eval {base} | R Documentation

## Evaluate an (Unevaluated) Expression

### Description

Evaluate an R expression in a specified environment.

### Usage

    eval(expr, envir = parent.frame(),
         enclos = if(is.list(envir) || is.pairlist(envir)) parent.frame())
    evalq(expr, envir, enclos)
    eval.parent(expr, n = 1)
    local(expr, envir = new.env())

### Arguments

`expr` | object of mode `expression` or `call` or an “unevaluated expression”.
`envir` | the `environment` in which `expr` is to be evaluated. May also be a list, a data frame, or an integer as in `sys.call`.
`enclos` | Relevant when `envir` is a list or a data frame. Specifies the enclosure, i.e., where R looks for objects not found in `envir`.
`n` | parent generations to go back

### Details

`eval` evaluates the expression `expr` argument in the environment specified by `envir` and returns the computed value. If `envir` is not specified, then `sys.frame(sys.parent())`, the environment where the call to `eval` was made is used.

The `evalq` form is equivalent to `eval(quote(expr), ...)`.

As `eval` evaluates its first argument before passing it to the evaluator, it allows you to assign complicated expressions to symbols and then evaluate them. `evalq` avoids this.

`eval.parent(expr, n)` is a shorthand for `eval(expr, parent.frame(n))`.

`local` evaluates an expression in a local environment. It is equivalent to `evalq` except the its default argument creates a new, empty environment. This is useful to create anonymous recursive functions and as a kind of limited namespace feature since variables defined in the environment are not visible from the outside.

### Note

Due to the difference in scoping rules, there are some differences between R and S in this area. In particular, the default enclosure in S is the global environment.

When evaluating expressions in data frames that has been passed as argument to a function, the relevant enclosure is often the caller's environment, i.e., one needs `eval(x, data, parent.frame())`.

### References

Becker, R. A., Chambers, J. M. and Wilks, A. R. (1988) The New S Language. Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole. (`eval` only.)

### See Also

`expression`, `quote`, `sys.frame`, `parent.frame`, `environment`.

### Examples

    eval(2 ^ 2 ^ 3)
    mEx <- expression(2^2^3); mEx; 1 + eval(mEx)
    eval({ xx <- pi; xx^2}) ; xx

    a <- 3 ; aa <- 4 ; evalq(evalq(a+b+aa, list(a=1)), list(b=5)) # == 10
    a <- 3 ; aa <- 4 ; evalq(evalq(a+b+aa, -1), list(b=5))         # == 12

    ev <- function() {
       e1 <- parent.frame()
       ## Evaluate a in e1
       aa <- eval(expression(a),e1)
       ## evaluate the expression bound to a in e1
       a <- expression(x+y)
       list(aa = aa, eval = eval(a, e1))
    }
    tst.ev <- function(a = 7) { x <- pi; y <- 1; ev() }
    tst.ev()#-> aa : 7,  eval : 4.14

    ##
    ## Uses of local()
    ##

    # Mutual recursives.
    # gg gets value of last assignment, an anonymous version of f.

    gg <- local({
        k <- function(y)f(y)
        f <- function(x) if(x) x*k(x-1) else 1
    })
    gg(10)
    sapply(1:5, gg)

    # Nesting locals. a is private storage accessible to k
    gg <- local({
        k <- local({
            a <- 1
            function(y){print(a <<- a+1);f(y)}
        })
        f <- function(x) if(x) x*k(x-1) else 1
    })
    sapply(1:5, gg)

    ls(envir=environment(gg))
    ls(envir=environment(get("k", envir=environment(gg))))

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