text {graphics} | R Documentation

## Add Text to a Plot

### Description

`text` draws the strings given in the vector `labels` at the coordinates given by `x` and `y`. `y` may be missing since `xy.coords(x,y)` is used for construction of the coordinates.

### Usage

    text(x, ...)

    ## Default S3 method:
    text (x, y = NULL, labels = seq(along = x), adj = NULL,
         pos = NULL, offset = 0.5, vfont = NULL,
         cex = 1, col = NULL, font = NULL, xpd = NULL, ...)

### Arguments

`x, y` | numeric vectors of coordinates where the text `labels` should be written. If the length of `x` and `y` differs, the shorter one is recycled.
`labels` | one or more character strings or expressions specifying the text to be written. An attempt is made to coerce other vectors to character, and other language objects to expressions.
`adj` | one or two values in [0,1] which specify the x (and optionally y) adjustment of the labels. On most devices values outside that interval will also work.
`pos` | a position specifier for the text. If specified this overrides any `adj` value given. Values of `1`, `2`, `3` and `4`, respectively indicate positions below, to the left of, above and to the right of the specified coordinates.
`offset` | when `pos` is specified, this value gives the offset of the label from the specified coordinate in fractions of a character width.
`vfont` | if a character vector of length 2 is specified, then Hershey vector fonts are used. The first element of the vector selects a typeface and the second element selects a style.
`cex` | numeric character expansion factor; multiplied by `par("cex")` yields the final character size.
`col, font` | the color and font to be used; these default to the values of the global graphical parameters in `par()`.
`xpd` | (where) should clipping take place? Defaults to `par("xpd")`.
`...` | further graphical parameters (from `par`).

### Details

`labels` must be of type `character` or `expression` (or be coercible to such a type). In the latter case, quite a bit of mathematical notation is available such as sub- and superscripts, greek letters, fractions, etc.

`adj` allows adjustment of the text with respect to `(x,y)`. Values of 0, 0.5, and 1 specify left/bottom, middle and right/top, respectively. The default is for centered text, i.e., `adj = c(0.5, 0.5)`. Accurate vertical centering needs character metric information on individual characters, which is only available on some devices.

The `pos` and `offset` arguments can be used in conjunction with values returned by `identify` to recreate an interactively labelled plot.

Text can be rotated by using graphical parameters `srt` (see `par`); this rotates about the centre set by `adj`.

Graphical parameters `col`, `cex` and `font` can be vectors and will then be applied cyclically to the `labels` (and extra values will be ignored).

Labels whose `x`, `y`, `labels`, `cex` or `col` value is `NA` are omitted from the plot.

### References

Becker, R. A., Chambers, J. M. and Wilks, A. R. (1988) The New S Language. Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole.

### See Also

`mtext`, `title`, `Hershey` for details on Hershey vector fonts, `plotmath` for details and more examples on mathematical annotation.

### Examples

    plot(-1:1,-1:1, type = "n", xlab = "Re", ylab = "Im")
    K <- 16; text(exp(1i * 2 * pi * (1:K) / K), col = 2)

    ## The following two examples use latin1 characters: these may not
    ## appear correctly (or be omitted entirely).
    plot(1:10, 1:10, main = "text(...) examples\n~~~~~~~~~~~~~~",
         sub = "R is GNU ©, but not ® ...")
    mtext("«ISO-accents»: ± éè øØ å<Å æ<Æ", side=3)
    points(c(6,2), c(2,1), pch = 3, cex = 4, col = "red")
    text(6, 2, "the text is CENTERED around (x,y) = (6,2) by default",
         cex = .8)
    text(2, 1, "or Left/Bottom - JUSTIFIED at (2,1) by 'adj = c(0,0)'",
         adj = c(0,0))
    text(4, 9, expression(hat(beta) == (X^t * X)^{-1} * X^t * y))
    text(4, 8.4, "expression(hat(beta) == (X^t * X)^{-1} * X^t * y)", cex = .75)
    text(4, 7, expression(bar(x) == sum(frac(x[i], n), i==1, n)))

    ## Two more latin1 examples
    text(5,10.2,
         "Le français, c'est façile: Règles, Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité...")
    text(5,9.8, "Jetz no chli züritüütsch: (noch ein bißchen Zürcher deutsch)")

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