\Header{sprintf}{Use C-style String Formatting Commands}
\keyword{print}{sprintf}
\keyword{character}{sprintf}
\begin{Description}\relax
A wrapper for the C function \code{sprintf}, that
returns a character vector of length one containing a formatted
combination of text and variable values.
\end{Description}
\begin{Usage}
\begin{verbatim}
sprintf(fmt, ...)
\end{verbatim}
\end{Usage}
\begin{Arguments}
\begin{ldescription}
\item[\code{fmt}] a format string.
\item[\code{...}] values to be passed into \code{fmt}. Only logical,
integer, real and character vectors are accepted, and only the first
value is read from each vector.
\end{ldescription}
\end{Arguments}
\begin{Details}\relax
This is a wrapper for the system \code{sprintf} C-library function.  
Attempts are made to
check that the mode of the values passed match the format supplied,
and \R's special values (\code{NA}, \code{Inf}, \code{-Inf} and
\code{NaN}) are handled correctly.

The following is abstracted from K\&R (see References, below).  The
string \code{fmt} contains normal characters, which are passed through
to the output string, and also special characters that operate on the
arguments provided through \code{...}.  Special characters start
with a \code{\%} and terminate with one of the letters in the set
\code{difeEgGs\%}.  These letters denote the following types:

\describe{
\item[\code{d,i}] Integer value

\item[\code{f}] Double precision value, in decimal notation of the form
"[-]mmm.ddd".  The number of decimal places is specified by the
precision: the default is 6; a precision of 0 suppresses the decimal point.

\item[\code{e,E}] Double precision value, in decimal notation of the form
\code{[-]m.ddde[+-]xx} or \code{[-]m.dddE[+-]xx}

\item[\code{g,G}] Double precision value, in \code{\%e} or
\code{\%E} format if the exponent is less than -4 or greater than or
equal to the precision, and \code{\%f} format otherwise

\item[\code{s}] Character string

\item[\code{\%}] Literal \code{\%} (none of the formatting
characters given below are permitted in this case)
}

In addition, between the initial \code{\%} and the terminating
conversion character there may be, in any order:

\describe{
\item[\code{m.n}] Two numbers separated by a period, denoting the
field width (\code{m}) and the precision (\code{n})
\item[\code{-}] Left adjustment of converted argument in its field
\item[\code{+}] Always print number with sign
\item[a space] Prefix a space if the first number is not a sign
\item[\code{0}] For numbers, pad to the field width with leading zeros
}
\end{Details}
\begin{Value}
A character vector of length one.  Character \code{NA}s are converted
to \code{"NA"}.
\end{Value}
\begin{Author}\relax
Original code by Jonathan Rougier, \email{J.C.Rougier@durham.ac.uk}
\end{Author}
\begin{References}\relax
Kernighan, B. W. and Ritchie, D. M. (1988)
\emph{The C Programming Language.} Second edition, Prentice Hall.
describes the format options in table B-1 in the Appendix.
\end{References}
\begin{SeeAlso}\relax
\code{\Link{formatC}} for a way of formatting vectors of
numbers in a similar fashion.

\code{\Link{paste}} for another way of
creating a vector combining text and values.
\end{SeeAlso}
\begin{Examples}
\begin{ExampleCode}
## be careful with the format: most things in R are floats

sprintf("%s is %f feet tall\n", "Sven", 7) # OK
try(sprintf("%s is %i feet tall\n", "Sven", 7)) # not OK
sprintf("%s is %i feet tall\n", "Sven", as.integer(7)) # OK again

## use a literal % :

sprintf("%.0f%% said yes (out of a sample of size %.0f)", 66.666, 3)

## various formats of pi :

sprintf("%f", pi)
sprintf("%.3f", pi)
sprintf("%1.0f", pi)
sprintf("%5.1f", pi)
sprintf("%05.1f", pi)
sprintf("%+f", pi)
sprintf("% f", pi)
sprintf("%-10f", pi)# left justified
sprintf("%e", pi)
sprintf("%E", pi)
sprintf("%g", pi)
sprintf("%g",   1e6 * pi) # -> exponential
sprintf("%.9g", 1e6 * pi) # -> "fixed"
sprintf("%G", 1e-6 * pi)

## no truncation:
sprintf("%1.f",101)

## More sophisticated:

lapply(c("a", "ABC", "and an even longer one"),
       function(ch) sprintf("10-string '%10s'", ch))

sapply(1:18, function(n)
       sprintf(paste("e with %2d digits = %.",n,"g",sep=""),
               n, exp(1)))
\end{ExampleCode}
\end{Examples}

