\a
    rescale the current pixmap to 200% and display the image geometry in the title

Mouse Reporting

"ESC [ M <b> <x> <y>"
    report mouse position

The lower 2 bits of "<b>" indicate the button:

Button = "(<b> - SPACE) & 3"
    0 | Button1 pressed
    1 | Button2 pressed
    2 | Button3 pressed
    3 | button released (X11 mouse report)

The upper bits of "<b>" indicate the modifiers when the button was pressed and are added together (X11 mouse report only):

State = "(<b> - SPACE) & 60"
    4 | Shift
    8 | Meta
    16 | Control
    32 | Double Click (Rxvt extension)
    Col = "<x> - SPACE"

    Row = "<y> - SPACE"

Key Codes
Note: Shift + F1-F10 generates F11-F20

For the keypad, use Shift to temporarily override Application-Keypad setting use Num_Lock to toggle Application-Keypad setting if Num_Lock is off, toggle Application-Keypad setting. Also note that values of Home, End, Delete may have been compiled differently on your system.
 | Normal | Shift | Control | Ctrl+Shift
Tab | ^I | ESC [ Z | ^I | ESC [ Z
BackSpace | ^H | ^? | ^? | ^?
Find | ESC [ 1 ~ | ESC [ 1 $ | ESC [ 1 ^ | ESC [ 1 @
Insert | ESC [ 2 ~ | paste | ESC [ 2 ^ | ESC [ 2 @
Execute | ESC [ 3 ~ | ESC [ 3 $ | ESC [ 3 ^ | ESC [ 3 @
Select | ESC [ 4 ~ | ESC [ 4 $ | ESC [ 4 ^ | ESC [ 4 @
Prior | ESC [ 5 ~ | scroll-up | ESC [ 5 ^ | ESC [ 5 @
Next | ESC [ 6 ~ | scroll-down | ESC [ 6 ^ | ESC [ 6 @
Home | ESC [ 7 ~ | ESC [ 7 $ | ESC [ 7 ^ | ESC [ 7 @
End | ESC [ 8 ~ | ESC [ 8 $ | ESC [ 8 ^ | ESC [ 8 @
Delete | ESC [ 3 ~ | ESC [ 3 $ | ESC [ 3 ^ | ESC [ 3 @
F1 | ESC [ 11 ~ | ESC [ 23 ~ | ESC [ 11 ^ | ESC [ 23 ^
F2 | ESC [ 12 ~ | ESC [ 24 ~ | ESC [ 12 ^ | ESC [ 24 ^
F3 | ESC [ 13 ~ | ESC [ 25 ~ | ESC [ 13 ^ | ESC [ 25 ^
F4 | ESC [ 14 ~ | ESC [ 26 ~ | ESC [ 14 ^ | ESC [ 26 ^
F5 | ESC [ 15 ~ | ESC [ 28 ~ | ESC [ 15 ^ | ESC [ 28 ^
F6 | ESC [ 17 ~ | ESC [ 29 ~ | ESC [ 17 ^ | ESC [ 29 ^
F7 | ESC [ 18 ~ | ESC [ 31 ~ | ESC [ 18 ^ | ESC [ 31 ^
F8 | ESC [ 19 ~ | ESC [ 32 ~ | ESC [ 19 ^ | ESC [ 32 ^
F9 | ESC [ 20 ~ | ESC [ 33 ~ | ESC [ 20 ^ | ESC [ 33 ^
F10 | ESC [ 21 ~ | ESC [ 34 ~ | ESC [ 21 ^ | ESC [ 34 ^
F11 | ESC [ 23 ~ | ESC [ 23 $ | ESC [ 23 ^ | ESC [ 23 @
F12 | ESC [ 24 ~ | ESC [ 24 $ | ESC [ 24 ^ | ESC [ 24 @
F13 | ESC [ 25 ~ | ESC [ 25 $ | ESC [ 25 ^ | ESC [ 25 @
F14 | ESC [ 26 ~ | ESC [ 26 $ | ESC [ 26 ^ | ESC [ 26 @
F15 (Help) | ESC [ 28 ~ | ESC [ 28 $ | ESC [ 28 ^ | ESC [ 28 @
F16 (Menu) | ESC [ 29 ~ | ESC [ 29 $ | ESC [ 29 ^ | ESC [ 29 @
F17 | ESC [ 31 ~ | ESC [ 31 $ | ESC [ 31 ^ | ESC [ 31 @
F18 | ESC [ 32 ~ | ESC [ 32 $ | ESC [ 32 ^ | ESC [ 32 @
F19 | ESC [ 33 ~ | ESC [ 33 $ | ESC [ 33 ^ | ESC [ 33 @
F20 | ESC [ 34 ~ | ESC [ 34 $ | ESC [ 34 ^ | ESC [ 34 @
 |  |  |  | Application
Up | ESC [ A | ESC [ a | ESC O a | ESC O A
Down | ESC [ B | ESC [ b | ESC O b | ESC O B
Right | ESC [ C | ESC [ c | ESC O c | ESC O C
Left | ESC [ D | ESC [ d | ESC O d | ESC O D
KP_Enter | ^M |  |  | ESC O M
KP_F1 | ESC O P |  |  | ESC O P
KP_F2 | ESC O Q |  |  | ESC O Q
KP_F3 | ESC O R |  |  | ESC O R
KP_F4 | ESC O S |  |  | ESC O S
XK_KP_Multiply | * |  |  | ESC O j
XK_KP_Add | + |  |  | ESC O k
XK_KP_Separator | , |  |  | ESC O l
XK_KP_Subtract | - |  |  | ESC O m
XK_KP_Decimal | . |  |  | ESC O n
XK_KP_Divide | / |  |  | ESC O o
XK_KP_0 | 0 |  |  | ESC O p
XK_KP_1 | 1 |  |  | ESC O q
XK_KP_2 | 2 |  |  | ESC O r
XK_KP_3 | 3 |  |  | ESC O s
XK_KP_4 | 4 |  |  | ESC O t
XK_KP_5 | 5 |  |  | ESC O u
XK_KP_6 | 6 |  |  | ESC O v
XK_KP_7 | 7 |  |  | ESC O w
XK_KP_8 | 8 |  |  | ESC O x
XK_KP_9 | 9 |  |  | ESC O y

CONFIGURE OPTIONS
General hint: if you get compile errors, then likely your configuration hasn't been tested well. Either try with --enable-everything or use the ./reconf script as a base for experiments. ./reconf is used by myself, so it should generally be a working config. Of course, you should always report when a combination doesn't work, so it can be fixed. Marc Lehmann <rxvt@schmorp.de>.

--enable-everything
    Add support for all non-multichoice options listed in "./configure --help". Note that unlike other enable options this is order dependant. You can specify this and then disable options which this enables by following this with the appropriate commands.

--enable-xft
    Add support for Xft (anti-aliases, among others) fonts. Xft fonts are slower and require lots of memory, but as long as you don't use them, you don't pay for them.

--enable-font-styles
    Add support for bold, italic and bold italic font styles. The fonts can be set manually or automatically.

--with-codesets=NAME,...
    Compile in support for additional codeset (encoding) groups ("eu", "vn" are always compiled in, which includes most 8-bit character sets). These codeset tables are used for driving X11 core fonts, they are not required for Xft fonts, although having them compiled in lets rxvt-unicode choose replacement fonts more intelligently. Compiling them in will make your binary bigger (all of together cost about 700kB), but it doesn't increase memory usage unless you use a font requiring one of these encodings.
    all | all available codeset groups
    zh | common chinese encodings
    zh_ext | rarely used but very big chinese encodigs
    jp | common japanese encodings
    jp_ext | rarely used but big japanese encodings
    kr | korean encodings

--enable-xim
    Add support for XIM (X Input Method) protocol. This allows using alternative input methods (e.g. kinput2) and will also correctly set up the input for people using dead keys or compose keys.

--enable-unicode3
    Enable direct support for displaying unicode codepoints above 65535 (the basic multilingual page). This increases storage requirements per character from 2 to 4 bytes. X11 fonts do not yet support these extra characters, but Xft does.

    Please note that rxvt-unicode can store unicode code points >65535 even without this flag, but the number of such characters is limited to a view thousand (shared with combining characters, see next switch), and right now rxvt-unicode cannot display them (input/output and cut&paste still work, though).

--enable-combining
    Enable automatic composition of combining characters into composite characters. This is required for proper viewing of text where accents are encoded as seperate unicode characters. This is done by using precomposited characters when available or creating new pseudo-characters when no precomposed form exists.

    Without --enable-unicode3, the number of additional precomposed characters is rather limited (2048, if this is full, rxvt-unicode will use the private use area, extending the number of combinations to 8448). With --enable-unicode3, no practical limit exists.

    This option will also enable storage (but not display) of characters beyond plane 0 (>65535) when --enable-unicode3 was not specified.

    The combining table also contains entries for arabic presentation forms, but these are not currently used. Bug me if you want these to be used (and tell me how these are to be used...).

--enable-fallback(=CLASS)
    When reading resource settings, also read settings for class CLASS (default: Rxvt). To disable resource fallback use --disable-fallback.

--with-res-name=NAME
    Use the given name (default: urxvt) as default application name when reading resources. Specify --with-res-name=rxvt to replace rxvt.

--with-res-class=CLASS
    Use the given class (default: URxvt) as default application class when reading resources. Specify --with-res-class=Rxvt to replace rxvt.

--enable-utmp
    Write user and tty to utmp file (used by programs like w) at start of rxvt execution and delete information when rxvt exits.

--enable-wtmp
    Write user and tty to wtmp file (used by programs like last) at start of rxvt execution and write logout when rxvt exits. This option requires --enable-utmp to also be specified.

--enable-lastlog
    Write user and tty to lastlog file (used by programs like lastlogin) at start of rxvt execution. This option requires --enable-utmp to also be specified.

--enable-xpm-background
    Add support for XPM background pixmaps.

--enable-transparency
    Add support for inheriting parent backgrounds thus giving a fake transparency to the term.

--enable-fading
    Add support for fading the text when focus is lost.

--enable-tinting
    Add support for tinting of transparent backgrounds.

--enable-menubar
    Add support for our menu bar system (this interacts badly with dynamic locale switching currently).

--enable-rxvt-scroll
    Add support for the original rxvt scrollbar.

--enable-next-scroll
    Add support for a NeXT-like scrollbar.

--enable-xterm-scroll
    Add support for an Xterm-like scrollbar.

--enable-plain-scroll
    Add support for a very unobtrusive, plain-looking scrollbar that is the favourite of the rxvt-unicode author, having used it for many years.

--enable-half-shadow
    Make shadows on the scrollbar only half the normal width & height. only applicable to rxvt scrollbars.

--enable-ttygid
    Change tty device setting to group "tty" - only use this if your system uses this type of security.

--disable-backspace-key
    Disable any handling of the backspace key by us - let the X server do it.

--disable-delete-key
    Disable any handling of the delete key by us - let the X server do it.

--disable-resources
    Remove all resources checking.

--enable-xgetdefault
    Make resources checking via XGetDefault() instead of our small version which only checks ~/.Xdefaults, or if that doesn't exist then ~/.Xresources.

    Please note that nowadays, things like XIM will automatically pull in and use the full X resource manager, so the overhead of using it might be very small, if nonexistant.

--enable-strings
    Add support for our possibly faster memset() function and other various routines, overriding your system's versions which may have been hand-crafted in assembly or may require extra libraries to link in. (this breaks ANSI-C rules and has problems on many GNU/Linux systems).

--disable-swapscreen
    Remove support for swap screen.

--enable-frills
    Add support for many small features that are not essential but nice to have. Normally you want this, but for very small binaries you may want to disable this.

    A non-exhaustive list of features enabled by "--enable-frills" (possibly in combination with other switches) is:

      MWM-hints
      EWMH-hints (pid, utf8 names) and protocols (ping)
      seperate underline colour
      settable border widths and borderless switch
      settable extra linespacing
      iso-14755-2 and -3, and visual feedback
      backindex and forwardindex escape sequence
      window op and some xterm/OSC escape sequences
      tripleclickwords
      settable insecure mode
      keysym remapping support
      cursor blinking and underline cursor
      -embed and -pty-fd options

--enable-iso14755
    Enable extended ISO 14755 support (see urxvt(1), or doc/rxvt.1.txt). Basic support (section 5.1) is enabled by "--enable-frills", while support for 5.2, 5.3 and 5.4 is enabled with this switch.

--enable-keepscrolling
    Add support for continual scrolling of the display when you hold the mouse button down on a scrollbar arrow.

--enable-mousewheel
    Add support for scrolling via mouse wheel or buttons 4 & 5.

--enable-slipwheeling
    Add support for continual scrolling (using the mouse wheel as an accelerator) while the control key is held down. This option requires --enable-mousewheel to also be specified.

--disable-new-selection
    Remove support for mouse selection style like that of xterm.

--enable-dmalloc
    Use Gray Watson's malloc - which is good for debugging See http://www.letters.com/dmalloc/ for details If you use either this or the next option, you may need to edit src/Makefile after compiling to point DINCLUDE and DLIB to the right places.

    You can only use either this option and the following (should you use either) .

--enable-dlmalloc
    Use Doug Lea's malloc - which is good for a production version See <http://g.oswego.edu/dl/html/malloc.html> for details.

--enable-smart-resize
    Add smart growth/shrink behaviour when changing font size via from hot keys. This should keep in a fixed position the rxvt corner which is closest to a corner of the screen.

--enable-pointer-blank
    Add support to have the pointer disappear when typing or inactive.

--with-name=NAME
    Set the basename for the installed binaries (default: "urxvt", resulting in "urxvt", "urxvtd" etc.). Specify "--with-name=rxvt" to replace with "rxvt".

--with-term=NAME
    Change the environmental variable for the terminal to NAME (default "rxvt-unicode")

--with-terminfo=PATH
    Change the environmental variable for the path to the terminfo tree to PATH.

--with-x
    Use the X Window System (pretty much default, eh?).

--with-xpm-includes=DIR
    Look for the XPM includes in DIR.

--with-xpm-library=DIR
    Look for the XPM library in DIR.

--with-xpm
    Not needed - define via --enable-xpm-background.

AUTHORS
Marc Lehmann <rxvt@schmorp.de> converted this document to pod and reworked it from the original Rxvt documentation, which was done by Geoff Wing <gcw@pobox.com>, who in turn used the XTerm documentation and other sources.